1
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Pepin X, Arora S, Borges L, Cano-Vega M, Carducci T, Chatterjee P, Chen G, Cristofoletti R, Dallmann A, Delvadia P, Dressman J, Fotaki N, Gray E, Heimbach T, Holte Ø, Kijima S, Kotzagiorgis E, Lennernäs H, Lindahl A, Loebenberg R, Mackie C, Malamatari M, McAllister M, Mitra A, Moody R, Mudie D, Musuamba Tshinanu F, Polli JE, Rege B, Ren X, Rullo G, Scherholz M, Song I, Stillhart C, Suarez-Sharp S, Tannergren C, Tsakalozou E, Veerasingham S, Wagner C, Seo P. Parameterization of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models: Workshop Summary Report. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3697-3731. [PMID: 38946085 PMCID: PMC11304397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This Article shares the proceedings from the August 29th, 2023 (day 1) workshop "Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Best Practices for Drug Product Quality: Regulatory and Industry Perspectives". The focus of the day was on model parametrization; regulatory authorities from Canada, the USA, Sweden, Belgium, and Norway presented their views on PBBM case studies submitted by industry members of the IQ consortium. The presentations shared key questions raised by regulators during the mock exercise, regarding the PBBM input parameters and their justification. These presentations also shed light on the regulatory assessment processes, content, and format requirements for future PBBM regulatory submissions. In addition, the day 1 breakout presentations and discussions gave the opportunity to share best practices around key questions faced by scientists when parametrizing PBBMs. Key questions included measurement and integration of drug substance solubility for crystalline vs amorphous drugs; impact of excipients on apparent drug solubility/supersaturation; modeling of acid-base reactions at the surface of the dissolving drug; choice of dissolution methods according to the formulation and drug properties with a view to predict the in vivo performance; mechanistic modeling of in vitro product dissolution data to predict in vivo dissolution for various patient populations/species; best practices for characterization of drug precipitation from simple or complex formulations and integration of the data in PBBM; incorporation of drug permeability into PBBM for various routes of uptake and prediction of permeability along the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Sumit Arora
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luiza Borges
- ANVISA, SIA Trecho 5́, Guara, Brasília, Federal District 71205-050, Brazil
| | - Mario Cano-Vega
- Drug
Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United
States
| | - Tessa Carducci
- Analytical
Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Grace Chen
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Rd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - André Dallmann
- Bayer
HealthCare SAS, 59000 Lille, France, on behalf of Bayer
AG, Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Systems Pharmacology
& Medicine, PBPK, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Poonam Delvadia
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Øyvind Holte
- Norwegian Medical Products Agency, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Shinichi Kijima
- Office
of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical
Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
| | - Evangelos Kotzagiorgis
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, Amsterdam 1083 HS, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational
Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmontonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maria Malamatari
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10 S Colonnade, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McAllister
- Global
Biopharmaceutics, Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical
Pharmacology, Kura Oncology Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Global
Research and Development, Small Molecules, Lonza, 63045 NE Corporate
Pl., Bend, Oregon 97701, United States
| | - Flora Musuamba Tshinanu
- Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Galileelaan 5/03, Brussel 1210, Belgium
| | - James E. Polli
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- PK
Sciences/Translational Medicine, BioMedical Research, Novartis, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Regulatory
CMC, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Megerle Scherholz
- Pharmaceutical
Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ivy Song
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical
R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Suarez-Sharp
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Christer Tannergren
- Biopharmaceutics
Science, New Modalities & Parenteral Product Development, Pharmaceutical
Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division
of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards,
Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Shereeni Veerasingham
- Pharmaceutical
Drugs Directorate (PDD), Health Canada, 1600 Scott St., Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Christian Wagner
- Global
Drug Product Development, Global CMC Development, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt D-64293, Germany
| | - Paul Seo
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
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2
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Xie L, Xu Y, Liu W, Zhou C, Guo L, Zhou S, Zhang C, Chen J, Zhu B, Ding S, Li H, Zhang L, Wang L, Xu L, Shao F, Wang L. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of [ 14C]-Labeled Anaprazole: A New Proton Pump Inhibitor, After a Single Oral Administration in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024. [PMID: 39101494 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Anaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. This study aims to elucidate absorption, metabolism, and excretion pathways of anaprazole sodium in the human body. A total of 4 healthy Chinese male subjects were administered a single oral dose of 20 mg/100 µCi of [14C]-anaprazole sodium enteric-coated capsules. The whole blood, plasma, and excreta were analyzed for a total radioactivity (TRA) and metabolite profile. The cumulative radioactivity excretion rate was 93.2%, with 53.3% and 39.9% of the radioactive dose excreted in urine and feces, respectively, and 91.6% of dose recovered within 96 hours after dosing. The parent drug, anaprazole, showed good absorption and was extensively metabolized majorly to thioether M8-1 via nonenzymatic metabolism. Overall, 35 metabolites were identified in plasma, urine, and fecal samples. Anaprazole was the most abundant component in plasma followed by the thioether M8-1, accounting for 28.3% and 16.6%, respectively, of the plasma TRA. Thioether carboxylic acid XZP-3409 (26.3% of urine TRA) and XZP-3409 oxidation and dehydrogenation product M417a (15.1% of fecal TRA) were the major metabolites present in urine and feces, respectively. Anaprazole was undetectable in urine, while fecal samples showed traces (0.07% dose). Blood/plasma ratios of the radioactivity (approximately 0.60) remained consistent over time. Anaprazole showed good absorption and was extensively metabolized majorly to thioether M8-1 via nonenzymatic metabolism, and cytochrome P450 3A4 also contributed to its metabolism in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xie
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Xuanzhu Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Guo
- Department of DMPK Service, Lab Testing Division, WuXi AppTec Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijia Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of DMPK Service, Lab Testing Division, WuXi AppTec Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of DMPK Service, Lab Testing Division, WuXi AppTec Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Affairs, Xuanzhu Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingmei Xu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Xuanzhu Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Hu Z, Wang W, Yang H, Zhao F, Sha C, Mi W, Yin S, Wang H, Tian J, Ye L. Metabolism, Disposition, Excretion, and Potential Transporter Inhibition of 7-16, an Improving 5-HT 2A Receptor Antagonist and Inverse Agonist for Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:2184. [PMID: 38792047 PMCID: PMC11124362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Compound 7-16 was designed and synthesized in our previous study and was identified as a more potential selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist and inverse agonist for treating Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP). Then, the metabolism, disposition, and excretion properties of 7-16 and its potential inhibition on transporters were investigated in this study to highlight advancements in the understanding of its therapeutic mechanisms. The results indicate that a total of 10 metabolites of 7-16/[14C]7-16 were identified and determined in five species of liver microsomes and in rats using UPLC-Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with radioanalysis. Metabolites formed in human liver microsomes could be covered by animal species. 7-16 is mainly metabolized through mono-oxidation (M470-2) and N-demethylation (M440), and the CYP3A4 isozyme was responsible for both metabolic reactions. Based on the excretion data in bile and urine, the absorption rate of 7-16 was at least 74.7%. 7-16 had weak inhibition on P-glycoprotein and no effect on the transport activity of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 transporters. The comprehensive pharmacokinetic properties indicate that 7-16 deserves further development as a new treatment drug for PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Hu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China (F.Z.)
| | - Huijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China (F.Z.)
| | - Fengjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China (F.Z.)
| | - Chunjie Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China (F.Z.)
| | - Wei Mi
- School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shuying Yin
- School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (W.W.)
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China (F.Z.)
