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Shvetcov A, Funke Kupper J, Zheng WY, Slade A, Han J, Whitton A, Spoelma M, Hoon L, Mouzakis K, Vasa R, Gupta S, Venkatesh S, Newby J, Christensen H. Passive sensing data predicts stress in university students: a supervised machine learning method for digital phenotyping. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1422027. [PMID: 39252756 PMCID: PMC11381371 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1422027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction University students are particularly susceptible to developing high levels of stress, which occur when environmental demands outweigh an individual's ability to cope. The growing advent of mental health smartphone apps has led to a surge in use by university students seeking ways to help them cope with stress. Use of these apps has afforded researchers the unique ability to collect extensive amounts of passive sensing data including GPS and step detection. Despite this, little is known about the relationship between passive sensing data and stress. Further, there are no established methodologies or tools to predict stress from passive sensing data in this group. Methods In this study, we establish a clear machine learning-based methodological pipeline for processing passive sensing data and extracting features that may be relevant in the context of mental health. Results We then use this methodology to determine the relationship between passive sensing data and stress in university students. Discussion In doing so, we offer the first proof-of-principle data for the utility of our methodological pipeline and highlight that passive sensing data can indeed digitally phenotype stress in university students. Clinical trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), identifier ACTRN12621001223820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Shvetcov
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joost Funke Kupper
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Wu-Yi Zheng
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimy Slade
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jin Han
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexis Whitton
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Spoelma
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leonard Hoon
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Kon Mouzakis
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajesh Vasa
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sunil Gupta
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Svetha Venkatesh
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill Newby
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Christensen
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Yang SY, Lin PH, Wang JY, Fu SH. Effectiveness of binaural beat music combined with rhythmical photic stimulation on older people with depressive symptoms in long-term care institution: a quasi-experimental pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:86. [PMID: 38558209 PMCID: PMC10984885 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many older adults residing in long-term care often face issues like poor sleep, reduced vitality, and depression. Non-pharmacological approaches, specifically Binaural Beat Music (BBM) and Rhythmic Photic Stimulation (RPS), may alleviate these symptoms, yet their efficacy in this demographic has not been extensively explored. AIMS This study investigated the effects of combined BBM and RPS interventions on sleep quality, vitality, and depression among older residents with depressive symptoms in long-term care facilities. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental design, a total of 88 older adults with depressive symptoms from Taiwanese daytime care centers were divided into the BBM with RPS, and Sham groups (44 each). They underwent 20-minute daily sessions of their assigned treatment for two weeks. The BBM with RPS group listened to 10 Hz binaural beat music with 10 Hz photic stimulation glasses, and the Sham group received non-stimulating music and glasses. RESULTS After the intervention, participants in the BBM with RPS groups showed significant improvements in vitality and depressive mood, with a notable increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. Conversely, the Sham group exhibited significant deterioration in vitality and mental health, with a significant increase in parasympathetic activity. Additionally, compared with the Sham group, the BBM and RPS groups showed significant improvements in vitality, mental health, and depression, with a significant increase in sympathetic nervous activity. CONCLUSION The two-week intervention suggests that the combination of BBM and RPS, as a non-invasive intervention, can potentially improve vitality, mental health, and depressive mood among older adults in long-term care institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd, 41354, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, 821, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd, 41354, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hau Fu
- Department of Acupressure Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Tainan, Taiwan
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Du W, Fan Z, Li D, Wu M. Internet Use Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health: The Mediating Effects of Self-Education Expectations and Parental Support. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1163-1176. [PMID: 38505354 PMCID: PMC10949380 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s449353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study focuses on how Internet use behavior affects adolescents' mental health and whether self-education expectations and parental support mediate the relationship between Internet use behavior and adolescents' mental health. Methods The data for this paper came from the results of the student questionnaire of the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2018), which was a structured questionnaire that asked students about their family situation, school life, studies, internet use, and mental health, among other things. A sample of 336,600 children in grades 7-13 was selected for this study. The data were analyzed using STATA version 16 and the theoretical framework was tested using a mediated effects model. Results The results of the study showed that Internet use behavior made a positive contribution to mental health and the mediating effects of self-education expectations and parental support on the relationship between Internet use behavior and adolescent mental health were all significant. Conclusion It is recommended that appropriate policies should be formulated to help adolescents use the Internet rationally, and the positive effects of parental support and self-education expectations should be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Du
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyuan Fan
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Diankun Li
- School of Economics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshuang Wu
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang J, Zheng W, Li H, Hua W, Fu M. Meaning matters: linking proactive vitality management to subjective well-being. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38389273 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2317241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Prior research has indicated that positive affect, energy, and vitality are positively related to subjective well-being. Unfortunately, most scholars have overlooked the possibility that individuals may proactively manage their energetic, affective, and cognitive resources to boost their subjective well-being. Grounded in social cognitive theory, the current research focuses on explaining why students' proactive vitality management (PVM) leads to positive outcomes (i.e., meaning in life, subjective well-being) and considers how school support climate moderates these effects. One experimental study (Study 1) and a three-wave lagged survey (Study 2) were conducted to examine the benefits of PVM. The results demonstrated that PVM was positively related to students' meaning in life, further promoting their subjective well-being. Moreover, school support climate accentuated PVM's effect on meaning in life and its indirect effect on subjective well-being via meaning in life. Implications for research and practice are also discussed, along with study limitations and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haihong Li
- Shandong University of Finance and Economics
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Kim SH, Kim YH, Lee CH, Lee Y. Smartphone usage and overdependence risk among middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:413. [PMID: 38331734 PMCID: PMC10854068 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have predominantly focused on smartphone overdependence among adolescents and young adults. However, as smartphone usage has recently surged among South Korean middle-aged and older adults, the risk of smartphone overdependence cannot be overlooked among this population. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the smartphone usage pattern and the associated risk of overdependence in this specific age group. METHODS The data for individuals who aged 50 or older were extracted from the dataset of a nationwide survey, "The Survey on Smartphone Overdependence, 2021," and the usage of each type of smartphone content and risk of smartphone overdependence among individuals in their 50 s and 60 s were investigated. Age-group-based differences in demographic characteristics, Smartphone Overdependence Scale scores, self-awareness of smartphone overdependence, digital literacy, and psychosocial factors were analyzed. Additionally, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors associated with the potential-to-high risk of smartphone overdependence in both age groups. RESULTS Individuals in their 50s had significantly higher digital literacy, social relations, life satisfaction, and smartphone overdependence scores than those in their 60s, and the percentage of individuals in the high-risk group was also higher in the 50s age group. For both age groups, the most used content was "messenger," "news," and "movies/TV/videos," whereas the least used content was e-learning, gambling, and adult content. The multivariable analysis indicated that, for individuals in their 50s, having a lower educational level was associated with significantly higher odds, whereas having a job and utilizing e-commerce-related contents on smartphone were associated with significantly lower odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence. Concerning individuals in their 60s, having a lower educational level and using adult content or gambling were significantly associated with higher odds of potential-to-high risk for smartphone overdependence. CONCLUSION This study reveals the risk of smartphone overdependence among middle-aged and older adults in South Korea as well as the associated risk factors. This will assist policymakers in developing policies for the appropriate use of smartphones by these age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Kim
