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Reale M, Costantini E, Greig NH. Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:536257. [PMID: 33746786 PMCID: PMC7973221 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.536257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are one of the most important components of the immune system. They orchestrate the brain's response to infectious and other exogenous insults and are crucial mediators of the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that severe infections and autoimmune disorders, in addition to genetic predisposition, are risk factors for schizophrenia. Furthermore, maternal infection during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of schizophrenia, and proinflammatory cytokines may be negatively involved in the neurodevelopmental process. A cytokine imbalance has been described in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, particularly in the T helper type 1 [Th1] and type 2 [Th2] cytokines, albeit the results of such studies appear to be contradictory. Chronic stress, likewise, appears to contribute to a lasting proinflammatory state and likely also promotes the disorder. The aim of this mini-review is to investigate the roles of different cytokines in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and define how cytokines may represent key molecular targets to regulate for the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. How current antipsychotic drugs impact cytokine networks is also evaluated. In this context, we propose to change the focus of schizophrenia from a traditionally defined brain disorder, to one that is substantially impacted by the periphery and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Maas DA, Martens MB, Priovoulos N, Zuure WA, Homberg JR, Nait-Oumesmar B, Martens GJM. Key role for lipids in cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:399. [PMID: 33184259 PMCID: PMC7665187 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a psychiatric disorder with a convoluted etiology that includes cognitive symptoms, which arise from among others a dysfunctional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In our search for the molecular underpinnings of the cognitive deficits in SZ, we here performed RNA sequencing of gray matter from the dlPFC of SZ patients and controls. We found that the differentially expressed RNAs were enriched for mRNAs involved in the Liver X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor (LXR/RXR) lipid metabolism pathway. Components of the LXR/RXR pathway were upregulated in gray matter but not in white matter of SZ dlPFC. Intriguingly, an analysis for shared genetic etiology, using two SZ genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and GWAS data for 514 metabolites, revealed genetic overlap between SZ and acylcarnitines, VLDL lipids, and fatty acid metabolites, which are all linked to the LXR/RXR signaling pathway. Furthermore, analysis of structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in combination with cognitive behavioral data showed that the lipid content of dlPFC gray matter is lower in SZ patients than in controls and correlates with a tendency towards reduced accuracy in the dlPFC-dependent task-switching test. We conclude that aberrations in LXR/RXR-regulated lipid metabolism lead to a decreased lipid content in SZ dlPFC that correlates with reduced cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Maas
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France ,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn B. Martens
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- grid.458380.20000 0004 0368 8664Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, Amsterdam-Zuidoost, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieteke A. Zuure
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Faculty of Science, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,NeuroDrug Research Ltd, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Ben Afia A, Aflouk Y, Saoud H, Zaafrane F, Gaha L, Bel Hadj Jrad B. Inteurleukin-8 gene variations and the susceptibility to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113421. [PMID: 32920525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) cytokine alteration in the peripheral and central system has been widely shown in psychosis while variation in the IL-8 gene remains largely unexplored and to the best of our knowledge, IL-8 polymorphisms have never been specifically targeted in Schizophrenia (Scz). Thus, we set out to search a potential correlation between rs4073, rs2227306 and rs1126647 polymorphisms in IL-8 gene and the development of Scz in a sample of the Tunisian population in a candidate gene approach. Targeted polymorphisms were analysed in 206 patients and 195 controls using PCR-RFLP method. Among all analysed polymorphisms, only rs1126647 showed a significant risk for Scz. After stratification analysis, we noted a significant association of TT genotype and T allele at rs1126647 with paranoid form, and more specifically with female sex. We find that the rare haplotypes at rs4073-rs2227306-rs1126647 of TTT, ACT and TCT, each containing the risk allele rs1126647T, were associated with increased risk for paranoid Scz while only the TCT combination constituted a risk factor for Scz more generally. Our findings support that IL-8 gene may be involved in susceptibility to Scz but this still preliminary and needs to be strengthened by further independent analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Ben Afia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Youssef Aflouk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Saoud
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Farid Zaafrane
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Gaha
- Department of Psychiatry and Vulnerability to Psychoses Laboratory-CHU Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Bel Hadj Jrad
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, street Taher Haddad, Monastir, Tunisia
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Aytac HM, Ozdilli K, Tuncel FC, Pehlivan M, Pehlivan S. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) −238 G/A Polymorphism Is Associated with the Treatment Resistance and Attempted Suicide in Schizophrenia. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:368-380. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1832115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kursat Ozdilli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatima Ceren Tuncel
