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Kamiya K, Hayashi E, Saito M, Nukui Y, Nakayama S, Kanazawa T, Tamaki J. Effects of intensity, frequency, and time window of exercise on sleep quality among community-dwelling adults aged 65-86 years. Sleep Med 2024; 119:173-178. [PMID: 38692218 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of exercise training (ET) on sleep problem have been reported, the effects according to the components of exercise, including intensity, frequency, and time window, are unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to assess the effects of ET on sleep quality in community-dwelling older adults with sleep problems. METHODS We evaluated individuals aged ≥65 years whose Pittsburgh sleep quality index was >5 points at baseline. The participants were allocated to either the control group or the ET group and underwent interval walking training (IWT) for 5 months. Information regarding intensity, frequency, and time window of ET were obtained using a waist-worn accelerometer. RESULTS Overall, 63 participants (24 men [mean ± standard deviation age: 75.1 ± 4.6 years] and 39 women [74.7 ± 5.2 years]) and 65 participants (24 men [75.2 ± 4.0 years] and 41 women [73.6 ± 4.2 years]) were included in the ET and control groups, respectively. The change in Pittsburgh sleep quality index was not significantly different between the two groups for both sexes. In the ET group, women who exercised 3-8 h before bedtime, men who did ET > 8 h before bedtime and more than 1 h after waking up, and men who did ET ≥ 5.05 days/week experienced significant improvements compared to the baseline. CONCLUSIONS IWT does not significantly improve sleep quality. To obtain improvements in sleep quality, it might be necessary to consider the time window of performing ET for both sexes and ET frequency for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Kamiya
- Basic Medical Sciences Region, Kobe City College of Nursing, Kobe, Japan; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
| | - Emi Hayashi
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Masahisa Saito
- School of Health Science and Medical Care, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Nantan, Japan
| | - Yuji Nukui
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shin Nakayama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Kanazawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Junko Tamaki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
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Goldberg M, Pairot de Fontenay B, Blache Y, Debarnot U. Effects of morning and evening physical exercise on subjective and objective sleep quality: an ecological study. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13996. [PMID: 37431176 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
To optimise the relationship between exercise and sleep quality, the intensity of exercise and its proximity to sleep are key factors to manage. Although low-to-moderate exercises promote sleep quality, late-evening vigorous exercise instead of morning should still be avoided. It potentially impacts the objective and subjective markers of sleep quality. In the present study, we investigated the effects of vigorous morning and evening exercise on objective and subjective sleep features in an ecological context. A total of 13 recreational runners (mean [SD] age 27.7 [7.2] years, four females) performed a 45-60 min run (70% maximal aerobic velocity) either in the MORNING (30 min to 2 h after waking-up) or in the EVENING (2 h to 30 min before sleep). The two exercise conditions were separated by a REST day. After each condition, sleep was objectively assessed using an electroencephalographic headband and subjectively using the Spiegel Sleep Inventory. Compared with REST, both MORNING and EVENING exercise increased the time spent in non-rapid eye movement (NREM, +24.9 min and +22.7 min; p = 0.01, η2 = 0.11, respectively). Longer NREM duration was mainly due to sleep stage 2 extension after both MORNING (+20.8 min) and EVENING (+22.8 min) exercise relative to REST (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.12). No other effect of exercise on either objective or subjective sleep could be observed. Exercise, independently of the time at which it takes place, leads to extended NREM sleep without other effects on sleep quality. Considering the crucial role of exercise in achieving good health, sleep hygiene guidelines should be updated to promote exercise at any time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Goldberg
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benoit Pairot de Fontenay
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoann Blache
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ursula Debarnot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Massányi M, Halo M, Mlyneková E, Kováčiková E, Tokárová K, Greń A, Massányi P, Halo M. The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19037. [PMID: 37636408 PMCID: PMC10457446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of sport horses is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by a large number of external factors. The most dominant being nutrition, quality of breeding, level of zootechnical care and the quality of the sports rider and coach. Important factor is the process of individuals' adaptation to the training load occurring during the training itself. This study was focused on the analysis of salivary cortisol levels as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters in relation to load to which the tested horses were subjected. In the study 14 horses of sport breeds were analyzed a all tested horses were in the same (medium) level of training load. Tested horses underwent following stages of workload - transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing and lunging of various intensity. Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into horse's oral cavity, chewed by the horse and placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. Afterwards, the samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at temperature of -80 °C. The EIA cortisol kit was used in this study. The absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620-630 nm or a blank sample. Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after half a year of running the experiment and at the end of the experiment from v. jugularis. Hematological analysis were carried out using automatic hematologic analyser and multiple parameters were observed. Analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum were realized using commercial DiaSys kits and semiautomatic biochemical spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium and chlorides were measured using automatic analyzer EasyLytePlus. In all monitored forms of exercise (transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, horse shoeing, lunging), an increase in cortisol concentrations immediately after the exercise was recorded, but only spotted statistically significant differences were found during the transportation of monitored horses. The levels of blood parameters were within the reference range during the experiment period. From a comprehensive evaluation of the results, it can be stated that there were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load and that manipulation with horses is an important factor that has effect on horses' stress response. In general, the results of this study show no visible impact of training and/or load on the health status of horses over entire 12-month duration of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Massányi
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mlyneková
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Kováčiková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Agnieszka Greń