- Pukyong National University, Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, #45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, # 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Department of Marine Sports, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, #45 Youngso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, # 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Hyung Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, #20 Keumoro, Mulgeum, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, # 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - YounYoung Lee
- Woon-Gok Liberal Arts Education College, Halla University, 28 Halla University-Gil, Wonju-Si, Gangwondo, # 26404, Republic of Korea
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Tu W, Nie Y, Liu Q. Does the Effect of Stress on Smartphone Addiction Vary Depending on the Gender and Type of Addiction? Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:810. [PMID: 37887460 PMCID: PMC10604698 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is closely associated with smartphone addiction. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of studies investigating the potential variation in the effect of stress on smartphone addiction based on the specific addiction type and gender. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among 596 high school students. The results revealed that the effect size of stress on smartphone addiction varied across different types of addiction. The strongest relationship was observed between stress and social media addiction, followed by the relationship between stress and information acquisition addiction. Furthermore, gender played a significant moderating role in stress and three types of smartphone addiction. Specifically, stress was strongly associated with information acquisition addiction overall, with no significant gender differences observed. In contrast, stress exhibited a strong correlation with social media addiction, which was significantly more prevalent among females. On the other hand, game addiction and short-form video addiction were both strongly associated with stress, but showed significantly higher prevalence among males. This study enhances current research by offering supplementary insights into the correlation between stress and smartphone addiction, as well as exploring the potential implications of intervening in smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tu
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Mental Health Education Center for College Students, Department of Student Affairs, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China
| | - Yangang Nie
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Qingqi Liu
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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Liu CW, Hsieh PL, Yang SY, Lin YL, Wang JY. The effectiveness of facilitator-led remote interactive intervention for loneliness, quality of life, and social support among seniors in communities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled experiment. Psychol Health 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37735895 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2261024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the impact of a 12-week remote interaction intervention on loneliness, quality of life, and social support for seniors living in a community during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This study adopted a randomized controlled trial design. Participants in the intervention group received a 12-week bidirectional remote interaction intervention, while participants in the control group received a 12-week unidirectional remote interaction intervention. The study's primary assessment tools were the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). RESULTS The main findings indicate that the intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group on the WHOQOL-BREF in the physical health and social relationships domains after the intervention. In addition, intervention group participants with low loneliness scored significantly higher than their control group counterparts in the physical health and social relationships domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Similarly, intervention group participants with high loneliness scored significantly higher than their control group counterparts in the social relationships domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. However, there was no significant difference in loneliness scores between the intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS This result confirms that providing intensive bidirectional interaction benefits seniors' quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Liu
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, College of Health, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Lin
- Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Mengistu N, Habtamu E, Kassaw C, Madoro D, Molla W, Wudneh A, Abebe L, Duko B. Problematic smartphone and social media use among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic: In the case of southern Ethiopia universities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280724. [PMID: 36696412 PMCID: PMC9876348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone and social media use are supposed to be integral parts of university students' daily lives. More specifically, smartphones and social media are frequently used for communication in daily life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, uninterrupted and persistent use of these technologies may lead to several psychological problems. Even though smartphones and social media were used more frequently during the pandemic, there is no evidence suggesting that the studies were not undertaken in low-income countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess problematic smartphone use and social media use among undergraduate university students in southern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,232 university students using a simple random sampling technique. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale were used to collect data on social media and smartphone use, respectively. The Beck Depression Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Assessment Tool, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index were standardized tools used to measure other independent variables. To identify factors, simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. A p-value of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS The overall response rate was 95%. The mean scores for problematic smartphone and problematic social media use were 17 ± 3.3/36 and 12.7 ± 2.2/30, respectively. A linear regression model revealed that being female, first-year students and poor sleep quality were significantly associated with problematic smartphone use. Factors associated with problematic social media use (PSMU) were depression, substance use, and urban residence. CONCLUSIONS This study identified significant problems with smartphone and social media use among university students. Therefore, it is preferable to provide psychological counselling, educate students about safe, beneficial, and healthy internet use, and focus on recognized high-risk groups in order to give them special attention. It is also preferable to seek counselling about substance use. It is preferable to regularly screen and treat individuals with psychological problems in collaboration with stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyu Mengistu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Derebe Madoro
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Lulu Abebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Duko
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Alzhrani AM, Aboalshamat KT, Badawoud AM, Abdouh IM, Badri HM, Quronfulah BS, Mahmoud MA, Rajeh MT. The association between smartphone use and sleep quality, psychological distress, and loneliness among health care students and workers in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280681. [PMID: 36701337 PMCID: PMC9879389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of smartphones among the general public and health care practitioners, in particular, is ubiquitous. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep quality, psychological distress, and loneliness among health care students and workers in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study used an online questionnaire to collect data on smartphone addiction, sleep quality, psychological distress, and loneliness as well as demographic information. RESULTS A total of 773 health care students and workers participated in the study, with an average age of 25.95 ± 8.35, and 59.6% female participants. The study found a positive significant association between smartphone addiction and psychological distress (F(1,771) = 140.8, P < 0.001) and emotional loneliness (F(1,771) = 26.70, P < 0.001). Additionally, a significant negative association between smartphone addiction and sleep quality was found (F(1,771) = 4.208, P = 0.041). However, there was no significant relationship between smartphone addiction and social loneliness (F (1,771) = 0.544, P < 0.461). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that smartphone addiction has a negative impact on psychological distress, sleep quality, and emotional loneliness among health care students and workers. It is important to promote strategies to reduce smartphone dependency in order to avoid the harmful consequences of smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Muhammad Alzhrani
- Department of Occupation Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Talal Aboalshamat
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Mohammmad Badawoud
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ismail Mahmoud Abdouh
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatim Matooq Badri
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baraa Sami Quronfulah
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mona Talal Rajeh
- Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wu YY, Chou WH. Smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment: A cross-sectional analytical survey in Taiwan. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231177134. [PMID: 37256009 PMCID: PMC10226168 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231177134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overview Smartphone use has dramatically increased worldwide, contributing to a profound change in interpersonal interactions. They have become the primary medium of human interaction, and smartphone addiction, consequently, has become a modern-day reality. Recent research on smartphone addiction has provided diverse explanations regarding the correlation between gender and addiction. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the correlation and variance among smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment. Methods The participants included Taiwanese citizens and the questionnaires were randomly distributed; 1190 valid questionnaires (534 males, 656 females) were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed to observe the average value and standard deviation between interpersonal attachment and gender. Next, Spearman's ρ was conducted to interpret the correlation among smartphone addiction, gender and interpersonal attachment. Finally, the participants were divided into three groups based on their pre-determined level of smartphone addiction: high, moderate and low addictions. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed based on interpersonal attachment as the independent variable to determine any statistically significant difference among the three levels. Results There are four patterns of interpersonal attachment: secure, avoidant, dismissing and anxious attachments. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between interpersonal attachment and smartphone addiction (p > 0.000), while revealing no relationship between gender and smartphone addiction or gender and interpersonal attachment. Additionally, the ANOVA indicated the difference was statistically significant in the groups of high and moderate addictions; no statistical significance was identified in the group of low addiction (p < 0.204). Conclusion This study revealed that there was no correlation between gender and smartphone addiction, but rather, a positive correlation between smartphone addiction and interpersonal attachment. This positive correlation suggests both high and moderate addiction groups display insecurity in their interpersonal attachment. Therefore, to lower the prevalence of unhealthy smartphone addiction, maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and
Technology, Douliou
| | - Wen-Huei Chou
- Department of Digital Media Design, National Yunlin University of Science and
Technology, Douliou
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Smartphone Usage before and during COVID-19: A Comparative Study Based on Objective Recording of Usage Data. INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/informatics9040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies that claimed changes in smartphone usage during COVID-19 were based on self-reported usage data, e.g., that collected through a questionnaire. These studies were also limited to reporting the overall smartphone usage, with no detailed investigation of distinct types of apps. The current study investigated smartphone usage before and during COVID-19. Our study used a dataset from a smartphone app that objectively logged users’ activities, including apps accessed and each app session start and end time. These were collected during two periods: pre-COVID-19 (161 individuals with 77 females) and during COVID-19 (251 individuals with 159 females). We report on the top 15 apps used in both periods. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for the inferential analysis. The results revealed that the time spent on smartphones has increased since COVID-19. During both periods, emerging adults were found to spend more time on smartphones compared to adults. The time spent on social media apps has also increased since COVID-19. Females were found to spend more time on social media than males. Females were also found to be more likely to launch social media apps than males. There has also been an increase in the number of people who use gaming apps since the pandemic. The use of objectively collected data is a methodological strength of our study. Additionally, we draw parallels with the usage of smartphones in contexts similar to the COVID-19 period, especially concerning the limitations on social gatherings, including working from home for extended periods. Our dataset is made available to other researchers for benchmarking and future comparisons.
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Investigating Internet Addiction and Sleep Quality Correlation Among Students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. HEALTH SCOPE 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope-127242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The quality of sleep plays an important role in physical development, as well as maintaining physical and mental health. Approximately 20% of Iranian students suffer from Internet addiction, and 56% suffer from insomnia. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relevance of Internet addiction and sleep quality among Isfahan University of medical sciences students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as a questionnaire at the Medical Sciences University of Isfahan. The collected data had three components: (1) Demographic information, (2) sleep quality with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and (3) amount of internet use with a questionnaire of 20 Internet Addiction Tests (IAT). Logistic regression was used to find any association between Internet Addiction and Sleep quality. Results: A total of 562 female and male students participated in the study, with a mean age of 21.41 ± 1.87. Internet users with moderate and mild addiction had poorer sleep quality than those with normal and severe Internet addiction. Logistic regression analysis showed an association between Internet addiction scores and sleep quality (OR = 1.035: 1.02, 1.04, P < 0.001). In addition, poor sleep quality was also predicted by the subgroups "excessive internet use" and "anticipation". Conclusions: The relationship between internet addiction and sleep quality was significantly negative. Universities and all educational institutions can use it to control the effects of Internet abuse and the quality of sleep of students.
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Xu XP, Liu QQ, Li ZH, Yang WX. The Mediating Role of Loneliness and the Moderating Role of Gender between Peer Phubbing and Adolescent Mobile Social Media Addiction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10176. [PMID: 36011810 PMCID: PMC9407745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mobile social media addiction has been a pressing issue in adolescents. The present study examined the mediation of loneliness between peer phubbing and mobile social media addiction among Chinese adolescents and tested whether gender could moderate the direct and indirect effects of peer phubbing. A total of 830 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age (Mage = 14.480, SDage = 1.789) completed an anonymous self-report survey. The results showed that peer phubbing was positively associated with mobile social media addiction. Loneliness partially mediated peer phubbing and adolescent mobile social media addiction. There were significant gender differences in the direct and indirect effects of peer phubbing on mobile social media addiction. The direct effect of peer phubbing and the indirect effect through loneliness were relatively higher in girls than in boys. The results highlight the critical role of loneliness in linking peer phubbing to adolescent mobile social media addiction and the vital role of gender in moderating the direct and indirect impacts of peer phubbing. The findings promote a better understanding of how peer phubbing is associated with adolescent mobile phone addiction and for whom the effect of peer phubbing is potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Pan Xu
- Institute for Public Policy and Social Management Innovation, College of Political Science and Public Administration, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- School of Sociology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qing-Qi Liu
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xian Yang
- Center of Mental Health Education and Counseling, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Guimarães CLC, Oliveira LBSD, Pereira RS, Silva PGND, Gouveia VV. Nomophobia and smartphone addiction: do the variables age and sex explain this relationship? PSICO-USF 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712022270209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to identify the extent nomophobia explains smartphone addiction, controlling for age and gender effects. Participants were 316 people from the 22 Brazilian states (Mage = 28.1 years), most from Paraíba (38.9%) and Piauí (16.5%), equally distributed between genders. They answered the Nomophobia Questionnaire, the Smartphone Addition Scale and demographic questions. The results demonstrate that the factors of the nomophobia measure explained smartphone addiction, indicating that more nomophobic behavior equates to increased smartphone addiction, especially in the younger participants, there was no difference regarding gender. These findings are discussed according to the literature on adherence to new technologies, revealing the current problem of smartphone addiction in young people.
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Does Smartphone Addiction, Social Media Addiction, and/or Internet Game Addiction Affect Adolescents' Interpersonal Interactions? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050963. [PMID: 35628099 PMCID: PMC9141886 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations that levels of addiction to smartphones, social media, and online games have with levels of real-life and online interpersonal interactions among adolescents. In this cross-sectional study of adolescents in a college in Taiwan, structured questionnaire surveys were used to collect information. The questionnaire included the following: demographic background, Real Interpersonal Interaction Scale (RIIS), Internet Interpersonal Interaction Scale (IIIS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale—Short Form (IGDS9-SF). Multiple regression analyses were carried out to investigate the correlations between SABAS, BSMAS, IGDS9-SF, and RIIS/IIIS. We recruited 998 students (413 boys). The average age was 17.18 ± 1.46. The study results show that adolescents with higher levels of addiction to smartphones and social media may have greater interpersonal interaction with friends in real life, but adolescents with high levels of addiction to online games may have less interpersonal interactions with friends in real life. Adolescents with high levels of addiction to smartphones, social media, and online games may have greater interpersonal interactions with friends online.