| | - Liang Ye
- School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
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4
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Bonsmann S, McCormick D, Pausch J, de Vries M, Sumner M, Birkmann A, Zimmermann H, Kropeit D. Mass Balance and Metabolite Profile after Single and Multiple Oral Doses of Pritelivir in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024; 13:389-403. [PMID: 38189209 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pritelivir is a helicase-primase inhibitor active against HSV. Two human mass balance trials (a multiple-dose trial and a single-dose trial) were performed to characterize the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 100 mg oral pritelivir combined with a single microdose of 14C-pritelivir. Blood, urine, and feces samples were collected up to 26 days postdose. The plasma half-life of pritelivir was 63-67 hours. Overall, 92% and 66% of the administered dose was recovered in the multiple and single dose trials, respectively. The low recovery after the single dose (66%) was most likely related to the formulation used. The major metabolic pathway was amide hydrolysis leading to amino thiazole sulfonamide (ATS) and pyridinyl phenyl acetic acid (PPA). In plasma, pritelivir, ATS, PPA, and PPA-acyl glucuronide accounted for 40.6%, 9.4%, 5.1%, and 0.2% of total radioactivity. More than 90% of drug-related material was eliminated 624 hours postdose. The majority was excreted in urine (75% and 77%), followed by feces (16% and 23%). The main components in urine were PPA-acyl glucuronide (and its isomers), ATS, and its N-demethylated isomers. Only minor metabolites were observed in feces. In conclusion, the major metabolic pathways of pritelivir have been identified with the primary excretion route being renal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David McCormick
- Aicuris Anti-infective Cures AG (Retired), Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jörg Pausch
- Present affiliation: BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Kropeit
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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Kim GB, Seo JI, Gye MC, Yoo HH. Isosorbide, a versatile green chemical: Elucidating its ADME properties for safe use. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116051. [PMID: 38310823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Isosorbide, an environmentally friendly and renewable substance, finds extensive application in diverse fields, such as a bisphenol A substitute, polymers, functional materials, organic solvents, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its increasing interest and widespread usage, there remains a notable absence of available reports regarding its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. This study endeavors to investigate the ADME characteristics of isosorbide in rats. Isosorbide levels in biological samples were quantified based on the analytical method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Following administration, isosorbide exhibited rapid absorption and elimination, with a bioavailability of 96.1%. The metabolic stability assay indicated that isosorbide remained stable during metabolism. The majority of absorbed isosorbide was promptly excreted, with urinary excretion as the primary route. This study furnishes valuable insights into the ADME of isosorbide, contributing to its safety assessment and fostering its continued application across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Beom Kim
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong In Seo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Bian Y, Ma S, Yao Q, Hu T, Ge M, Li H, Zheng S, Gu Z, Feng H, Yu Z, Huang C, Zhang H, Zhao L, Miao L. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, excretion and safety of iruplinalkib (WX-0593), a novel ALK inhibitor, in healthy subjects: a phase I human radiolabeled mass balance study. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:63-72. [PMID: 38224050 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2305134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iruplinalkib is a novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor for the treatment of ALK-positive crizotinib-resistant NSCLC. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A single oral dose of 120 mg/3.7 MBq [14C]iruplinalkib was administered to healthy subjects. Blood, urine and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for iruplinalkib and its metabolites. The safety of iruplinalkib was also assessed. RESULTS Iruplinalkib was absorbed quickly and eliminated slowly from plasma, with a Tmax of 1.5 h and t1/2 of 28.6 h. About 88.85% of iruplinalkib was excreted at 312 h, including 20.23% in urine and 68.63% in feces. Seventeen metabolites of iruplinalkib were identified, and M3b (demethylation), M7 (cysteine conjugation), M11 (oxidative dehydrogenation and cysteine conjugation of M3b) and M12 (oxidative dehydrogenation and cysteine conjugation) were considered the prominent metabolites in humans. Iruplinalkib-related compounds were found to be covalently bound to proteins, accounting for 7.70% in plasma and 17.96% in feces, which suggested chemically reactive metabolites were formed. There were no serious adverse events observed in the study. CONCLUSIONS Iruplinalkib was widely metabolized and excreted mainly through feces in humans. Unchanged iruplinalkib, cysteine conjugates and covalent protein binding products were the main drug-related compounds in circulation. Iruplinalkib was well tolerated at the study dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: Anonymized).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingqing Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Zheming Gu
- Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenwen Yu
- Value Pharmaceutical Services Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Wang S, Ballard TE, Christopher LJ, Foti RS, Gu C, Khojasteh SC, Liu J, Ma S, Ma B, Obach RS, Schadt S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. The Importance of Tracking "Missing" Metabolites: How and Why? J Med Chem 2023; 66:15586-15612. [PMID: 37769129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Technologies currently employed to find and identify drug metabolites in complex biological matrices generally yield results that offer a comprehensive picture of the drug metabolite profile. However, drug metabolites can be missed or are captured only late in the drug development process. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as metabolism that results in partial loss of the molecule, covalent bonding to macromolecules, the drug being metabolized in specific human tissues, or poor ionization in a mass spectrometer. These scenarios often draw a great deal of attention from chemistry, safety assessment, and pharmacology. This review will summarize scenarios of missing metabolites, why they are missing, and associated uncovering strategies from deeper investigations. Uncovering previously missed metabolites can have ramifications in drug development with toxicological and pharmacological consequences, and knowledge of these can help in the design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- DMPK Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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Koziolek M, Augustijns P, Berger C, Cristofoletti R, Dahlgren D, Keemink J, Matsson P, McCartney F, Metzger M, Mezler M, Niessen J, Polli JE, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Dressman J. Challenges in Permeability Assessment for Oral Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37896157 PMCID: PMC10609725 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug permeation across the intestinal epithelium is a prerequisite for successful oral drug delivery. The increased interest in oral administration of peptides, as well as poorly soluble and poorly permeable compounds such as drugs for targeted protein degradation, have made permeability a key parameter in oral drug product development. This review describes the various in vitro, in silico and in vivo methodologies that are applied to determine drug permeability in the human gastrointestinal tract and identifies how they are applied in the different stages of drug development. The various methods used to predict, estimate or measure permeability values, ranging from in silico and in vitro methods all the way to studies in animals and humans, are discussed with regard to their advantages, limitations and applications. A special focus is put on novel techniques such as computational approaches, gut-on-chip models and human tissue-based models, where significant progress has been made in the last few years. In addition, the impact of permeability estimations on PK predictions in PBPK modeling, the degree to which excipients can affect drug permeability in clinical studies and the requirements for colonic drug absorption are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Drug Product Development, Development Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Constantin Berger
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - David Dahlgren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology and SciLifeLab Gothenburg, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Fiona McCartney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Mezler
- Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany;
| | - Janis Niessen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21021, USA;
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Zografou, Greece;
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Grau D, Grau N, Paroissin C, Gascuel Q, Di Cristofaro J. Underestimation of glyphosate intake by the methods currently used by regulatory agencies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100626-100637. [PMID: 37639106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is an estimate of the amount of a substance in food or beverages that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without presenting an appreciable risk to health. To assess the risk of ingesting glyphosate, regulatory agencies compare glyphosate daily intake to ADI. Based on published data on urine glyphosate levels measured according to known quantities of ingested glyphosate, our objectives were to test the robustness of the mathematical model currently used to calculate glyphosate daily intake, and to propose alternative models based on urinary excretion kinetics. Our results support that the quantity of ingested glyphosate is systematically underestimated by the model currently used by regulatory agencies, whereas the other models evaluated showed better estimations, with differences according to gender. Our results also show a great variability between individuals, leading to some uncertainties notably with regards to the ADI, and further support that glyphosate excretion varies significantly among individuals who follow a similar dosing regimen. In conclusion, our study highlights the lack of reliability of assessment processes carried out by regulatory agencies for glyphosate in particular, and pesticides in general, and questions the relevance of such processes supposed to safeguard human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
| | - Nicole Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
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10
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Yamamiya I, Hunt A, Yamashita F, Sonnichsen D, Muto T, He Y, Benhadji KA. Evaluation of the Mass Balance and Metabolic Profile of Futibatinib in Healthy Participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:927-939. [PMID: 37300358 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Futibatinib, a selective, irreversible fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-4 inhibitor, was recently approved for FGFR2 rearrangement-positive cholangiocarcinoma. This Phase I study evaluated the mass balance and metabolic profile of 14 C-futibatinib single oral 20-mg dose in healthy participants (n = 6). Futibatinib was rapidly absorbed; median time to peak drug concentration was 1.0 hours. The mean elimination half-life in plasma was 2.3 hours for futibatinib, and 11.9 hours for total radioactivity. Mean recovery of total radioactivity was 70% of the dose, with 64% recovered in feces and 6% in urine. The major excretion route was fecal; negligible levels were excreted as parent futibatinib. Futibatinib was the most abundant plasma component, comprising 59% of circulating radioactivity (CRA). The most abundant metabolites were cysteinylglycine-conjugated futibatinib in plasma (13% CRA) and reduction of desmethyl futibatinib in feces (17% of dose). In human hepatocytes, 14 C-futibatinib metabolites included glucuronide and sulfate of desmethyl futibatinib, whose formation was inhibited by 1-aminobenzotriazole (a pan-cytochrome P450 inhibitor), and glutathione- and cysteine-conjugated futibatinib. These data indicate the primary metabolic pathways of futibatinib are O-desmethylation and glutathione conjugation, with cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated desmethylation as the main oxidation pathway. 14 C-futibatinib was well tolerated in this Phase 1 study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Yamamiya
- Taiho Oncology, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
- Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Daryl Sonnichsen
- Sonnichsen Pharmaceutical Associates, LLC, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Yaohua He
- Taiho Oncology, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
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11
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Ghiglieri A, Messina M, Cenacchi V, Piutti C, Cinato F, Brogin G, Puccini P. ADME properties of CHF6366, a novel bi-functional M3-Muscarinic receptor antagonist and ß-2 adrenoceptor agonist (MABA) radiolabeled at both functional moieties. Xenobiotica 2023:1-59. [PMID: 37376730 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2230490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
