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Ciocan D, Cassard AM, Becquemont L, Verstuyft C, Voican CS, El Asmar K, Colle R, David D, Trabado S, Feve B, Chanson P, Perlemuter G, Corruble E. Blood microbiota and metabolomic signature of major depression before and after antidepressant treatment: a prospective case-control study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E358-E368. [PMID: 34008933 PMCID: PMC8327971 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota interacts with the brain through the gut-brain axis, and a distinct dysbiosis may lead to major depressive episodes. Bacteria can pass through the gut barrier and be found in the blood. Using a multiomic approach, we investigated whether a distinct blood microbiome and metabolome was associated with major depressive episodes, and how it was modulated by treatment. METHODS In this case-control multiomic study, we analyzed the blood microbiome composition, inferred bacterial functions and metabolomic profile of 56 patients experiencing a current major depressive episode and 56 matched healthy controls, before and after treatment, using 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The baseline blood microbiome in patients with a major depressive episode was distinct from that of healthy controls (patients with a major depressive episode had a higher proportion of Janthinobacterium and lower levels of Neisseria) and changed after antidepressant treatment. Predicted microbiome functions confirmed by metabolomic profiling showed that patients who were experiencing a major depressive episode had alterations in the cyanoamino acid pathway at baseline. High baseline levels of Firmicutes and low proportions of Bosea and Tetrasphaera were associated with response to antidepressant treatment. Based on inferred baseline metagenomic profiles, bacterial pathways that were significantly associated with treatment response were related to xenobiotics, amino acids, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including tryptophan and drug metabolism. Metabolomic analyses showed that plasma tryptophan levels are independently associated with response to antidepressant treatment. LIMITATIONS Our study has some limitations, including a lack of information on blood microbiome origin and the lack of a validation cohort to confirm our results. CONCLUSION Patients with depression have a distinct blood microbiome and metabolomic signature that changes after treatment. Dysbiosis could be a new therapeutic target and prognostic tool for the treatment of patients who are experiencing a major depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Ciocan
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Cosmin Sebastian Voican
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Khalil El Asmar
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Romain Colle
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Denis David
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Séverine Trabado
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Bruno Feve
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Philippe Chanson
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- From the INSERM UMRS 996 - Intestinal Microbiota, Macrophages and Liver Inflammation, DHU Hepatinov, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Voican, Perlemuter); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Ciocan, Cassard, Becquemont, Verstuyft, Voican, El Asmar, Colle, Trabado, Chanson, Perlemuter, Corruble); the APHP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France (Ciocan, Voican, Perlemuter); the Centre for Clinical Research (CRC), Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont); the INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, "MOODS" Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, El Asmar, David, Corruble); the Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormones, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Becquemont, Verstuyft, Trabado); the Psychiatry Department, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Colle, Corruble); the University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chatenay-Malabry, 92 296, France (David); the INSERM 1185, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris-Sud, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France (Trabado, Chanson); the Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, University Paris 6, Paris, France (Feve); the INSERM UMR S_938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Paris, France (Feve); and the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94275, France (Chanson)
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