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Xu P, Chen JS, Chang YL, Wang X, Jiang X, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH, Lin CY. Gender Differences in the Associations Between Physical Activity, Smartphone Use, and Weight Stigma. Front Public Health 2022; 10:862829. [PMID: 35425758 PMCID: PMC9001944 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.862829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) is important for health. However, there is little evidence on how weight stigma, time spent on sedentary activities (including smartphone, social media, online learning), time spent on outdoor activity, and nomophobia associate with PA among Chinese individuals with consideration of gender. The present study examined the aforementioned associations in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Methods University students (N = 3,135; 1,798 females, 1,337 males) with a mean age of 19.65 years (SD = 2.38) years completed an online survey from November to December, 2021. The online survey assessed weight stigma (using the Perceived Weight Stigma Scale and Weight Bias Internalization Scale), PA (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form), time spent on different activities (using self-designed items for time on smartphone, outdoor activity, social media, and online learning), and nomophobia (using the Nomophobia Questionnaire). Parallel mediation models were constructed (dependent variable: PA; mediators: perceived weight stigma, weight-related self-stigma, time spent on smartphone, time spent on outdoor activity, time spent on social media, and time spent online learning; independent variable: nomophobia) and evaluated using Hayes' Process Macro Model 4 (IBM SPSS 20.0). Results Weight-related self-stigma (β = −0.06; p = 0.03), time spent on outdoor activity (β = 0.21; p < 0.001), time spent on social media (β = 0.07; p = 0.02), time spent on online learning (β = 0.06; p = 0.03), and nomophobia (β = −0.07; p = 0.01) were all significant factors explaining the PA among female participants. Perceived weight stigma (β = −0.07; p = 0.01), time spent on outdoor activity (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), and time spent on online learning (β = 0.10; p = 0.002) were all significant factors explaining PA among male participants. Conclusion Chinese healthcare providers should design programs on weight stigma reduction and outdoor activity improvement to enhance PA among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Educational Psychology, School of Leisure Sports and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Leisure Sports and Management, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Smartphone Use, Experience of Learning Environment, and Academic Performance among University Students: A Descriptive Appraisal. ADVANCES IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2617596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In our contemporary digital society, the smartphone is at the center of a powerful technological revolution affecting multiple domains. In the context of higher learning, the use of smartphones among students has been an area of interest. Previous studies on smartphone use and academic performance have generally focused on measuring the impact that smartphone use has on the academic performance of students. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which gender differences and the experience of a particular learning environment contributes to the use of smartphones for academic purposes. Data were collected through the use of a standardized self-report questionnaire completed by 300 first-year and 203 fourth-year undergraduate students from the University of Botswana. Our analysis is guided by the following specific objectives: first, to explore gender and the patterns of smartphone use for academic purposes; second, to appraise the contributing value of the experience of a learning environment on the use of smartphones to enhance academic achievement; and third, to examine smartphone use and its possible contribution to the performance outcome of students. Overall, we argue that the use of a smartphone for academic purposes is partly influenced by the extent to which a student is familiar with or understands the multiple contexts that shape his/her learning environment. For further studies in the field of smartphone use and academic performance, we suggest using multiple methods of data collection to uncover how students attach meanings to the use of smartphones and the role of smartphone use in improving their academic performance outcomes.
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Does Childhood Trauma Associate with Social Media Addiction? A Cross-sectional Study from Iran. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Flynn MA, Veilleux E, Stana A. A post from the woods: Social media, well-being and our connection to the natural world. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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Connolly T, Atherton G, Cross L, Piovesan A, Kaye LK. The wild west of measurement: Exploring problematic technology use cut off scores and their relation to psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in adolescence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Jo H, Kim N, Yoon E. Introducing Korean adolescent counselling systems: Implications for future directions. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jo
- Inje University Gimhae Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Behavioral Sciences New York Institute of Technology – Manhattan Campus New York New York USA
| | - Eunhui Yoon
- Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA
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22
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Investigating the Relationship between Media Usage, Depression, and Quality of Life among Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091154. [PMID: 34574928 PMCID: PMC8465887 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uses and gratifications theory suggests that various types of media can greatly affect people's lives. This is especially true among older adults who tend to use media for leisure. However, there is insufficient research regarding the relationship between media usage, depression, and quality of life among older adults. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the association between media usage (traditional and internet media), depression, and quality of life among older adults. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, this study recruited individuals aged 65 years and older in central Taiwan and collected data via a structured questionnaire. Contents of the questionnaire included demographic details, a media usage behavior questionnaire, the Brief Symptoms Rating Scale (BSRS-5), and the Quality of Life Scale developed by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF). Subsequently, multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between media usage, depression, and quality of life of older adults. RESULTS The average age of the 252 participants (107 males) was 70.0 ± 5.4 years. Regression analysis revealed a significant, negative relationship between the number of hours spent watching television and the degree of depression. Additionally, the number of hours spent watching television was significantly negatively related to the quality of life in terms of both the psychological health and social relationships categories. In contrast, the number of hours spent reading newspapers and magazines was significantly positively related to quality of life in the categories of psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Finally, the number of hours spent browsing internet media was significantly positively related to the quality of life in the psychological health category. CONCLUSION Media usage may affect the degree of depression and quality of life of older adults depending on the type of media and amount of usage.
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Özdil K, Çatıker A, Bulucu Büyüksoy GD. Smartphone addiction and perceived pain among nursing students: a cross-sectional study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:2246-2260. [PMID: 34308709 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1958236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates smartphone addiction among nursing students, the levels of perceived pain in the upper extremity, and the relationship between them. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 259 nursing students in a Turkish state university, who agreed to participate in the research. Study data were collected online using the introductory questionnaire, smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), and numeric rating scale (NRS). The data were evaluated by descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis. The SAS-SV score of students included in the study was 25.71 ± 7.49. It was determined that all of the students experienced burning in the ears, pinkie, elbow, shoulder, wrist, eye, hand and neck pain due to telephone use. In the study, it was determined that the SAS-SV scores of the students were found to be higher 7.4 times in those with the highest level of headache; 6.8 times in those with the highest level of ear pain; 8.4 times in those with the highest level of shoulder pain; 8.2 times in those with the highest level of low back pain. The study established that students were experiencing a low level of smartphone addiction; however, various health and social problems associated with phone use and smartphone addiction caused pain in certain extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamuran Özdil
- Aged Care Program, Health Services Vocational School, Nevsehir Haci Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Çatıker
- Department of Nursing, Ordu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu, Turkey
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Chatterjee S, Chaudhuri R, Vrontis D, Thrassou A. The influence of online customer reviews on customers’ purchase intentions: a cross-cultural study from India and the UK. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijoa-02-2021-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of online customer reviews (OCRs) and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on customers’ purchase intention (PUI). This study also investigates the cultural differences between the customers in India and UK as regards the influence of OCR and customers’ PUIs.
