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Zhu K, Liu C, Gao Y, Lu J, Wang D, Zhang H. Cryo-EM Structure and Activator Screening of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907437. [PMID: 36046836 PMCID: PMC9420949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin. Its dysfunction has been implicated in various psychiatric disorders such as depression, autism, and bipolar disorder. TPH2 is typically decreased in stability and catalytic activity in patients; thus, screening of molecules capable of binding and stabilizing the structure of TPH2 in activated conformation is desired for drug development in mental disorder treatment. Here, we solved the 3.0 Å cryo-EM structure of the TPH2 tetramer. Then, based on the structure, we conducted allosteric site prediction and small-molecule activator screening to the obtained cavity. ZINC000068568685 was successfully selected as the best candidate with highest binding affinity. To better understand the driving forces and binding stability of the complex, we performed molecular dynamics simulation, which indicates that ZINC000068568685 has great potential to stabilize the folding of the TPH2 tetramer to facilitate its activity. The research might shed light on the development of novel drugs targeting TPH2 for the treatment of psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongfu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Daping Wang, ; Huawei Zhang,
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Daping Wang, ; Huawei Zhang,
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2
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Kitanaka N, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Kitanaka J. Lithium Pharmacology and a Potential Role of Lithium on Methamphetamine Abuse and Dependence. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 11:85-91. [PMID: 31875781 DOI: 10.2174/2589977511666190620141824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of lithium salts in neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and treatment-resistant depression has been documented in an extensive scientific literature. Lithium inhibits inositol monophosphatase, inositol polyphosphate 1- phosphatase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 and decreases expression level of tryptophan hydroxylase 2, conceivably underlying the mood stabilizing effects of lithium, as well as procognitive and neuroprotective effects. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of action of lithium on mood stabilizing and pro-cognitive effects in humans are still largely unknown. OBJECTIVE On the basis of the known aspects of lithium pharmacology, this review will discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium on positive symptoms of methamphetamine abuse and dependence. CONCLUSION It is possible that lithium treatment reduces the amount of newly synthesized phosphatidylinositol, potentially preventing or reversing neuroadaptations contributing to behavioral sensitization induced by methamphetamine. In addition, it is suggested that exposure to repeated doses of methamphetamine induces hyperactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the nucleus accumbens and in dorsal hippocampus, resulting in a long-term alterations in synaptic plasticity underlying behavioral sensitization as well as other behavioral deficits in memory-related behavior. Therefore it is clear that glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors can be considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of methamphetamine abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Frank Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - George Richard Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Junichi Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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3
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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4
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Rao S, Han X, Shi M, Siu CO, Waye MMY, Liu G, Wing YK. Associations of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with bipolar disorder and treatment response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:214-226. [PMID: 30217771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) with bipolar disorder (BPD) and treatment response in bipolar patients were not conclusive. This study not only assessed the association between the 5-HTTLPR and BPD with accumulating relevant studies, but also in the first time evaluated the effect of the 5-HTTLPR on both anti-depressive and anti-manic treatment responses in bipolar patients. METHODS PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Cochrane Control Trials databases were systematically searched before February 2017. This meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 32 population-based studies (5567 cases and 6993 controls) and 9 family-based studies (837 trios) were finally screened out and statistically joined into a single meta-analysis that revealed an association between S allele and an increased risk of BPD (OR = 1.06, p = .038). Pooled analysis of the 32 population-based studies indicated an association of S-carrier genotypes with an increased risk of BPD (OR = 1.10, p = .029). Meanwhile, the association remained significant in Caucasians (OR = 1.15, p = .004), which could provide an enough power (88%) to detect a significant association. Regarding the treatment response studies, 6 studies reporting the relationship of the 5-HTTLPR in anti-depressive remission rate (1034 patients) and 7 studies reporting in response rate (1098 patients) were included for pooled analyses. We observed a significant association of S-carrier genotypes with a reduced anti-depressive remission rate (OR = 0.64, p = .006) but not with anti-depressive response rate. The association between the 5-HTTLPR with anti-manic response rate was not observed in the included 6 studies (676 patients). CONCLUSIONS The present study supported the presence of a marginal but detectable effect of the 5-HTTLPR on susceptibility to BPD. Moreover, the detected association in Caucasian was statistically reliable. Besides, the 5-HTTLPR was identified as a useful predictor for anti-depressive remission but not for anti-depressive or anti-manic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mai Shi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cynthia O Siu
- COS & Associates Ltd., Central District, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mary Miu Yee Waye
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yun Kwok Wing
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Jeon HJ, Baek JH, Ahn YM, Kim SJ, Ha TH, Cha B, Moon E, Kang HJ, Ryu V, Cho CH, Heo JY, Kim K, Lee HJ. Review of Cohort Studies for Mood Disorders. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:265-76. [PMID: 27247592 PMCID: PMC4878960 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to review currently available cohort studies of subjects with mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Using the PubMed and KoreaMed databases, we reviewed eight major cohort studies. Most studies recruited participants with MDD and BD separately, so direct comparison of factors associated with diagnostic changes was difficult. Regular and frequent follow-up evaluations utilizing objective mood ratings and standardized evaluation methods in a naturalistic fashion are necessary to determine detailed clinical courses of mood disorders. Further, biological samples should also be collected to incorporate clinical findings in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. An innovative cohort study that can serve as a platform for translational research for treatment and prevention of mood disorders is critical in determining clinical, psychosocial, neurobiological and genetic factors associated with long-term courses and consequences of mood disorders in Korean patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, and Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseok Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vin Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Heo
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Associations Between Variations in TPH1 , TPH2 and SLC6A4 Genes and Postpartum Depression: A Study in the Jordanian Population. Balkan J Med Genet 2013; 16:41-8. [PMID: 24265583 PMCID: PMC3835295 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2013-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association between
tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1
) (218A>C),
tryptophan hydroxylase-2
(
TPH2
) (1463G>A) and
serotonin carrier family 6, member 4 (SLC6A4)
[long (L)
vs.
