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Zhang X, Xue M, Liu L, Wang H, Qiu T, Zhou Y, Shan L, Wang Z, Liu G, Hu Y, Chen J. Rhein: A potent immunomodulator empowering largemouth bass against MSRV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109284. [PMID: 38092092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) is a significant viral pathogen in largemouth bass aquaculture, causing substantial annual economic losses. However, effective prevention methods remain elusive for various reasons. Medicinal plant extracts have emerged as valuable tools in preventing and managing aquatic animal diseases. Thus, the search for immunomodulators with straightforward, safe structures in plant extracts is imperative to ensure the continued health and growth of the largemouth bass industry. In our research, we employed epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells and largemouth bass as models to assess the anti-MSRV properties and immunomodulatory effects of ten plant-derived bioactive compounds. Among them, rhein demonstrated noteworthy potential, exhibiting a 75 % reduction in viral replication in vitro at a concentration of 50 mg/L. Furthermore, rhein pre-treatment significantly inhibited MSRV genome replication in EPC cells, with the highest inhibition rate reaching 64.8 % after 24 h, underscoring rhein's preventive impact against MSRV. Likewise, rhein displayed remarkable therapeutic effects on EPC cells during the early stages of MSRV infection, achieving a maximum inhibition rate of 85.6 % in viral replication. Subsequent investigations unveiled that rhein, with its consistent activity, effectively mitigated cytopathic effects (CPE) and nuclear damage induced by MSRV infection. Moreover, it restrained mitochondrial membrane depolarization and reduced the apoptosis rate by 38.8 %. In vivo experiments reinforced these findings, demonstrating that intraperitoneal injection of rhein enhanced the expression levels of immune related genes in multiple organs, hindered virus replication, and curtailed the mortality rate of MSRV-infected largemouth bass by 29 %. Collectively, our study endorses the utility of rhein as an immunomodulator to combat MSRV infections in largemouth bass. This not only underscores the potential of rhein as a broad-spectrum antiviral and means to bolster the immune response but also highlights the role of apoptosis as an immunological marker, making it an invaluable addition to the armamentarium against aquatic viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Tianxiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Lipeng Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Guanglu Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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Zhou Y, Qiu TX, Wang H, Hu L, Liu L, Chen J. Application of rhein as an immunostimulant controls spring viremia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109128. [PMID: 37777100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the exploration of natural compounds possessing both immunostimulatory and antiviral activities has attracted growing attention in aquaculture research. Consequently, the pursuit of identifying natural products exhibiting anti-SVCV potential as immunostimulants holds significant promise, offering a pathway to mitigate the economic ramifications inflicted by SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Among them, rhein emerges as a particularly compelling contender. Boasting a widespread distribution, well-established extraction methods, and multiple biological activities, it has exhibited the capacity to enhance the antiviral activity of host cells in vitro by blocking the viral internalization process, with a peak inhibition rate of 44.0%. Based on this intervention, rhein inhibited apoptosis and mitochondrial damage triggered by SVCV infection, ultimately producing a significant antiviral effect. Moving beyond the laboratory setting, rhein's efficacy translates effectively into in vivo scenarios. It has demonstrated substantial antiviral potency by increasing the expression of antiviral-related genes, most notably, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), interferon-φ (IFN-φ) and IFN-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). In concert with this genetic modulation, rhein efficiently reduces the viral load, precipitating a consequential enhancement in the survival rate of SVCV-infected fish, elevating it to an encouraging 16%. In conclusion, the outcomes of our investigation offer a compelling testament to rhein's potential as a valuable immunomodulator in the battle against SVCV infections in aquaculture, and the remarkable attributes exhibited by rhein underscore its viability for future commercial deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Tian-Xiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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Wang