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Peter Massányi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Kayacan Y, Makaracı Y, Ucar C, Amonette WE, Yıldız S. Heart Rate Variability and Cortisol Levels Before and After a Brief Anaerobic Exercise in Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1479-1485. [PMID: 36727970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kayacan, Y, Makaracı, Y, Ucar, C, Amonette, WE, and Yıldız, S. Heart rate variability and cortisol levels before and after a brief anaerobic exercise in handball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1479-1485, 2023-Evaluating stress in athletes is important for monitoring overall physiologic load and is a core practice for sport performance teams. This study examined relationships between 2 metrics of training stress, heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol, before and after intense anaerobic power testing. Electrocardiogram recordings and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after a Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT-30) from professional handball players ( n = 20) and sedentary controls ( n = 18). Between-group differences and correlations were computed to assess study hypotheses. No differences were observed in HRV frequency-dependent parameters between groups, but in athletes, Min. R-R ( p < 0.01) and Avg.R-R ( p = 0.03) before WAnT-30 and the percentage of successive normal cardiac beat intervals greater than 50 milliseconds (i.e., pNN50; p = 0.03) after WAnT-30 were elevated. A high positive correlation was detected between the pretest and post-test cortisol levels in athletes ( p = 0.0001; r = 0.87) but not in sedentary individuals. No correlations were observed between the cortisol levels and WAnT-30 power parameters in either group. Relationships were evident in the standard deviation of RR intervals ( p = 0.02, r = -0.53), square root of the mean squared difference of successive RR intervals ( p = 0.043, r = -0.46), very low frequency ( p = 0.032; r = -0.480), high-frequency ( p = 0.02; r = -0.52) variables, and pretesting cortisol in athletes. These findings suggest that HRV analysis is a valuable tool for examining cardiovascular regulation, independent of cortisol; the data may provide valuable information for performance teams in evaluating acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldırım Kayacan
- Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Yücel Makaracı
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Cihat Ucar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - William E Amonette
- Health and Human Performance Institute, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Sedat Yıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Hicks H, Meyer K, Watts A. Differential effects of chronotype on physical activity and cognitive performance in older adults. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1029221. [PMID: 38455930 PMCID: PMC10910946 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1029221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Chronotypes reflect individuals' preferred activity and sleep patterns (e.g., "morning-types" vs. "evening-types") and are associated with health and physical activity. Less is known about the relationship between chronotype and cognitive health in older adults. It is unclear whether chronotype's influence is driven by sleep timing or disruption. This study explored the relationship between chronotype, physical activity, and cognitive performance in older adults with and without self-reported sleep disorders. Methods Participants were 153 older adults (M = 70.35, SD = 5.89) who wore an Actigraph on the non-dominant wrist for seven days to measure total physical activity, peak physical activity, and chronotype (sleep interval midpoint). We categorized participants as morning-, evening-, and intermediate-chronotypes and assessed cognitive performance in domains of attention, executive function, and verbal memory. Results MANCOVAs showed patterns of activity across the 24-hour day differed between chronotypes such that morning-types were active earlier and evening-types active later, ps > .001. Total physical activity and average peak activity did not differ between chronotypes, (ps ≥ .117). Timing of peak activity followed expectations (morning-types peaked earliest (p = .019). Evening-types exhibited significantly worse executive function and attention than intermediate-types, p = .008. When excluding participants with sleep disorders, evening-types engaged in significantly less total physical activity than other groups, but cognitive performance did not differ. Discussion We found no differences in total or peak physical activity between groups, which is inconsistent with findings from studies in younger samples. This suggests the role of chronotype on physical activity may change with age and points to the potential impact of methodological discrepancies. While evening-types exhibited worse executive function and attention performance, this finding disappeared when participants with sleep disorders were excluded. Sleep dysregulation rather than sleep timing may be driving this difference. Recent trends in physical activity research explore activity patterns across the 24-hour day and acknowledge codependence between different activity types. Our findings suggest chronotype and activity timing may be important as researchers advance this line of research in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Hicks
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Kayla Meyer
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States
| | - Amber Watts
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States
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Al-Rfooh OF, Khater W. The impact of chronotype on physical health, psychological health, and job performance among health care providers in acute care settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2023.2177665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Faisal Al-Rfooh
- Faculty of Nursing/Jordan University of Science and Technology, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Wejdan Khater
- Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Amman, Jordan
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Association Between Variations in Training Load, Sleep, and the Well-Being of Professional Hockey Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:363-367. [PMID: 36754057 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether sleep quantity and quality of professional hockey players is affected by external training load (TL), their perception of well-being, and contextual factors associated with match participation. METHODS Fifty male athletes were monitored daily during the 28 weeks of the regular season using well-being and sleep surveys. On-ice external TL was monitored using portable inertial measurement units during practices and matches. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to evaluate whether well-being perception (ie, pain, nutrition, stress, and rest) and external TL may affect sleep quality and quantity. RESULTS High levels of well-being positively affected sleep duration and quality (P < .001), whereas high-intensity TL had a detrimental impact on sleep duration (P = .007). Moreover, away and evening matches had a detrimental effect on sleep quantity and quality (P < .001). Finally, a high match on-ice load per minute had a negative association with sleep quality (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that well-being and high-intensity trainings can impair sleep duration and quality. In addition, high-intensity match load, away matches, and evening matches can impair postmatch sleep. Therefore, monitoring well-being in conjunction with TL is essential to understand sleep disturbances in athletes. Practitioners should also implement sleep hygiene strategies that facilitate longer time in bed after high-intensity, away, and evening matches to help athletes recover.
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Malek EM, Navalta JW, McGinnis GR. Time of Day and Chronotype-Dependent Synchrony Effects Exercise-Induced Reduction in Migraine Load: A Pilot Cross-Over Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032083. [PMID: 36767448 PMCID: PMC9915413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Migraines are the most common cause of chronic pain. Effective, non-pharmacological strategies to reduce migraine load, like exercise, are needed, but it is unclear how exercise timing and chronotype modulate the effects. We sought to determine the effects of time-of-day of exercise, and synchrony with one's chronotype, on migraine load. We performed a pilot cross-over randomized trial where participants with chronic migraine completed two one-month exercise interventions, consisting of either morning exercise (before 09:00 a.m.) or evening exercise (after 7:00 p.m.) in a randomized repeated measures cross-over design (Clinical Trial #NCT04553445). Synchrony was determined by exercise time and chronotype (i.e., a morning type participant exercising in the morning is 'in-sync,' while an evening type participant exercising in the morning is 'out-of-sync'). Migraine burden, and anthropometric assessment occurred before and after each month of exercise. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with significance accepted at p < 0.05. When comparing morning and evening exercise, there was no significant improvements in any migraine-related parameters. However, when comparing in-sync and out-of-sync exercise, we found that migraine burden was only improved following in-sync exercise, while no benefits were seen in out-of-sync exercise. Our data suggests that exercise timing has limited impact, but synchrony with chronotype may be essential to decrease migraine load in chronic migraineurs.