CHF6366, a dual action β2-receptor agonist and M3-muscarinic receptor antagonist developed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), was [14C]-radiolabeled on the two different functional moieties of the molecule (either aminobutanolic or carbamate) to characterize its ADME profile following intravenous (IV), intratracheal (IT) and oral (PO) administration.A very low oral bioavailability and a good balance between absorption and lung retention after IT administration were observed, together with a rapid distribution throughout the body and a complete metabolic transformation of the parent drug without relevant gender difference.CHF6366 was observed fully hydrolyzed to alcohol (CHF6387) and carboxylic acid (CHF6361) in plasma and urine after IV and IT administration, and mainly unchanged in feces only after oral administration. An important number of metabolites containing aminobutanolic moiety was excreted via urine, whereas carbamate-containing derivatives were excreted mainly by bile.The major metabolic routes of the alcoholic moiety (CHF6387) included isomerization (Ma7), conjugation with glucuronic acid and dehydrogenation, while the carboxylic acid moiety (CHF6361) was mainly metabolized through oxidation, glucuronide conjugation and, in both pathways, combinations of those metabolic reactions.No major differences arose also from in vitro metabolism profiles investigated using liver microsomes and hepatocytes of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghiglieri
- Accelera Srl, viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milano (Italy)
| | - M Messina
- Accelera Srl, viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milano (Italy)
| | - V Cenacchi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Largo Belloli 11/a - 43122 Parma (Italy)
| | - C Piutti
- Accelera Srl, viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milano (Italy)
| | - F Cinato
- Accelera Srl, viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milano (Italy)
| | - G Brogin
- Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Largo Belloli 11/a - 43122 Parma (Italy)
| | - P Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Largo Belloli 11/a - 43122 Parma (Italy)
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12
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Xu L, Peng CC, Dawson K, Stecher S, Woodworth J, Prakash C. Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Excretion of [ 14C]Dimethyl Fumarate in Healthy Volunteers: An Example of Xenobiotic Biotransformation Following Endogenous Metabolic Pathways. Xenobiotica 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37216617 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2217506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF), Tecfidera®, is approved globally for treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The disposition of DMF was determined in humans after administration of a single oral dose of [14C]DMF, and the total recovery was estimated to be between 58.4% to 75.0%, primarily through expired air.The absorption of [14C]DMF-derived radioactivity was rapid, with Tmax at 1h postdose. Glucose was the predominant circulating metabolite, accounting for ∼60% of the total extractable radioactivity. Cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of mono- or di-methyl succinate were found to be the major urinary metabolites.In vitro studies showed that [14C]DMF was mainly metabolized to MMF, and fumarase exclusively converted fumaric acid to malic acid and did not catalyze the conversion of fumaric acid esters to malic acid. DMF was observed to bind with human serum albumin through Michael addition to the Cys-34 residue when exposed to human plasma.These findings indicate that DMF undergoes metabolism via hydrolysis, GSH conjugation, and the TCA cycle, leading to the formation of citric acid, CO2, and water. These ubiquitous and well-conserved metabolism pathways minimize the risk of drug-drug interactions and reduce variability related to pharmacogenetics and ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chi-Chi Peng
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kate Dawson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott Stecher
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
| | - James Woodworth
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA
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13
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Bhattacharya C, Sandinge AS, Bragg RA, Heijer M, Yan J, Andersson LC, Jurva U, Pelay-Gimeno M, Vaes WHJ, de Ligt RAF, Gränfors M, Amilon C, Lindstedt EL, Menakuru SR, Garkaviy P, Weidolf L, Gopaul VS. Application of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry to Characterize the Mass Balance Recovery and Disposition of AZD4831, a Novel Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor, following Administration of an Oral Radiolabeled Microtracer Dose in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:451-463. [PMID: 36639243 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the mass balance and disposition of AZD4831, a novel myeloperoxidase inhibitor, in six healthy participants using a 14C-labeled microtracer coupled with analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). A single oral dose of 10 mg 14C-AZD4831 (14.8 kBq) was administered as a solution, and 14C levels were quantified by AMS in blood, urine, and feces over 336 hours postdose. AZD4831 was rapidly absorbed, and AZD4831 plasma concentrations declined in a biphasic manner, with a long half-life of 52 hours. AZD4831 was eliminated via metabolism and renal excretion. An N-carbamoyl glucuronide metabolite of AZD4831 (M7), formed primarily via UGT1A1, was the predominant circulating metabolite. Presumably, M7 contributed to the long half-life of AZD4831 via biliary elimination and hydrolysis/enterohepatic recirculation of AZD4831. On average, ∼84% of administered 14C-AZD4831 was recovered by 336 hours postdose (urine, 51.2%; feces, 32.4%). Between 32%-44% of the dose was excreted as unchanged AZD4831 in urine, indicating renal elimination as the major excretory route. Only 9.7% of overall fecal recovery was recorded in the first 48 hours, with the remainder excreted over 48%-336 hours, suggesting that most fecal recovery was due to biliary elimination. Furthermore, only 6% of unchanged AZD4831 was recovered in feces. Overall, the fraction of the administered AZD4831 dose absorbed was high. 14C-AZD4831 was well tolerated. These findings contribute to increasing evidence that human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies can be performed with acceptable mass balance recovery at therapeutically relevant doses and low radiolabel-specific activity using an AMS-14C microtracer approach. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, the human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (hADME) of the novel myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD4831 was assessed following oral administration. This included investigation of the disposition of M7, the N-carbamoyl glucuronide metabolite. Resolution of challenges highlighted in this study contributes to increasing evidence that hADME objectives can be achieved in a single study for compounds with therapeutically relevant doses and low radiolabel-specific activity by using an AMS-14C microtracer approach, thus reducing the need for preclinical radiolabeled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrali Bhattacharya
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Ryan A Bragg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Maria Heijer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Marta Pelay-Gimeno
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Wouter H J Vaes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Rianne A F de Ligt
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Malin Gränfors
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Carl Amilon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Somasekhara R Menakuru
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Pavlo Garkaviy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - Lars Weidolf
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
| | - V Sashi Gopaul
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland (C.B.); DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (A.-S.S., J.Y., U.J., L.C.A., V.S.G.); Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences (M.H.); and Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.A.B.); TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.P.-G., W.H.J.V., R.A.F.d.L.); Quotient Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.R.M.); Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.G.); and Formerly BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (L.W., C.A., E.-L.L.)
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14
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He L, Feng D, Guo H, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhang K, Zhang W, Wang S, Wang Z, Hao Q, Zhang C, Gao Y, Gu J, Zhang Y, Li W, Li M. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1026182. [PMID: 36588717 PMCID: PMC9794587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-protective compound (BPC) 157 demonstrates protective effects against damage to various organs and tissues. For future clinical applications, we had previously established a solid-phase synthesis process for BPC157, verified its biological activity in different wound models, and completed preclinical safety evaluations. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, excretion, metabolism, and distribution profiles of BPC157. After a single intravenous (IV) administration, single intramuscular (IM) administrations at three doses in successive increments along with repeated IM administrations, the elimination half-life (t1/2) of prototype BPC157 was less than 30 min, and BPC157 showed linear pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats and beagle dogs at all doses. The mean absolute bioavailability of BPC157 following IM injection was approximately 14%-19% in rats and 45%-51% in beagle dogs. Using [3H]-labeled BPC157 and radioactivity examination, we proved that the main excretory pathways of BPC157 involved urine and bile. [3H]BPC157 was rapidly metabolized into a variety of small peptide fragments in vivo, thus forming single amino acids that entered normal amino acid metabolism and excretion pathways. In conclusion, this study provides the first analysis of the pharmacokinetics of BPC157, which will be helpful for its translation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Donglin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yueyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhaozhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Weina Li, Meng Li,
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Weina Li, Meng Li,
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15
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Singh RSP, Walker GS, Kadar EP, Cox LM, Eng H, Sharma R, Bergman AJ, Van Eyck L, Hackman F, Toussi SS, Kalgutkar AS, Obach RS. Metabolism and Excretion of Nirmatrelvir in Humans Using Quantitative Fluorine Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Novel Approach for Accelerating Drug Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:1201-1206. [PMID: 35678736 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Typically human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies are executed using radiolabeled (e.g., carbon-14) material, the synthesis of which is a time-consuming activity. In this study, we were able to assess the metabolism and excretion of unlabeled nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) within the first-in-human study via a novel application of quantitative fluorine (19 F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in place of a standard radiolabel ADME study. Six healthy participants received a single 300-mg oral dose of nirmatrelvir (in combination with ritonavir), and excreta were collected up to 10 days. Virtually all drug-related material was recovered within 5 days, and mass balance was achieved with 84.9 ± 8.9% (range = 70.7-95.5%) of the administered dose recovered in urine and feces. The excretion of fluorine-containing material in urine and feces was 47.0% and 33.7%, respectively. Unchanged nirmatrelvir represented 82.5% of the normalized drug-related material with a carboxylic acid metabolite M5, derived from hydrolysis of the P2 amide bond, present at 12.1% of dose. Nirmatrelvir was the only drug-related entity observed in plasma. Approximately 4.2% of the dose was excreted as metabolite M8 (measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), which was 19 F NMR silent due to hydrolysis of the trifluoroacetamide moiety. Hydrolysis of nirmatrelvir to M5 and M8 was shown to occur in cultures of human gut microflora. This successful demonstration of quantitative 19 F NMR spectroscopy to establish the mass-balance, excretion, and metabolic profile of nirmatrelvir offers an advantageous means to execute human ADME studies for fluorine-containing compounds early in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Loretta M Cox
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Arthur J Bergman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Frances Hackman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sima S Toussi
- Pfizer Clinical Development, Pearl River, New York, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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16
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Ramamoorthy A, Bende G, Chow ECY, Dimova H, Hartman N, Jean D, Pahwa S, Ren Y, Shukla C, Yang Y, Doddapaneni S, Danielsen ZY. Human radiolabeled mass balance studies supporting the FDA approval of new drugs. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2567-2575. [PMID: 36066467 PMCID: PMC9652429 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human radiolabeled mass balance studies are an important component of the clinical pharmacology programs supporting the development of new investigational drugs. These studies allow for understanding of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the parent drug and metabolite(s) in the human body. Understanding the drug's disposition as well as metabolite profiling and abundance via mass balance studies can help inform the overall drug development program. A survey of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved new drug applications (NDAs) indicated that about 66% of the drugs had relied on findings from the mass balance studies to help understand the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug and to inform the overall drug development program. When such studies were not available in the original NDA, adequate justifications were routinely provided. Of the 104 mass balance studies included in this survey, most of the studies were conducted in healthy volunteers (90%) who were mostly men (>86%). The studies had at least six evaluable participants (66%) and were performed using the final route(s) of administration (98%). Eighty-five percent of the studies utilized a dose within the pharmacokinetic linearity range with 54% of the studies using a dose the same as the approved dose. Nearly all studies were performed as a single-dose (97%) study using a fit-for-purpose radiolabeled formulation. In this analysis, we summarized the current practices for conducting mass balance studies and highlighted the importance of conducting appropriately designed human radiolabeled mass balance studies and the challenges associated with inadequately designed or untimely studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ramamoorthy