ZX, Liu B, Yang T, Yu D, Zhang C, Zheng L, Xie J, Liu B, Liu M, Peng H, Lai L, Ouyang Q, Ouyang S, Zhang YA. Structure of the Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complex Reveals Its Assembly Mechanism and Application in Antiviral Drug Screening. J Virol 2023; 97:e0182922. [PMID: 36943056 PMCID: PMC10134867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01829-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic Vesiculovirus infecting the common carp, yet neither a vaccine nor effective therapies are available to treat spring viremia of carp (SVC). Like all negative-sense viruses, SVCV contains an RNA genome that is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) in the form of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which serves as the template for viral replication and transcription. Here, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of SVCV RNP was resolved through cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) at a resolution of 3.7 Å. RNP assembly was stabilized by N and C loops; RNA was wrapped in the groove between the N and C lobes with 9 nt nucleotide per protomer. Combined with mutational analysis, our results elucidated the mechanism of RNP formation. The RNA binding groove of SVCV N was used as a target for drug virtual screening, and it was found suramin had a good antiviral effect. This study provided insights into RNP assembly, and anti-SVCV drug screening was performed on the basis of this structure, providing a theoretical basis and efficient drug screening method for the prevention and treatment of SVC. IMPORTANCE Aquaculture accounts for about 70% of global aquatic products, and viral diseases severely harm the development of aquaculture industry. Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is the pathogen causing highly contagious spring viremia of carp (SVC) disease in cyprinids, especially common carp (Cyprinus carpio), yet neither a vaccine nor effective therapies are available to treat this disease. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of SVCV ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) formation by resolving the 3D structure of SVCV RNP and screened antiviral drugs based on the structure. It is found that suramin could competitively bind to the RNA binding groove and has good antiviral effects both in vivo and in vitro. Our study provides a template for rational drug discovery efforts to treat and prevent SVCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daqi Yu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hailin Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Seki Y, Kitamura T, Tezuka K, Murata M, Akari H, Hamaguchi I, Okuma K. Cytolytic Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Expressing STLV-1 Receptor Specifically Eliminate STLV-1 Env-Expressing Cells in an HTLV-1 Surrogate Model In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040740. [PMID: 35458470 PMCID: PMC9030509 DOI: 10.3390/v14040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes serious and intractable diseases in some carriers after infection. The elimination of infected cells is considered important to prevent this onset, but there are currently no means by which to accomplish this. We previously developed “virotherapy”, a therapeutic method that targets and kills HTLV-1-infected cells using a cytolytic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV). Infection with rVSV expressing an HTLV-1 primary receptor elicits therapeutic effects on HTLV-1-infected envelope protein (Env)-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is closely related genetically to HTLV-1, and STLV-1-infected Japanese macaques (JMs) are considered a useful HTLV-1 surrogate, non-human primate model in vivo. Here, we performed an in vitro drug evaluation of rVSVs against STLV-1 as a preclinical study. We generated novel rVSVs encoding the STLV-1 primary receptor, simian glucose transporter 1 (JM GLUT1), with or without an AcGFP reporter gene. Our data demonstrate that these rVSVs specifically and efficiently infected/eliminated the STLV-1 Env-expressing cells in vitro. These results indicate that rVSVs carrying the STLV-1 receptor could be an excellent candidate for unique anti-STLV-1 virotherapy; therefore, such antivirals can now be applied to STLV-1-infected JMs to determine their therapeutic usefulness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Seki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (I.H.)
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (I.H.)
- Exotic Disease Group, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (I.H.)
| | - Megumi Murata
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan; (M.M.); (H.A.)
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan; (M.M.); (H.A.)
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (I.H.)