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9
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McGinnis GR, Thompson ST, Aguilar CD, Dial MB, Tandy RD, Radzak KN. Chronotype and Social Jetlag Influence Performance and Injury during Reserve Officers' Training Corps Physical Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13644. [PMID: 36294224 PMCID: PMC9603637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are critically important for optimal physical performance and maintaining health during training. Chronotype and altered sleep may modulate the response to exercise training, especially when performed at specific times/days, which may contribute to musculoskeletal injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if cadet characteristics (chronotype, sleep duration, and social jetlag) were associated with injury incidence and inflammation during physical training. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadets (n = 42) completed the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire to determine chronotype, and 1-week sleep logs to determine sleep duration and social jetlag. Salivary IL-6 was measured before and after the first and fourth exercise sessions during training. Prospective injury incidence was monitored over 14 weeks of training, and Army Physical Fitness Test scores were recorded at the conclusion. Chronotype, sleep duration, and social jetlag were assessed as independent factors impacting IL-6, injury incidence, and APFT scores using ANOVAs, chi-squared tests, and the t-test where appropriate, with significance accepted at p < 0.05. Evening chronotypes performed worse on the APFT (evening = 103.8 ± 59.8 vs. intermediate = 221.9 ± 40.3 vs. morning = 216.6 ± 43.6; p < 0.05), with no difference in injury incidence. Sleep duration did not significantly impact APFT score or injury incidence. Social jetlag was significantly higher in injured vs. uninjured cadets (2:40 ± 1:03 vs. 1:32 ± 55, p < 0.05). Exercise increased salivary IL-6, with no significant effects of chronotype, sleep duration, or social jetlag. Evening chronotypes and cadets with social jetlag display hampered performance during morning APFT. Social jetlag may be a behavioral biomarker for musculoskeletal injury risk, which requires further investigation.
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Knatauskaitė J, Akko DP, Pukėnas K, Trinkūnienė L, Budde H. Effect of acute game-based exercises on steroid hormones and cognitive performance in adolescents. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103584. [PMID: 35395557 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While exercise was found to affect cognitive performance in adolescents, the underlying mechanisms need to be considered. This study compared the effect of a 20 min game-based exercise with different intensities on hormonal responses and potential links to cognitive performance. METHODS 37 adolescents (24 girls and 13 boys; 15-16 years of age) were randomly assigned into light intensity (LIG; 58.64% HRmax), vigorous intensity (VIG; 89.51% HRmax), and control group (CON). The concentration of salivary Testosterone and Cortisol was measured before, immediately after, 20 min and 60 min after the intervention. RESULTS Repeated-measure ANOVA revealed that neither light nor vigorous game-based exercise acutely affects Testosterone, while Cortisol was higher in the VIG, 20 min after the intervention compared to the LIG and CON. Furthermore, changes in Testosterone were negatively associated with changes in cognitive performance after the acute vigorous intensity exercise (r = -0.63, p = .039) and control condition (r = -0.78, p = .003), but positively associated with post-intervention cognitive performance after the acute light intensity exercise (r = 0.67, p = .012). CONCLUSION The intensity of game-based exercise affected Cortisol concentration in adolescents, while Testosterone concentration did not change after the intervention. On the other hand, exercise intensity plays an important role in the association between Testosterone concentration and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justė Knatauskaitė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas 44221, Lithuania.
| | - Davin P Akko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Hagen, Hagen 58097, Germany.
| | - Kazimieras Pukėnas
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas 44221, Lithuania.
| | - Laima Trinkūnienė
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas 44221, Lithuania.
| | - Henning Budde
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas 44221, Lithuania; Institute for Systems Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg 20457, Germany.
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Frimpong E, Mograss M, Zvionow T, Dang-Vu TT. The effects of evening high-intensity exercise on sleep in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 60:101535. [PMID: 34416428 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Moderate-intensity exercise is generally recommended for improving sleep, whereas, high-intensity exercise (HIE) prior to bedtime is often discouraged. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine if acute or regular (chronic) HIE performed before bedtime disrupts nighttime sleep of healthy adult, good sleepers compared with a no-exercise control. Six databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO) were searched from inception to 31st May, 2021. Studies were experimental trials published in English language, objectively (polysomnography, actigraphy) and/or subjectively assessed sleep after evening HIE in sedentary and physically fit, good sleepers (aged 18-50 y old). The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess risk of bias in the included studies. The random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses. We included 15 acute evening HIE studies in the meta-analysis with a total of 194 participants. Acute evening HIE ending 0.5-4 h before bedtime decreased rapid eye movement sleep (-2.34%; p = 0.002) compared with a no-exercise control. No other significant sleep changes occurred. A regular evening HIE did not disrupt nighttime sleep. Overall, acute evening HIE performed 2-4 h before bedtime does not disrupt nighttime sleep of healthy, young and middle-aged adults. PROSPERO, protocol registration number: CRD42020218299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Frimpong
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada
| | - Melodee Mograss
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre- Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada
| | - Tehila Zvionow
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada; Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre- Sud-de-l'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, CA, Canada.