short (S)] gene polymorphisms with post-partum depression (PPD) in women from Jordan. A total of 370 postpartum (130 depressed and 240 non depressed) women volunteered for the study. Genotyping was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for
TPH1
, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) for
TPH2
and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
SLC6A4
S and L. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to screen postpartum women. Both S and L alleles of
SLC6A4
are common in Jordanian women (about 51.0 and 49.0%, respectively), while allele
TPH1
-218C is more common (64.0%) than allele A (37.0%). Regarding
TPH2
, allele A is absent from the examined women. None of the examined polymorphisms were found to be associated with PPD (
p
>0.05). However, depression history, pregnancy problems and economic status were found to be significantly associated with PPD (
p
<0.05). The results suggest that
TPH1
,
TPH2
and
SLC6A4
S and L polymorphisms do not seem to be important in Jordan for predisposing to PPD.
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7
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Kukshal P, Kodavali VC, Srivastava V, Wood J, McClain L, Bhatia T, Bhagwat AM, Deshpande SN, Nimgaonkar VL, Thelma BK. Dopaminergic gene polymorphisms and cognitive function in a north Indian schizophrenia cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1615-22. [PMID: 23932573 PMCID: PMC3831060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of polymorphisms from dopaminergic neurotransmitter pathway genes have mostly been reported in Caucasian ancestry schizophrenia (SZ) samples. As studies investigating single SNPs with SZ have been inconsistent, more detailed analyses utilizing multiple SNPs with the diagnostic phenotype as well as cognitive function may be more informative. Therefore, these analyses were conducted in a north Indian sample. METHODS Indian SZ case-parent trios (n = 601 families); unscreened controls (n = 468) and an independent set of 118 trio families were analyzed. Representative SNPs in the Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3), dopamine transporter (SLC6A3), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (SLC18A2), catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were genotyped using SNaPshot/SNPlex assays (n = 59 SNPs). The Trail Making Test (TMT) was administered to a subset of the sample (n = 260 cases and n = 302 parents). RESULTS Eight SNPs were nominally associated with SZ in either case-control or family based analyses (p < 0.05, rs7631540 and rs2046496 in DRD3; rs363399 and rs10082463 in SLC18A2; rs4680, rs4646315 and rs9332377 in COMT). rs6271 at DBH was associated in both analyses. Haplotypes of DRD3 SNPs incorporating rs7631540-rs2134655-rs3773678-rs324030-rs6280-rs905568 showed suggestive associations in both case-parent and trio samples. At SLC18A2, rs10082463 was nominally associated with psychomotor performance and rs363285 with executive functions using the TMT but did not withstand multiple corrections. CONCLUSIONS Suggestive associations with dopaminergic genes were detected in this study, but convincing links between dopaminergic polymorphisms and SZ or cognitive function were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India; C. B. Patel Research Centre, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
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8
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El Kissi Y, Krir MW, Ben Nasr S, Hamadou R, El Hedda R, Bannour S, Ben Hadj Ali B. Life events in bipolar patients: a comparative study with siblings and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:378-83. [PMID: 23830000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have focused on life events in depressive disorders, data regarding them in bipolar disorder are scant. The aim of this work was to explore the characteristics of life events in bipolar patients. METHODS Sixty bipolar patients have been included in our study. The evaluation focused on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with a standardized measurement of life events using Paykel's interview. The results were compared with those of siblings and healthy controls groups. The three groups were matched for age and sex. RESULTS Compared to the controls, bipolar patients and their siblings had a higher global score of life events and more events in the fields of work, socio-family events and health. Bipolar patients reported more desirable events compared with their siblings and controls. The siblings reported higher scores of uncontrollable and undesirable events than patients and controls, and a higher score of controllable events than patients. LIMITATIONS The Paykel's interview has no validated Tunisian version, which could be a methodological bias in the assessment of life events. Moreover, the assessment of the life events was made during the euthymic phase of the bipolar disorder; however, there was no standardized measure of mood symptoms, to confirm this euthymia. CONCLUSION Our findings could help in the identification of the etiopathogeny of bipolar disorder and would contribute to improve the understanding and management of these patients focusing on the psychosocial aspect which is often overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousri El Kissi
- Department of Psychiatry, Farhat Hached Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, Sousse 4000, Tunisia.