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Girish Bende
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Edwin Chiu Yuen Chow
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Hristina Dimova
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA,Present address:
Office of ScienceCenter for Tobacco Products, FDASilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Neil Hartman
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Daphney Jean
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Sonia Pahwa
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Yunzhao Ren
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Chinmay Shukla
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Yuching Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Suresh Doddapaneni
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Zhixia Yan Danielsen
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
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17
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Vuu I, Dahal UP, Wang Z, Shen X, Rodgers J, Wahlstrom J, Houk B. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of [ 14C]-sotorasib in healthy male subjects: characterization of metabolites and a minor albumin-sotorasib conjugate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:357-367. [PMID: 36063185 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of sotorasib and determine the metabolites present in plasma, urine, and feces in healthy male subjects following a single oral 720 mg dose containing approximately 1 μCi of [14C]-sotorasib. METHODS Urine, feces, and plasma were collected post-dose and assayed for total radioactivity and profiled for sotorasib metabolites. Urine and plasma were also assayed for sotorasib pharmacokinetics. In addition, in vitro studies were performed to determine the enzymes responsible for formation of major circulating metabolites and protein adducts in human plasma. RESULTS Sotorasib was rapidly absorbed, with a median time to peak concentration of 0.75 h. Mean t1/2,z of plasma sotorasib, whole blood total radioactivity, and plasma total radioactivity were 6.35, 174, and 128 h, respectively. The geometric mean cumulative recovery was 80.6%; the majority was excreted in feces (74.4%) with a low percentage excreted in urine (5.81%). M10, sotorasib, and M24 were present at 31.6%, 22.2%, and 13.7% of total radioactivity in plasma extracts, respectively. M10 and sotorasib were present at < 5% of administered radioactivity in urine, while only unchanged sotorasib, at 53% of administered radioactivity, was identified in feces. A sotorasib-albumin adduct was identified in plasma as a minor constituent, consistent with the observed radioactivity profile in plasma/blood. CONCLUSION Sotorasib metabolism involves nonenzymatic glutathione conjugation, GGT-mediated hydrolysis of glutathione adduct, and direct CYP3A and CYP2C8-mediated oxidation. Elimination of sotorasib is predominantly fecal excretion, suggesting dose reduction is not necessary with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Vuu
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Upendra P Dahal
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Rodgers
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brett Houk
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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18
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Beene D, Collender P, Cardenas A, Harvey C, Huhmann L, Lin Y, Lewis J, LoIacono N, Navas-Acien A, Nigra A, Steinmaus C, van Geen A. A mass-balance approach to evaluate arsenic intake and excretion in different populations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107371. [PMID: 35809487 PMCID: PMC9790973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unless a toxicant builds up in a deep compartment, intake by the human body must on average balance the amount that is lost. We apply this idea to assess arsenic (As) exposure misclassification in three previously studied populations in rural Bangladesh (n = 11,224), Navajo Nation in the Southwestern United States (n = 619), and northern Chile (n = 630), under varying assumptions about As sources. Relationships between As intake and excretion were simulated by taking into account additional sources, as well as variability in urine dilution inferred from urinary creatinine. The simulations bring As intake closer to As excretion but also indicate that some exposure misclassification remains. In rural Bangladesh, accounting for intake from more than one well and rice improved the alignment of intake and excretion, especially at low exposure. In Navajo Nation, comparing intake and excretion revealed home dust as an important source. Finally, in northern Chile, while food-frequency questionnaires and urinary As speciation indicate fish and shellfish sources, persistent imbalance of intake and excretion suggests imprecise measures of drinking water arsenic as a major cause of exposure misclassification. The mass-balance approach could prove to be useful for evaluating sources of exposure to toxicants in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beene
- Community Environmental Health Program, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Philip Collender
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Charles Harvey
- Earth and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
| | - Linden Huhmann
- Earth and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
| | - Yan Lin
- Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Nancy LoIacono
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Nigra
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander van Geen
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States.
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19
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Babin V, Taran F, Audisio D. Late-Stage Carbon-14 Labeling and Isotope Exchange: Emerging Opportunities and Future Challenges. JACS AU 2022; 2:1234-1251. [PMID: 35783167 PMCID: PMC9241029 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-14 (14C) is a gold standard technology routinely utilized in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries for tracking synthetic organic molecules and providing their metabolic and safety profiles. While the state of the art has been dominated for decades by traditional multistep synthetic approaches, the recent emergence of late-stage carbon isotope labeling has provided new avenues to rapidly access carbon-14-labeled biologically relevant compounds. In particular, the development of carbon isotope exchange has represented a fundamental paradigm change, opening the way to unexplored synthetic transformations. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent developments in the field with a critical assessment of the literature. We subsequently discuss research directions and future challenges within this rapidly evolving field.
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21
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Singh RSP, Dowty ME, Salganik M, Brodfuehrer JI, Walker GS, Sharma R, Beebe JS, Danto SI. A Phase 1 Study to Assess Mass Balance and Absolute Bioavailability of Zimlovisertib in Healthy Male Participants Using a 14 C-Microtracer Approach. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:815-825. [PMID: 35506501 PMCID: PMC9322294 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Zimlovisertib (PF‐06650833) is a selective, reversible inhibitor of interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) with anti‐inflammatory effects. This phase 1, open‐label, fixed‐sequence, two‐period, single‐dose study aimed to evaluate the mass balance and excretion rate of zimlovisertib in healthy male participants using a 14C‐microtracer approach. All six participants received 300 mg 14C‐zimlovisertib with lower radioactivity per mass unit orally in Period A, then unlabeled zimlovisertib 300 mg orally and 14C‐zimlovisertib 135 μg intravenously (IV) in Period B. Study objectives included extent and rate of excretion of 14C‐zimlovisertib, pharmacokinetics, and safety and tolerability of oral and IV zimlovisertib. Total radioactivity recovered in urine and feces was 82.4% ± 6.8% (urine 23.1% ± 12.3%, feces 59.3% ± 9.7%) in Period A. Zimlovisertib was absorbed rapidly following oral administration, with the fraction absorbed estimated to be 44%. Absolute oral bioavailability of the 300‐mg dose was 17.4% (90% confidence interval 14.1%, 21.5%) using the dose‐normalized area under the concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity. There were no deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), severe AEs, discontinuations or dose reductions due to AEs, and no clinically significant laboratory abnormalities. These results demonstrate that zimlovisertib had low absolute oral bioavailability and low absorption (<50%).
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22
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Loureiro AI, Rocha F, Santos AT, Singh N, Bonifácio MJ, Pinto R, Kiss LE, Soares-da-Silva P. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of opicapone in human healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4540-4551. [PMID: 35508762 PMCID: PMC9546099 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The absorption, metabolism and excretion of opicapone (2,5‐dichloro‐3‐(5‐[3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐nitrophenyl]‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)‐4,6‐dimethylpyridine 1‐oxide), a selective catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor, were investigated. Methods Plasma, urine and faeces were collected from healthy male subjects following a single oral dose of 100 mg [14C]‐opicapone. The mass balance of [14C]‐opicapone and metabolic profile were evaluated. Results The recovery of total administered radioactivity averaged >90% after 144 hours. Faeces were the major route of elimination, representing 70% of the administered dose; 5% and 20% were excreted in urine and expired air, respectively. The Cmax of total radioactivity matched that of unchanged opicapone, whereas the total radioactivity remained quantifiable for a longer period, attributed to the contribution of opicapone metabolites, involving primarily 3‐O‐sulfate conjugation (58.6% of total circulating radioactivity) at the nitrocatechol ring. Other circulating metabolites, accounting for <10% of the radioactivity exposure, were formed by glucuronidation, methylation, N‐oxide reduction and gluthatione conjugation. Additionally, various other metabolites resulting from combinations with the opicapone N‐oxide reduced form at the 2,5‐dichloro‐4,6‐dimethylpyridine 1‐oxide moiety, including nitro reduction and N‐acetylation, reductive opening and cleavage of the 1,2,4‐oxadiazole ring and the subsequent hydrolysis products were identified, but only in faeces, suggesting the involvement of gut bacteria. Conclusion [14C]‐opicapone was fully excreted through multiple metabolic pathways. The main route of excretion was in faeces, where opicapone may be further metabolized via reductive metabolism involving the 1,2,4‐oxadiazole ring‐opening and subsequent hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Loureiro
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Francisco Rocha
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Ana T Santos
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Nand Singh
- Quotient Sciences, Sherwood House Mere Way Ruddington Fields Ruddington Nottingham
| | | | - Rui Pinto
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Laszlo E Kiss
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.,Department of Biomedecine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUp, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Huynh C, Seeland S, Segrestaa J, Gnerre C, Hogeback J, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Dingemanse J, Sidharta PN. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of ACT-1004-1239, a First-In-Class CXCR7 Antagonist: In Vitro, Preclinical, and Clinical Data. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:812065. [PMID: 35431953 PMCID: PMC9006992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.812065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ACT-1004-1239 is a potent, selective, first-in-class CXCR7 antagonist, which shows a favorable preclinical and clinical profile. Here we report the metabolites and the metabolic pathways of ACT-1004-1239 identified using results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Two complementary in vitro studies (incubation with human liver microsomes in the absence/presence of cytochrome P450- [CYP] specific chemical inhibitors and incubation with recombinant CYPs) were conducted to identify CYPs involved in ACT-1004-1239 metabolism. For the in vivo investigations, a microtracer approach was integrated in the first-in-human study to assess mass balance and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics of ACT-1004-1239. Six healthy male subjects received orally 100 mg non-radioactive ACT-1004-1239 together with 1 μCi 14C-ACT-1004-1239. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected up to 240 h post-dose and 14C-drug-related material was measured with accelerator mass spectrometry. This technique was also used to construct radiochromatograms of pooled human samples. Metabolite structure elucidation of human-relevant metabolites was performed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry and facilitated by the use of rat samples. CYP3A4 was identified as the major CYP catalyzing the formation of M1 in vitro. In humans, the cumulative recovery from urine and feces was 84.1% of the dose with the majority being eliminated via the feces (69.6%) and the rest via the urine (14.5%). In human plasma, two major circulating metabolites were identified, i.e., M1 and M23. Elimination via M1 was the only elimination pathway that contributed to ≥25% of ACT-1004-1239 elimination. M1 was identified as a secondary amine metabolite following oxidative N-dealkylation of the parent. M23 was identified as a difluorophenyl isoxazole carboxylic acid metabolite following central amide bond hydrolysis of the parent. Other metabolites observed in humans were A1, A2, and A3. Metabolite A1 was identified as an analog of M1 after oxidative defluorination, whereas both, A2 and A3, were identified as a reduced analog of M1 and parent, respectively, after addition of two hydrogen atoms at the isoxazole ring. In conclusion, CYP3A4 contributes to a relevant extent to ACT-1004-1239 disposition and two major circulating metabolites were observed in humans. Clinical Trial Registration: (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03869320) ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03869320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huynh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Segrestaa