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Dote-Montero M, Carneiro-Barrera A, Martinez-Vizcaino V, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1722-1744. [PMID: 34022085 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the acute effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on testosterone and cortisol levels in healthy individuals, a systematic search of studies was conducted in MEDLINE and Web of Science databases from inception to February 2020. Meta-analyses were performed to establish the acute effect of HIIT on testosterone and cortisol levels immediately after a single HIIT session; after 30 min and 60 min (primary outcomes); and after 120 min, 180 min, and 24 h (secondary outcomes, only for pre-post intervention groups). Potential effect-size modifiers were assessed by meta-regression analyses and analyses of variance. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane's risk of bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The meta-analyses of 10 controlled studies (213 participants) and 50 pre-post intervention groups (677 participants) revealed a significant increase in testosterone immediately after a single HIIT session (d = 0.92 and 0.52, respectively), which disappeared after 30 min (d = 0.18 and -0.04), and returned to baseline values after 60 min (d = -0.37 and -0.16). Significant increases of cortisol were found immediately after (d = 2.17 and 0.64), after 30 min (d = 1.62 and 0.67) and 60 min (d = 1.32 and 0.27). Testosterone and cortisol levels decreased significantly after 120 min (d = -0.48 and -0.95, respectively) and 180 min (d = -0.29 and -1.08), and returned to baseline values after 24 h (d = 0.14 and -0.02). HIIT components and participant's characteristics seem to moderate the effect sizes. In conclusion, testosterone and cortisol increase immediately after a single HIIT session, then drop below baseline levels, and finally return to baseline values after 24 h. This meta-analysis provides a better understanding of the acute endocrine response to a single HIIT session, which would certainly be valuable for both clinicians and coaches in the prescription of exercise programs to improve health and performance. Testosterone and cortisol may be used as sensitive biomarkers to monitor the anabolic and catabolic response to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dote-Montero
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Carneiro-Barrera
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Centre, CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Khemila S, Abedelmalek S, Romdhani M, Souissi A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Listening to motivational music during warming-up attenuates the negative effects of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive and short-term maximal performance: Effect of time of day. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1052-1063. [PMID: 33874838 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1904971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of time of day (TOD) and listening to music during warm-up on cognitive and physical performances after partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and normal sleep nights (NSN). In a randomized order, twelve male physical education students [mean (SD) age 20.3 ± 2.0 y; BMI 22.90 ± 3.57 kg/m2)] completed a 30-s Wingate test (i.e., mean (MP) and peak powers (PP)), simple (SRT) and choice reaction times (CRT), a mental rotation test (MRT) and a selective attention test. Measurements were performed at 07:00 h and 17:00 h after a NSN and PSD with and without music, with an in-between recovery period of ≥72. Salivary cortisol was measured before and immediately after the Wingate test. Compared to NSN, the results showed that PSD decreased PP (p < .05, d = 0.86) and MP (p < .01, d = 0.86) in the afternoon. However, compared to NSN, listening to music during the warm up after PSD enhanced PP (p < .01, d = 1.40) and MP (p < .05, d = 0.82) in the morning and PP (p < .05, d = 0.78) in the afternoon. Moreover, listening to music lowered post-exercise cortisol in the morning both after NSN (p < .05, d = 0.79) and PSD (p < .05, d = 0.11). After PSD, music reduced the negative mood states (p < .01, d = 0.94), the SRT (p < .05, d = 0.79) and the CRT (p < .05, d = 0.49) in the afternoon. These findings suggest that listening to music during warm-up (i) enhances cognitive and short-term all out performances after NSN and PSD and (ii) partially counteracts sleep-loss-induced degradation of physical and cognitive performances at both TODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Khemila
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Salma Abedelmalek
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.,Research Unit Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Saîd University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Amine Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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14
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Pivovarnicek P, Kondratova D, Kentiba E, Jancokova L, Maly T. Does the chronotype distribution vary between different level football leagues? Insights gained from Czech elite football players. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1162-1169. [PMID: 33843384 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1912075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype refer to individuals' time-of-day preferences for activities, which can be classified as "morning types = (M-types)", "evening types = (E-types)", and "neither types (N-types)". The primary aim of this study was to compare the chronotype distribution of Czech First League (1L) and Czech National Football League (2L) male elite football players, which was divided into two secondary aims: (i) statistically identify and compare the number (presence) of particular chronotypes in 1L, and (ii) statistically identify and compare the number (presence) of particular chronotypes in 2L. The present cross-sectional study employed a self-reported standardized questionnaire, the Composite Scale of Morningness, to study the chronotype distribution among the male elite football players. The chronotype distribution of 139 (85 from 1L with mean age ± S.D. = 25.5 ± 3.7 years and 54 from 2L age = 24.4 ± 4.5 years) players was assessed. Overall, 61 (71.8%) of the participants from 1L were mainly N-types, followed by M- and E-types. Similarly, 40 (74.1%) participants from 2L were mainly N-types, followed by M- and E-types. The statistical analysis of the 1L players showed a significantly higher presence of N-types compared to M- and E-types (χ2(2) = 57.62, p < .05, V = .58). The same results were detected in 2L, where the N-type was identified in the majority of football players (χ2(2) = 57.62, p < .05, V = .58). The statistical comparison of the number of presented chronotypes did not show a significant difference (F = 3.29, p > .05, V = .16) between players of the 1L and 2L. Thus, N-types are dominant among Czech elite football players, and the chronotype distribution of male elite football players from the Czech First League and the Czech National Football League does not vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Pivovarnicek
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Kondratova
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic.,Department of Physical Education, Grammar School of Andrej Kmeť, Banská Štiavnica, Slovak Republic
| | - Efrem Kentiba
- Department of Sports Science, Arba Minch College of Teachers' Education, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ludmila Jancokova
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Maly
- Research Sport Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Bonato M, La Torre A, Saresella M, Marventano I, Merati G, Banfi G, Vitale JA. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Small-Sided Games Training on Sleep and Salivary Cortisol Level. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1237-1244. [PMID: 32871556 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors compared sleep quality and salivary cortisol concentration after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and small-sided games (SSGs) performed at the habitual training time in nonprofessional male soccer players. METHODS A total of 32 players (age = 24 [6] y, height = 1.77 [0.06] m, and body mass = 75 [12] kg) were randomized into an HIIT group or an SSG group. Actual sleep time, sleep efficiency (SE), sleep latency, immobility time (IT), moving time (MT), and fragmentation index were monitored using actigraphy before (PRE) and 2 nights after (POST 1 and POST 2) the training session. Salivary cortisol levels were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) training. Cortisol awakening response was evaluated. RESULTS Significant intragroup differences in the HIIT group were noted for actual sleep time (P < .0001), SE (P < .0001), sleep latency (P = .047), IT (P < .0001), MT (P < .0001), and fragmentation index (P < .0001) between PRE and POST 1 and for SE (P = .035), IT (P = .004), MT (P = .006), and fragmentation index (P = .048) between PRE and POST 2. Intergroup differences for actual sleep time (P = .014), SE (P = .048), IT (P < .0001), and MT (P = .046) were observed between the HIIT and the SSGs group at POST 1 were detected. Significant intragroup variations were observed in PRE and POST salivary cortisol levels (P < .0001 for HIIT; P = .0003 for SSGs) and cortisol awakening response (P < .0001 for HIIT; P < .0001 for SSGs). Significant intergroup differences between the HIIT and the SSGs group were found at POST (P < .0001) and in cortisol awakening response (P = .017). CONCLUSIONS Changes in actigraphy-based sleep parameters and salivary cortisol levels were greater after an acute session of HIIT than SSGs in this sample of nonprofessional male soccer players.