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9
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Szczepankiewicz A. Evidence for single nucleotide polymorphisms and their association with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1573-82. [PMID: 24143106 PMCID: PMC3798233 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s28117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex disorder with a number of susceptibility genes and environmental risk factors involved in its pathogenesis. In recent years, huge progress has been made in molecular techniques for genetic studies, which have enabled identification of numerous genomic regions and genetic variants implicated in BD across populations. Despite the abundance of genetic findings, the results have often been inconsistent and not replicated for many candidate genes/single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Therefore, the aim of the review presented here is to summarize the most important data reported so far in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies. Taking into account the abundance of association data, this review focuses on the most extensively studied genes and polymorphisms reported so far for BD to present the most promising genomic regions/SNPs involved in BD. The review of association data reveals evidence for several genes (SLC6A4/5-HTT [serotonin transporter gene], BDNF [brain-derived neurotrophic factor], DAOA [D-amino acid oxidase activator], DTNBP1 [dysbindin], NRG1 [neuregulin 1], DISC1 [disrupted in schizophrenia 1]) to be crucial candidates in BD, whereas numerous genome-wide association studies conducted in BD indicate polymorphisms in two genes (CACNA1C [calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit], ANK3 [ankyrin 3]) replicated for association with BD in most of these studies. Nevertheless, further studies focusing on interactions between multiple candidate genes/SNPs, as well as systems biology and pathway analyses are necessary to integrate and improve the way we analyze the currently available association data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland ; Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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10
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Luddington NS, Mandadapu A, Husk M, El-Mallakh RS. Clinical implications of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region: a review. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2012; 11:93-102. [PMID: 19617941 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.08r00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the state of the art in understanding the role of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter region (5-HTTLPR) in the development of a depressive episode and in its response to treatment. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Ovid were used to search for articles published prior to December 2007 utilizing the key words serotonin transporter, 5-HTT, 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter gene, and SLC6A4. STUDY SELECTION All studies were reviewed, but case reports and small case series were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION All relevant articles were read by at least 2 of the coauthors and notes regarding study design, measures, data analysis, and findings were later used to construct the review. DATA SYNTHESIS A common genetic variant, the short allele, in which 44 base pairs are missing from the promoter of SLC6A4, is associated with a greater risk for developing a major depressive disorder in patients following exposure to adversity. This association appears to be most important in the early stages of the depressive disorder. Additionally, the likelihood of a positive response to antidepressant treatment may be reduced in these patients in terms of delayed response, greater adverse event load, or, in bipolar patients, mania induction and rapid cycling. CONCLUSIONS Selected genetic testing of patients with a recent history of significant adversity may be a reasonable tool that can enlighten treatment options and the course of illness. Ongoing work with the short allele of 5-HTT may also inform clinical guidelines of long-term treatment with antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Luddington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Haddley K, Bubb VJ, Breen G, Parades-Esquivel UM, Quinn JP. Behavioural genetics of the serotonin transporter. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:503-535. [PMID: 22261701 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter is a key regulator of the bioavailability of serotonin and therefore any modulation in the expression or action of the transporter would be expected to have consequences on behaviour. The transporter has therefore become a target for pharmaceutical intervention in behavioural and mood disorders. The search for polymorphic variants in the transporter that would associate with neurological disorders has been extensive but has become focused on two domains which are both termed variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)polymorphisms. Both of these VNTRs are in non-coding DNA and therefore proposed to be mechanistically involved in a disorder through their ability to modulate transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of the transporter. The most extensively studied is in the promoter and is a bi-allelic insertion/deletion found in the 50 promoter region of the gene 1.2 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site. This VNTR, termed, 5-HTTLPR was initially identified as two variants containing either, 14 (short/deletion) or 16 (long/insertion) copies of a 22 bp repeat. A second widely studied VNTR found in the non-coding region of the transporter is located within intron 2 and comprises 9, 10 or 12 copies of a16–17 bp repeat termed, STin2.9, STin2.10 and STin2.12, respectively. These VNTR polymorphisms have been associated with a range of behavioural and psychiatric disorders including depression, OCD, anxiety and schizophrenia, however often the lack of reproducibility in different cohorts has led to debate on the actual association of the polymorphisms with this extensive range of neurological conditions. Here we review these two polymorphic VNTRs in depth and relate that to pharmaceutical response, their ability to regulate differential transporter expression, their core involvement in gene-environment interaction and their genetic association with specific disorders.