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jens Hogeback
- A&M Labor für Analytik und Metabolismusforschung Service GmbH, Bergheim, Germany
| | | | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patricia N Sidharta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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24
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Yang H, Zhang M, Chen Y, Ren H, Zhang H, Yu C, Lu J, You L, Yu J, Liang H, Xiao C, He Z, Wu J, Xue J, Zhang J. Pharmacokinetics of benapenem for injection in subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:1079-1086. [PMID: 35385974 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of benapenem in subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment to provide a reference for benapenem dosing regimens in this patient population. METHODS Eighteen subjects were enrolled in this study. Each subject received a single dose of benapenem intravenously (1.0 g in 100 ml of 0.9% saline) followed by blood and urine collection to measure the concentrations of benapenem and its major metabolite. PK analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of varying degrees of renal impairment on the PK characteristics of benapenem. The safety of benapenem was also evaluated. RESULTS In subjects with normal renal function, mild renal impairment, and moderate renal impairment, the maximum plasma benapenem concentrations were 163 ± 6.58 mg/L, 138 ± 17.4 mg/L, and 134 ± 0.11 mg/L, respectively (15.3% and 17.8% lower in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment, respectively, than in subjects with normal renal function). The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf) were 1153.67 ± 143.2 mg·h/L, 1129.17 ± 241.41 mg·h/L, and 1316.46 ± 229.83 mg·h/L, respectively (P > 0.05); the cumulative urinary excretion rates at 72 h after dosing were 52.61 ± 8.58%, 39.42 ± 8.35%, and 29.84 ± 9.15%, respectively; and the metabolic ratio (AUC0-inf_KBP-3331/AUC0-inf_benapenem) were 3.96 ± 0.35%, 5.56 ± 0.82%, and 8.24 ± 0.85%, respectively. No drug-related adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, or AEs leading to withdrawal occurred in this study. CONCLUSION No adjustment to benapenem dosing is needed in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Drug clinical trial registration and information publicity platform: http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html . REGISTRATION NUMBER CTR20190760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yang
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuancheng Chen
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Unit, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jianda Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China.,Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li You
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China.,Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Cuilan Xiao
- Xuanzhu Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100025, China
| | - Zishuang He
- Xuanzhu Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100025, China
| | - Jufang Wu
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Xue
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China. .,Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Huashan Hospital), Shanghai, 200040, China. .,China Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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25
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Walles M, Berna MJ, Jian W, Hauri S, Hengel S, King L, Tran JC, Wei C, Xu K, Zhu X. A Cross Company Perspective on the Assessment of Therapeutic Protein Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:846-857. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Pusalkar S, Chowdhury SK, Czerniak R, Zhu X, Li Y, Balani SK, Ramsden D. Clinical and Nonclinical Disposition and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Felcisetrag, a Highly Selective and Potent 5-HT 4 Receptor Agonist. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:371-386. [PMID: 35157234 PMCID: PMC9050781 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Felcisetrag (previously TAK-954 or TD-8954) is a highly selective and potent 5-HT4 receptor agonist in clinical development for prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction (POGD). The rat, dog, and human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of felcisetrag were investigated. METHODS The metabolism and victim and perpetrator drug interaction potentials towards cytochrome P450s (CYP) and transporters were determined using in vitro models. The excretion, metabolite profile, and pharmacokinetics were determined during unlabeled and radiolabeled ADME studies in rat and dog for comparison with human. Due to a low clinical dose (0.5 mg) and radioactivity (~ 1.5 μCi), a combination of liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry was used for analysis of samples in this study. RESULTS The ADME properties, including metabolite profile, for felcisetrag are generally conserved across species. Felcisetrag is primarily cleared through renal excretion (0.443) and metabolism in humans (0.420), with intact parent as the predominant species in circulation. There are multiple metabolites, each representing < 10% of the circulating radioactivity, confirming no metabolites in safety testing (MIST) liabilities. Metabolites were also detected in animals. The potential for major CYP- and transporter-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) of felcisetrag as a victim or perpetrator is considered to be low. CONCLUSIONS Felcisetrag is primarily cleared in humans through renal excretion. Although the metabolism of felcisetrag is primarily through CYP3A, the potential for clinically relevant DDI as a victim is significantly reduced as metabolism plays a minor role in the overall clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Servier Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Boston Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Czerniak
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuexian Li
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Diane Ramsden
- Global; Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA.
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27
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Aviles P, Altares R, van Andel L, Lubomirov R, Fudio S, Rosing H, Marquez del Pino FM, Tibben MM, Benedit G, Nan-Offeringa L, Luepke Estefan XE, Francesch A, Zeaiter A, Cuevas C, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Metabolic Disposition of Lurbinectedin, a Potent Selective Inhibitor of Active Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes, in Nonclinical Species and Patients. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:327-340. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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Cheng H, Yu J, Yang C, Zhang N, Fan Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhong DF, He JX, Yan S, Diao X. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [ 14C]TPN729 after oral administration to rats. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:79-90. [PMID: 35038952 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
TPN729, a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), is in phase II clinical trials in China. Previous studies suggested that TPN729 possesses promising therapeutic value. In previous non-radiolabeled rat excretion studies, the recovery of TPN729 and its major metabolites accounted for approximately 8.58% of the administration dose in urine and feces by 48 h post-dose.To solve this problem and further study the metabolism of TPN729 in rats, we used the radio-isotopic tracing technique for the first time. In this study, the mass balance, tissue distribution, and metabolism of TPN729 were evaluated in rats after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg [14C]TPN729 (150 μCi/kg).At 168 h post-dose, the mean total radioactivity recovery of the dose was 92.13%. Feces was the major excretion route, accounting for 74.63% of the dose, and urine excretion accounted for 17.50%. After oral administration of [14C]TPN729, radioactivity was widely distributed in all examined tissues, and a higher radioactivity concentration was observed in the stomach, large intestine, lung, liver, small intestine, and eyes. The concentration of drug-related materials were similar in plasma and blood cells. A total of 51 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, feces, and bile, and the predominant metabolically susceptible position of TPN729 was the pyrrolidine moiety. The main metabolic pathways were N-dealkylation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation.In summary, we solved the previous problem of low drug recovery, elucidated the major excretion pathway, determined the tissue distribution patterns, and investigated the metabolism of TPN729 in rats by using a radioisotopic tracing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Henan Topfond Pharma Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | | | - Junchen Wang
- Henan Topfond Pharma Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Da-Fang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji-Xiang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Shu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
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29
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Holmberg AA, Weidolf L, Necander S, Bold P, Sidhu S, Pelay-Gimeno M, de Ligt RAF, Verheij ER, Jauhiainen A, Psallidas I, Wählby Hamrén U, Prothon S. Characterization of clinical ADME and pharmacokinetics of velsecorat using an intravenous microtracer combined with an inhaled dose in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:150-157. [PMID: 34853068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This open-label, single-period study describes the human absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and pharmacokinetics of velsecorat (AZD7594). Healthy subjects received inhaled velsecorat (non-radiolabeled; 720 µg) followed by intravenous (IV) infusion of 14C-velsecorat (30 µg). Plasma, urine and feces were collected up to 168 hours post-dose. Objectives included identification and quantification of velsecorat and its metabolites (i.e. drug-related material; DRM) in plasma and excreta, and determining the elimination pathways of velsecorat by measuring the rate and route of excretion, plasma half-life (t1/2), clearance, volume of distribution and mean recovery of radioactivity. On average, 76.0% of administered 14C dose was recovered by the end of the sampling period (urine=24.4%; feces=51.6%), with no unchanged compound recovered in excreta, suggesting biliary excretion is the main elimination route. Compared with IV 14C-velsecorat, inhaled velsecorat had a longer t1/2 (27 vs 2 hours), confirming that plasma elimination is absorption-rate-limited from the lungs. Following IV administration, t1/2 of 14C-DRM was longer than for unchanged velsecorat and 20% of the 14C plasma content was related to unchanged velsecorat. The geometric mean plasma clearance of velsecorat was high (70.7 L/h) and the geometric mean volume of distribution at steady state was 113 L. Velsecorat was substantially metabolized via O-dealkylation of the indazole ether followed by sulfate conjugation, forming the M1 metabolite, the major metabolite in plasma. There were 15 minor metabolites. Velsecorat was well tolerated, and these results support the progression of velsecorat to phase 3 studies. Significance Statement This study describes the human pharmacokinetics and metabolism of velsecorat, a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, evaluated via co-administration of a radiolabeled intravenous microtracer dose and a non-radiolabeled inhaled dose. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the disposition of velsecorat in humans. It also highlights a number of complexities associated with determining human absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion for velsecorat, related to the inhaled route, the high metabolic clearance, sequential metabolite formation and the low intravenous dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sofia Necander
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Sweden
| | - Peter Bold
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Jauhiainen
- BioPharma Early Biometrics and Statistical Innovation, Data Science & AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrika Wählby Hamrén
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Sweden
| | - Susanne Prothon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Sweden
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30
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Sturm S, Högner C, Seger C, Stuppner H. Combining HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS and HPLC-SPE-NMR to Monitor In Vitro Vitetrifolin D Phase I and II Metabolism. Metabolites 2021; 11:529. [PMID: 34436470 PMCID: PMC8400717 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS and HPLC-SPE-NMR, the in vitro metabolism of vitetrifolin D, a pharmacologically active key molecule from Vitex agnus-castus in liver cell fractions, was investigated. Twenty-seven phase I and phase II metabolites were tentatively identified from the culture broth by HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. The subsequent HPLC-SPE-NMR analysis allowed for the unequivocal structural characterization of nine phase I metabolites. Since the preparative isolation of the metabolites was avoided, the substance input was much lower than in conventional strategies. The study did prove that the use of hyphenated instrumental analysis methodologies allows for the successful performance of in vitro metabolism studies, even if the availability of substances is very limited.
