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ten Hove M, Smyris A, Booijink R, Wachsmuth L, Hansen U, Alic L, Faber C, Hӧltke C, Bansal R. Engineered SPIONs functionalized with endothelin a receptor antagonist ameliorate liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:406-426. [PMID: 38855059 PMCID: PMC11157122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1/endothelin A receptor (ET-1/ETAR) pathway plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) - a key cell type involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Inactivating HSCs by blocking the ET-1/ETAR pathway using a selective ETAR antagonist (ERA) represents a promising therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis. Unfortunately, small-molecule ERAs possess limited clinical potential due to poor bioavailability, short half-life, and rapid renal clearance. To improve the clinical applicability, we conjugated ERA to superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and investigated the therapeutic efficacy of ERA and ERA-SPIONs in vitro and in vivo and analyzed liver uptake by in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), HSCs-specific localization, and ET-1/ETAR-pathway antagonism in vivo. In murine and human liver fibrosis/cirrhosis, we observed overexpression of ET-1 and ETAR that correlated with HSC activation, and HSC-specific localization of ETAR. ERA and successfully synthesized ERA-SPIONs demonstrated significant attenuation in TGFβ-induced HSC activation, ECM production, migration, and contractility. In an acute CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model, ERA-SPIONs exhibited higher liver uptake, HSC-specific localization, and ET-1/ETAR pathway antagonism. This resulted in significantly reduced liver-to-body weight ratio, plasma ALT levels, and α-SMA and collagen-I expression, indicating attenuation of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the delivery of ERA using SPIONs enhances the therapeutic efficacy of ERA in vivo. This approach holds promise as a theranostic strategy for the MRI-based diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit ten Hove
- Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Bioengineering Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Smyris
- Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Bioengineering Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Richell Booijink
- Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Bioengineering Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lejla Alic
- Department of Magnetic Detection and Imaging, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Hӧltke
- Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Bioengineering Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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2
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Bongiovanni G, Tonutti A, Stainer A, Nigro M, Kellogg DL, Nambiar A, Gramegna A, Mantero M, Voza A, Blasi F, Aliberti S, Amati F. Vasoactive drugs for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung diseases: a systematic review. BMJ Open Respir Res 2024; 11:e002161. [PMID: 38479818 PMCID: PMC10941167 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vasoactive drugs have exhibited clinical efficacy in addressing pulmonary arterial hypertension, manifesting a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary hypertension may complicate advanced interstitial lung disease (PH-ILD) and is associated with high rates of disability, hospitalisation due to cardiac and respiratory illnesses, and mortality. Prior management hinged on treating the underlying lung disease and comorbidities. However, the INCREASE trial of inhaled treprostinil in PH-ILD has demonstrated that PH-ILD can be effectively treated with vasoactive drugs. METHODS This comprehensive systematic review examines the evidence for vasoactive drugs in the management of PH-ILD. RESULTS A total of 1442 pubblications were screened, 11 RCTs were considered for quantitative synthesis. Unfortunately, the salient studies are limited by population heterogeneity, short-term follow-up and the selection of outcomes with uncertain clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review underscores the necessity of establishing a precision medicine-oriented strategy, directed at uncovering and addressing the intricate cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of PH-ILD. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023457482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Tonutti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Stainer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Nigro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Dean L Kellogg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Anoop Nambiar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea Gramegna
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Mantero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- Emergency Medicine Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Amati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Mucke HAM. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications April-June 2023. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:288-295. [PMID: 37668595 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
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4
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Dwivedi NV, Datta S, El-Kersh K, Sadikot RT, Ganti AK, Batra SK, Jain M. GPCRs and fibroblast heterogeneity in fibroblast-associated diseases. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23101. [PMID: 37486603 PMCID: PMC10916681 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse class of signaling receptors. GPCRs regulate many functions in the human body and have earned the title of "most targeted receptors". About one-third of the commercially available drugs for various diseases target the GPCRs. Fibroblasts lay the architectural skeleton of the body, and play a key role in supporting the growth, maintenance, and repair of almost all tissues by responding to the cellular cues via diverse and intricate GPCR signaling pathways. This review discusses the dynamic architecture of the GPCRs and their intertwined signaling in pathological conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, and cancer as opposed to the GPCR signaling of fibroblasts in physiological conditions. Understanding the dynamics of GPCR signaling in fibroblasts with disease progression can help in the recognition of the complex interplay of different GPCR subtypes in fibroblast-mediated diseases. This review highlights the importance of designing and adaptation of next-generation strategies such as GPCR-omics, focused target identification, polypharmacology, and effective personalized medicine approaches to achieve better therapeutic outcomes for fibrosis and fibrosis associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi V Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Souvik Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Karim El-Kersh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System
| | - Apar K. Ganti
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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5
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Gautam SK, Dalal V, Sajja BR, Gupta S, Gulati M, Dwivedi NV, Aithal A, Cox JL, Rachagani S, Liu Y, Chung V, Salgia R, Batra SK, Jain M. Endothelin-axis antagonism enhances tumor perfusion in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 544:215801. [PMID: 35732216 PMCID: PMC10198578 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents in pancreatic cancer (PC) is impaired due to its hypovascular and desmoplastic tumor microenvironment. The Endothelin (ET)-axis is the major regulator of vasomotor tone under physiological conditions and is highly upregulated in multiple cancers. We investigated the effect of dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on perfusion and macromolecular transport in a PC cell-fibroblast co-implantation tumor model using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI). Following bosentan treatment, the contrast enhancement ratio and wash-in rates in tumors were two- and nine times higher, respectively, compared to the controls, whereas the time to peak was significantly shorter (7.29 ± 1.29 min v/s 22.08 ± 5.88 min; p = 0.04). Importantly, these effects were tumor selective as the magnitudes of change for these parameters were much lower in muscles. Bosentan treatment also reduced desmoplasia and improved intratumoral distribution of high molecular weight FITC-dextran. Overall, these findings support that targeting the ET-axis can serve as a potential strategy to selectively enhance tumor perfusion and improve the delivery of therapeutic agents in pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Vipin Dalal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Balasrinivasa R Sajja
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Suprit Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Nidhi V Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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6
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Sehgal A, Behl T, Singh S, Sharma N, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Aleya L, Sharma A, Bungau S. Exploring the pivotal role of endothelin in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1555-1567. [PMID: 36029362 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and systemic disease characterized by progressive and prolonged destruction of joints. This results in increased mortality, physical disability and destruction. Cardiovascular disorders are one of the primary causes of mortality in patients with RA. It is multifactorial in nature and includes genetic, environmental and demographic factors which contribute to the severity of disease. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a peptide which acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and is generated through vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Endothelins may be responsible for RA, as under certain circumstances they produce reactive oxygen species which further promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This enhances the production of superoxide anion, which activates pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in RA. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of endothelin in the progression of RA. This review also summarizes the natural and synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs which have provided remarkable insights in targeting endothelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Aditi Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.,Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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7