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12
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McCarthy MJ, Leckband SG, Kelsoe JR. Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 11:1439-65. [PMID: 21047205 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious mental illness with well-established, but poorly characterized genetic risk. Lithium is among the best proven mood stabilizer therapies for BD, but treatment responses vary considerably. Based upon these and other findings, it has been suggested that lithium-responsive BD may be a genetically distinct phenotype within the mood disorder spectrum. This assertion has practical implications both for the treatment of BD and for understanding the neurobiological basis of the illness: genetic variation within lithium-sensitive signaling pathways may confer preferential treatment response, and the involved genes may underlie BD in some individuals. Presently, the mechanism of lithium is reviewed with an emphasis on gene-expression changes in response to lithium. Within this context, findings from genetic-association studies designed to identify lithium response genes in BD patients are evaluated. Finally, a framework is proposed by which future pharmacogenetic studies can incorporate advances in genetics, molecular biology and bioinformatics in a pathway-based approach to predicting lithium treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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13
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Howrigan DP, Laird NM, Smoller JW, Devlin B, McQueen MB. Using linkage information to weight a genome-wide association of bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:462-71. [PMID: 21480485 PMCID: PMC3082625 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Issues of multiple-testing and statistical significance in genomewide association studies (GWAS) have prompted statistical methods utilizing prior data to increase the power of association results. Using prior findings from genome-wide linkage studies on bipolar disorder (BPD), we employed a weighted false discovery approach (wFDR; [Roeder et al. 2006. Am J Hum Genet 78(2): 243–252]) to previously reported GWAS data drawn from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Using this method, association signals are up or down-weighted given the linkage score in that genomic region. Although no SNPs in our sample reached genome-wide significance through the wFDR approach, the strongest single SNP result from the original GWAS results (rs4939921 in myosin VB) is strongly up-weighted as it occurs on a linkage peak of chromosome 18. We also identify regions on chromosome 9, 17, and 18 where modestly associated SNP clusters coincide with strong linkage scores, implicating them as possible candidate regions for further analysis. Moving forward, we believe the application of prior linkage information will be increasingly useful to future GWAS studies that incorporate rarer variants into their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DP Howrigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - NM Laird
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - JW Smoller
- Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - B Devlin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - MB McQueen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO
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14
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Talkowski ME, McCann KL, Chen M, McClain L, Bamne M, Wood J, Chowdari KV, Watson A, Prasad KM, Kirov G, Georgieva L, Toncheva D, Mansour H, Lewis DA, Owen M, O’Donovan M, Papasaikas P, Sullivan P, Ruderfer D, Yao JK, Leonard S, Thomas P, Miyajima F, Quinn J, Lopez AJ, Nimgaonkar VL. Fine-mapping reveals novel alternative splicing of the dopamine transporter. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1434-47. [PMID: 20957647 PMCID: PMC4575812 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3, DAT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). We previously detected association between SZ and intronic SLC6A3 variants that replicated in two independent Caucasian samples, but had no obvious function. In follow-up analyses, we sequenced the coding and intronic regions of SLC6A3 to identify complete linkage disequilibrium patterns of common variations. We genotyped 78 polymorphisms, narrowing the potentially causal region to two correlated clusters of associated SNPs localized predominantly to introns 3 and 4. Our computational analysis of these intronic regions predicted a novel cassette exon within intron 3, designated E3b, which is conserved among primates. We confirmed alternative splicing of E3b in post-mortem human substantia nigra (SN). As E3b introduces multiple in-frame stop codons, the SLC6A3 open reading frame is truncated and the spliced product may undergo nonsense mediated decay. Thus, factors that increase E3b splicing could reduce the amount of unspliced product available for translation. Observations consistent with this prediction were made using cellular assays and in post-mortem human SN. In mini-gene constructs, the extent of splicing is also influenced by at least two common haplotypes, so the alternative splicing was evaluated in relation to SZ risk. Meta-analyses across genome-wide association studies did not support the initial associations and further post-mortem studies did not suggest case-control differences in splicing. These studies do not provide a compelling link to schizophrenia. However, the impact of the alternative splicing on other neuropsychiatric disorders should be investigated. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen L. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhil Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Konasale M. Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lyudmilla Georgieva
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Hader Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics & Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sherry Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pramod Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio Miyajima
- Division of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Quinn
- Division of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence: Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar, Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, WPIC, Room 441, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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15
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Manchia M, Zai CC, Squassina A, Vincent JB, De Luca V, Kennedy JL. Mixture regression analysis on age at onset in bipolar disorder patients: investigation of the role of serotonergic genes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:663-70. [PMID: 20452754 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric disease with a relevant underlying genetic basis. HTR2A T102C, HTR2C Cys23Ser, SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms were genotyped in 230 BPD patients and inserted as covariates in a mixture regression model of age at onset (AAO). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism associated with early onset component under recessive and additive model. HTR2A T102C, HTR2C Cys23Ser and 5-HTTLPR interaction terms associated with early onset component under dominant, recessive and additive model. These findings suggest a role of genes codifying for elements of the serotonergic system in influencing the AAO in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurosciences B.B. Brodie, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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16