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.S.); (T.K.); (K.T.); (I.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-804-2381
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Jiang H, Hou P, He H, Wang H. Cell apoptosis regulated by interaction between viral gene alpha 3 and host heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K facilitates bovine ephemeral fever virus replication. Vet Microbiol 2020; 240:108510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Control of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection by Eliminating Envelope Protein-Positive Cells with Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Encoding HTLV-1 Primary Receptor. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01885-17. [PMID: 29212930 PMCID: PMC5790936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), which is frequently resistant to currently available therapies and has a very poor prognosis. To prevent the development of ATL among carriers, it is important to control HTLV-1-infected cells in infected individuals. Therefore, the establishment of novel therapies with drugs specifically targeting infected cells is urgently required. This study aimed to develop a potential therapy by generating recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) that lack an envelope glycoprotein G and instead encode an HTLV-1 receptor with human glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), neuropilin 1 (NRP1), or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), including syndecan 1 (SDC1), designated VSVΔG-GL, VSVΔG-NP, or VSVΔG-SD, respectively. In an attempt to enhance the infectivity of rVSV against HTLV-1-infected cells, we also constructed rVSVs with a combination of two or three receptor genes, designated VSVΔG-GLN and VSVΔG-GLNS, respectively. The present study demonstrates VSVΔG-GL, VSVΔG-NP, VSVΔG-GLN, and VSVΔG-GLNS have tropism for HTLV-1 envelope (Env)-expressing cells. Notably, the inoculation of VSVΔG-GL or VSVΔG-NP significantly eliminated HTLV-1-infected cells under the culture conditions. Furthermore, in an HTLV-1-infected humanized mouse model, VSVΔG-NP was capable of efficiently preventing HTLV-1-induced leukocytosis in the periphery and eliminating HTLV-1-infected Env-expressing cells in the lymphoid tissues. In summary, an rVSV engineered to express HTLV-1 primary receptor, especially human NRP1, may represent a drug candidate that has potential for the development of unique virotherapy against HTLV-1 de novo infection. IMPORTANCE Although several anti-ATL therapies are currently available, ATL is still frequently resistant to therapeutic approaches, and its prognosis remains poor. Control of HTLV-1 de novo infection or expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in the carrier holds considerable promise for the prevention of ATL development. In this study, we developed rVSVs that specifically target and kill HTLV-1 Env-expressing cells (not ATL cells, which generally do not express Env in vivo) through replacement of the G gene with HTLV-1 receptor gene(s) in the VSV genome. Notably, an rVSV engineered to express human NRP1 controlled the number of HTLV-1-infected Env-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the present approach may be a promising candidate for novel anti-HTLV-1 virotherapy in HTLV-1 carriers, including as a prophylactic treatment against the development of ATL.
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang T, Podok P, Xu D, Lu L. Proteomic identification and characterization of Ctenopharyngodon idella tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (CiTrap1): an anti-apoptosis factor upregulated by grass carp reovirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:449-459. [PMID: 25655331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (Trap1) is a mitochondrial protein identical to heat shock protein 75 (HSP75) that plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (designated as CiTrap1) was identified through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis and its pattern of expression was investigated in grass carp kidney (CIK) cells infected with grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The full length cDNA of CiTrap1 contained an opening reading frame of 2157 bp that encoded a peptide of 718 amino acids. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CiTrap1 shared 87% identity with its homologue from zebrafish (Danio rerio). The transcriptional level of CiTrap1 in CIK cells was upregulated post virus infection as well as poly (I: C) stimulation. Following virus infection, grass carp PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Sorcin, whose coding proteins interact with Trap1 in human, were simultaneously upregulated with CiTrap1. Typical characteristics of apoptosis were observed in CIK cells infected with GCRV by DAPI staining, DNA ladder electrophoresis, TUNEL assay and Annexin Ⅴ labeling. RNAi-mediated silencing of CiTrap1 in CIK cells resulted in the increased rate of virus-induced apoptotic cells. The results of this study suggest that CiTrap1 is involved in the host's innate immune response to viral infection possibly through protecting infected cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Tu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Patarida Podok