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31
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James AD, Schiller H, Marvalin C, Jin Y, Borell H, Roffel AF, Glaenzel U, Ji Y, Camenisch G. An integrated assessment of the ADME properties of the CDK4/6 Inhibitor ribociclib utilizing preclinical in vitro, in vivo, and human ADME data. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 8:e00599. [PMID: 32524755 PMCID: PMC7287031 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribociclib (LEE011, Kisqali ®) is a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which has been approved for the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer. A human ADME study was conducted in healthy male volunteers following a single oral dose of 600 mg [14 C]-ribociclib. Mass balance, blood and plasma radioactivity, and plasma ribociclib concentrations were measured. Metabolite profiling and identification was conducted in plasma, urine, and feces. An assessment integrating the human ADME results with relevant in vitro and in vivo non-clinical data was conducted to provide an estimate of the relative contributions of various clearance pathways of the compound. Ribociclib is moderately to highly absorbed across species (approx. 59% in human), and is extensively metabolized in vivo, predominantly by oxidative pathways mediated by CYP3A4 (ultimately forming N-demethylated metabolite M4) and, to a lesser extent, by FMO3 (N-hydroxylated metabolite M13). It is extensively distributed in rats, based on QWBA data, and is eliminated rapidly from most tissues with the exception of melanin-containing structures. Ribociclib passed the placental barrier in rats and rabbits and into milk of lactating rats. In human, 69.1% and 22.6% of the radiolabeled dose were excreted in feces and urine, respectively, with 17.3% and 6.75% of the 14 C dose attributable to ribociclib, respectively. The remainder was attributed to numerous metabolites. Taking into account all available data, ribociclib is estimated to be eliminated by hepatic metabolism (approx. 84% of total), renal excretion (7%), intestinal excretion (8%), and biliary elimination (1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D James
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Marvalin
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Jin
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Borell
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ad F Roffel
- PRA Health Sciences, Scientific and Medical Affairs, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Glaenzel
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Ji
- PK Sciences (Oncology TA), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, USA
| | - Gian Camenisch
- PK Sciences (ADME), Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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ICH Guideline for Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaiver (M9): Toward Harmonization in Latin American Countries. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030363. [PMID: 33801796 PMCID: PMC8001157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is a very important tool to replace the traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro dissolution assays during multisource product development. This paper compares the most recent harmonized guideline for biowaivers based on the biopharmaceutics classification system and the BCS regulatory guidelines in Latin America and analyzes the current BCS regulatory requirements and the perspective of the harmonization in the region to develop safe and effective multisource products. Differences and similarities between the official and publicly available BCS guidelines of several Latin American regulatory authorities and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. Only Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina have a more comprehensive BCS guideline, which includes solubility, permeability, and dissolution requirements. Although their regulatory documents have many similarities with the ICH guidelines, there are still major differences in their interpretation and application. This situation is an obstacle to the successful development of safe and effective multisource products in the Latin American region, not only to improve their access to patients at a reasonable cost, but also to develop BCS biowaiver studies that fulfill the quality standards of regulators in developed and emerging markets.
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Roffel A, Lier JJV, Rozema G, van Hoogdalem EJ. Predictability of Elimination and Excretion of Small Molecules from Animals to Humans, and Impact on Dosimetry for human ADME Studies with Radiolabeled Drugs. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2021; 17:26-38. [PMID: 33687900 DOI: 10.2174/1574884716666210309103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the extent to which urinary and fecal excretion of 14C-labeled drug material in animal ADME studies was predictive of human ADME studies. We compared observed plasma elimination half lives for total drug related radioactivity in humans to pre-study predictions, and we estimated the impact of any major differences on human dosimetry calculations. METHODS We included 34 human ADME studies with doses of 14C above 0.1 MBq. We calculated ratios of dosimetry input parameters (percentage fecal excretion in humans versus animals; observed half life in humans versus predicted pre-study) and output parameters (effective dose post-study versus pre study) and assessed their relationship. RESULTS A quantitative correlation assessment did not show a statistically significant correlation between the ratios of percentages of 14C excreted in feces and the ratios of dosimetry outcomes in the entire dataset, but a statistically significant correlation was found when assessing the studies that were based on ICRP 60/62 (n=19 studies; P=0.0028). There also appeared to be a correlation between the plasma half-life ratios and the ratios of dosimetry results. A quantitative correlation assessment showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between these ratios (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION In all cases where the plasma elimination half-life for 14C in humans was found to be longer than the predicted value, the radiation burden was still within ICRP Category IIa. Containment of the actual radiation burden below the limit of 1.00 mSv appeared to be determined partly also by our choice to limit 14C doses to 3.7 MBq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Roffel
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Clinical Pharmacology. Netherlands
| | | | - Gerk Rozema
- Department of Data Support, PRA Health Sciences, Groningen. Netherlands
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Surapaneni S, Yerramilli U, Bai A, Dalvie D, Brooks J, Wang X, Selkirk JV, Yan YG, Zhang P, Hargreaves R, Kumar G, Palmisano M, Tran JQ. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion, In Vitro Pharmacology, and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Ozanimod, a Novel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:405-419. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Stevens AJ, Campbell JL, Travis KZ, Clewell HJ, Hinderliter PM, Botham PA, Cook AR, Minnema DJ, Wolf DC. Paraquat pharmacokinetics in primates and extrapolation to humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 417:115463. [PMID: 33631232 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By extending our Paraquat (PQ) work to include primates we have implemented a modelling and simulation strategy that has enabled PQ pharmacokinetic data to be integrated into a single physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that enables more confident extrapolation to humans. Because available data suggested there might be differences in PQ kinetics between primates and non-primates, a radiolabelled study was conducted to characterize pharmacokinetics and excretion in Cynomolgus monkeys. Following single intravenous doses of 0.01 or 0.1 mg paraquat dichloride/kg bw, plasma PQ concentration-time profiles were dose-proportional. Excretion up to 48 h (predominantly urinary) was 82.9%, with ca. 10% remaining unexcreted. In vitro blood binding was similar across Cynomolgus monkeys, humans and rat. Our PBPK model for the rat, mouse and dog, employing a single set of PQ-specific parameters, was scaled to Cynomolgus monkeys and well represented the measured plasma concentration-time profiles over 14 days. Addition of a cartilage compartment to the model better captured the percent remaining in the monkeys at 48 h, whilst having negligible effect on model predictions for the other species. The PBPK model performed well for all four species, demonstrating there is little difference in PQ kinetics between non-primates and primates enabling a more confident extrapolation to humans. Scaling of the PBPK model to humans, with addition of a human-specific dermal submodel based on in vitro human dermal absorption data, provides a valuable tool that could be employed in defining internal dosimetry to complement human health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stevens
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Jerry L Campbell
- Ramboll Environment and Health Consulting, 3214 Charles B. Root Wynd Suite 130, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA.
| | - Kim Z Travis
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Ramboll Environment and Health Consulting, 3214 Charles B. Root Wynd Suite 130, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA.