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Fan J, Ionita-Laza I, McQueen MB, Devlin B, Purcell S, Faraone SV, Allen MH, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Fossey MD, Friedman ES, Gyulai L, Hauser P, Ketter TB, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Nierenberg AA, Patel JK, Sachs GS, Thase ME, Molay FB, Escamilla MA, Nimgaonkar VL, Sklar P, Laird NM, Smoller JW. Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the chromosome 6q21-22.31 bipolar I disorder susceptibility locus. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:29-37. [PMID: 19308960 PMCID: PMC4067321 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported genome-wide significant evidence for linkage between chromosome 6q and bipolar I disorder (BPI) by performing a meta-analysis of original genotype data from 11 genome scan linkage studies. We now present follow-up linkage disequilibrium mapping of the linked region utilizing 3,047 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in a case-control sample (N = 530 cases, 534 controls) and family-based sample (N = 256 nuclear families, 1,301 individuals). The strongest single SNP result (rs6938431, P = 6.72 x 10(-5)) was observed in the case-control sample, near the solute carrier family 22, member 16 gene (SLC22A16). In a replication study, we genotyped 151 SNPs in an independent sample (N = 622 cases, 1,181 controls) and observed further evidence of association between variants at SLC22A16 and BPI. Although consistent evidence of association with any single variant was not seen across samples, SNP-wise and gene-based test results in the three samples provided convergent evidence for association with SLC22A16, a carnitine transporter, implicating this gene as a novel candidate for BPI risk. Further studies in larger samples are warranted to clarify which, if any, genes in the 6q region confer risk for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Fan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iuliana Ionita-Laza
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Michael H. Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles L. Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Joseph R. Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark D. Fossey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine-Tulsa and Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Edward S. Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laszlo Gyulai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Terence B. Ketter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lauren B. Marangell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (work conducted at Baylor College of Medicine and not necessarily reflecting the views of Eli Lilly)
| | | | | | - Jayendra K. Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gary S. Sachs
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael E. Thase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Francine B. Molay
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael A. Escamilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nan M. Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence to: Jordan W. Smoller, M.D., Sc.D., Simches Research Building, 185, Cambridge St., 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114,
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17
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Jiang B, Kenna HA, Rasgon NL. Genetic overlap between polycystic ovary syndrome and bipolar disorder: The endophenotype hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:996-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Dutt A, McDonald C, Dempster E, Prata D, Shaikh M, Williams I, Schulze K, Marshall N, Walshe M, Allin M, Collier D, Murray R, Bramon E. The effect of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on hippocampal and lateral ventricular volume in psychosis. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1783-1797. [PMID: 19573260 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709990316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphometric endophenotypes which have been proposed for psychotic disorders include lateral ventricular enlargement and hippocampal volume reductions. Genetic epidemiological studies support an overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes have been implicated in the aetiology of both these disorders. This study examined associations between these candidate genes and morphometric endophenotypes for psychosis. METHOD A total of 383 subjects (128 patients with psychosis, 194 of their unaffected relatives and 61 healthy controls) from the Maudsley Family Psychosis Study underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and genotyping. The effect of candidate genes on brain morphometry was examined using linear regression models adjusting for clinical group, age, sex and correlations between members of the same family. RESULTS The results showed no evidence of association between variation in COMT genotype and lateral ventricular, and left or right hippocampal volumes. Neither was there any effect of the BDNF, 5-HTTLPR, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genotypes on these regional brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal hippocampal and lateral ventricular volumes are among the most replicated endophenotypes for psychosis; however, the influences of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on these key brain regions must be very subtle if at all present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dutt
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry (King's College London)/South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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19
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Rucci P, Nimgaonkar V, Mansour H, Miniati M, Masala I, Fagiolini A, Cassano G, Frank E. Gender moderates the relationship between mania spectrum and serotonin transporter polymorphisms in depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:907-13. [PMID: 19125390 PMCID: PMC3387576 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The short (s) variant of the serotonin transporter gene linked functional polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with depression. Stressful life events, gender, and race have been shown to moderate this association. Because features of mania/hypomania seem to constitute an indicator of higher severity of depression, we examined the relationship between 5-HTTLPR genotype and symptoms of mania-hypomania spectrum occurring over the lifetime in patients with major depression. The possible moderating role of gender in this relationship was taken into account. Two hundred twenty-two patients with unipolar major depression were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR and nine other representative polymorphisms, and were administered the Mood Spectrum Questionnaire, Lifetime Version (MOODS-SR). The manic-hypomanic (MH) component score was used for analysis. Using a linear model of the MH score as a function of genotypes and gender, controlling for age, severity of depression, and site, we found significant effects of gender (F = 8.003, df = 1, P = 0.005), of the interaction gender x genotype (F = 4.505, df = 2, P = 0.012), and of the baseline Hamilton score (F = 5.404, df = 1, P = 0.021), non-significant effects of genotype (F = 1.298, df = 2, P = 0.275), age (F = 0.310, df = 1, P = 0.578) site (F = 0.504, df = 1, P = 0.479). Significant associations were also detected at three other SNPs. The association between the manic/hypomanic component of the MOODS-SR and the polymorphisms of the 5-HTTLPR is moderated by gender. This finding is intriguing from a clinical point of view because women with unipolar disorder and the "ss" genotype seem to constitute a sub-group with higher severity of depression. These results should be considered tentative pending replication in other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: P. Rucci, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
| | - V.L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H. Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - M. Miniati
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I. Masala
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Fagiolini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - G.B. Cassano