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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Kolokoltsova OA, Grant AM, Huang C, Smith JK, Poussard AL, Tian B, Brasier AR, Peters CJ, Tseng CTK, de la Torre JC, Paessler S. RIG-I enhanced interferon independent apoptosis upon Junin virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99610. [PMID: 24918927 PMCID: PMC4053358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a human disease with a high case-fatality rate. It is widely accepted that arenaviral infections, including JUNV infections, are generally non-cytopathic. In contrast, here we demonstrated apoptosis induction in human lung epithelial carcinoma (A549), human hepatocarcinoma and Vero cells upon infection with the attenuated Candid#1 strain of, JUNV as determined by phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, Caspase 3 (CASP3) activation, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and/or chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Moreover, as determined by DNA fragmentation, we found that the pathogenic Romero strain of JUNV was less cytopathic than Candid#1 in human hepatocarcinoma and Vero, but more apoptotic in A549 and Vero E6 cells. Additionally, we found that JUNV-induced apoptosis was enhanced by RIG-I signaling. Consistent with the previously reported role of RIG-I like helicase (RLH) signaling in initiating programmed cell death, we showed that cell death or DNA fragmentation of Candid#1-infected A549 cells was decreased upon siRNA or shRNA silencing of components of RIG-I pathway in spite of increased virus production. Similarly, we observed decreased DNA fragmentation in JUNV-infected human hepatocarcinoma cells deficient for RIG-I when compared with that of RIG-I-competent cells. In addition, DNA fragmentation detected upon Candid#1 infection of type I interferon (IFN)-deficient Vero cells suggested a type I IFN-independent mechanism of apoptosis induction in response to JUNV. Our work demonstrated for the first time apoptosis induction in various cells of mammalian origin in response to JUNV infection and partial mechanism of this cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Kolokoltsova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Grant
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Poussard
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Tian
- Internal Med-Endocrinology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Internal Med-Endocrinology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clarence J. Peters
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chien-Te Kent Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Menghani S, Chikhale R, Raval A, Wadibhasme P, Khedekar P. Chandipura Virus: an emerging tropical pathogen. Acta Trop 2012; 124:1-14. [PMID: 22721825 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a member of Rhabdoviridae, is responsible for an explosive outbreak in rural areas of India. It affects mostly children and is characterized by influenza-like illness and neurologic dysfunctions. It is transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and sand flies. An effective real-time one step reverse-transcriptase PCR assay method is adopted for diagnosis of this virus. CHPV has a negative sense RNA genome encoding five different proteins (N, P, M, G, and L). P protein plays a vital role in the virus's life cycle, while M protein is lethal in nature. There is no specific treatment available to date, symptomatic treatment involves use of mannitol to reduce brain edema. A Vero cell based vaccine candidate against CHPV was evaluated efficiently as a preventive agent against it. Prevention is the best method to suppress CHPV infection. Containment of disease transmitting vectors, maintaining good nutrition, health, hygiene and awareness in rural areas will help in curbing the menace of CHPV. Thus, to control virus transmission some immense preventive measures need to be attempted until a good anti-CHPV agent is developed.
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Cytopathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus is regulated by the PSAP motif of M protein in a species-dependent manner. Viruses 2012; 4:1605-18. [PMID: 23170175 PMCID: PMC3499822 DOI: 10.3390/v4091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an important vector-borne pathogen of bovine and equine species, causing a reportable vesicular disease. The matrix (M) protein of VSV is multifunctional and plays a key role in cytopathogenesis, apoptosis, host protein shut-off, and virion assembly/budding. Our previous findings indicated that mutations of residues flanking the 37PSAP40 motif within the M protein resulted in VSV recombinants having attenuated phenotypes in mice. In this report, we characterize the phenotype of VSV recombinant PS > A4 (which harbors four alanines (AAAA) in place of the PSAP motif without disruption of flanking residues) in both mice, and in Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito and Culicoides sonorensis KC cell lines. The PS > A4 recombinant displayed an attenuated phenotype in infected mice as judged by weight loss, mortality, and viral titers measured from lung and brain samples of infected animals. However, unexpectedly, the PS > A4 recombinant displayed a robust cytopathic phenotype in insect C6/36 cells compared to that observed with control viruses. Notably, titers of recombinant PS > A4 were approximately 10-fold greater than those of control viruses in infected C6/36 cells and in KC cells from Culicoides sonorensis, a known VSV vector species. In addition, recombinant PS > A4 induced a 25-fold increase in the level of C3 caspase activity in infected C6/36 cells. These findings indicate that the PSAP motif plays a direct role in regulating cytopathogenicity in a species-dependent manner, and suggest that the intact PSAP motif may be important for maintaining persistence of VSV in an insect host.