| | | | - Philip A Botham
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Andrew R Cook
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Daniel J Minnema
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, P.O. Box 18300, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Douglas C Wolf
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Kim A, Dueker SR, Hwang JG, Yoon J, Lee SW, Lee HS, Yu BY, Yu KS, Lee H. An Investigation of the Metabolism and Excretion of KD101 and Its Interindividual Differences: A Microtracing Mass Balance Study in Humans. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:231-238. [PMID: 33460293 PMCID: PMC7877834 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism, and excretion (AME) profiles of KD101, currently under clinical development to treat obesity, were assessed in humans using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) after a single oral administration of KD101 at 400 mg and a microdose of 14C‐KD101 at ~ 35.2 μg with a total radioactivity of 6.81 kBq. The mean total recovery of administered radioactivity was 85.2% with predominant excretion in the urine (78.0%). The radio‐chromatographic metabolite profiling showed that most of the total radioactivity in the plasma and the urine was ascribable to metabolites. The UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), including UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT2B7, might have contributed to the interindividual variability in the metabolism and excretion of KD101. The microtracing approach using AMS is a useful tool to evaluate the AME of a drug under development without risk for high radiation exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhye Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Stephen R Dueker
- BioCore Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea.,Korean Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Gi Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chung Buk National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jangsoo Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Clinical Trial Center, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Yu
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Rowland Yeo K, Venkatakrishnan K. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models as Enablers of Precision Dosing in Drug Development: Pivotal Role of the Human Mass Balance Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:51-54. [PMID: 33220063 PMCID: PMC7839470 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, IncBillericaMassachusettsUSA
- A Business of Merck KGaADarmstadtGermany
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Phase I study assessing the mass balance, pharmacokinetics, and excretion of [ 14C]-pevonedistat, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:488-498. [PMID: 33089874 PMCID: PMC7960626 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pevonedistat (TAK-924/MLN4924) is an investigational small-molecule inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme that has demonstrated preclinical and clinical activity across solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Here we report the results of a phase I trial characterizing the mass balance, pharmacokinetics, and clearance pathways of [14C]-pevonedistat in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT03057366). In part A (n = 8), patients received a single 1-h intravenous infusion of [14C]-pevonedistat 25 mg/m2. In part B (n = 7), patients received pevonedistat 25 or 20 mg/m2 on days 1, 3, and 5 in combination with, respectively, docetaxel 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC5 plus paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks. Following the single dose of [14C]-pevonedistat 25 mg/m2 in part A, there was a parallel log-linear decline in plasma and whole blood pevonedistat concentration, with systemic exposure of unchanged pevonedistat representing 41% of drug-related material (i.e., unchanged pevonedistat and its metabolites). The mean terminal half-life of pevonedistat and drug-related material in plasma was 8.4 and 15.6 h, respectively. Pevonedistat distributed preferentially in whole blood with a mean whole-blood-to-plasma ratio for pevonedistat AUC∞ of 40.8. By 1 week post dose, the mean recovery of administered radioactivity was 94% (41% in urine and 53% in feces). The pevonedistat safety profile during both study parts was consistent with previous clinical experience, with no new safety signals observed. In part B, pevonedistat in combination with docetaxel or carboplatin plus paclitaxel was generally well tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03057366.
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Bourdet DL, Yeola S, Hegde SS, Colson PJ, Barnes CN, Borin MT. Revefenacin Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion in Healthy Subjects and Pharmacological Activity of Its Major Metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1312-1320. [PMID: 32978223 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Revefenacin inhalation solution is an anticholinergic indicated for the maintenance treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mass balance, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of revefenacin were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration of [14C]-revefenacin in healthy subjects. Pharmacological activity of the major revefenacin metabolite was also assessed. Adult males (n = 9) received 20 μg intravenously of approximately 1 μCi [14C]-revefenacin and/or a single 200-μg oral solution of approximately 10 μCi [14C]-revefenacin. Mean recovery of radioactive material was 81.4% after intravenous administration (54.4% in feces; 27.1% in urine) and 92.7% after oral dosing (88.0% in feces, 4.7% in urine). Mean absolute bioavailability of oral revefenacin was low (2.8%). Intact revefenacin accounted for approximately 52.1% and 13.1% of the total radioactivity in plasma after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Two main circulating metabolites were observed in plasma. After an intravenous dose, a hydrolysis product, THRX-195518 (M2) was observed that circulated in plasma at 14.3% of total radioactivity. After an oral dose, both THRX-195518 and THRX-697795 (M10, N-dealkylation and reduction of the parent compound) were observed at 12.5% of total circulating radioactivity. THRX-195518 was the major metabolite excreted in feces and comprised 18.8% and 9.4% of the administered intravenous and oral dose, respectively. The major metabolic pathway for revefenacin was hydrolysis to THRX-195518. In vitro pharmacological evaluation of THRX-195518 indicated that it had a 10-fold lower binding affinity for the M3 receptor relative to revefenacin. Receptor occupancy analysis suggested that THRX-195518 has minimal contribution to systemic pharmacology relative to revefenacin after inhaled administration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The major metabolic pathway for revefenacin was hydrolysis to the metabolite THRX-195518 (M2), and both revefenacin and THRX-195518 underwent hepatic-biliary and fecal elimination after oral or intravenous administration with negligible renal excretion. Pharmacological evaluation of THRX-195518 indicated that it had a 10-fold lower binding affinity for the M3 muscarinic receptor relative to revefenacin and that THRX-195518 has minimal contribution to systemic pharmacology after inhaled administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bourdet
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
| | - Suresh Yeola
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
| | - Sharath S Hegde
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
| | - Pierre-Jean Colson
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
| | - Chris N Barnes
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
| | - Marie T Borin
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California (D.L.B., S.Y., S.S.H., P.-J.C., C.N.B., M.T.B)
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Kumar A, Bhatia R, Chawla P, Anghore D, Saini V, Rawal RK. Copanlisib: Novel PI3K Inhibitor for the Treatment of Lymphoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1158-1172. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200317105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma refers to a specialized category of blood cancers, which is characterized by lymph node
enlargement, reduced body weight, prolonged tiredness, and fever associated with sweats. Traditional treatment
strategies involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. Copanlisib has emerged as a very
potent drug which acts through inhibiting PI3K enzyme. The FDA has approved it for specific treatment of follicular
Lymphoma in September 2017. Copanlisib induces tumor cell death along with the prevention of proliferation of
dominant malignant β-cells. Copanlisib has a large volume of distribution i.e., 871L (%CV 47.4), plasma protein
binding up to 15.8%, plasma half-life(t1/2) of 39.1h and the mean systemic plasma clearance 18.9 L/h (%CV 51.2).
In the present review, various aspects related to Copanlisib have been summarized, which include pathophysiology,
synthetic strategy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical studies. A special emphasis is paid on various
reported adverse effects and in silico/in vivo studies conducted on Copanlisib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Durgadas Anghore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Vipin Saini
- Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Solan-173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-133207, Haryana, India
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Ogasawara K, Xu C, Kanamaluru V, Siebers N, Surapaneni S, Ridoux L, Palmisano M, Krishna G. Excretion balance and pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose of [ 14C]-fedratinib in healthy subjects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:307-314. [PMID: 32748109 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fedratinib is an oral and selective kinase inhibitor with activity against wild type and mutationally activated Janus kinase 2 and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, for the treatment of adult patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk primary or secondary myelofibrosis. This open-label mass balance study in healthy subjects investigated the excretion balance and systemic exposure of radioactivity after oral administration of [14C]-fedratinib; and the pharmacokinetics of fedratinib and its contribution to overall exposure of radioactivity. METHODS Six healthy males received a single oral dose of 200 mg [14C]-fedratinib base (2.775 MBq, 75 μCi) as a solution. Blood, urine and feces samples were collected for up to 35 day postdose. Urine and feces samples were collected until the 24-h excretion of radioactivity fell below 0.5% of administered dose (at least 14 day postdose). Expired air was collected up to 8-h postdose. Total radioactivity (blood, plasma, urine, feces, and expired air) and fedratinib concentrations (plasma) were measured. RESULTS Approximately 77% (23% unchanged) of fedratinib derived radioactivity was excreted in feces and 5% (3% unchanged) was excreted in urine. Excretion via expired air was negligible. The time to maximum concentration for both total radioactivity and parent drug was similar, with unchanged drug representing the majority of the circulating radioactivity. The ratio of blood to plasma concentration of radioactivity ranged from 0.615 to 0.753 indicating limited distribution of fedratinib and/or its metabolites into red blood cells. CONCLUSIONS Fedratinib derived radioactivity was primarily excreted in feces following a single oral dose of radiolabeled fedratinib to healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ogasawara
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sekhar Surapaneni
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | | | - Maria Palmisano
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - Gopal Krishna
- Translational Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA.
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Spracklin DK, Chen D, Bergman AJ, Callegari E, Obach RS. Mini-Review: Comprehensive Drug Disposition Knowledge Generated in the Modern Human Radiolabeled ADME Study. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2020; 9:428-434. [PMID: 32562380 PMCID: PMC7438806 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human radiolabeled absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study offers a quantitative and comprehensive overall picture of the disposition of a drug, including excretion pattern and metabolite profiles in circulation and excreta. The data gathered from the ADME study are highly informative for developing a cohesive strategy for clinical pharmacology studies. Elements of standard ADME study designs are described. An exciting new development in human ADME studies is the application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) as the detection technique for carbon-14, in replacement of radioactivity measurements. This technology permits administration of 100-fold to 1,000-fold lower amounts of carbon-14, and thus opens the door to the application of new study designs. A new ADME study design, termed the AMS-Enabled Human ADME study, is described. In this design, both oral and intravenous administration are assessed in a single clinical study with a two-period crossover. In addition to all of the standard ADME study end points (e.g., mass balance and quantitative metabolite profiles), the AMS-Enabled ADME study can provide the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution, absolute oral bioavailability, and even estimates of the fraction of the dose absorbed. Thus, we have entered a new era of human ADME study design that can yield vastly more informative and complete data sets enabling a superior understanding of overall drug disposition.