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Wray NR, James MR, Gordon SD, Dumenil T, Ryan L, Coventry WL, Statham DJ, Pergadia ML, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. Accurate, Large-Scale Genotyping of 5HTTLPR and Flanking Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in an Association Study of Depression, Anxiety, and Personality Measures. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:468-76. [PMID: 19541292 PMCID: PMC3060567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length polymorphism repeat in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR) is one of the most studied polymorphisms for association with a range of psychiatric and personality phenotypes. However, the original 5HTTLPR assay is prone to bias toward short allele calling. METHODS We designed new assays for the 5HTTLPR suitable for large-scale genotyping projects and we genotyped 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 38-kilobase region around the 5HTTLPR, including SNP rs25531, a polymorphism of the 5HTTLPR long allele. Association analysis was conducted for major depression and/or anxiety disorder in unrelated cases (n = 1161) and control subjects (n = 1051) identified through psychiatric interviews administered to a large population sample of Australian twin families. Participants had been scored for personality traits several years earlier (n > or = 2643 unrelated individuals). RESULTS We identified a two-SNP haplotype proxy for 5HTTLPR; the CA haplotype of SNPs rs4251417 and rs2020934 is coupled with the short allele of 5HTTLPR (r(2) = .72). We found evidence for association (p = .0062, after accounting for multiple testing) for SLC6A4 SNPs rs6354 and rs2020936 (positioned in a different linkage disequilibrium [LD] block about 15.5 kb from 5HTTLPR) with anxiety and/or depression and neuroticism, with the strongest association for recurrent depression with onset in young adulthood (odds ratio = 1.55, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-2.06). CONCLUSIONS The associated SNPs are in the same LD block as the variable number of tandem repeats serotonin transporter intron 2 marker, for which association has previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Wray
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
| | - Michael R James
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Leanne Ryan
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - William L Coventry
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2350, Australia
| | - Dixie J Statham
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Michele L Pergadia
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela AF Madden
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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21
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Talkowski ME, McClain L, Allen T, Bradford LD, Calkins M, Edwards N, Georgieva L, Go R, Gur R, Gur R, Kirov G, Chowdari K, Kwentus J, Lyons P, Mansour H, McEvoy J, O’ Donovan MC, O’Jile J, Owen MJ, Santos A, Savage R, Toncheva D, Vockley G, Wood J, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Convergent patterns of association between phenylalanine hydroxylase variants and schizophrenia in four independent samples. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:560-9. [PMID: 18937293 PMCID: PMC2738981 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene predispose to phenylketonuria (PKU) in conjunction with dietary exposure to phenylalanine. Previous studies have suggested PAH variations could confer risk for schizophrenia, but comprehensive follow-up has not been reported. We analyzed 15 common PAH "tag" SNPs and three exonic variations that are rare in Caucasians but common in African-Americans among four independent samples (total n = 5,414). The samples included two US Caucasian cohorts (260 trios, 230 independent cases, 474 controls), Bulgarian families (659 trios), and an African-American sample (464 families, 401 controls). Analyses of both US Caucasian samples revealed associations with five SNPs; most notably the common allele (G) of rs1522305 from case-control analyses (z = 2.99, P = 0.006). This SNP was independently replicated in the Bulgarian cohort (z = 2.39, P = 0.015). A non-significant trend was also observed among African-American families (z = 1.39, P = 0.165), and combined analyses of all four samples were significant (rs1522305: chi(2) = 23.28, 8 d.f., P = 0.003). Results for rs1522305 met our a priori criteria for statistical significance, namely an association that was robust to multiple testing correction in one sample, a replicated risk allele in multiple samples, and combined analyses that were nominally significant. Case-control results in African-Americans detected an association with L321L (P = 0.047, OR = 1.46). Our analyses suggest several associations at PAH, with consistent evidence for rs1522305. Further analyses, including additional variations and environmental influences such as phenylalanine exposure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Trina Allen
- Department of John Umstead Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Monica Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Neil Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tennessee, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Georgieva
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rodney Go
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Neurobiology, and Epidemiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ruben Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Raquel Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - George Kirov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Joseph Kwentus
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paul Lyons
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hader Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Joseph McEvoy
- Department of John Umstead Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michael C. O’ Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Judith O’Jile
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alberto Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Robert Savage
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Neurobiology, and Epidemiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gerard Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
,Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Sofia, Bulgaria
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22
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Alaerts M, Ceulemans S, Forero D, Moens LN, De Zutter S, Heyrman L, Lenaerts AS, Norrback KF, Goossens D, De Rijk P, Nilsson LG, Adolfsson R, Del-Favero J. Detailed analysis of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) shows no association with bipolar disorder in the Northern Swedish population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:585-92. [PMID: 18792946 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Through active reuptake of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) plays an important role in regulating serotonin concentrations in the brain, and it is the site of binding for tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Therefore it has been hypothesized that this transporter is involved in the etiology of bipolar (BP) disorder. Inconsistent association study results for the SLC6A4 gene encoding 5-HTT reported in literature emphasize the need for more systematic and detailed analyses of this candidate gene. We performed an extensive analysis of SLC6A4 on DNA of 254 BPI patients and 364 control individuals from a Northern Swedish isolated population. This analysis consisted of a HapMap LD-based association study including three widely investigated polymorphisms (5-HTTVNTR, 5-HTTLPR, and rs3813034), a copy-number variation (CNV) analysis and a mutation analysis of the complete coding sequence and the 3'-UTR of SLC6A4. No single marker showed statistically significant association with BPI, nor did any of the haplotypes. In the mutation analysis 13 novel variants were detected, including 2 amino acid substitutions M389V and I587L, but these are probably not implicated in risk for BP. No deletions or duplications were detected in the CNV analysis. We conclude that variation in the SLC6A4 gene or its regulatory regions does not contribute to the susceptibility for BP disorder in the Northern Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Alaerts
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