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Schimmel K, Ichimura K, Reddy S, Haddad F, Spiekerkoetter E. Cardiac Fibrosis in the Pressure Overloaded Left and Right Ventricle as a Therapeutic Target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:886553. [PMID: 35600469 PMCID: PMC9120363 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.886553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a remodeling process of the extracellular matrix (ECM) following cardiac stress. "Replacement fibrosis" is a term used to describe wound healing in the acute phase of an injury, such as myocardial infarction. In striking contrast, ECM remodeling following chronic pressure overload insidiously develops over time as "reactive fibrosis" leading to diffuse interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition that continuously perturbs the function of the left (L) or the right ventricle (RV). Examples for pressure-overload conditions resulting in reactive fibrosis in the LV are systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis, whereas pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or congenital heart disease with right sided obstructive lesions such as pulmonary stenosis result in RV reactive fibrosis. In-depth phenotyping of cardiac fibrosis has made it increasingly clear that both forms, replacement and reactive fibrosis co-exist in various etiologies of heart failure. While the role of fibrosis in the pathogenesis of RV heart failure needs further assessment, reactive fibrosis in the LV is a pathological hallmark of adverse cardiac remodeling that is correlated with or potentially might even drive both development and progression of heart failure (HF). Further, LV reactive fibrosis predicts adverse outcome in various myocardial diseases and contributes to arrhythmias. The ability to effectively block pathological ECM remodeling of the LV is therefore an important medical need. At a cellular level, the cardiac fibroblast takes center stage in reactive fibrotic remodeling of the heart. Activation and proliferation of endogenous fibroblast populations are the major source of synthesis, secretion, and deposition of collagens in response to a variety of stimuli. Enzymes residing in the ECM are responsible for collagen maturation and cross-linking. Highly cross-linked type I collagen stiffens the ventricles and predominates over more elastic type III collagen in pressure-overloaded conditions. Research has attempted to identify pro-fibrotic drivers causing fibrotic remodeling. Single key factors such as Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) have been described and subsequently targeted to test their usefulness in inhibiting fibrosis in cultured fibroblasts of the ventricles, and in animal models of cardiac fibrosis. More recently, modulation of phenotypic behaviors like inhibition of proliferating fibroblasts has emerged as a strategy to reduce pathogenic cardiac fibroblast numbers in the heart. Some studies targeting LV reactive fibrosis as outlined above have successfully led to improvements of cardiac structure and function in relevant animal models. For the RV, fibrosis research is needed to better understand the evolution and roles of fibrosis in RV failure. RV fibrosis is seen as an integral part of RV remodeling and presents at varying degrees in patients with PAH and animal models replicating the disease of RV afterload. The extent to which ECM remodeling impacts RV function and thus patient survival is less clear. In this review, we describe differences as well as common characteristics and key players in ECM remodeling of the LV vs. the RV in response to pressure overload. We review pre-clinical studies assessing the effect of anti-fibrotic drug candidates on LV and RV function and their premise for clinical testing. Finally, we discuss the mode of action, safety and efficacy of anti-fibrotic drugs currently tested for the treatment of left HF in clinical trials, which might guide development of new approaches to target right heart failure. We touch upon important considerations and knowledge gaps to be addressed for future clinical testing of anti-fibrotic cardiac therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schimmel
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kenzo Ichimura
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sushma Reddy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Francois Haddad
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Edda Spiekerkoetter,
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8
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Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell-type-specific diversification in human heart failure. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:263-280. [PMID: 35959412 PMCID: PMC9364913 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Single-cell transcriptomics have revolutionized our understanding of cell composition and associated gene expression. Through integrated analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data generated from 27 healthy donors and 18 individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy, here we define the cell composition of the healthy and failing human heart. We identify cell-specific transcriptional signatures associated with age and heart failure and reveal the emergence of disease-associated cell states. Notably, cardiomyocytes converge toward common disease-associated cell states, whereas fibroblasts and myeloid cells undergo dramatic diversification. Endothelial cells and pericytes display global transcriptional shifts without changes in cell complexity. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the cellular and transcriptomic landscape of human heart failure, identify cell type-specific transcriptional programs and disease-associated cell states and establish a valuable resource for the investigation of human heart failure.
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Abstract
Patients with advanced lung disease can develop pulmonary hypertension and succumb to right ventricular failure/cor pulmonale. Patients with pulmonary hypertension owing to chronic lung disease, or World Health Organization group 3 pulmonary hypertension, are more limited and carry a high risk of mortality. Adjunctive therapies remain the cornerstones of treatment. Recent evidence suggests that inhaled pulmonary vasodilator therapy can be helpful in patients with pulmonary hypertension owing to interstitial lung disease. Lung transplantation may be the only life-saving option in select patients, whereas palliative care and hospice should be sought for those who are not candidates as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Ahmad
- Transplant Department, Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant, Inova Fairfax Medical Center, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA.
| | - Vikramjit Khangoora
- Transplant Department, Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant, Inova Fairfax Medical Center, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Steven D Nathan
- Transplant Department, Advanced Lung Disease and Lung Transplant, Inova Fairfax Medical Center, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
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10
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Liukkonen MPK, Paterno JJ, Kivinen N, Siintamo L, Koskela AKJ, Kaarniranta K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related serum markers ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 are elevated in a Finnish wet age-related macular degeneration cohort. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:e1153-e1162. [PMID: 34699684 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur in the retinal pigment epithelium of advanced stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Various serum and plasma growth factors and inflammatory mediators have been linked to AMD. We were interested in finding out whether systemic levels of EMT-associated markers were altered in the serum of wet AMD patients. Serum biomarkers associated with the various pathological processes of AMD may present an avenue towards identifying and characterizing the birth mechanisms of wet AMD, its progression and severity, paving the way towards the application of precision medicine. METHODS We chose to measure the serum levels of known biomarkers of EMT - EGF (epidermal growth factor), ET-1 (endothelin 1), IL-8 (interleukin 8), TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 2) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) - using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We measured them from 71 Finnish wet AMD patients who were receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF-A injection treatments, as well as 64 age-adjusted controls. RESULTS We found significantly elevated levels of ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 in the serums of wet AMD patients. CONCLUSIONS ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 appear to be useful serum biomarkers in understanding active wet AMD. However, we cannot conclude that local retinal EMT-processes could be observed from the corresponding systemic serum biomarkers in patients undergoing anti-VEGF-A treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko P. K. Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi J. Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Niko Kivinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Leea Siintamo
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Ali K. J. Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
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11
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The Causal Relationship between Endothelin-1 and Hypertension: Focusing on Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Remodeling, and Blood Pressure Regulation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090986. [PMID: 34575135 PMCID: PMC8472034 DOI: 10.3390/life11090986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. It is currently thought to be the result of disturbances in a number of neural, renal, hormonal, and vascular mechanisms regulating blood pressure (BP), so crucial importance is given to the imbalance of a number of vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium. Decreased nitric oxide production and increased production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the vascular wall may promote oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, with the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and increased vasoconstrictor activity. Increased ET-1 production can contribute to arterial aging and the development of atherosclerotic changes, which are associated with increased arterial stiffness and manifestation of isolated systolic HTN. In addition, ET-1 is involved in the complex regulation of BP through synergistic interactions with angiotensin II, regulates the production of catecholamines and sympathetic activity, affects renal hemodynamics and water–salt balance, and regulates baroreceptor activity and myocardial contractility. This review focuses on the relationship between ET-1 and HTN and in particular on the key role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of ED, arterial structural changes, and impaired vascular regulation of BP. The information presented includes basic concepts on the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of HTN without going into detailed analyses, which allows it to be used by a wide range of specialists. Also, the main pathological processes and mechanisms are richly illustrated for better understanding.