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Schudok M, Glombik H, Derdau V. The magic of small structure differences in a sodium-glucose cotransporter drug discovery project- 14 C-labelled drug candidates in a key-differentiating study. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:73-76. [PMID: 32633850 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe the dramatic differences in the synthesis and physiological and pharmacokinetical profiling of two sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) drug candidates AVE2268 and AVE8887 with very similar chemical structures. It is a classic example of how a radioactive study was able to spare resources in preclinical development prior to entering a costly clinical program. It also demonstrated that radioactive compounds can be used to study differences between two very similar compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schudok
- Research and Development, DMPK, Sanofi-Aventis Germany Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiner Glombik
- Research and Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Germany GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Research and Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Germany GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
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Katyayan K, Yi P, Monk S, Cassidy K. Excretion, Mass Balance, and Metabolism of [ 14C]LY3202626 in Humans: An Interplay of Microbial Reduction, Reabsorption, and Aldehyde Oxidase Oxidation That Leads to an Extended Excretion Profile. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:698-707. [PMID: 32499340 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass balance, excretion, and metabolism of LY3202626 were determined in healthy subjects after oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg of (approximately 100 μCi) [14C]LY3202626. Excretion of radioactivity was slow and incomplete, with approximately 75% of the dose recovered after 504 hours of sample collection. The mean total recovery of the radioactive dose was 31% and 44% in the feces and urine, respectively. Because of low plasma total radioactivity, plasma metabolite profiling was conducted by accelerator mass spectrometry. Metabolism of LY3202626 occurred primarily via O-demethylation (M2) and amide hydrolysis (M1, M3, M4, and M5). Overall, parent drug, M1, M2, and M4 were the largest circulating components in plasma, and M2 and M4 were the predominant excretory metabolites. The slow elimination of total radioactivity was proposed to result from an unusual enterohepatic recirculation pathway involving microbial reduction of metabolite M2 to M16 in the gut and reabsorption of M16, followed by hepatic oxidation of M16 back to M2. Supporting in vitro experiments showed that M2 is reduced to M16 anaerobically in fecal homogenate and that M16 is oxidized in the liver by aldehyde oxidase to M2. LY3202626 also showed a potential to form a reactive sulfenic acid intermediate. A portion of plasma radioactivity was unextractable and presumably bound covalently to plasma proteins. In vitro incubation of LY3202626 in human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH with dimedone as a trapping agent implicated the formation of the proposed sulfenic acid intermediate. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The excretion of radioactivity in humans after oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg of [14C]LY3202626 was very slow. The results from in vitro experiments suggested that an interplay between microbial reduction, reabsorption, and aldehyde oxidase oxidation (M2 → M16 → M2) could be a reason for extended radioactivity excretion profile. In vitro metabolism also showed that LY3202626 has the potential to form a reactive sulfenic acid intermediate that could potentially covalently bind to plasma protein and result in the observed unextractable radioactivity from plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Yi
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Scott Monk
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth Cassidy
- Drug Disposition Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Stypinski D, Fostvedt L, Lam JL, Vaz A, Johnson TR, Boerma JS, Pithavala YK. Metabolism, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib (PF‐06463922) and Evaluation of the Impact of Radiolabel Position and Other Factors on Comparability of Data Across 2 ADME Studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1254-1267. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Stypinski
- Clinical PharmacologyOncology, GPD, Pfizer Inc San Diego California USA
| | - Luke Fostvedt
- Clinical PharmacologyOncology, GPD, Pfizer Inc San Diego California USA
| | - Justine L. Lam
- PharmacokineticsDynamics and Metabolism, WRD, Pfizer Inc San Diego California USA
| | - Alfin Vaz
- PharmacokineticsDynamics and Metabolism, WRD, Pfizer Inc San Diego California USA
| | - Theodore R. Johnson
- PharmacokineticsDynamics and Metabolism, WRD, Pfizer Inc San Diego California USA
| | - Jan S. Boerma
- Unilabs York Bioanalytical Solutions Ltd Sandwich Kent UK
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Milluzzo RP, Franchina GA, Capodanno D, Angiolillo DJ. Selatogrel, a novel P2Y12 inhibitor: a review of the pharmacology and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:537-546. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1764533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocco P. Milluzzo
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. “Policlinico-vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriele A. Franchina
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. “Policlinico-vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Capodanno
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. “Policlinico-vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Dominick J. Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Boof ML, van Lier JJ, English S, Fischer H, Ufer M, Dingemanse J. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of cenerimod, a selective S1P 1 receptor modulator in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:947-956. [PMID: 32105166 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1736688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cenerimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor modulator under development for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.This single-centre, open-label, single-dose study investigated the mass balance and excretion routes and aimed at identifying and quantifying cenerimod metabolites in plasma, urine, and faeces after oral administration of 2 mg/100 μCi (3.7 MBq) of 14C-cenerimod.Total mean cumulative recovery was 84% of the administered dose (58-100% in faeces and 4.6-12% in urine). In a 0-504 h cross-subject area under the curve plasma pool, cenerimod and two metabolites were detected accounting for 78, 6.0, and 4.9% of total radioactivity, respectively, i.e. no major metabolite was identified in plasma. Cenerimod was only detected in faeces and accounted for 17% of the radioactivity excreted in this matrix. The metabolite M32 was detected in both urine and faeces and represented 23% and 66% of radioactivity excreted in these matrices, respectively. Other metabolites of unknown structure were detected in small amounts. Overall, M32 and cenerimod accounted for 52% and 13%, respectively, of the total radioactivity recovered.Among the excreted metabolites, only the non-enzymatically formed M32 represented more than 25% of total drug-related material. Therefore, no pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Boof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hartmut Fischer
- A&M Labor für Analytik und Metabolismusforschung Service GmbH, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Mike Ufer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Pusalkar S, Zhou X, Li Y, Cohen L, Yang JJ, Balani SK, Xia C, Shyu WC, Lu C, Venkatakrishnan K, Chowdhury SK. Biotransformation Pathways and Metabolite Profiles of Oral [ 14C]Alisertib (MLN8237), an Investigational Aurora A Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:217-229. [PMID: 31911485 PMCID: PMC11022938 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alisertib (MLN8237) is an investigational, orally available, selective aurora A kinase inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This metabolic profiling analysis was conducted as part of a broader phase 1 study evaluating mass balance, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and routes of excretion of alisertib following a single 35-mg dose of [14C]alisertib oral solution (∼80 μCi) in three patients with advanced malignancies. On average, 87.8% and 2.7% of the administered dose was recovered in feces and urine, respectively, for a total recovery of 90.5% by 14 days postdose. Unchanged [14C]alisertib was the predominant drug-related component in plasma, followed by O-desmethyl alisertib (M2), and alisertib acyl glucuronide (M1), which were present at 47.8%, 34.6%, and 12.0% of total plasma radioactivity. In urine, of the 2.7% of the dose excreted, unchanged [14C]alisertib was a negligible component (trace), with M1 (0.84% of dose) and glucuronide conjugate of hydroxy alisertib (M9; 0.66% of dose) representing the primary drug-related components in urine. Hydroxy alisertib (M3; 20.8% of the dose administered) and unchanged [14C]alisertib (26.3% of the dose administered) were the major drug-related components in feces. In vitro, oxidative metabolism of alisertib was primarily mediated by CYP3A. The acyl glucuronidation of alisertib was primarily mediated by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, 1A3, and 1A8 and was stable in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and in plasma and urine. Further in vitro evaluation of alisertib and its metabolites M1 and M2 for cytochrome P450-based drug-drug interaction (DDI) showed minimal potential for perpetrating DDI with coadministered drugs. Overall, renal elimination played an insignificant role in the disposition of alisertib, and metabolites resulting from phase 1 oxidative pathways contributed to >58% of the alisertib dose recovered in urine and feces over 192 hours postdose. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study describes the primary clearance pathways of alisertib and illustrates the value of timely conduct of human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies in providing guidance to the clinical pharmacology development program for oncology drugs, for which a careful understanding of sources of exposure variability is crucial to inform risk management for drug-drug interactions given the generally limited therapeutic window for anticancer drugs and polypharmacy that is common in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepraj Pusalkar
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuexian Li
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lawrence Cohen
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Johnny Yang
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suresh K Balani
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cindy Xia
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Chyi Shyu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan
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Bransford P, Cook J, Gupta M, Haertter S, He H, Ju R, Kanodia J, Lennernäs H, Lindley D, Polli JE, Wenning L, Wu Y. ICH M9 Guideline in Development on Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaivers: An Industrial Perspective from the IQ Consortium. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:361-372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bransford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jack Cook
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Global Product Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06320, United States
| | - Manish Gupta
- Biopharmaceutics, Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Sebastian Haertter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Handan He
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Rob Ju
- Drug Product Development, Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jitendra Kanodia
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Lindley
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Larissa Wenning
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yunhui Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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50
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Rioux N, Smith S, Colombo F, Kim A, Lai WG, Nix D, Siu YA, Schindler J, Smith PG. Metabolic disposition of H3B-8800, an orally available small-molecule splicing modulator, in rats, monkeys, and humans. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1101-1114. [PMID: 31902291 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1709134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
H3B-8800, a novel orally available modulator of the SF3b complex, which potently and preferentially kills spliceosome-mutant tumor cells, is in clinical development for the treatment of advanced myeloid malignancies. We characterized the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and disposition of H3B-8800 in rats, monkeys and humans.In vitro, H3B-8800 is a substrate of CYP3A4/5, flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and showed a favorable drug-drug interaction profile as a perpetrator.Following oral dosing of 14C-H3B-8800 in bile-duct cannulated SD rats, 54.7% of the dosed radioactivity was excreted in the bile, with less found in feces (36.8%). The low amount in urine (3.7%), suggests that renal elimination is a minor pathway of clearance for H3B-8800.In Long-Evans rats, radioactivity derived from 14C-H3B-8800 was rapidly absorbed, with the highest distribution in the ocular, metabolic/excretory, and gastrointestinal tract tissues. No radioactivity was detected in the central nervous system.Seven metabolites were observed in human plasma following 4 daily doses of 40 mg H3B-8800. H3B-68736 (N-desmethyl), H3B-77176 (N-oxide), and unchanged H3B-8800 were the prominent components in human plasma, at 27.3%, 18.1%, and 33.2%, respectively, of the total drug-related material in a pooled AUC0-24h sample. The same 7 metabolites were observed in monkey plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rioux
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara Strategic Consulting, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Kim
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Darrell Nix
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara Strategic Consulting, Princeton, NJ, USA
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