Design/methodology/approach
This study has used socialisation theory, theory of reasoned action, congruity theory and expectation value theory, along with the existing literature to develop the conceptual model. The theoretical model has been validated using the PLS-SEM technique on a survey involving 305 and 280 respondents for India and UK, respectively.
Findings
The findings highlight that gender has no effect on UK customers’ PUIs, whereas age and gender have considerable impacts on Indian customers’ PUIs.
Research limitations/implications
The study only examines the cross-cultural difference between a European country (UK) and an Asian country (India). Also, since the sample size is low, the findings did not represent a generic view.
Practical implications
The proposed model has provided important inputs to the organisations to understand consumer behaviour particularly the study would help marketing departments to formulate their marketing strategies regarding OCR and customers’ PUI.
Originality/value
This study is unique in understanding the implications of OCR and their influence on customer purchase decisions of UK customers and India’s customers. This study also helps to understand the impact of age and gender on OCR and PUIs.
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Hartanti DT, Setiawati Y, Husada D, Irwanto I. Correlation between Adolescents’ Temperament and Internet Addiction Levels in Junior High School in Surabaya, Indonesia. JURNAL BERKALA EPIDEMIOLOGI 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/jbe.v9i22021.192-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Internet addiction has become a serious problem in the world, especially for adolescents. Temperament plays an important role in influencing internet addiction in adolescents. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between students’ characteristics and temperament with their internet addiction levels in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which used primary data that was obtained from students who filled out a questionnaire. The study sample included 114 students in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya. The dependent variable was the internet addiction level; the dependent variables were gender, age, student grade, and temperament. An Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and an Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) were the tools used for data collection. Data was collected in November 2019. The sample selection was done through the stratified random sampling technique. The data was subsequently analyzed using the Fisher’s exact and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between age (p<0.01), student grade (p<0.05), negative affectivity (p<0.01), and surgency (p<0.05) toward internet addiction levels. There was a significant negative correlation observed between effortful control (p<0.05) and internet addiction levels. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between age, student grade, negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control and adolescents’ internet addiction levels.
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Wang TJ, Kang CL, Tsai JL, Song WT, Lien ASY. Social media (Facebook) improper use and the influence of sleeping quality in Taiwan's university students. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211011878. [PMID: 33926304 PMCID: PMC10454750 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211011878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between Facebook (FB) usage and addiction level, and sleep quality of university students. A Google Forms questionnaire was prepared and disseminated via the authors' FB profile for university students to fill out. A total of 277, including two studying overseas, took part in this research. Among the survey respondents, over 60% (n = 144) were medical students (p = 0.000); over 30% (n = 84) were always logged into FB; the average and daily usage time of most was 5 to 60 min at a time (p = 0.009), and 3 to 5 h a day (p = 0.040), respectively. The respondents' average sleep time was 7.11 h, but over 61% categorized their sleep quality as poor. It was also found that students from financial and management school were 4.23 times more at risk of FB addiction than the medical counterparts and were likely to be already addicted to FB as well as have a sleep disorder. Based on these results, it is suggested that university students, who fall in the high-risk category, be screened early to prevent them from developing social media addiction and sleep disorders. For improving youths' health and sleep quality, future research should attach the importance to early screening for sleep disturbances caused by the internet and social media addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Ju Wang
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan
| | - Chih-Lun Kang
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Jia-Ling Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | | | - Angela Shin-Yu Lien
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan
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Youths' Habitual Use of Smartphones Alters Sleep Quality and Memory: Insights from a National Sample of Chinese Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052254. [PMID: 33668732 PMCID: PMC7956394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of work has been devoted to studying the smartphone addiction in youths and its impact on their lives, but less is known about the predictors and effects of youth habitual use of smartphones. Guided by social cognitive theory, this study investigates how habitual smartphone use affects sleep quality and everyday memory based on a nationally representative sample of Chinese students (N = 2298). It uses a cluster-randomized sampling with stratification of different areas, consisting of both urban and rural students aged 6–18 years from elementary, middle, and high schools across China. It found that Chinese students exhibited a habitual smartphone use, who were generally confident in using mobile devices, but few had smartphone addiction. Significant gender and age differences were identified concerning the habitual use of smartphone. Specifically, boys demonstrated higher levels of habitual use and smartphone self-efficacy than the girls. High school students showed the highest level of habitual smartphone use compared to those in elementary and middle schools. Smartphone use duration, frequency, and self-efficacy predicted the habitual use, which also led to poorer sleep quality and worse memory outcomes. Prebedtime exposure moderated the relationship between habitual smartphone uses and sleep quality. The results show that students’ habitual smartphone use had a significant impact on their health, cognition and more, even when they exhibited little smartphone addiction. The findings contribute to a better understanding of smartphone impact on school-age youths.
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Siste K, Suwartono C, Nasrun MW, Bardosono S, Sekartini R, Pandelaki J, Sarasvita R, Murtani BJ, Damayanti R, Wiguna T. Validation study of the Indonesian internet addiction test among adolescents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245833. [PMID: 33539448 PMCID: PMC7861384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet addiction is a serious problem that can negatively impact both the physical and mental health of individuals. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most common used instrument to screen internet addiction worldwide. This study sought to investigate the psychometric properties of an Indonesian version of the IAT. METHODS The IAT questionnaire was made the focus of forward translation, expert panel discussions, back translation, an item analysis (30 subjects), a pilot study (385 subjects), and field testing (643 subjects). Factor structure was analysed by exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor (CFA) analyses, whereas reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS Factor analysis revealed that the Indonesian version of IAT, consisted of 3 domains, and had good validity (χ2 p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.076; CFI = 0.95; SRMR = 0.057, and AIC = 784.63). The Cronbach's alpha score is 0.855. A significant association was also observed between the level of internet addiction with gender (p = 0.027) and the duration of internet use per day (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The Indonesian version of IAT provides good validity and reliability in a three-dimensional model. Therefore, it can be utilised as a tool for screening internet addiction in the Indonesian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Siste
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Christiany Suwartono
- Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina Wiwie Nasrun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Saptawati Bardosono
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rini Sekartini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chuld Health, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jacub Pandelaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Belinda Julivia Murtani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Reza Damayanti
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tjhin Wiguna
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Indonesia- dr. Cipto Mangkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Hodes LN, Thomas KG. Smartphone Screen Time: Inaccuracy of self-reports and influence of psychological and contextual factors. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Park J, Jeong JE, Rho MJ. Predictors of Habitual and Addictive Smartphone Behavior in Problematic Smartphone Use. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:118-125. [PMID: 33517615 PMCID: PMC7960747 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smartphones have become common, and problematic smartphone use (PSU) is increasing. Predictors of PSU should be identified to prevent it. Little is known about the role of content types of smartphone use as predictors of PSU. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the predictors of two proposed concepts of PSU, namely habitual smartphone behavior (SB) and addictive SB, within the context of the application (app) categories. METHODS We studied 1,039 smartphone users using online surveys conducted between January 2 and 31, 2019. We employed multiple regression analysis to identify the predictors of habitual and addictive SB. We controlled for sex and age (mean=39.20). RESULTS Common predictors of habitual and addictive SB were the use of social networking services, games, entertainment apps, and average weekend smartphone usage time. The predictors of habitual SB were the use of web and lifestyle apps, weekly usage frequency, and sex (female) and the predictors of addictive SB were the use of shopping apps and sleep duration. CONCLUSION This study revealed the need to consider habitual and addictive SB in evaluating PSU. The predictors in terms of the content types of smartphone usage can be used to develop monitoring and prevention services for PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Park
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Rho
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gandaputra SA, Waluyo I, Efendi F, Wang JY. Insomnia Status of Middle School Students in Indonesia and Its Association with Playing Games before Sleep: Gender Difference. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E691. [PMID: 33467388 PMCID: PMC7831026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excessive use of online gaming before sleep in adolescents could be a risk factor of sleep disorders such as insomnia. This study aimed to assess the association between playing online games before sleep and insomnia based on gender perspective among middle school students in Indonesia. This was a retrospective study and the data came from a cross-sectional survey that included 315 of Grade 8 and 9 students from four middle schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. Self-reported data were collected via a structured questionnaire, which consisted of demographic variables, sleep duration per day, frequency of playing online games before sleep and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Insomnia status was classified into "none or mild" and "moderate to severe" according to ISI score. The proportions of male and female students who often or always played online games before sleep were 50.3% and 21.7%, respectively. Grade 9 students were more likely to have moderate to severe insomnia than Grade 8 students for males (odds ratio-OR = 4.34, p = 0.005) but not for females (OR = 0.69, p = 0.363). However, female students who often or always played online games before sleep were more likely to have moderate to severe insomnia (OR = 4.60, p = 0.001); such an association was relatively smaller for male students (OR = 3.09, p = 0.061). Gender differences should be taken into account when developing health education or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Septian Arief Gandaputra
- Physiotherapy Program, Universitas Binawan, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia; (S.A.G.); (I.W.)