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Torres Crigna A, Link B, Samec M, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:265-305. [PMID: 34367381 PMCID: PMC8334338 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Son S, Shin JM, Shin S, Kim CH, Lee JA, Ko H, Lee ES, Jung JM, Kim J, Park JH. Repurposing macitentan with nanoparticle modulates tumor microenvironment to potentiate immune checkpoint blockade. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121058. [PMID: 34399119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT), which reinvigorates cytotoxic T cells, provides clinical benefits as an alternative to conventional cancer therapies. However, its clinical response rate is too low to treat an immune-excluded tumor, owing to the presence of abundant stromal elements impeding the penetration of immune cells. Here, we report that macitentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension, can be repositioned to modulate the desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME). In the 4T1 orthotopic tumor model, the polymeric nanoparticles bearing macitentan (M-NPs) prevent fibrotic progression by regulating the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts, attenuate the biogenesis of cancer cell-derived exosomes, and modulate the T cell subsets and distribution in TME. These results demonstrate that the M-NPs effectively reorganize the immunosuppressive TME by targeting the endothelin-1 axis and consequently exhibit synergistic antitumor effects in combination with ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Son
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), 75 Jangsan-ro 101-gil, Janghang-eup, Seocheon, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ah Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Ko
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Dolivo D, Rodrigues A, Sun L, Li Y, Hou C, Galiano R, Hong SJ, Mustoe T. The Na x (SCN7A) channel: an atypical regulator of tissue homeostasis and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5469-5488. [PMID: 34100980 PMCID: PMC11072345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within an articulately characterized family of ion channels, the voltage-gated sodium channels, exists a black sheep, SCN7A (Nax). Nax, in contrast to members of its molecular family, has lost its voltage-gated character and instead rapidly evolved a new function as a concentration-dependent sensor of extracellular sodium ions and subsequent signal transducer. As it deviates fundamentally in function from the rest of its family, and since the bulk of the impressive body of literature elucidating the pathology and biochemistry of voltage-gated sodium channels has been performed in nervous tissue, reports of Nax expression and function have been sparse. Here, we investigate available reports surrounding expression and potential roles for Nax activity outside of nervous tissue. With these studies as justification, we propose that Nax likely acts as an early sensor that detects loss of tissue homeostasis through the pathological accumulation of extracellular sodium and/or through endothelin signaling. Sensation of homeostatic aberration via Nax then proceeds to induce pathological tissue phenotypes via promotion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses, induced through direct regulation of gene expression or through the generation of secondary signaling molecules, such as lactate, that can operate in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. We hope that our synthesis of much of the literature investigating this understudied protein will inspire more research into Nax not simply as a biochemical oddity, but also as a potential pathophysiological regulator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Adrian Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren Sun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yingxing Li
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Chun Hou
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 300 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Hua HS, Wen HC, Weng CM, Lee HS, Chen BC, Lin CH. Histone deacetylase 7 mediates endothelin-1-induced connective tissue growth factor expression in human lung fibroblasts through p300 and activator protein-1 activation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:38. [PMID: 34011384 PMCID: PMC8135160 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition was reported to ameliorate lung fibrosis in animal models. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism of HDAC7 in the regulation of CTGF production in lung fibroblasts. Methods The role of HDAC7 in CTGF production caused by ET-1 stimulation in WI-38 cells (human lung fibroblast) was examined. We also evaluated the expression of HDAC7 in the lung of ovalbumin-induced airway fibrosis model. Statistical data were shown as mean ± standard error. Results ET-1-stimulated CTGF and α-SMA expression was attenuated by small interfering (si)RNA interference of HDAC7. ET-1 promoted HDAC7 translocation from the cytosol to nucleus. ET-1-stimulated CTGF expression was reduced by the transfection of p300 siRNA. ET-1 induced an increase in p300 activity. Furthermore, the acetylation of c-Jun was time-dependently induced by ET-1 stimulation, which was reduced by transfection of either HDAC7 or p300 siRNA. Both transfection of HDAC7 and p300 siRNA suppressed the ET-1-increased activity of AP-1-luciferase. Moreover, the presence of HDAC7 was required for ET-1-stimulated formation of HDAC7, p300, and AP-1 complex and recruitment to the CTGF promoter region. In an ovalbumin-induced airway fibrosis model, the protein level of HDAC7 was increased in the lung tissue, and the distribution of HDAC7 was colocalized with α-SMA-positive cells in the subepithelial layer of the airway. Conclusions ET-1 activates HDAC7 to initiate AP-1 transcriptional activity by recruiting p300 and eventually promotes the production of CTGF. HDAC7 might play a vital role in airway fibrosis and have the potential to be developed as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Sheng Hua
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Ching Wen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Weng
- School of Respiratory Therapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,School of Respiratory Therapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062996. [PMID: 33804258 PMCID: PMC7999025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx, the gel layer covering the endothelium, is composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adsorbed plasma proteins. This structure modulates vessels’ mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Thus, it regulates several physiological and pathological events. In the present review, we described the mechanisms that disturb glycocalyx stability such as reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases, and heparanase. We then focused our attention on the role of glycocalyx degradation in the induction of profibrotic events and on the possible pharmacological strategies to preserve this delicate structure.
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Webber M, Jackson SP, Moon JC, Captur G. Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Failure: Anti-Fibrotic Therapies and the Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Drug Trials. Cardiol Ther 2020; 9:363-376. [PMID: 32862327 PMCID: PMC7584719 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-020-00199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All heart muscle diseases that cause chronic heart failure finally converge into one dreaded pathological process that is myocardial fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis predicts major adverse cardiovascular events and death, yet we are still missing the targeted therapies capable of halting and/or reversing its progression. Fundamentally it is a problem of disproportionate extracellular collagen accumulation that is part of normal myocardial ageing and accentuated in certain disease states. In this article we discuss the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging biomarkers to track fibrosis and collate results from the most promising animal and human trials of anti-fibrotic therapies to date. We underscore the ever-growing role of CMR in determining the efficacy of such drugs and encourage future trialists to turn to CMR when designing their surrogate study endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Webber
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, Fitzrovia, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - James C Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Barts Heart Centre, West Smithfield, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, Fitzrovia, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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18
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Enevoldsen FC, Sahana J, Wehland M, Grimm D, Infanger M, Krüger M. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists: Status Quo and Future Perspectives for Targeted Therapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030824. [PMID: 32197449 PMCID: PMC7141375 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelin axis, recognized for its vasoconstrictive action, plays a central role in the pathology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Treatment with approved endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), such as bosentan, ambrisentan, or macitentan, slow down PAH progression and relieves symptoms. Several findings have indicated that endothelin is further involved in the pathogenesis of certain other diseases, making ERAs potentially beneficial in the treatment of various conditions. In addition to PAH, this review summarizes the use and perspectives of ERAs in cancer, renal disease, fibrotic disorders, systemic scleroderma, vasospasm, and pain management. Bosentan has proven to be effective in systemic sclerosis PAH and in decreasing the development of vasospasm-related digital ulcers. The selective ERA clazosentan has been shown to be effective in preventing cerebral vasospasm and delaying ischemic neurological deficits and new infarcts. Furthermore, in the SONAR (Study Of Diabetic Nephropathy With Atrasentan) trial, the selective ERA atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. These data suggest atrasentan as a new therapy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy and possibly other renal diseases. Preclinical studies regarding heart failure, cancer, and fibrotic diseases have demonstrated promising effects, but clinical trials have not yet produced measurable results. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of ERAs may not be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik C. Enevoldsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (F.C.E.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (F.C.E.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (F.C.E.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6721267