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Bardens A, Döring T, Stieler J, Prange R. Alix regulates egress of hepatitis B virus naked capsid particles in an ESCRT-independent manner. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:602-19. [PMID: 21129143 PMCID: PMC7162389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus that exploits the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway for budding. In addition to infectious particles, HBV‐replicating cells release non‐enveloped (nucleo)capsids, but their functional implication and pathways of release are unclear. Here, we focused on the molecular mechanisms and found that the sole expression of the HBV core protein is sufficient for capsid release. Unexpectedly, released capsids are devoid of a detectable membrane bilayer, implicating a non‐vesicular exocytosis process. Unlike virions, naked capsid budding does not require the ESCRT machinery. Rather, we identified Alix, a multifunctional protein with key roles in membrane biology, as a regulator of capsid budding. Ectopic overexpression of Alix enhanced capsid egress, while its depletion inhibited capsid release. Notably, the loss of Alix did not impair HBV production, furthermore indicating that virions and capsids use diverse export routes. By mapping of Alix domains responsible for its capsid release‐mediating activity, its Bro1 domain was found to be required and sufficient. Alix binds to core via its Bro1 domain and retained its activity even if its ESCRT‐III binding site is disrupted. Together, the boomerang‐shaped Bro1 domain of Alix appears to escort capsids without ESCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bardens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene,University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in a variety of cellular metabolic processes, and their functions are regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli including viruses. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria play a central role in the primary host defense mechanisms against viral infections, and a number of novel viral and mitochondrial proteins are involved in these processes. Some viral proteins localize in mitochondria and interact with mitochondrial proteins to regulate cellular responses. This review summarizes recent findings on the functions and roles of these molecules as well as mitochondrial responses to viral infections.
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Jun HR, Pham CD, Lim SI, Lee SC, Kim YS, Park S, Kwon MH. An RNA-hydrolyzing recombinant antibody exhibits an antiviral activity against classical swine fever virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:484-9. [PMID: 20382124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some proteins with ribonuclease (RNase) activity have been shown to suppress viral replication. A well-characterized recombinant antibody, 3D8 single-chain variable fragment (3D8 scFv), has RNA-hydrolyzing and cell-penetrating activities. Here, we investigated antiviral activity of 3D8 scFv against classical swine fever virus (CSFV). In a cell line expressing 3D8 scFv (C26), intracellular RNA-hydrolysis activity was higher compared to control PK-15 cells and viral replication was strongly suppressed at the viral RNA level, with the evidence of independency of IFN-alpha/beta induction. Exogenous treatment of 3D8 scFv, prior to or post-CSFV infection, was also shown to suppress CSFV replication at the viral RNA level. These observations suggest that antiviral activity of 3D8 scFv may be due to the intrinsic RNase activity of 3D8 scFv, which is capable of targeting viral RNA genomes or transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryeong Jun
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Intracranial administration of P gene siRNA protects mice from lethal Chandipura virus encephalitis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8615. [PMID: 20062542 PMCID: PMC2797643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In parts of India, Chandipura Virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitis causing pathogen in both epidemic and sporadic forms. This pediatric disease follows rapid course leading to 55–75% mortality. In the absence of specific treatment, effectiveness of RNA interference (RNAi) was evaluated. Methods and Findings Efficacy of synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in protecting mice from CHPV infection was assessed. The target genes were P and M genes primarily because important role of the former in viral replication and lethal nature of the latter. Real time one step RT-PCR and plaque assay were used for the assessment of gene silencing. Using pAcGFP1N1-CHPV-P, we showed that P-2 siRNA was most efficient in reducing the expression of P gene in-vitro. Both quantitative assays documented 2logs reduction in the virus titer when P-2, M-5 or M-6 siRNAs were transfected 2hr post infection (PI). Use of these siRNAs in combination did not result in enhanced efficiency. P-2 siRNA was found to tolerate four mismatches in the center. As compared to five different shRNAs, P-2 siRNA was most effective in inhibiting CHPV replication. An extended survival was noted when mice infected intracranially with 100 LD50 CHPV were treated with cationic lipid complexed 5 µg P-2 siRNA simultaneously. Infection with 10LD50 and treatment with two doses of siRNA first, simultaneously and second 24 hr PI, resulted in 70% survival. Surviving mice showed 4logs less CHPV titers in brain without histopathological changes or antibody response. Gene expression profiles of P-2 siRNA treated mice showed no interferon response. First dose of siRNA at 2hr or 4hr PI with second dose at 24hr resulted in 40% and 20% survival respectively suggesting potential application in therapy. Conclusions The results highlight therapeutic potential of siRNA in treating rapid and fatal Chandipura encephalitis.