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16
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Ushiki K, Tsunekawa K, Shoho Y, Martha L, Ishigaki H, Matsumoto R, Yanagawa Y, Nakazawa A, Yoshida A, Nakajima K, Araki O, Kimura T, Murakami M. Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 32804358 PMCID: PMC7431506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol, including the peak after waking and the decrease promptly thereafter, were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002, and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 (p = 0.034), similar to a significant difference in running velocities (p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes’ circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to the prevention of overtraining syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Ushiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. .,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Shoho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Larasati Martha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishigaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimaro Yanagawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Ikuei University, 1-7-1 Tonya-machi Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0006, Japan
| | - Asuka Nakazawa
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nakajima
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-machi Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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17
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Roveda E, Mulè A, Galasso L, Castelli L, Scurati R, Michielon G, Esposito F, Caumo A, Montaruli A. Effect of chronotype on motor skills specific to soccer in adolescent players. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:552-563. [PMID: 32093513 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1729787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence daily behavior, psychological and physiological functions, as well as physical performance. Three chronotypes are distinguished according to the preferences people typically display for activity at certain times of day: Morning, Neither, and Evening types (M-, N- and E-types). The chronotype changes with age: eveningness tends to be stronger in youth and morningness in older age. The progressive shift toward eveningness during adolescence creates misalignment with morning society schedules and can lead to a deterioration in intellectual and physical performance. Soccer is one of the world's most popular sports practiced by adolescents and soccer workouts are usually held after school in the afternoon or evening. Performance in soccer is related to a host of factors, including physiological variables and motor skills that have a circadian variation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronotype on motor skills specific to soccer, specifically whether agility, aerobic endurance, and explosive power differ among the three chronotypes in relation to the time of day. For this study 141 adolescent soccer players filled in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) for the assessment of chronotype. A subsample of 75 subjects, subdivided in M-types (n= 25), E-types (n= 25), and N-types (n= 25), performed three tests (Sargent Jump Test - SJT, Illinois Agility Test - IAT, and 6-Minutes Run Test - 6MRT) at a morning and an evening training session (9:00 am and 6:00 pm). Mixed ANOVA was used to test the interactions between chronotypes, physical performance, and time. On all tests, better performance during the morning than the evening session was observed for the M-types (p< .05), whereas the E-types performed better in the evening than in the morning session (p< .05), and no differences in test performance were detected for the N-types. These findings underline the importance of a correct chronobiological approach to sports training. Scheduling training sessions according to an athlete's circadian preferences could be a valid strategy to enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roveda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Mulè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Galasso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Michielon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Caumo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Montaruli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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18
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de Punder K, Heim C, Entringer S. Association between chronotype and body mass index: The role of C-reactive protein and the cortisol response to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104388. [PMID: 31398588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronotype influences several physiological systems, including the immune system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. Previous research has shown that evening chronotype is associated with adverse metabolic health outcomes and obesity. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the observed differences in metabolic function between "morning" and "evening" types remain to be explored. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of chronotype with inflammatory and neuroendocrine stress markers and to explore their mediating and moderating roles in the association between chronotype and body mass index (BMI). METHODS Twenty-eight healthy young adults (50% women), mean age 23.8 ± 3.3 (SD) years, underwent a standardized laboratory stress test (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST). Concentrations of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) at baseline and of salivary cortisol before and after the onset of the stressor were analyzed. Heart rate was measured continuously. Chronotype was assessed with the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). RESULTS Lower MEQ scores (i.e. evening tendency) were associated with higher BMI (r = -.40, p < .05), elevated CRP concentrations (r = -.42, p < .05) and higher cortisol responses to acute stress (r = -.53, p < .01). The relationship between MEQ score and BMI was mediated by CRP concentrations (b = -0.03, CI 95%: -0.08 to -0.007, p < .05). In addition, we observed a moderating effect of the cortisol stress response on this mediated relationship (b = 0.005, CI 95%: 0.0002 to 0.01, p < .05), such that the mediated relationship was stronger in individuals with a higher cortisol response. CONCLUSION Enhanced pro-inflammatory state and a higher cortisol response to stress may underlie the effect of evening chronotype on obesity risk and adverse metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Bellastella G, De Bellis A, Maiorino MI, Paglionico VA, Esposito K, Bellastella A. Endocrine rhythms and sport: it is time to take time into account. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1137-1147. [PMID: 30924095 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of time-related biological phenomena have contributed to establishing a new scientific discipline, the chronobiology, which considers biological phenomena in relation to time. Sports activity profoundly affects the temporal organization of the organism and endocrine rhythms play a key role in the chronoorganization of individuals and are particularly important for correct physical activity. Correctly reading rhythmic hormonal variations of the human organism opens new horizons to sports medicine. OBJECTIVE This review is aimed at clarifying the relationship between endocrine rhythms and sports activities on the basis of the latest data in the literature. METHOD Data acquisition was obtained from three databases (PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus), paying particular attention to reviews, meta-analysis, original and observational studies on this issue. RESULTS After the description of the general characteristics and parameters of biological rhythms, the main endocrine rhythms will be described, highlighting in particular the interrelationships with sports activity and focusing on the factors which can affect negatively their characteristics and consequently the psychophysical performances of the athletes. CONCLUSION Knowledge of this issue may allow establishing the best form of competitive or amateur activity, through the collaboration of an informed athlete and a sports physician attentive to biological rhythms. By taking into account that alteration of physiological rhythmic temporal organization can favour the onset of important diseases, including cancer, this will lead to the expected performances without impairing the correct chronoorganization of the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellastella