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van der Vlag J, Buijsers B. Heparanase in Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:647-667. [PMID: 32274730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary filtration of blood occurs in the glomerulus in the kidney. Destruction of any of the layers of the glomerular filtration barrier might result in proteinuric disease. The glomerular endothelial cells and especially its covering layer, the glycocalyx, play a pivotal role in development of albuminuria. One of the main sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is heparan sulfate. The endoglycosidase heparanase degrades heparan sulfate, thereby affecting glomerular barrier function, immune reactivity and inflammation. Increased expression of glomerular heparanase correlates with loss of glomerular heparan sulfate in many glomerular diseases. Most importantly, heparanase knockout in mice prevented the development of albuminuria after induction of experimental diabetic nephropathy and experimental glomerulonephritis. Therefore, heparanase could serve as a pharmacological target for glomerular diseases. Several factors that regulate heparanase expression and activity have been identified and compounds aiming to inhibit heparanase activity are currently explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology (480), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Feng Y, Sun ZL, Liu SY, Wu JJ, Zhao BH, Lv GZ, Du Y, Yu S, Yang ML, Yuan FL, Zhou XJ. Direct and Indirect Roles of Macrophages in Hypertrophic Scar Formation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1101. [PMID: 31555142 PMCID: PMC6724447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from abnormal responses to trauma, and could cause serious functional and cosmetic disability. To date, no optimal treatment method has been established. A variety of cell types are involved in hypertrophic scar formation after wound healing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular origins of hypertrophic scars are not fully understood. Macrophages are major effector cells in the immune response after tissue injury that orchestrates the process of wound healing. Depending on the local microenvironment, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes at different stages during scar pathogenesis. This review intends to summarize the direct and indirect roles of macrophages during hypertrophic scar formation. The in vivo depletion of macrophages or blocking their signaling reduces scar formation in experimental models, thereby establishing macrophages as positive regulatory cells in the skin scar formation. In the future, a significant amount of attention should be given to molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause the phenotypic switch of wound macrophages, which may provide novel therapeutic targets for hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Li Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin-Hong Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Lv
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ming-Lie Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
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21
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Yang L, Liu X, Zhang N, Chen L, Xu J, Tang W. Investigation of circular RNAs and related genes in pulmonary fibrosis based on bioinformatics analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11022-11032. [PMID: 30767300 PMCID: PMC6593700 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a lethal inflammatory disease. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential-related circular RNAs (circRNAs) and genes that are associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis rat models were constructed and the fibrosis deposition was detected using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining. The differentially expressed circRNAs were obtained through RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were further performed to uncover the key function and pathways in pulmonary fibrosis. The interaction networks between circRNAs and their downstream micro RNAs (miRNAs) and genes were constructed by Cytoscape Software. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the expression of 10 candidate circRNAs and five of them were performed ringwise sequencing in pulmonary fibrosis rats. We further selected five candidate circRNAs target miRNAs and messenger RNAs and validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The pulmonary fibrosis models were successfully constructed according to the pathological examination. circRNAs were differentially expressed between the pulmonary fibrosis and normal pulmonary tissues. GO analysis verified that the differentially expressed circRNAs were significantly clustered in the cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. In the KEGG analysis, circRNAs were enriched in the following pathways: antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, HTLV-I infection, and Herpes simplex infection. After validation in pulmonary fibrosis rat models, it was found that five of those circRNAs (chr9:113534327|113546234 [down], chr1:200648164|200672411 [down], chr5:150850432|150865550 [up], chr20:14319170|14326640 [down], and chr10:57634023|57634588 [down]) showed a relatively consistent trend with predictions. Validation of these circRNAs target miRNAs and genes showed that chr9:113534327|113546234, chr20:14319170|14326640, and chr10:57634023|57634588 were implicated in Notch1 activated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The study demonstrated that a series of circRNAs are differentially expressed in pulmonary fibrosis rats. These circRNAs, especially TGF-β- and Notch1-related circRNAs might play an important role in regulating pulmonary fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liteng Yang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical CollegeGuizhouZunyiChina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Lifang Chen
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Wencheng Tang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineShenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
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22
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Aubert JD, Mikulic J, Golshayan D. Fibrogenic Disorders in Human Diseases: From Inflammation to Organ Dysfunction. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9811-9840. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John-David Aubert
- Pneumology Division and Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josip Mikulic
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Abassi Z, Hamoud S, Hassan A, Khamaysi I, Nativ O, Heyman SN, Muhammad RS, Ilan N, Singh P, Hammond E, Zaza G, Lupo A, Onisto M, Bellin G, Masola V, Vlodavsky I, Gambaro G. Involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury: nephroprotective effect of PG545. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34191-34204. [PMID: 28388547 PMCID: PMC5470960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its association with increased morbidity and mortality, therapeutic approaches for AKI are disappointing. This is largely attributed to poor understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI. Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, is involved in extracellular matrix turnover, inflammation, kidney dysfunction, diabetes, fibrosis, angiogenesis and cancer progression. The current study examined the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of ischemic reperfusion (I/R) AKI in a mouse model and the protective effect of PG545, a potent heparanase inhibitor. I/R induced tubular damage and elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to a higher extent in heparanase over-expressing transgenic mice vs. wild type mice. Moreover, TGF-β, vimentin, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, biomarkers of fibrosis, and TNFα, IL6 and endothelin-1, biomarkers of inflammation, were upregulated in I/R induced AKI, primarily in heparanase transgenic mice, suggesting an adverse role of heparanase in the pathogenesis of AKI. Remarkably, pretreatment of mice with PG545 abolished kidney dysfunction and the up-regulation of heparanase, pro-inflammatory (i.e., IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (i.e., TGF-β) genes induced by I/R. The present study provides new insights into the involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of ischemic AKI. Our results demonstrate that heparanase plays a deleterious role in the development of renal injury and kidney dysfunction, attesting heparanase inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omri Nativ
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Neta Ilan
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Antonio Lupo
- Department of Medicine, Renal Unit, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Department of Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Giovani Gambaro
- Department of Medicine, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy
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24
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Sourdon J, Lager F, Viel T, Balvay D, Moorhouse R, Bennana E, Renault G, Tharaux PL, Dhaun N, Tavitian B. Cardiac Metabolic Deregulation Induced by the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Inhibitor Sunitinib is rescued by Endothelin Receptor Antagonism. Theranostics 2017; 7:2757-2774. [PMID: 28824714 PMCID: PMC5562214 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing field of cardio-oncology addresses the side effects of cancer treatment on the cardiovascular system. Here, we explored the cardiotoxicity of the antiangiogenic therapy, sunitinib, in the mouse heart from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective. We showed that sunitinib induces an anaerobic switch of cellular metabolism within the myocardium which is associated with the development of myocardial fibrosis and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction as demonstrated by echocardiography. The capacity of positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to detect the changes in cardiac metabolism caused by sunitinib was dependent on fasting status and duration of treatment. Pan proteomic analysis in the myocardium showed that sunitinib induced (i) an early metabolic switch with enhanced glycolysis and reduced oxidative phosphorylation, and (ii) a metabolic failure to use glucose as energy substrate, similar to the insulin resistance found in type 2 diabetes. Co-administration of the endothelin receptor antagonist, macitentan, to sunitinib-treated animals prevented both metabolic defects, restored glucose uptake and cardiac function, and prevented myocardial fibrosis. These results support the endothelin system in mediating the cardiotoxic effects of sunitinib and endothelin receptor antagonism as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, metabolic and functional imaging can monitor the cardiotoxic effects and the benefits of endothelin antagonism in a theranostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joevin Sourdon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC); INSERM UMR970; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Franck Lager
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Thomas Viel
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC); INSERM UMR970; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Daniel Balvay