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Chen CY, Chang CY, Liu HJ, Liao MH, Chang CI, Hsu JL, Shih WL. Apoptosis induction in BEFV-infected Vero and MDBK cells through Src-dependent JNK activation regulates caspase-3 and mitochondria pathways. Vet Res 2009; 41:15. [PMID: 19846041 PMCID: PMC2785050 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous report demonstrated that bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV)-infected cultured cells could induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. This study aims to further elucidate how BEFV activates the caspase cascade in bovine cells. BEFV replicated and induced apoptosis in Vero and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and a kinetic study showed a higher efficiency of replication and a greater apoptosis induction ability of BEFV in Vero cells. Src and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or p38 inhibitor, alleviated BEFV-mediated cytopathic effect and apoptosis. In BEFV-infected Vero and MDBK cells, BEFV directly induced Src tyrosine-418 phosphorylation and JNK phosphorylation and kinase activity, which was inhibited specifically by SU6656 and SP600125, respectively. The caspase cascade and its downstream effectors, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DFF45, were also activated simultaneously upon BEFV infection. In addition, cytochrome c, but not Smac/DIABLO, was released gradually from mitochondria after BEFV infection. SU6656 suppressed Src, JNK, and caspase-3 and -9 activation, as well as PARP and DFF45 cleavage; SP600125 reduced JNK and caspase-3 and -9 activation, as well as PARP and DFF45 cleavage. Taken together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that a Src-dependent JNK signaling pathway plays a key role in BEFV-induced apoptosis. The molecular mechanism identified in our study may provide useful information for the treatment of BEFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Life Science, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Krähling V, Stein DA, Spiegel M, Weber F, Mühlberger E. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triggers apoptosis via protein kinase R but is resistant to its antiviral activity. J Virol 2009; 83:2298-309. [PMID: 19109397 PMCID: PMC2643707 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, infection of 293/ACE2 cells with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) activated several apoptosis-associated events, namely, cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), and chromatin condensation and the phosphorylation and hence inactivation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha). In addition, two of the three cellular eIF2alpha kinases known to be virus induced, protein kinase R (PKR) and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), were activated by SARS-CoV. The third kinase, general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2), was not activated, but late in infection the level of GCN2 protein was significantly reduced. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that the reduction of GCN2 protein was not due to decreased transcription or stability of GCN2 mRNA. The specific reduction of PKR protein expression by antisense peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers strongly reduced cleavage of PARP in infected cells. Surprisingly, the knockdown of PKR neither enhanced SARS-CoV replication nor abrogated SARS-CoV-induced eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Pretreatment of cells with beta interferon prior to SARS-CoV infection led to a significant decrease in PERK activation, eIF2alpha phosphorylation, and SARS-CoV replication. The various effects of beta interferon treatment were found to function independently on the expression of PKR. Our results show that SARS-CoV infection activates PKR and PERK, leading to sustained eIF2alpha phosphorylation. However, virus replication was not impaired by these events, suggesting that SARS-CoV possesses a mechanism to overcome the inhibitory effects of phosphorylated eIF2alpha on viral mRNA translation. Furthermore, our data suggest that viral activation of PKR can lead to apoptosis via a pathway that is independent of eIF2alpha phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Krähling
- Department of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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17
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Lü AJ, Li ZQ, Zhang QY. Detection of cutaneous antibodies in excised skin explants from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:559-565. [PMID: 18482386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study determined whether cutaneous antibodies were present in excised skin explants of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, immune to Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV). Culture fluid from immune skin explants were assayed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), Western blot, indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and flow cytometry (FCM). iELISA showed that cutaneous antibody titres were much lower (1:12) than antiserum titres (1:1458) from intraperitoneally immunized grass carp. The phosphoprotein and matrix protein antigens of purified SMRV proteins were recognized by cutaneous antibodies from skin culture