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Imam Waluyo
- Physiotherapy Program, Universitas Binawan, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia; (S.A.G.); (I.W.)
| | - Ferry Efendi
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Busch PA, McCarthy S. Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen HC, Wang JY, Lin YL, Yang SY. Association of Internet Addiction with Family Functionality, Depression, Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem among Early Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8820. [PMID: 33260988 PMCID: PMC7731192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early adolescents usually have worse self-control and poor time management abilities. They are a higher-risk group for Internet addiction than older adolescents or adults. This study aims to explore the prevalence of Internet addiction and associated factors in early adolescents. Participants included 451 fifth and sixth-grade students in Central Taiwan. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and a structured questionnaire that consisted of demographics, Young's Internet Addiction Test, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The participants were 50.8% male, and the mean age was 11.35, with a range of 10.33-12.92 years. A total of 33.7% of all participants were prone to Internet addiction. The results showed that participants who were male and had high money allowance, poor family atmosphere, parents who did not limit Internet usage time, high depression, low self-efficacy and low self-esteem were more prone to Internet addiction. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that being male, having parents who did not limit Internet usage time and higher degrees of depression were the associated factors of Internet addiction in early adolescents. The phenomenon of Internet addiction among early adolescents seems to be increasing. Improving family functionality and individual mental health may be effective ways to reduce Internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ching Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Ying-Lien Lin
- Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (J.-Y.W.)
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Kim H, Choi IY, Kim DJ. Excessive Smartphone Use and Self-Esteem Among Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder: Quantitative Survey Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e18505. [PMID: 32990637 PMCID: PMC7556370 DOI: 10.2196/18505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone overuse can harm individual health and well-being. Although several studies have explored the relationship between problematic or excessive smartphone use and mental health, much less is known about effects on self-esteem, which is essential in having a healthy life, among adults with mental health disorders, including internet gaming disorder. Furthermore, given that smartphone usage differs by gender, little is known about gender differences in the relationship between smartphone overuse and self-esteem. Objective The objective of this study was to assess self-esteem among individuals with mental health disorders and explore the relationship with excessive smartphone use. Methods Participants were selected based on their responses to the internet gaming disorder assessment, which includes 9 items developed based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria, from among a Korean cohort of smartphone users aged 20-40 years, resulting in a sample of 189 participants (men:120, women: 69). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale were utilized to assess the outcome self-esteem with excessive smartphone use as the primary independent variable. Guided by the Bowlby attachment theory and prior studies, we selected several covariates. Generalized linear regression analyses, as well as subgroup analyses by gender, were performed. Results Among adults with internet gaming disorder, the average Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score was significantly higher in women than that in men (41.30 vs. 37.94; P=.001), and excessive smartphone use was significantly more prevalent in women than it was in men (30.43% vs. 20.83%; P=.02). Our findings from the generalized linear regression analyses indicated that an increase in Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score had a negative relationship with self-esteem among those with internet gaming disorder (β=–0.18, P=.001). Furthermore, our interaction models showed that, among those with internet gaming disorder, more men than women had lower self-esteem associated with an increase in Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale score and a high degree of smartphone overuse (β=–0.19, P=.004; β=–3.73, P<.001). Conclusions Excessive smartphone use was found to be adversely associated with self-esteem among young and middle-aged adults with internet gaming disorder; notably, more men than women were negatively influenced (regarding self-esteem) by smartphone overuse. Based on our findings, more efforts should be made to reduce excessive or problematic smartphone use by considering developing public health interventions or policy, particularly among those with mental health disorders such as internet gaming disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Health Systems Management and Policy, School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - In Young Choi
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tokiya M, Itani O, Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y. Relationship between internet addiction and sleep disturbance in high school students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:379. [PMID: 32782022 PMCID: PMC7418409 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in the number of Internet users has increased Internet dependence worldwide. In adolescents, this dependence may interfere with sleep, which is important for the development of psychophysiological capabilities. However, few large-scale surveys have described the relationship between Internet addiction (IA) and sleep disturbance using standardized questionnaires. We conducted a survey in one prefecture in Japan to determine the relationship between sleep disturbance and IA in adolescents based on the categories of the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). METHODS In 2016, high school students (N = 10,405, age range: 15-16 years) in all 54 daytime high schools in the selected prefecture were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants with scores > 5.5 points on the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were defined as having a sleep disturbance. IA was evaluated using the YDQ: Participants with five to eight YDQ items present were classified as having IA; those with three or four items present were classified as "at risk of IA"; and those with two or less YDQ items were classified as "non-IA". Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with sleep disturbance as the dependent variable, IA as the explanatory variable, and adjustments for eight other variables. RESULTS High YDQ scores were associated with a high prevalence of sleep disturbance in boys and girls. These findings persisted after controlling for other factors in the multiple regression model. CONCLUSIONS Among Japanese adolescents, there was a significant independent relationship between IA and sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tokiya
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Osamu Itani
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otsuka
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kaneita
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
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Bélanger Lejars VO, Bélanger CH, Razmak J. Exploring new measures of online sexual activities, device use, and gender differences. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee JJ, Wang MP, Luk TT, Guo N, Chan SSC, Lam TH. Associations of Electronic Device Use Before and After Sleep With Psychological Distress Among Chinese Adults in Hong Kong: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e15403. [PMID: 32525489 PMCID: PMC7317625 DOI: 10.2196/15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hong Kong has a high rate of electronic device (e-device; computer, smartphone, and tablet) use. However, little is known about the associations of the duration of e-device use before and after sleep with psychological symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the associations of the duration of e-device use before and after sleep with psychological distress. METHODS A probability-based telephone survey was conducted on 3162 Hong Kong adults (54.6% female; mean age 47.4 years, SD 18.3 years) in 2016. Multivariate linear and Poisson regressions were used to calculate adjusted regression coefficients (aBs) and prevalence ratios (aPRs) of anxiety and depressive symptoms (measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-4) for the duration from waking to the first e-device use (≥61, 31-60, 6-30, and ≤5 minutes) and the duration of e-device use before sleeping (≤5, 6-30, 31-60, and ≥61 minutes). RESULTS The first e-device use in ≤5 (vs ≥61) minutes after waking was associated with anxiety (aB 0.35, 95% CI 0.24-0.46; aPR 1.74, 95% CI 1.34-2.25) and depressive symptoms (aB 0.27, 95% CI 0.18-0.37; aPR 1.84, 95% CI 1.33-2.54). Using e-devices for ≥61 (vs ≤5) minutes before sleeping was also associated with anxiety (aB 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.31; aPR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.73) and depressive symptoms (aB 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.28; aPR 1.47, 95% CI 1.07-2.02). E-device use both ≤5 minutes after waking and for ≥61 minutes before sleeping was strongly associated with anxiety (aB 0.68, 95% CI 0.47-0.90; aPR 2.64, 95% CI 1.90-3.67) and depressive symptoms (aB 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.74; aPR 2.56, 95% CI 1.69-3.88). CONCLUSIONS E-device use immediately (≤5 minutes) after waking and use for a long duration (≥61 minutes) before sleeping were associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Jae Lee