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC); INSERM UMR970; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Evangeline Bennana
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
- 3P5 proteomics facility, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1016, Paris 75014, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC); INSERM UMR970; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Tavitian
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC); INSERM UMR970; Université Paris Descartes; Paris, France
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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25
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Fang L, Murphy AJ, Dart AM. A Clinical Perspective of Anti-Fibrotic Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:186. [PMID: 28428753 PMCID: PMC5382201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis are central to various cardiovascular diseases. Research on the mechanisms and therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis has advanced greatly in recent years. However, while many anti-fibrotic treatments have been studied in animal models and seem promising, translation of experimental findings into human patients has been rather limited. Thus, several potential new treatments which have shown to reduce cardiac fibrosis in animal models have either not been tested in humans or proved to be disappointing in clinical trials. A majority of clinical studies are of small size or have not been maintained for long enough periods. In addition, although some conventional therapies, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, have been shown to reduce cardiac fibrosis in humans, cardiac fibrosis persists in patients with heart failure even when treated with these conventional therapies, indicating a need to develop novel and effective anti-fibrotic therapies in cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we summarize anti-fibrotic therapies for cardiovascular disease in humans, discuss the limitations of currently used therapies, along with possible reasons for the failure of so many anti-fibrotic drugs at the clinical level. We will then explore the future directions of anti-fibrotic therapies on cardiovascular disease, and this will include emerging anti-fibrotics that show promise, such as relaxin. A better understanding of the differences between animal models and human pathology, and improved insight into carefully designed trials on appropriate end-points and appropriate dosing need to be considered to identify more effective anti-fibrotics for treating cardiovascular fibrosis in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fang
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony M Dart
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Rieder F, Fiocchi C, Rogler G. Mechanisms, Management, and Treatment of Fibrosis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:340-350.e6. [PMID: 27720839 PMCID: PMC5209279 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, we have learned much about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of intestinal fibrosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Just a decade ago, intestinal strictures were considered to be an inevitable consequence of long-term inflammation in patients who did not respond to anti-inflammatory therapies. Inflammatory bowel diseases-associated fibrosis was seen as an irreversible process that frequently led to intestinal obstructions requiring surgical intervention. This paradigm has changed rapidly, due to the antifibrotic approaches that may become available. We review the mechanisms and diagnosis of this serious complication of inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as factors that predict its progression and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Aubert JD, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Endothelin-Receptor Antagonists beyond Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Cancer and Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8168-88. [PMID: 27266371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin axis and in particular the two endothelin receptors, ETA and ETB, are targets for therapeutic intervention in human diseases. Endothelin-receptor antagonists are in clinical use to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and have been under clinical investigation for the treatment of several other diseases, such as systemic hypertension, cancer, vasospasm, and fibrogenic diseases. In this Perspective, we review the molecules that have been evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as other cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and fibrosis. We will also discuss the therapeutic consequences of receptor selectivity with regard to ETA-selective, ETB-selective, or dual ETA/ETB antagonists. We will also consider which chemical characteristics are relevant to clinical use and the properties of molecules necessary for efficacy in treating diseases against which known molecules displayed suboptimal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-David Aubert
- Pneumology Division and Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) , CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- University Institute of Pathology and Transplantation Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), and University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Garsen M, Lenoir O, Rops ALWMM, Dijkman HB, Willemsen B, van Kuppevelt TH, Rabelink TJ, Berden JHM, Tharaux PL, van der Vlag J. Endothelin-1 Induces Proteinuria by Heparanase-Mediated Disruption of the Glomerular Glycocalyx. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3545-3551. [PMID: 27026367 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of CKD in the Western world. Endothelin receptor antagonists have emerged as a novel treatment for DN, but the mechanisms underlying the protective effect remain unknown. We previously showed that both heparanase and endothelin-1 are essential for the development of DN. Here, we further investigated the role of these proteins in DN, and demonstrated that endothelin-1 activates podocytes to release heparanase. Furthermore, conditioned podocyte culture medium increased glomerular transendothelial albumin passage in a heparanase-dependent manner. In mice, podocyte-specific knockout of the endothelin receptor prevented the diabetes-induced increase in glomerular heparanase expression, consequent reduction in heparan sulfate expression and endothelial glycocalyx thickness, and development of proteinuria observed in wild-type counterparts. Our data suggest that in diabetes, endothelin-1 signaling, as occurs in endothelial activation, induces heparanase expression in the podocyte, damage to the glycocalyx, proteinuria, and renal failure. Thus, prevention of these effects may constitute the mechanism of action of endothelin receptor blockers in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
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29
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Iqbal K, Kelly C. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a perspective review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2015; 7:247-67. [PMID: 26622326 PMCID: PMC4637848 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x15612250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting 0.5-1% of the worldwide population. Whilst predominantly causing chronic pain and inflammation in synovial joints, it is also associated with significant extra-articular manifestations in a large proportion of patients. Among the various pulmonary manifestations, interstitial lung disease (ILD), a progressive fibrotic disease of the lung parenchyma, is the commonest and most important, contributing significantly to increased morbidity and mortality. The most frequent patterns of RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD) are usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. New insights during the past several years have highlighted the epidemiological impact of RA-ILD and have begun to identify factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, human leukocyte antigen haplotype, rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Combined with clinical information, chest examination and pulmonary function testing, high-resolution computed tomography of the chest forms the basis of investigation and allows assessment of subtype and disease extent. The management of RA-ILD is a challenge. Several therapeutic agents have been suggested in the literature but as yet no large randomized controlled trials have been undertaken to guide clinical management. Therapy is further complicated by commonly prescribed drugs of proven articular benefit such as methotrexate, leflunomide (LEF) and anti-tumour necrosis factor α agents having been implicated in both ex novo occurrence and acceleration of existing ILD. Agents that offer promise include immunomodulators such as mycophenolate and rituximab as well as newly studied antifibrotic agents. In this review, we discuss the current literature to evaluate recommendations for the management of RA-ILD and discuss key gaps in our knowledge of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Iqbal
- Department of Medicine at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead & University of Newcastle upon Tyne Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Clive Kelly
- Department of Medicine at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead NE96SX, UK & University of Newcastle upon Tyne Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE14LP, UK
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30
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Greer T, Hao L, Nechyporenko A, Lee S, Vezina CM, Ricke WA, Marker PC, Bjorling DE, Bushman W, Li L. Custom 4-Plex DiLeu Isobaric Labels Enable Relative Quantification of Urinary Proteins in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135415. [PMID: 26267142 PMCID: PMC4534462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative quantification of proteins using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has allowed researchers to compile lists of potential disease markers. These complex quantitative workflows often include isobaric labeling of enzymatically-produced peptides to analyze their relative abundances across multiple samples in a single LC-MS run. Recent efforts by our lab have provided scientists with cost-effective alternatives to expensive commercial labels. Although the quantitative performance of these dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) labels has been reported using known ratios of complex protein and peptide standards, their potential in large-scale proteomics studies using a clinically relevant system has never been investigated. Our work rectifies this oversight by implementing 4-plex DiLeu to quantify proteins in the urine of aging human males who suffer from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Protein abundances in 25 LUTS and 15 control patients were compared, revealing that of the 836 proteins quantified, 50 were found to be differentially expressed (>20% change) and statistically significant (p-value <0.05). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentiated proteins showed that many were involved in inflammatory responses and implicated in fibrosis. While confirmation of individual protein abundance changes would be required to verify protein expression, this study represents the first report using the custom isobaric label, 4-plex DiLeu, to quantify protein abundances in a clinically relevant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Greer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anatoliy Nechyporenko