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - A De Bellis
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M I Maiorino
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - V A Paglionico
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - K Esposito
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Bellastella
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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20
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Antonino Vitale J, Devetag F, Colnago S, La Torre A. Effect of mattress on actigraphy-based sleep quality and perceived recovery in top-level athletes: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1490864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Devetag
- Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvio Colnago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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21
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Anaerobic training and its effects on sleep quality, state, and trait anxiety in collegiate athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Vitale JA, Povìa V, Belli E, Lombardi G, Banfi G, La Torre A. Are two different speed endurance training protocols able to affect the concentration of serum cortisol in response to a shuttle run test in soccer players? Res Sports Med 2019; 28:293-301. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1635131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Povìa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ennio Belli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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23
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Vitale JA, Bonato M, La Torre A, Banfi G. Heart Rate Variability in Sport Performance: Do Time of Day and Chronotype Play A Role? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050723. [PMID: 31117327 PMCID: PMC6571903 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable non-invasive method to assess autonomic nervous system activity involves the evaluation of the time course of heart rate variability (HRV). HRV may vary in accordance with the degree and duration of training, and the circadian fluctuation of this variable is crucial for human health since the heart adapts to the needs of different activity levels during sleep phases or in the daytime. In the present review, time-of-day and chronotype effect on HRV in response to acute sessions of physical activity are discussed. Results are sparse and controversial; however, it seems that evening-type subjects have a higher perturbation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with slowed vagal reactivation and higher heart rate values in response to morning exercise than morning types. Conversely, both chronotype categories showed similar ANS activity during evening physical tasks, suggesting that this time of day seems to perturb the HRV circadian rhythm to a lesser extent. The control for chronotype and time-of-day effect represents a key strategy for individual training schedules, and, in perspective, for primary injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Bonato
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio La Torre
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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24
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Strewe C, Moser D, Buchheim JI, Gunga HC, Stahn A, Crucian BE, Fiedel B, Bauer H, Gössmann-Lang P, Thieme D, Kohlberg E, Choukèr A, Feuerecker M. Sex differences in stress and immune responses during confinement in Antarctica. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 30992051 PMCID: PMC6469129 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antarctica challenges human explorers by its extreme environment. The effects of these unique conditions on the human physiology need to be understood to best mitigate health problems in Antarctic expedition crews. Moreover, Antarctica is an adequate Earth-bound analogue for long-term space missions. To date, its effects on human physiology have been studied mainly in male cohorts though more female expeditioners and applicants in astronaut training programs are selected. Therefore, the identification of sex differences in stress and immune reactions are becoming an even more essential aim to provide a more individualized risk management. Methods Ten female and 16 male subjects participated in three 1-year expeditions to the German Antarctic Research Station Neumayer III. Blood, saliva, and urine samples were taken 1–2 months prior to departure, subsequently every month during their expedition, and 3–4 months after return from Antarctica. Analyses included cortisol, catecholamine and endocannabinoid measurements; psychological evaluation; differential blood count; and recall antigen- and mitogen-stimulated cytokine profiles. Results Cortisol showed significantly higher concentrations in females than males during winter whereas no enhanced psychological stress was detected in both sexes. Catecholamine excretion was higher in males than females but never showed significant increases compared to baseline. Endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamides increased significantly in both sexes and stayed consistently elevated during the confinement. Cytokine profiles after in vitro stimulation revealed no sex differences but resulted in significant time-dependent changes. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in males than females, and hemoglobin increased significantly in both sexes compared to baseline. Platelet counts were significantly higher in females than males. Leukocytes and granulocyte concentrations increased during confinement with a dip for both sexes in winter whereas lymphocytes were significantly elevated in both sexes during the confinement. Conclusions The extreme environment of Antarctica seems to trigger some distinct stress and immune responses but—with the exception of cortisol and blood cell counts—without any major relevant sex-specific differences. Stated sex differences were shown to be independent of enhanced psychological stress and seem to be related to the environmental conditions. However, sources and consequences of these sex differences have to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Strewe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - D Moser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - J-I Buchheim
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - H-C Gunga
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Stahn
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B E Crucian
- NASA - Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Fiedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - H Bauer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - P Gössmann-Lang
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - D Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - E Kohlberg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - A Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - M Feuerecker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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25
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Grgic J, Lazinica B, Garofolini A, Schoenfeld BJ, Saner NJ, Mikulic P. The effects of time of day-specific resistance training on adaptations in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:449-460. [PMID: 30704301 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1567524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present paper endeavored to elucidate the topic on the effects of morning versus evening resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis of studies that examined time of day-specific resistance training. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines with searches conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. The Downs and Black checklist was used for the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies. Studies that examined the effects of time of day-specific resistance training (while equating all other training variables, such as training frequency and volume, between the groups) on muscle strength and/or muscle size were included in the present review. The random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses explored (1) the differences in strength expression between morning and evening hours at baseline; (2) the differences in strength within the groups training in the morning and evening by using their post-intervention strength data from the morning and evening strength assessments; (3) the overall differences between the effects of morning and evening resistance training (with subgroup analyses conducted for studies that assessed strength in the morning hours and for the studies that assessed strength in the evening hours). Finally, a meta-analysis was also conducted for studies that assessed muscle hypertrophy. Eleven studies of moderate and good methodological quality were included in the present review. The primary findings of the review are as follows: (1) at baseline, a significant difference in strength between morning and evening is evident, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (2) resistance training in the morning hours may increase strength assessed in the morning to similar levels as strength assessed in the evening; (3) training in the evening hours, however, maintains the general difference in strength across the day, with greater strength observed in the evening hours; (4) when comparing the effects between the groups training in the morning versus in the evening hours, increases in strength are similar in both groups, regardless of the time of day at which strength assessment is conducted; and (5) increases in muscle size are similar irrespective of the time of day at which the training is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- b Faculty of Education, Department of Kinesiology , J.J. Strossmayer University , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Alessandro Garofolini