- School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Tzu Tsun Luk
- School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Ningyuan Guo
- School of Nursing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | | | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
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Yu S, Sussman S. Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E422. [PMID: 31936316 PMCID: PMC7014405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high accessibility and mobility of smartphones, widespread and pervasive smartphone use has become the social norm, exposing users to various health and other risk factors. There is, however, a debate on whether addiction to smartphone use is a valid behavioral addiction that is distinct from similar conditions, such as Internet and gaming addiction. The goal of this review is to gather and integrate up-to-date research on measures of smartphone addiction (SA) and problematic smartphone use (PSU) to better understand (a) if they are distinct from other addictions that merely use the smartphone as a medium, and (b) how the disorder(s) may fall on a continuum of addictive behaviors that at some point could be considered an addiction. A systematic literature search adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was conducted to find all relevant articles on SA and PSU published between 2017 and 2019. A total of 108 articles were included in the current review. Most studies neither distinguished SA from other technological addictions nor clarified whether SA was an addiction to the actual smartphone device or to the features that the device offers. Most studies also did not directly base their research on a theory to explain the etiologic origins or causal pathways of SA and its associations. Suggestions are made regarding how to address SA as an emerging behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Elkholy H, Elhabiby M, Ibrahim I. Rates of Alexithymia and Its Association With Smartphone Addiction Among a Sample of University Students in Egypt. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:304. [PMID: 32425823 PMCID: PMC7212412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alexithymia is characterized by difficulties in describing feelings. Many studies have shown that there is a relation between alexithymia and different types of addictions. Nowadays, smartphone addiction is proposed to be a global problem. The current study focuses on the rates of alexithymia and its association with smartphone addiction in an Egyptian university. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Ain Shams University. A sample of 200 university students was surveyed using Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) and Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version (SAS-SV). RESULTS The results showed that 44 students (22%) had alexithymia. It was also found that around one third of the sample (N=65, 32.5%) met the criteria of smartphone addiction. There was a strong association between alexithymia and smartphone addiction (OR=4.33, 95% CI 2.15-8.74, p= < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study supports existing literature indicating the strong association between alexithymia and smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien Elkholy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elhabiby
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Islam Ibrahim
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Yang SY, Fu SH, Chen KL, Hsieh PL, Lin PH. Relationships between depression, health‑related behaviors, and internet addiction in female junior college students. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220784. [PMID: 31398212 PMCID: PMC6688785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depressive emotions can lead to subsequent unhealthy behaviors such as Internet addiction, especially in female adolescents; therefore, studies that examine the relationships among depression, health‑related behaviors, and Internet addiction in female adolescents are warranted. Purpose To examine (1) the relationship between depression and health-related behaviors and (2) the relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Method A cross-sectional study design was adopted using a structured questionnaire to measure depression, health-related behaviors, and Internet addiction in female adolescents. The data were collected from students of a junior college in southern Taiwan using convenience sampling to select the participants. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: demographics, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Results The final sample comprised 503 female junior college students, with the participants mainly aged between 15 to 22 years (mean age = 17.30 years, SD = 1.34). Regarding the HPLP scores, the overall score, nutrition subscale score, and self-actualization subscale score were significantly and negatively associated with the CES-D depression score (p < 0.05–0.01). In other words, depression level was lower in students who exhibited more healthy behaviors, put more emphasis on dietary health, and had higher levels of self-admiration and confidence toward life. Regarding the IAT scores, the overall score and six domain scores were all positively associated (p < 0.01) to the CES-D depression score. In other words, the higher an individual’s Internet addiction score was, the higher her depression level was. Conclusions The results confirmed the relationship between depression, health-related behaviors, and Internet addiction. The cultivation of health-related behaviors may help in lowering depressive symptoms. Teenagers with depression have higher risks of developing Internet addiction, and such addiction is likely to affect their daily functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hau Fu
- Department of Acupressure Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, College of Health, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Lin PH, Lee YC, Chen KL, Hsieh PL, Yang SY, Lin YL. The Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Internet Addiction Among Female College Students. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:599. [PMID: 31249504 PMCID: PMC6582255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 40% of Taiwanese College students experience sleep problems that not only impair their quality of life but also contribute to psychosomatic disorders. Of all the factors affecting the sleep quality, internet surfing is among one of the most prevalent. Female college students are more vulnerable to internet-associated sleep disorders than their male counterparts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate (1) the relationship between internet addiction and sleep quality, and (2) whether significant variations in sleep quality exist among students with different degrees of internet use. METHODS This structured questionnaire-based cross-sectional study enrolled students from a technical institute in southern Taiwan. The questionnaire collected information on the following three aspects: (1) demography, (2) sleep quality with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and (3) severity of internet addiction using a 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the correlation between PSQI and IAT scores among the participants. Logistic analysis was used to determine the significance of association between PSQI and IAT scores. RESULTS In total, 503 female students were recruited (mean age 17.05 ± 1.34). After controlling for age, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, religion, and habitual use of smartphone before sleep, internet addiction was found to be significantly associated with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Worse quality of sleep as reflected by PSQI was noted in students with moderate and severe degrees of internet addiction compared to those with mild or no internet addiction. Logistic regression analysis of the association between scores on IAT and sleep quality, demonstrated significant correlations between quality of sleep and total IAT scores (odds ratio = 1.05:1.03 ∼ 1.06, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated significant negative association between the degree of internet addiction and sleep quality, providing reference for educational institutes to minimize adverse effects associated with internet use and improve students' sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Lee