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Will A. Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Marker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dale E. Bjorling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hu J, Verzi MP, Robinson AS, Tang PLF, Hua LL, Xu SM, Kwok PY, Black BL. Endothelin signaling activates Mef2c expression in the neural crest through a MEF2C-dependent positive-feedback transcriptional pathway. Development 2015; 142:2775-80. [PMID: 26160899 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin signaling is essential for neural crest development, and dysregulated Endothelin signaling is associated with several neural crest-related disorders, including Waardenburg and other syndromes. However, despite the crucial roles of this pathway in neural crest development and disease, the transcriptional effectors directly activated by Endothelin signaling during neural crest development remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we establish that the MADS box transcription factor MEF2C is an immediate downstream transcriptional target and effector of Endothelin signaling in the neural crest. We show that Endothelin signaling activates Mef2c expression in the neural crest through a conserved enhancer in the Mef2c locus and that CRISPR-mediated deletion of this Mef2c neural crest enhancer from the mouse genome abolishes Endothelin induction of Mef2c expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that Endothelin signaling activates neural crest expression of Mef2c by de-repressing MEF2C activity through a Calmodulin-CamKII-histone deacetylase signaling cascade. Thus, these findings identify a MEF2C-dependent, positive-feedback mechanism for Endothelin induction and establish MEF2C as an immediate transcriptional effector and target of Endothelin signaling in the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Hu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ashley S Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul Ling-Fung Tang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa L Hua
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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32
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The effects of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furanchalcone on the pressure overload-induced progression of cardiac hypertrophy to cardiac failure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91834. [PMID: 24622486 PMCID: PMC3951494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furanchalcone (MHBFC), which was isolated from the roots of Millettia pulchra (Benth.) Kurz var. Laxior (Dunn) Z.Wei (Papilionaceae) (MKL), on the progression of cardiac hypertrophy to failure in a rat model of abdominal aortic banding (AAB)-induced pressure overloading. Endothelial dysfunction is central to pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. It would be useful to clarify whether MHBFC could prevent this dysfunction. The effects of pressure overload were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats 6 weeks after AAB using the progression of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure as the endpoint. The AAB-treated rats exhibited a greater progression to heart failure and had significantly elevated blood pressure, systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction, and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). LVH was characterized by increases in the ratios of heart and left ventricular weights to body weight, increased myocyte cross-sectional areas, myocardial and perivascular fibrosis, and elevated cardiac hydroxyproline. These symptoms could be prevented by treatment with MHBFC at daily oral doses of 6 and 12 mg/kg for 6 weeks. The progression to cardiac failure, which was demonstrated by increases in relative lung and right ventricular weights, cardiac function disorders and overexpression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) mRNA, could also be prevented. Furthermore, MHBFC partialy rescued the downregulated nitric oxide signaling system, whereas inhibited the upregulated endothelin signaling system, normalizing the balance between these two systems. MHBFC protected the endothelium and prevented the pressure overload-induced progression of cardiac hypertrophy to cardiac failure.
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33
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Weng CM, Yu CC, Kuo ML, Chen BC, Lin CH. Endothelin-1 induces connective tissue growth factor expression in human lung fibroblasts by ETAR-dependent JNK/AP-1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:402-11. [PMID: 24486572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) acts as a key mediator of vasoconstriction and tissue repair. Overproduction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) underlies the development of lung fibrosis. ET-1 induces expression of matrix-associated genes in lung fibroblasts, however, little is known about the signaling pathway of CTGF expression caused by ET-1. In this study, we found that ET-1 caused concentration- and time-dependently increases in CTGF expression in human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (WI-38). ET-1-induced CTGF expression was inhibited by BQ123 (ETAR antagonist), but not BQ788 (ETBR antagonist). Moreover, ET-1-induced CTGF expression was significantly reduced by JNK inhibitor (SP600125), the dominant-negative mutants of JNK1/2 (JNK1/2 DN), and AP-1 inhibitor (curcumin). ET-1 induced phosphorylations of JNK and c-Jun in time-dependent manners. AP-1 luciferase activity was concentration-dependently increased by ET-1, and this effect was attenuated by SP600125. We also found that ET-1-induced CTGF expression was most controlled by the AP-1 binding region of CTGF promoter. ET-1-indiced CTGF luciferase activity was predominately controlled by the sequence -747 to -408 bp upstream of the transcription start site on the human CTGF promoter. Furthermore, ET-1 caused the formation of AP-1-specific DNA-protein complex and the recruitment of c-Jun to the CTGF promoter. Moreover, we found that ET-1 induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, which was inhibited by BQ123, SP600125, curcumin, and anti-CTGF antibody. These results suggest that ET-1 stimulates expressions of CTGF and α-SMA through ETAR/JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway, and CTGF is required for ET-1-induced α-SMA expression in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Weng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Min-Liang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Friedberg MK, Cho MY, Li J, Assad RS, Sun M, Rohailla S, Honjo O, Apitz C, Redington AN. Adverse biventricular remodeling in isolated right ventricular hypertension is mediated by increased transforming growth factor-β1 signaling and is abrogated by angiotensin receptor blockade. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1019-28. [PMID: 23841477 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0149oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressure-loaded right ventricle (RV) adversely affects left ventricular (LV) function. We recently found that these ventricular-ventricular interactions lead to LV myocardial fibrosis through transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling. We investigated the mechanisms mediating biventricular fibrosis in RV afterload and their potential modification by angiotensin receptor blockade. An adjustable pulmonary artery band (PAB) was placed in rabbits. In sham-operated control rabbits, the band was left uninflated (n = 6). In the RV afterload group, the PAB was sequentially inflated to generate systemic RV pressure at 28 days (n = 8). In a third group, the PAB was inflated to systemic levels, and the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan was added (n = 6). Five weeks after surgery, the animals were killed for assessments of biventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and the components of their signaling pathways. PAB animals developed biventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis, versus sham rabbits, in which these conditions were decreased with losartan. RV and LV TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) (CCN2), endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin receptor B, and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 mRNA levels were increased in PAB animals versus sham animals, and decreased with losartan. Given the marked biventricular CTGF up-regulation in PAB and down-regulation with losartan, we investigated CTGF signaling. RV and LV Smad 2/3/4 protein levels and LV RhoA mRNA levels were increased with PAB and reduced with losartan. In conclusion, isolated RV afterload induces biventricular fibrosis and apoptosis, which are reduced by angiotensin receptor blockade. Adverse ventricular-ventricular interactions induced by isolated RV afterload appear to be mediated through TGF-β1-CTGF and ET-1 pathways.
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The possible potential therapeutic targets for drug induced gingival overgrowth. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:639468. [PMID: 23690667 PMCID: PMC3652200 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival overgrowth is a side effect of certain medications. The most fibrotic drug-induced lesions develop in response to therapy with phenytoin, the least fibrotic lesions are caused by cyclosporin A, and the intermediate fibrosis occurs in nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth. Fibrosis is one of the largest groups of diseases for which there is no therapy but is believed to occur because of a persistent tissue repair program. During connective tissue repair, activated gingival fibroblasts synthesize and remodel newly created extracellular matrix. Proteins such as transforming growth factor (TGF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (Ang II), connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) appear to act in a network that contributes to the development of gingival fibrosis. Since inflammation is the prerequisite for gingival overgrowth, mast cells and its protease enzymes also play a vital role in the pathogenesis of gingival fibrosis. Drugs targeting these proteins are currently under consideration as antifibrotic treatments. This review summarizes recent observations concerning the contribution of TGF-β, CTGF, IGF, PDGF, ET-1, Ang II, and mast cell chymase and tryptase enzymes to fibroblast activation in gingival fibrosis and the potential utility of agents blocking these proteins in affecting the outcome of drug-induced gingival overgrowth.