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Saner
- a Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- d Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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26
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Mezcua-Hidalgo A, Ruiz-Ariza A, Suárez-Manzano S, Martínez-López EJ. 48-Hour Effects of Monitored Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training on Adolescent Cognitive Functioning. Percept Mot Skills 2019; 126:202-222. [PMID: 30665339 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518825197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has been positively related to better cognitive performance though the effects of varied exercise type and intensity and the duration of cognitive benefits are unclear. This study analyzed the effect of 16 minutes of monitored cooperative high-intensity interval training (monitored C-HIIT) at the start of the school day, on various cognitive variables over the next 24-48 hours. We randomly assigned 158 participants either to a control group ( n = 81) that engaged only in static stretching or to an experimental group ( n = 77) that performed monitored C-HIIT. We assessed cognitive functioning before the exercise, immediately afterward, and for five follow-up time points over the next two days (i.e., at 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 hours). We analyzed age, sex, body mass index, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity as potential confounder variables. Adolescents in the monitored C-HIIT group increased selective attention by 17.39% during the next hour ( p = .015) and increased concentration by 20.31% and 15.26% during the first ( p = .022) and second ( p = .059) subsequent hours, respectively. This positive short-term benefit of monitored C-HIIT during immediate subsequent hours is an important finding with implications for the school curricula and schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
- 1 Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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27
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Yamanaka Y, Motoshima H, Uchida K. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis differentially responses to morning and evening psychological stress in healthy subjects. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2018; 39:41-47. [PMID: 30480877 PMCID: PMC7292277 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis responds to changing environmental demands including psychological stressors. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the time of day effects on the acute response of HPA axis activity to acute psychological stress. Method We studied 27 healthy young subjects. The subjects were participated two experiments as follows. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to keep their regular sleep schedule for 2 weeks which were measured by using a wrist‐worn activity monitor. Afterward, to evaluate a diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol, eight saliva samples were collected during waking period every 2 hours from when the subjects woke up. In the second experiment, the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was performed either in the morning (n = 14) or in the evening (n = 13). We measured diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol and stress response of salivary cortisol and heart rate by the TSST. Morning and evening tests were started at 2 hours and 10 hours after woke up, respectively. Results All subjects showed a normal diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol concentration, with a peak in the morning immediately after awaking and a minimum in the evening. The salivary cortisol response after the TSST was significantly increased from the prestress level in the morning but not in the evening. Conclusion The HPA response to acute psychological stress was more pronounced in the morning than in the evening, correlating with the circadian regulation of cortisol synthesis. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the HPA axis differentially responses to morning and evening psychological stressor in healthy subjects. Here, we could demonstrate that the HPA axis activity response to acute psychological stressor is higher in the morning than in the evening, relating with circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Life & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Uchida
- Research Center, Yotsuba Milk Products Co., Ltd, Kitahiroshima, Japan
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28
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Costa JA, Brito J, Nakamura FY, Figueiredo P, Oliveira E, Rebelo A. Sleep patterns and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in female athletes are affected by the timing of exercise and match location. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:360-373. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1545782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Health Sciences and Human Development, Research Center in Sports Sciences, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Oliveira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rebelo
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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29
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Sławińska M, Stolarski M, Jankowski KS. Effects of chronotype and time of day on mood responses to CrossFit training. Chronobiol Int 2018; 36:237-249. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1531016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Although individual athletic performance generally tends to peak in the evening, individuals who exhibit a strong diurnal preference perform better closer to their circadian peak. Time-of-day performance effects are influenced by circadian phenotype (diurnal preference and chronotype-sleep-wake patterns), homeostatic energy reserves and, potentially, genotype, yet little is known about how these factors influence physiological effort. Here, we investigate the effects of time of day, diurnal preference, chronotype, and PER3 (a circadian clock gene) genotype on both effort and performance in a population of Division I collegiate swimmers (n = 27). Participants competed in 200m time trials at 7:00 and 19:00 and were sampled pre- and post-trial for salivary α-amylase levels (as a measure of physiological effort), allowing for per-individual measures of performance and physiological effort. Hair samples were collected for genotype analysis (a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PER3). Our results indicate significant and parallel time-of-day by circadian phenotype effects on swim performance and effort; evening-type swimmers swam on average 6% slower with 50% greater α-amylase levels in the morning than they did in the evening, and morning types required 5-7 times more effort in the evening trial to achieve the same performance result as the morning trial. In addition, our results suggest that these performance effects may be influenced by gene (circadian clock gene PER3 variants) by environment (time of day) interactions. Participants homozygous for the PER34,4 length variant (rs57875989) or who possess a single G-allele at PER3 SNP rs228697 swam 3-6% slower in the morning. Overall, these results suggest that intra-individual variation in athletic performance and effort with time of day is associated with circadian phenotype and PER3 genotype.