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Savitz J, van der Merwe L, Ramesar R. Personality endophenotypes for bipolar affective disorder: a family-based genetic association analysis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:869-76. [PMID: 18826446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analyses of complex conditions such as bipolar disorder (BD) may be facilitated by the use of intermediate phenotypes. Various personality traits are overrepresented in people with BD and their unaffected relatives, and may constitute genetically transmitted risk factors or endophenotypes of the illness. In this study, we administered a battery of seven different personality questionnaires comprising 19 subscales to 31 Caucasian BD families (n = 241). Ten of these personality traits showed significant evidence of heritability and were therefore selected as candidate endophenotypes. In addition, a principal components analysis produced two heritable components (negative affect and appetitive drive), which accounted for a considerable proportion of the variance (29% + 12%) and were also used in the analysis. A family-based quantitative association study was carried out using the orthogonal model from the quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests (QTDT) program. Monte Carlo permutations (M = 500), which allow for non-normal data and provide a global P value, corrected for multiple testing, were used to calculate empirical P values for the within-family component of association. The 3' untranslated region repeat polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was associated with self-directedness (P < 0.0001) and negative affect (P = 0.010). The short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter polymorphism showed a trend toward association with higher harm avoidance (P = 0.016) and negative affect (P = 0.028). The catechol-o-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism was weakly associated with the personality traits, 'Spirituality' (P = 0.040) and irritable temperament (P = 0.022). Furthermore, the met allele of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism was associated with higher hyperthymic temperament scores. We raise the possibility that the 10R allele of the SLC6A3 repeat polymorphism and the short allele of the SLC6A4 promoter variant constitute risk factors for irritable-aggressive and anxious-dysthymic subtypes of BD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Savitz
- UCT/MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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24
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Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MAR, Perlis RH, Chambert K, Nimgaonkar VL, McQueen MB, Faraone SV, Kirby A, de Bakker PIW, Ogdie MN, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Todd-Brown K, Gabriel SB, Sougnez C, Gates C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Ardlie KG, Franklin J, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, MacIntyre DJ, McLean A, VanBeck M, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Robinson M, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, Daly MJ, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Purcell SM. Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:558-69. [PMID: 18317468 PMCID: PMC3777816 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association scan in 1461 patients with bipolar (BP) 1 disorder, 2008 controls drawn from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder and the University College London sample collections with successful genotyping for 372,193 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our strongest single SNP results are found in myosin5B (MYO5B; P=1.66 x 10(-7)) and tetraspanin-8 (TSPAN8; P=6.11 x 10(-7)). Haplotype analysis further supported single SNP results highlighting MYO5B, TSPAN8 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (MYO5B; P=2.04 x 10(-8), TSPAN8; P=7.57 x 10(-7) and EGFR; P=8.36 x 10(-8)). For replication, we genotyped 304 SNPs in family-based NIMH samples (n=409 trios) and University of Edinburgh case-control samples (n=365 cases, 351 controls) that did not provide independent replication after correction for multiple testing. A comparison of our strongest associations with the genome-wide scan of 1868 patients with BP disorder and 2938 controls who completed the scan as part of the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium indicates concordant signals for SNPs within the voltage-dependent calcium channel, L-type, alpha 1C subunit (CACNA1C) gene. Given the heritability of BP disorder, the lack of agreement between studies emphasizes that susceptibility alleles are likely to be modest in effect size and require even larger samples for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sklar
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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25
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Talkowski ME, Kirov G, Bamne M, Georgieva L, Torres G, Mansour H, Chowdari KV, Milanova V, Wood J, McClain L, Prasad K, Shirts B, Zhang J, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. A network of dopaminergic gene variations implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:747-58. [PMID: 18045777 PMCID: PMC3777405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the hypothesis that dopaminergic polymorphisms are risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ). In stage I, we screened 18 dopamine-related genes in two independent US Caucasian samples: 150 trios and 328 cases/501 controls. The most promising associations were detected with SLC6A3 (alias DAT), DRD3, COMT and SLC18A2 (alias VMAT2). In stage II, we comprehensively evaluated these four genes by genotyping 68 SNPs in all 478 cases and 501 controls from stage I. Fifteen (23.1%) significant associations were found (p < or = 0.05). We sought epistasis between pairs of SNPs providing evidence of a main effect and observed 17 significant interactions (169 tests); 41.2% of significant interactions involved rs3756450 (5' near promoter) or rs464049 (intron 4) at SLC6A3. In stage III, we confirmed our findings by genotyping 65 SNPs among 659 Bulgarian trios. Both SLC6A3 variants implicated in the US interactions were overtransmitted in this cohort (rs3756450, p = 0.035; rs464049, p = 0.011). Joint analyses from stages II and III identified associations at all four genes (p(joint) < 0.05). We tested 29 putative interactions from stage II and detected replication between seven locus pairs (p < or = 0.05). Simulations suggested our stage II and stage III interaction results were unlikely to have occurred by chance (p = 0.008 and 0.001, respectively). In stage IV we evaluated rs464049 and rs3756450 for functional effects and found significant allele-specific differences at rs3756450 using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual-luciferase promoter assays. Our data suggest that a network of dopaminergic polymorphisms increase risk for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mikhil Bamne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyudmila Georgieva
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gonzalo Torres
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hader Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kodavali V. Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konasale Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brian Shirts
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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26
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Ybarra MI, Moreira MA, Araújo CR, Lana-Peixoto MA, Teixeira AL. Bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2007; 65:1177-80. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2007000700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder may be overrepresented in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Although research in this area is limited, studies assessing the nature of this association have focused on genetic aspects, adverse reaction to drugs and brain demyelinating lesions. Herein we report three patients with MS that also presented bipolar disorder. The coexistence of neurological and psychiatric symptoms in most MS relapses highlights the relevance of biological factors in the emergence of mood disorders in these patients.