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The pathophysiology of endothelin in complications after solid organ transplantation: a potential novel therapeutic role for endothelin receptor antagonists. Transplantation 2013; 94:885-93. [PMID: 23037008 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825f0fbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although short-term allograft survival after solid organ transplantation has improved during the past two decades, improvement in long-term graft survival has been less pronounced. Common complications after transplantation include chronic allograft rejection, nephrotoxicity from calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), and systemic hypertension, which all impact posttransplantation morbidity and mortality. Endothelin (ET)-1, a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, inducer of fibrosis, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, may play a key role in both the development of CNI-induced nephrotoxicity and endothelial vasculopathy in chronic allograft rejection. ET-1 levels increase after isograft implantation, and ET-1 plays a key role in CNI-induced renal vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and hypertension. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) can reduce or prevent CNI-induced hypertension after renal transplantation. In addition, ERAs can ameliorate CNI-induced renal vasoconstriction and improve proteinuria and preserve renal function in animal models of renal transplantation. ET-1 may also play a significant role in cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and in animal models, ERAs improve pulmonary function and ischemic-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation and hepatic function and structure in liver transplantation. Emerging pharmacokinetic data suggest that the selective ERA ambrisentan may be used safely in conjunction with the most commonly used immunosuppressive agents tacrolimus and mycophenolate, albeit with appropriate dose adjustment. The weight of available evidence pointing toward a potential beneficial role of ERAs in ameliorating common complications after solid organ transplantation must be balanced with potential toxicities of ERAs but suggests that a randomized clinical trial of ERAs in transplant patients is warranted.
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Ju W, Zhihong Y, Zhiyou Z, Qin H, Dingding W, Li S, Baowei Z, Xing W, Ying H, An H. Inhibition of α-SMA by the ectodomain of FGFR2c attenuates lung fibrosis. Mol Med 2012; 18:992-1002. [PMID: 22451267 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble ectodomain of fibroblast growth factor receptor-IIIc (sFGFR2c) is able to bind to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands and block the activation of the FGF-signaling pathway. In this study, sFGFR2c inhibited lung fibrosis dramatically in vitro and in vivo. The upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important step in the process of lung fibrosis, in which FGF-2, released by TGF-β1, is involved. sFGFR2c inhibited α-SMA induction by TGF-β1 via both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Smad3 pathways in primary mouse lung fibroblasts and the proliferation of mouse lung fibroblasts. In a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis, mice were treated with sFGFR2c from d 3 or d 10 to 31 after BLM administration. Then we used hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the inhibitory effects of sFGFR2c on lung fibrosis. The treatment with sFGFR2c resulted in significant attenuation of the lung fibrosis score and collagen deposition. The expression levels of α-SMA, p-FGFRs, p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad3 in the lungs of sFGFR2c-treated mice were markedly lower. sFGFR2c may have potential for the treatment of lung fibrosis as an FGF-2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ju
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine (National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong China.
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Leask A. Getting out of a sticky situation: targeting the myofibroblast in scleroderma. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:163-9. [PMID: 22802915 PMCID: PMC3396281 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no treatment for the fibrosis observed in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Although genome-wide expression profiling has suggested that differences in gene expression patters between non-lesional and lesional skin are minimal, phenotypically these areas of tissue are quite different. In fact, lesional areas of scleroderma patients can be distinguished by the presence of a differentiated form of fibroblast, termed the myofibroblast. This cell type expresses the highly contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Fibroblasts isolated from SSc lesions excessively synthesize, adhere to and contract extracellular matrix (ECM) and display activated adhesive signaling pathways. Strategies aimed at blocking myofibroblast differentiation, persistence and activity are therefore likely to be useful in alleviating the fibrosis in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Zhong H, Acero L, Weng T, Melicoff E, West JD, Hemnes A, Grenz A, Eltzschig HK, Blackwell TS, Xia Y, Johnston RA, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Blackburn MR. The A2B adenosine receptor modulates pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease. FASEB J 2012; 26:2546-57. [PMID: 22415303 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of pulmonary hypertension is a common and deadly complication of interstitial lung disease. Little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung disease, and effective treatment options are lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the adenosine 2B receptor (A(2B)R) as a regulator of vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary fibrosis. To accomplish this, cellular and molecular changes in vascular remodeling were monitored in mice exposed to bleomycin in conjunction with genetic removal of the A(2B)R or treatment with the A(2B)R antagonist GS-6201. Results demonstrated that GS-6201 treatment or genetic removal of the A(2B)R attenuated vascular remodeling and hypertension in our model. Furthermore, direct A(2B)R activation on vascular cells promoted interleukin-6 and endothelin-1 release. These studies identify a novel mechanism of disease progression to pulmonary hypertension and support the development of A(2B)R antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Majak P, Bjørnstad JL, Braathen B, Lunde IG, Husebye T, Christensen G, Tønnessen T. Endothelin-1 in the Human Myocardium and Circulating Plasma: Evaluation before, during and after Correction of Aortic Stenosis with Aortic Valve Replacement. Cardiology 2012; 123:1-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000339756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Drugs of the future for Peyronie's disease. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:305-11. [PMID: 22154542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing awareness of Peyronie's disease (PD), the interest in new concept medications to treat the disorder is escalating. Profibrogenic factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, endothelin (ET-1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), angiotensin (Ang) II and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), all appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. β-Thymosins, pirfenidone, nitric oxide (NO) donors, phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/anti-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 reduce collagen synthesis, while decorin, follistatin, and Smad 7 exert antifibrotic effects; all have been proposed for the treatment of PD. Alternative and/or novel approaches for the treatment of PD are needed in part because of the recognized multifactorial etiology of this complex disorder. A comprehensive approach for translating available experimental information into clinically effective drug trials for the treatment of PD is needed. We propose a multi-faceted approach for drug development to generate novel drug products for the treatment of PD.