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31
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Vitale JA, Lombardi G, Weydahl A, Banfi G. Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1185-1197. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1475395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Antonino Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Biomechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Andi Weydahl
- UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Alta, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italia
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32
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Rosa JPP, Silva A, Rodrigues DF, Simim MA, Narciso FV, Tufik S, Bichara JJ, Pereira SRD, Da Silva SC, de Mello MT. Effect of bright light therapy on delayed sleep/wake cycle and reaction time of athletes participating in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1095-1103. [PMID: 29658807 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1459660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of using an artificial bright light on the entrainment of the sleep/wake cycle as well as the reaction times of athletes before the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. A total of 22 athletes from the Brazilian Olympic Swimming Team were evaluated, with the aim of preparing them to compete at a time when they would normally be about to go to bed for the night. During the 8-day acclimatization period, their sleep/wake cycles were assessed by actigraphy, with all the athletes being treated with artificial light therapy for between 30 and 45 min (starting at day 3). In addition, other recommendations to improve sleep hygiene were made to the athletes. In order to assess reaction times, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test was performed before (day 1) and after (day 8) the bright light therapy. As a result of the intervention, the athletes slept later on the third (p = 0.01), seventh (p = 0.01) and eighth (p = 0.01) days after starting bright light therapy. Regarding reaction times, when tested in the morning the athletes showed improved average (p = 0.01) and minimum reaction time (p = 0.03) when comparing day 8 to day 1. When tested in the evening, they showed improved average (p = 0.04), minimum (p = 0.03) and maximum reaction time (p = 0.02) when comparing day 8 to day 1. Light therapy treatment delayed the sleep/wake cycles and improved reaction times of members of the swimming team. The use of bright light therapy was shown to be effective in modulating the sleep/wake cycles of athletes who had to perform in competitions that took place late at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo P Rosa
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Dayane F Rodrigues
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mário Antônio Simim
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Narciso
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- b Departamento de Psicobiologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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Association between vitamin D status and testosterone and cortisol in ice hockey players. Biol Sport 2018; 35:207-213. [PMID: 30449937 PMCID: PMC6224848 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.74631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the vitamin D receptor in tissues related to testosterone and cortisol production, in conjunction with the observed correlations between vitamin D levels and these hormones in the general population, suggest vitamin D may influence testosterone and cortisol concentrations in athletes. A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the association between 25(OH)D and testosterone and cortisol concentrations in young male ice hockey players (n = 50). All athletes were recruited during October from the Sosnowiec area, Poland (50° N). Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine total serum 25(OH)D, testosterone and cortisol concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was analyzed as both a continuous and dichotomous variable, binned at the criteria for deficiency (< 20 ng·ml-1), to investigate a threshold effect. Neither continuous (r = 0.18, p = 0.20) nor dichotomous (r = 0.16, p = 0.27) 25(OH)D concentration was significantly correlated with testosterone concentration. A small, inverse correlation (r = -0.30, p = 0.04) was detected between 25(OH)D and cortisol concentrations when analyzed as a dichotomous variable only. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was neither associated with testosterone (p = 0.09) nor cortisol concentrations (p = 0.11) after adjusting for age, fat free mass and fat mass in sequential linear regression. The inability of vitamin D status to independently predict testosterone and cortisol concentrations suggests that any performance-enhancing effects of vitamin D in athletes are unlikely to be mediated primarily through these hormones, at least amongst young male ice-hockey players.
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Barliana MI, Amalya SN, Pradipta IS, Alfian SD, Kusuma ASW, Milanda T, Abdulah R. DNA methyltransferase 3A gene polymorphism contributes to daily life stress susceptibility. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2017; 10:395-401. [PMID: 29290696 PMCID: PMC5735991 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s152451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily life stress markedly affects the response toward stressful stimuli. DNA methy-lation is one of the factors that regulate this response, and is a normal mechanism of somatic cell growth, but its regulatory gene variations may cause alterations in the stress response. The aim of the present study was to investigate genotypic variants of the DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) gene in 129 healthy subjects and evaluate its association with daily life stress. Blood samples were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated. DNA was amplified using specific tetra primers for DNMT3A (C/T) rs11683424 and visualized following 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The association of DNMT3A genetic variants with daily life stress was analyzed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). We observed that the distribution of subjects with genotype CC (wild type), CT (heteromutant), and TT (homomutant) was 13.95%, 81.4%, and 4.65%, respectively. Genetic variations significantly affected the daily life stress condition (p=0.04) in Indonesian healthy subjects, but most of the subjects with the CT phenotype were classified in a stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa I Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory
- Pharmacy Services Development Research Center
| | - Shintya N Amalya
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory
| | - Ivan S Pradipta
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory
| | - Sofa D Alfian
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory
| | - Arif SW Kusuma
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory
- Pharmacy Services Development Research Center
| | - Tiana Milanda
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory
- Center for Drug Discovery and Product Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory
- Center for Drug Discovery and Product Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
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Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:86-94. [PMID: 28886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Djaoui
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athletic Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre Orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
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Vitale JA, La Torre A, Baldassarre R, Piacentini MF, Bonato M. Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Self-reported Mood State in Response to High Intensity Interval Training. A Crossover Study on the Effect of Chronotype. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1232. [PMID: 28769855 PMCID: PMC5514349 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of chronotype on mood state and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) before and in response to acute high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed at different times of the day. Based on the morningness–eveningness questionnaire, 12 morning-types (M-types; N = 12; age 21 ± 2 years; height 179 ± 5 cm; body mass 74 ± 12 kg) and 11 evening-types (E-types; N = 11; age 21 ± 2 years; height 181 ± 11 cm; body mass 76 ± 11 kg) were enrolled in a randomized crossover study. All subjects underwent measurements of Profile of Mood States (POMS), before (PRE), after 12 (POST12) and 24 h (POST24) the completion of both morning (08.00 am) and evening (08.00 p.m.) training. Additionally, Global Mood Disturbance and Energy Index (EI) were calculated. RPE was obtained PRE and 30 min POST HIIE. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test of POMS parameters during morning training showed significant differences in fatigue, vigor and EI at PRE and POST24 between M-types and E-types. In addition, significant chronotype differences were found only in POST12 after the evening HIIE for fatigue, vigor and EI. For what concerns Borg perceived exertion, comparing morning versus evening values in PRE condition, a higher RPE was observed in relation to evening training for M-types (P = 0.0107) while E-types showed higher RPE values in the morning (P = 0.008). Finally, intragroup differences showed that E-types had a higher RPE respect to M-types before (P = 0.002) and after 30 min (P = 0.042) the morning session of HIIE. No significant changes during the evening training session were found. In conclusion, chronotype seems to significantly influence fatigue values, perceived exertions and vigor in relation to HIIE performed at different times of the day. Specifically, E-types will meet more of a burden when undertaking a physical task early in the day. Practical results suggest that performing a HIIE at those times of day that do not correspond to subjects’ circadian preference can lead to increased mood disturbances and perceived exertion. Therefore, an athlete’s chronotype should be taken into account when scheduling HIIE. Trial registration: ACTRN12617000432314, registered 24 March 2017, “retrospectively registered”. Web address of trial: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371862&showOriginal=true&isReview=true
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo A Vitale
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Roberto Baldassarre
- Functional Evaluation and Analysis of Sport Performance, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Maria F Piacentini
- Functional Evaluation and Analysis of Sport Performance, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
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