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Abstract
In this review, all papers relevant to the molecular genetics of bipolar disorder published from 2004 to the present (mid 2006) are reviewed, and major results on depression are summarized. Several candidate genes for schizophrenia may also be associated with bipolar disorder: G72, DISC1, NRG1, RGS4, NCAM1, DAO, GRM3, GRM4, GRIN2B, MLC1, SYNGR1, and SLC12A6. Of these, association with G72 may be most robust. However, G72 haplotypes and polymorphisms associated with bipolar disorder are not consistent with each other. The positional candidate approach showed an association between bipolar disorder and TRPM2 (21q22.3), GPR50 (Xq28), Citron (12q24), CHMP1.5 (18p11.2), GCHI (14q22-24), MLC1 (22q13), GABRA5 (15q11-q13), BCR (22q11), CUX2, FLJ32356 (12q23-q24), and NAPG (18p11). Studies that focused on mood disorder comorbid with somatic symptoms, suggested roles for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 3644 mutation and the POLG mutation. From gene expression analysis, PDLIM5, somatostatin, and the mtDNA 3243 mutation were found to be related to bipolar disorder. Whereas most previous positive findings were not supported by subsequent studies, DRD1 and IMPA2 have been implicated in follow-up studies. Several candidate genes in the circadian rhythm pathway, BmaL1, TIMELESS, and PERIOD3, are reported to be associated with bipolar disorder. Linkage studies show many new linkage loci. In depression, the previously reported positive finding of a gene-environmental interaction between HTTLPR (insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of a serotonin transporter) and stress was not replicated. Although the role of the TPH2 mutation in depression had drawn attention previously, this has not been replicated either. Pharmacogenetic studies show a relationship between antidepressant response and HTR2A or FKBP5. New technologies for comprehensive genomic analysis have already been applied. HTTLPR and BDNF promoter polymorphisms are now found to be more complex than previously thought, and previous papers on these polymorphisms should be treated with caution. Finally, this report addresses some possible causes for the lack of replication in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder are beginning to show some positive and reproducible findings. The most relevant of these will be reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Obtaining consistent findings from whole genome scans has been hampered by small sample sizes and phenotypic heterogeneity. Recently, there have been concerted efforts to overcome these problems by combining data for meta-analysis. What has become increasingly clear is that several regions that are likely to contain genes contributing to bipolar affective disorder are also relevant to schizophrenia, a finding supported by recent twin data. Studies to date have implicated the D-amino acid oxidase activator complex (also known as G72/G30), disrupted in schizophrenia-1 and neuregulin, and have pointed to several promising linkage regions in which the genes have not yet been identified. In addition, there is some evidence to support the involvement of genetic variants in catechol-o-methyl transferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the aetiology of bipolar affective disorder. SUMMARY Molecular genetic research in bipolar affective disorder may lead to the development of new diagnostic paradigms for classifying the psychoses and affective states. In addition, determining the functional significance of the susceptibility genes will pave the way for enhanced diagnostic accuracy and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Farmer
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Camberwell, London, UK.
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29
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Smeraldi E, Serretti A, Artioli P, Lorenzi C, Catalano M. Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region: possible pharmacogenetic implications of rare variants. Psychiatr Genet 2006; 16:153-8. [PMID: 16829782 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000218611.53064.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A functional insertion/deletion (*l/*s) repeat polymorphism within the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) has been described. An association between *l variant and a better and faster response to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors in depressed patients was reported in Caucasians. The value of the explained variance due to the 5-HTTLPR, however, was 7% only, and different *l and *s variants were reported according to the nucleotide sequence of repeats. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in individuals carrying different *l and *s variants according to the Nakamura findings. Two hundred and twenty-eight patients affected by bipolar disorder and major depression were administered a daily dose of fluvoxamine up to 300 mg and evaluated at baseline and weekly thereafter until week 7, using the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. We found a marginally significant difference in genotype and allele (P=0.04, data not shown) distribution (*l and *s traditional variants) according to diagnosis (bipolar disorder vs. major depression). We confirmed a better and faster response in our depressed patients bearing the *l variant, but we also found significant differences in response among *l carriers according to the type of *l allele. In fact, 16F *l carriers showed only a partial response, while 16D *l carriers showed a marginally significantly better response than 16A *l allele carriers. These results, although very preliminary, can represent a further step toward a better understanding of the molecular genetics of antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Smeraldi
- Department of Psychiatry, San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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