fluid using Western blot. The skin culture fluid produced staining signals in viral assembly sites and cytoplasm of SMRV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells by IFA. FCM showed that 4.39% SMRV-infected EPC cells were detected, while non-specific reaction was seen in 2% of control cells. This is the first description of cutaneous antibodies against SMRV in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Basak S, Mondal A, Polley S, Mukhopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay D. Reviewing Chandipura: a vesiculovirus in human epidemics. Biosci Rep 2007; 27:275-98. [PMID: 17610154 PMCID: PMC7087735 DOI: 10.1007/s10540-007-9054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family and vesiculovirus genera, has recently emerged as human pathogen that is associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Although, the virus closely resembles with the prototype vesiculovirus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, it could be readily distinguished by its ability to infect humans. Studies on Chandipura virus while shed light into distinct stages of viral infection; it may also allow us to identify potential drug targets for antiviral therapy. In this review, we have summarized our current understanding of Chandipura virus life cycle at the molecular detail with particular interest in viral RNA metabolisms, namely transcription, replication and packaging of viral RNA into nucleocapsid structure. Contemporary research on otherwise extensively studied family member Vesicular Stomatitis Virus has also been addressed to present a more comprehensive picture of vesiculovirus life cycle. Finally, we reveal examples of protein economy in Chandipura virus life-cycle whereby each viral protein has evolved complexity to perform multiple tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Arindam Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Smarajit Polley
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Subhradip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35 B. C. Road, Kolkata, 700019 India
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Irie T, Carnero E, Okumura A, García-Sastre A, Harty RN. Modifications of the PSAP region of the matrix protein lead to attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and in vivo. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2559-2567. [PMID: 17698667 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a multi-functional protein involved in virus assembly, budding and pathogenesis. The (24)PPPY(27) late (L) domain of the M protein plays a key role in virus budding, whereas amino acids downstream of the PPPY motif contribute to host protein shut-off and pathogenesis. Using a panel of (37)PSAP(40) recombinant viruses, it has been demonstrated previously that the PSAP region of M does not possess L-domain activity similar to that of PPPY in BHK-21 cells. This study reports the unanticipated finding that these PSAP recombinants were attenuated in cell culture and in mice compared with control viruses. Indeed, PSAP recombinant viruses exhibited a small-plaque phenotype, reduced CPE, reduced levels of activated caspase-3, enhanced production of IFN-beta and reduced titres in the lungs and brains of infected mice. In particular, recombinant virus M6PY>A4-R34E was the most severely attenuated, exhibiting little or no CPE in cell culture and undetectable titres in the lungs and brains of infected mice. These findings indicate an important role for the PSAP region (aa 33-44) of the M protein in the pathology of VSV infection and may have implications for the development of VSV as a vaccine and/or oncolytic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Irie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Carnero
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lü AJ, Dong CW, Du CS, Zhang QY. Characterization and expression analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) gene in response to virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:601-13. [PMID: 17467295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC, also known as mitochondrial porin) is acknowledged to play an important role in stress-induced mammalian apoptosis. In this study, Paralichthys olivaceus VDAC (PoVDAC) gene was identified as a virally induced gene from Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV)-infected flounder embryonic cells (FEC). The full length of PoVDAC cDNA is 1380 bp with an open reading frame of 852 bp encoding a 283 amino acid protein. The deduced PoVDAC contains one alpha-helix, 13 transmembrane beta-strands and one eukaryotic mitochondrial porin signature motif. Constitutive expression of PoVDAC was confirmed in all tested tissues by real-time PCR. Further expression analysis revealed PoVDAC mRNA was upregulated by viral infection. We prepared fish antiserum against recombinant VDAC proteins and detected the PoVDAC in heart lysates from flounder as a 32 kDa band on western blot. Overexpression of PoVDAC in fish cells induced apoptosis. Immunofluoresence localization indicated that the significant distribution changes of PoVDAC have occurred in virus-induced apoptotic cells. This is the first report on the inductive expression of VDAC by viral infection, suggesting that PoVDAC might be mediated flounder antiviral immune response through induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Lallemand C, Blanchard B, Palmieri M, Lebon P, May E, Tovey MG. Single-stranded RNA viruses inactivate the transcriptional activity of p53 but induce NOXA-dependent apoptosis via post-translational modifications of IRF-1, IRF-3 and CREB. Oncogene 2006; 26:328-38. [PMID: 16832344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induced by viral infection, transcriptional activation of genes encoding members of the 'BH3-only' family of proteins was analysed during the course of virus infection. Among these genes, only NOXA is transcriptionally activated by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), sendai virus (SV), measles virus, herpes simplex virus, or dsRNA and required for efficient apoptosis of cells. Transcriptional activation of NOXA by VSV or SV is independent of p53, but requires the presence of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), IRF-3 and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Binding to and transactivation of the NOXA promoter by each of these transcription factors is governed by post-translational modification involving different pathways for each factor. Thus, SV infection activates IRF-3 and CREB by phosphorylation triggered by Toll like receptor 3 signalling, and a pathway involving calcium-independent phopholipase A2, respectively. In addition transactivation induced by IRF-1 during viral infection correlates with a 10 kDa increase in its molecular weight, suggesting a covalent linkage with a previously unknown regulatory polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lallemand
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, UPR CNRS 9045, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France.
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Gadaleta P, Perfetti X, Mersich S, Coulombié F. Early activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Vesicular Stomatitis virus-infected cells. Virus Res 2004; 109:65-9. [PMID: 15826914 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) has been shown to induce apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, but the precise apoptotic pathway remains unknown. We found that caspases 9 and 3, but not caspase 8, were activated during VSV-induced apoptosis in infected Vero cells. Since caspase 9 is related to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, we analyzed some mitochondrial events such as changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltapsim) and mitochondrial release of apoptogenic proteins such as cytochrome c and the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). We found that VSV infection triggers the dissipation of the Deltapsim and the release of both cytochrome c and AIF from the mitochondrial intermembrane space very early in the VSV infection. These results indicate that the trigger of apoptosis in VSV-infected cells occurs through the early activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. On the other hand, intracellular levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, were assessed during viral infection. These analyses showed that as viral infection proceeded, the cellular level of Bcl-xL decreased, while the levels of Bax and Bcl-2 remained unaffected. The significance of the Bcl-xL modulation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gadaleta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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Du C, Zhang Q, Li C, Miao D, Gui J. Induction of apoptosis in a carp leucocyte cell line infected with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) rhabdovirus. Virus Res 2004; 101:119-26. [PMID: 15041179 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rhabdovirus was observed from the diseased turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) with lethal syndrome. In this study, a carp leucocyte (CLC) cell line was used to investigate the infection process and cell death mechanism occurring during the virus infection. Strong cytopathogenic effect (CPE) and the morphological changes, such as extreme chromatin condensation, nucleus fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation, were observed under fluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining in the infected CLC cells. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, cytoplasm vacuolization, chromatin condensation, nuclear breakdown and formation of discrete apoptotic bodies. The bullet-shaped nucleocapsids were measured and ranged in size from 110 to 150 nm in length and 40 to 60 nm in diameter. And therefore the virus is called Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV). Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the DNA extracted from infected cells showed typical DNA ladder in the course of SMRV infection. Flow cytometry analysis of SMRV infected CLC cells detected apoptotic peak in the virus infected CLC cells. Virus titre analysis and electron microscopic observation revealed that the virus replication fastigium was earlier than that of the apoptosis occurrence. No apoptosis was observed in the CLC infected with UV-inactivated SMRV. All these supported that SMRV infected CLC cells undergo apoptosis and the virus replication is necessary for apoptosis induction of CLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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