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Boyer B, Hart KW, Sperling MI, Lindsell CJ, Collins SP. Biomarker changes during acute heart failure treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:91-7. [PMID: 22432555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker changes may provide physicians with objective evidence of treatment efficacy in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and facilitate early hospital discharge. The authors hypothesize that mid-regional-pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), C-terminal-pro-endothelin-1 (CT-pro-ET-1), and mid-regional-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) change during the first 24 hours of ADHF therapy. Eligible patients had an emergency department diagnosis of ADHF and fulfilled modified Framingham criteria. Clinical data, serum, and plasma values were collected at enrollment, 2 to 4 hours, and 12 to 24 hours after treatment. Changes in biomarker concentrations from baseline to 2 to 4 hours, baseline to 12 to 24 hours, and 2 to 4 to 12 to 24 hours were calculated. Fisher exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons. Forty-eight patients were included. The median age was 62 years (range 40-88), 54% were men and 50% were white. More patients had changes in MR-pro-ANP levels in the first 2 to 4 hours after ADHF therapy compared with MR-proADM or CT-pro-ET-1 (36% vs 16% and 24%). However, 12 to 24 hours after therapy, similar proportions of patients had changes in MR-proANP, MR-proADM, and CT-proET-1 levels (47%, 41%, and 49%). In this preliminary study, patients with ADHF had measurable changes in MR-proANP, MR-proADM, and CT-pro-ET-1 24 hours after initial therapy. A study of association with clinical course and outcomes to determine the role of these markers in risk-stratification is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Boyer
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
Dupuytren's disease (DD) is an ill-defined fibroproliferative disorder of the palm of the hands leading to digital contracture. DD commonly occurs in individuals of northern European extraction. Cellular components and processes associated with DD pathogenesis include altered gene and protein expression of cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components. Histology has shown increased but varying levels of particular types of collagen, myofibroblasts and myoglobin proteins in DD tissue. Free radicals and localised ischaemia have been suggested to trigger the proliferation of DD tissue. Although the existing available biological information on DD may contain potentially valuable (though largely uninterpreted) information, the precise aetiology of DD remains unknown. Systems biology combines mechanistic modelling with quantitative experimentation in studies of networks and better understanding of the interaction of multiple components in disease processes. Adopting systems biology may be the ideal approach for future research in order to improve understanding of complex diseases of multifactorial origin. In this review, we propose that DD is a disease of several networks rather than of a single gene, and show that this accounts for the experimental observations obtained to date from a variety of sources. We outline how DD may be investigated more effectively by employing a systems biology approach that considers the disease network as a whole rather than focusing on any specific single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrina Rehman
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Quantitative Molecular Medicine Research, CIGMR, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Netherlands Institute for Systems Biology, VU University Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV, The Netherlands
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite AE. Vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Inflamm Res 2011; 4:105-25. [PMID: 22096374 PMCID: PMC3218751 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s18145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an acquired multiorgan connective tissue disease with variable mortality and morbidity dictated by clinical subset type. The etiology of the basic disease and pathogenesis of the systemic autoimmunity, fibrosis, and fibroproliferative vasculopathy are unknown and debated. In this review, the spectrum of vascular abnormalities and the options currently available to treat the vascular manifestations of SSc are discussed. Also discussed is how the hallmark pathologies (ie, how autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and fibrosis of the disease) might be effected and interconnected with modulatory input from lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Guo F, Carter DE, Leask A. Mechanical tension increases CCN2/CTGF expression and proliferation in gingival fibroblasts via a TGFβ-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19756. [PMID: 21611193 PMCID: PMC3096639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike skin, oral gingival do not scar in response to tissue injury. Fibroblasts,
the cell type responsible for connective tissue repair and scarring, are exposed
to mechanical tension during normal and pathological conditions including wound
healing and fibrogenesis. Understanding how human gingival fibroblasts respond
to mechanical tension is likely to yield valuable insights not only into
gingival function but also into the molecular basis of scarless repair.
CCN2/connective tissue growth factor is potently induced in fibroblasts during
tissue repair and fibrogenesis. We subjected gingival fibroblasts to cyclical
strain (up to 72 hours) using the Flexercell system and showed that CCN2 mRNA
and protein was induced by strain. Strain caused the rapid activation of latent
TGFβ, in a fashion that was reduced by blebbistatin and FAK/src inhibition,
and the induction of endothelin (ET-1) mRNA and protein expression. Strain did
not cause induction of α-smooth muscle actin or collagen type I mRNAs
(proteins promoting scarring); but induced a cohort of pro-proliferative mRNAs
and cell proliferation. Compared to dermal fibroblasts, gingival fibroblasts
showed reduced ability to respond to TGFβ by inducing fibrogenic mRNAs;
addition of ET-1 rescued this phenotype. Pharmacological inhibition of the
TGFβ type I (ALK5) receptor, the endothelin A/B receptors and FAK/src
significantly reduced the induction of CCN2 and pro-proliferative mRNAs and cell
proliferation. Controlling TGFβ, ET-1 and FAK/src activity may be useful in
controlling responses to mechanical strain in the gingiva and may be of value in
controlling fibroproliferative conditions such as gingival hyperplasia;
controlling ET-1 may be of benefit in controlling scarring in response to injury
in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Guo
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E. Carter
- London Regional Genomics Centre Microarray
Facility, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kambas K, Chrysanthopoulou A, Kourtzelis I, Skordala M, Mitroulis I, Rafail S, Vradelis S, Sigalas I, Wu YQ, Speletas M, Kolios G, Ritis K. Endothelin-1 signaling promotes fibrosis in vitro in a bronchopulmonary dysplasia model by activating the extrinsic coagulation cascade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6568-75. [PMID: 21531894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome can progress to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a serious pulmonary fibrotic disorder. Given the involvement of the extrinsic coagulation cascade in animal models of lung fibrosis, we examined its role in BPD. We observed a higher number of neutrophils expressing tissue factor (TF) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from infants with BPD than from those with uncomplicated respiratory distress syndrome together with a parallel decrease in TF and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in BALF supernatants during the disease course. The involvement of coagulation in the fibrotic process associated with BPD was further evaluated by treating primary human colonic myofibroblasts with BALF supernatants from infants with BPD. These human colonic myofibroblasts demonstrated an enhanced C5a- and thrombin-dependent migration. Moreover, they expressed TF in an endothelin-1-dependent manner, with subsequent activation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade and CTGF production mediated by protease-activator receptor-1 signaling. These data provide a novel mechanism for the development of BPD and indicate that endothelin-1 signaling contributes to fibrosis by upregulating a TF/thrombin amplification loop responsible for CTGF production, and offer novel and specific therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kambas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Strack I, Schulte S, Varnholt H, Schievenbusch S, Töx U, Wendland K, Steffen HM, Drebber U, Dienes HP, Odenthal M. β-Adrenoceptor blockade in sclerosing cholangitis of Mdr2 knockout mice: antifibrotic effects in a model of nonsinusoidal fibrosis. J Transl Med 2011; 91:252-61. [PMID: 20921947 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a cholestatic liver disease with high propensity to develop into cholangiocarcinoma. The hepatobiliary disorder of PSC is due to progressive fibrosis surrounding the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Until now, no effective medical therapy exists. To study the progression of sclerosing cholangitis after inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system by blockade of the β-adrenoceptors, we used the Mdr2(-/-) mouse model, which develops periportal fibrosis similar to human PSC. Liver tissues of Mdr2(-/-) mice untreated or treated with the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol were analyzed for inflammation and fibrosis progression at different time points by histological scoring and immunostaining for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD45 and S100A4. Transaminases and hydroxyproline contents were determined. Expression of angiotensinogen, endothelin-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, CTGF and procollagen 1A1 was studied by real-time PCR on laser-microdissected areas of acinar zones I and II-III. After 3 months, periportal fibrosis had developed in Mdr2(-/-) mice, but immunostaining revealed no sinusoidal and only minor periportal contribution of myofibroblasts with prominent fibroblasts. Propranolol treatment of Mdr2(-/-) mice improved liver architecture. Additionally, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly reduced. After 3 months of treatment, the antifibrotic effect of the β-blockade was most obvious. The transcript levels of procollagen 1A1, TNF-α, TGF-β, CTGF and endothelin-1 were markedly repressed in the portal areas of treated mice. Taken together, these data show that propranolol efficiently delays progression of sclerosing cholangitis. Therefore, the blockade of β-adrenoceptors is a promising option to support future therapeutic strategies in the treatment of human PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Strack
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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49
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Possible strategies for anti-fibrotic drug intervention in scleroderma. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:125-9. [PMID: 21484189 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no approved drugs for treating the fibrosis in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Myfibroblasts within connective tissue express the highly contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and are responsible for the excessive synthesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) characterizing SSc. Drugs targeting myofibroblast differentiation, recruitment and activity are currently under consideration as anti-fibrotic treatments in SSc but thus far have principally focused on the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), endothelin-1 (ET-1), connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) pathways, which display substantial signaling crosstalk. Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ also appears to act by intervening in TGFβ signaling. This review discusses these potential candidates for antifibrotic therapy in SSc.
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50
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Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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