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Department of Hematology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yuan X, He F, Zheng F, Xu Y, Zou J. Interferon-gamma Facilitates Neurogenesis by Activating Wnt/β-catenin Cell Signaling Pathway via Promotion of STAT1 Regulation of the β-Catenin Promoter. Neuroscience 2020; 448:219-233. [PMID: 32860934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is critical for central nervous system (CNS) functions and it may be a promising treatment to stimulate CNS regeneration. However, previous studies reported inconsistent results, and the molecular mechanisms remain controversial. Here we show that IFN-γ-treated mice via intraperitoneal injection have elevated IFN-γ level in central hippocampus and superior cognitive behaviors IFN-γ could activates the level of protein expression of Wnt7a, β-catenin, and CyclinD1 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway of mice hippocampus. Functional and mechanism analysis in vitro revealed that IFN-γ promoted the proliferation and differentiation in primary cultured neural stem cells (NSCs). STAT1 was accountable for IFN-γ-induced activation of the β-catenin promoter, and IFN-γ increased the binding affinity of STAT1 to β-catenin promoter based on luciferase activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Our results suggest that IFN-γ exerts many effects ranging from cognitive function in vivo to NSC proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation in vitro. It does so by recruiting STAT1 to the β-catenin promoter, enhancing cis-regulation by STAT1, and ultimately activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this study, we first found that STAT1 was recruited into the promoter of β-catenin to activate β-catenin expression, and this effect was regulated by IFN-γ. It is also discovered firstly that Wnt/β-catenin and JAK/STAT pathways form cross-links through STAT1. Promoting neurogenesis through immune stimulation might be a promising strategy for repairing the diseased/injured CNS. This study provides a scientific basis for immunomodulation to promote nerve regeneration and offer a new therapeutic direction for central nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxiang Zheng
- Institute of Human Virology and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Wang RR, Hao Y, Guo H, Wang MQ, Han L, Zheng RY, He J, Wang ZR. Lunar cycle and psychiatric hospital admissions for schizophrenia: new findings from Henan province, China. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:438-449. [PMID: 32252567 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1625054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of psychiatry, The Psychiatric Hospital of Zhumadian, Zhumadian City, Henan province, China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Yun Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juan He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Wang
- Psychiatry research center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
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Haplotypes of TNF α/ β Genes Associated with Sex-Specific Paranoid Schizophrenic Risk in Tunisian Population. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:3502564. [PMID: 30627222 PMCID: PMC6304811 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3502564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several medical research findings have announced a strong association between the biology of cytokines and various brain activities. Since growing evidences suggest the crucial and complex role of the tumor necrosis factor in the CNS, we have hypothesized that functional genetic variants of the LTA and TNFA genes (LTA +252A/G (rs909253) and TNFA -857C/T (rs1799724) and TNFA -238G/A (rs361525)) may be involved in the predisposition to schizophrenia. This research is based on a case-control study. The RFLP-PCR genotyping was conducted on a Tunisian population composed of 208 patients and 208 controls. We found a strong significant overrepresentation of the minor alleles (G, T, and A, respectively) in all patients compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.55; p = 0.005, OR = 1.78; and p = 0.0001, OR = 1.74, respectively). This correlation was confirmed for male but not for female patients. Interestingly, the frequencies of the minor alleles were significantly more common among patients with paranoid schizophrenia when compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.75; p = 5 · 10-6, OR = 3.04; and p = 4 · 10-6, OR = 2.35, respectively). This potential association was confirmed by a logistic binary regression analysis only for the development of the paranoid form of schizophrenia (p = 0.001/OR = 2.6; p = 0.0002/OR = 3.2; and p = 0.0004/OR = 3.1, respectively) and remained not significant for the other subtypes. Moreover, our study showed an important association between GCA haplotype and the development of this pathological form (p = 10-4, OR = 3.71). In conclusion, our results proved a significant association between the three polymorphisms and paranoid schizophrenia, at least in the Tunisian population, suggesting a substantially increased risk for paranoid schizophrenia with dominant inheritance of these three minor alleles.
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Spuch C, Caruncho HJ, González-Fernandez Á, Olivares JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: A systematic review of psychoneuroimmune relationship. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:19-33. [PMID: 29239785 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a multifactorial psychiatric disease with complex interactions among the brain and the immune system. A psycho-immune relationship underling schizophrenia is supported by several studies and integrates a specific area of knowledge - psychoneuroimmunology. METHODS A systematic review was performed by 2009 Preferred Reporting Items (PRISMA) recommendations. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, publications with relevant information (evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisals tools to quality assessment) were included. RESULTS In this review, we considered the inflammatory activity promoted by cytokine alterations in schizophrenia aetiology, which reflects the systemic comprehension of this disease in opposition to the traditional approach focused solely on the brain. We focus on the analysis of several specific outcomes, such as proinflammatory cytokines, sample sort, laboratory techniques, diagnosis scales and results of each publication. CONCLUSION This systematic review confirms the existence of cytokines abnormalities in schizophrenia disease. Immune imbalances such as increased levels of some cytokines (either at protein level or at mRNA expression), cytokine mRNAs, as well as cytokine gene polymorphisms have been reported with a large support in schizophrenia. These findings provide a strong evidence of a concomitant process of inflammatory activity in schizophrenia illness course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Neurology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - África González-Fernandez
- Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO) (Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia), Galicia-Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), University Campus, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Roberto C Agís-Balboa
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
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Ghafelehbashi H, Pahlevan Kakhki M, Kular L, Moghbelinejad S, Ghafelehbashi SH. Decreased Expression of IFNG-AS1
,IFNG
and IL-1B
Inflammatory Genes in Medicated Schizophrenia and Bipolar Patients. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:479-485. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ghafelehbashi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
| | - M. Pahlevan Kakhki
- Department of Genetics; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - L. Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S. Moghbelinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
- Department of Psychiatry; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
| | - S. H. Ghafelehbashi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
- Department of Psychiatry; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Qazvin Iran
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