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, College of Health, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Lin
- Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chiang JT, Chang FC, Lee KW, Hsu SY. Transitions in smartphone addiction proneness among children: The effect of gender and use patterns. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217235. [PMID: 31145738 PMCID: PMC6542513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the incidence of transitions in smartphone addiction proneness (SAP) among children and examined the effects of gender, use patterns (social networking sites (SNSs) use and smartphone gaming) and depression on smartphone addiction transitions. METHODS A representative sample of 2,155 children from Taipei completed longitudinal surveys in both 2015 (5th grade) and 2016 (6th grade). Latent transition analysis (LTA) was used to characterize transitions in SAP and to examine the effects of gender, use patterns and depression on SAP transitions. RESULTS LTA identified four latent statuses of SAP: about half of the children were in non-SAP status, one-fifth were in tolerance status, one-sixth were in withdrawal status, and one-seventh were in high-SAP status. Both boys and girls had a higher prevalence of high-SAP and tolerance in 6th grade than in 5th grade, whereas in both grades boys had a higher prevalence of high-SAP and withdrawal, and girls had a higher prevalence of non-SAP and tolerance. Controlling for parents' education, family structure, and household income, higher use of SNSs by children, increasing use of mobile gaming and higher levels of depression were individually associated with increased odds of being in one of the three SAP statuses other than non-SAP. When all three covariates were jointly entered into the model, usage of SNSs and depression remained significant predictors. CONCLUSION Both boys and girls tended to transition to tolerance or high-SAP statuses, while children's depression and their usage of SNSs increased the risk of smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Tung Chiang
- Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Ching Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kun-Wei Lee
- Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang PY, Chen KL, Yang SY, Lin PH. Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214769. [PMID: 30943270 PMCID: PMC6447181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smartphone usage has become commonplace and impact on sleep quality among adolescents. Adolescent girls have a greater tendency toward sleep quality problems. However, relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students has not been studied. OBJECTIVES This study had the two goals: to investigate the relationship between female college students' sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors, and to identify predictors of sleep quality. METHODS This study employed a cross-sectional research approach to gather 409 subjects at a junior college in southern Taiwan, and used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, assessment of smartphone dependence, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Logistic regression analysis was employed to check for any association between sleep quality and smartphone dependence or HPLP. RESULTS Sleep quality was significantly associated with degree of smartphone dependence, total HPLP score, and scores on the four HPLP subscales of nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior. The lower the subjects' degree of smartphone dependence was, the better their sleep quality was. Furthermore, the degree of smartphone dependence and total HPLP score were significant predictors of sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone dependence is associated with poor sleep quality among female college students. Improving health-related behaviors (nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior) can also promote improvement in sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin CY, Imani V, Broström A, Årestedt K, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the 7-Item Persian Game Addiction Scale for Iranian Adolescents. Front Psychol 2019; 10:149. [PMID: 30804841 PMCID: PMC6370725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS) is a brief instrument based on DSM criteria to assess gaming addiction. Although the psychometric properties of the GAS have been tested using classical test theory, its psychometric properties have never been tested using modern test theory (e.g., Rasch analysis). The present study used a large adolescent sample in Iran to test the psychometric properties of the Persian GAS through both classical test and modern test theories. Adolescents (n = 4442; mean age = 15.3 years; 50.3% males) were recruited from Qazvin, Iran. In addition to the GAS, all of them completed the following instruments: the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a generic quality of life instrument. Two weeks later, all participants completed the GAS again. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were used to test the unidimensionality of the GAS. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the test-retest reliability, and a regression model was used to test the criterion-related validity of the GAS. Both CFA and Rasch analysis supported the unidimensionality of the GAS. Pearson correlations coefficients showed satisfactory test-retest reliability of the GAS (r = 0.78 to 0.86), and the regression model demonstrated the criterion-related validity of the GAS (β = 0.31 with IGDS-SF9; 0.41 with PSQI). Based on the results, the Persian GAS is a reliable and valid instrument for healthcare providers to assess the level of gaming addiction among Persian-speaking adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Vida Imani
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- The Research Section, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Lin PH, Yang SY, Chen KL, Wang PY. Relationships among health-related behaviors, smartphone dependence, and sleep duration in female junior college students. SOCIAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/shb.shb_44_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lin CY, Imani V, Broström A, Nilsen P, Fung XCC, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Among Iranian Adolescents: A Psychometric Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Lin CY, Ganji M, Pontes HM, Imani V, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian Internet Disorder Scale among adolescents. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:665-675. [PMID: 30264609 PMCID: PMC6426385 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Given the growing epidemiological research interest concerning Internet addiction, brief instruments with a robust theoretical basis are warranted. The Internet Disorder Scale (IDS-15) is one such instrument that can be used to quickly assess the Internet addiction in an individual. However, only two language versions of the IDS-15 have been developed. This study translated the IDS-15 into Persian and examined its psychometric properties using comprehensive psychometric testing. METHODS After ensuring the linguistic validity of the Persian IDS-15, 1,272 adolescents (mean age = 15.53 years; 728 males) completed the IDS-15, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Rasch models, regression analysis, and latent profile analysis (LPA) were carried out to test the psychometric properties of the Persian IDS-15. RESULTS Both CFA and Rasch supported the construct validity of the Persian IDS-15. Multigroup analysis in CFA and differential item functioning in Rasch indicated that male and female adolescents interpreted the IDS-15 items similarly. Regression analysis showed that the IDS-15 correlated with IGDS9-SF and BSMAS (ΔR2 = .12 and .36, respectively) is stronger than the DASS (ΔR2 = .03-.05). LPA based on IDS-15 suggests three subgroups for the sample. Significant differences in depression, anxiety, IGDS9-SF, and BSMAS were found among the three LPA subgroups. CONCLUSION The Persian IDS-15 has robust psychometric properties as evidenced by both classical test theory and Rasch analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Maryam Ganji
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Halley M. Pontes
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vida Imani
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Anders Broström
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran,Corresponding author: Amir H. Pakpour, PhD, Associate Professor; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDH), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran; Phone/Fax: +98 28 3323 9259; E-mails: ;
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