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Fernandez M, Nigro M, Travagli A, Pasquini S, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Borea PA, Merighi S, Gessi S. Strategies for Drug Delivery into the Brain: A Review on Adenosine Receptors Modulation for Central Nervous System Diseases Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2441. [PMID: 37896201 PMCID: PMC10610137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier that protects the central nervous system (CNS) by ensuring an appropriate microenvironment. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) control the passage of molecules from blood to brain tissue and regulate their concentration-versus-time profiles to guarantee proper neuronal activity, angiogenesis and neurogenesis, as well as to prevent the entry of immune cells into the brain. However, the BBB also restricts the penetration of drugs, thus presenting a challenge in the development of therapeutics for CNS diseases. On the other hand, adenosine, an endogenous purine-based nucleoside that is expressed in most body tissues, regulates different body functions by acting through its G-protein-coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3). Adenosine receptors (ARs) are thus considered potential drug targets for treating different metabolic, inflammatory and neurological diseases. In the CNS, A1 and A2A are expressed by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, immune cells and ECs. Moreover, adenosine, by acting locally through its receptors A1 and/or A2A, may modulate BBB permeability, and this effect is potentiated when both receptors are simultaneously activated. This review showcases in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting AR signaling as a candidate for modifying endothelial barrier permeability in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernandez
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Manuela Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Alessia Travagli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (F.V.); (K.V.)
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Prajjwal P, Shree A, Das S, Inban P, Ghosh S, Senthil A, Gurav J, Kundu M, Marsool Marsool MD, Gadam S, Marsool Marsoo AD, Vora N, Amir Hussin O. Vascular multiple sclerosis: addressing the pathogenesis, genetics, pro-angiogenic factors, and vascular abnormalities, along with the role of vascular intervention. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4928-4938. [PMID: 37811110 PMCID: PMC10553029 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and consequent leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects around 2.5 million individuals worldwide, is the leading cause of neurological impairment in young adults, and can have a variety of progressions and consequences. Despite significant discoveries in immunology and molecular biology, the root cause of MS is still not fully understood, as do the immunological triggers and causative pathways. Recent research into vascular anomalies associated with MS suggests that a vascular component may be pivotal to the etiology of MS, and there can be actually a completely new entity in the already available classification of MS, which can be called 'vascular multiple sclerosis'. Unlike the usual other causes of MS, vascular MS is not dependent on autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms, instead, it is caused due to the blood vessels pathology. This review aims to thoroughly analyze existing information and updates about the scattered available findings of genetics, pro-angiogenetic factors, and vascular abnormalities in this important spectrum, the vascular facets of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anagha Shree
- SGT Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurgaon
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar
| | - Pugazhendi Inban
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Omandurar, Chennai
| | | | | | | | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar
| | | | - Srikanth Gadam
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Neel Vora
- Internal Medicine, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
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3
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Grabowska AD, Wątroba M, Witkowska J, Mikulska A, Sepúlveda N, Szukiewicz D. Interplay between Systemic Glycemia and Neuroprotective Activity of Resveratrol in Modulating Astrocyte SIRT1 Response to Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11640. [PMID: 37511397 PMCID: PMC10380505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The flow of substances between the blood and the central nervous system is precisely regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its disruption due to unbalanced blood glucose levels (hyper- and hypoglycemia) occurring in metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, can lead to neuroinflammation, and increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. One of the most studied natural anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective compounds is resveratrol (RSV). It activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key metabolism regulator dependent on cell energy status. The aim of this study was to assess the astrocyte SIRT1 response to neuroinflammation and subsequent RSV treatment, depending on systemic glycemia. For this purpose, we used an optimized in vitro model of the BBB consisting of endothelial cells and astrocytes, representing microvascular and brain compartments (MC and BC), in different glycemic backgrounds. Astrocyte-secreted SIRT1 reached the highest concentration in hypo-, the lowest in normo-, and the lowest in hyperglycemic backgrounds. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation caused a substantial decrease in SIRT1 in all glycemic backgrounds, as observed earliest in hyperglycemia. RSV partially counterbalanced the effect of LPS on SIRT1 secretion, most remarkably in normoglycemia. Our results suggest that abnormal glycemic states have a worse prognosis for RSV-therapy effectiveness compared to normoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Grabowska
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.W.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Mateusz Wątroba
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.W.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Joanna Witkowska
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.W.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Mikulska
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.W.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
- CEAUL—Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.W.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
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4
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Wei Z, Liu H, Lin Z, Yao M, Li R, Liu C, Li Y, Xu J, Duan W, Lu H. Non-contrast assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability to water in mice: An arterial spin labeling study at cerebral veins. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119870. [PMID: 36640948 PMCID: PMC9908858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in protecting the brain from toxins and pathogens. However, in vivo tools to assess BBB permeability are scarce and often require the use of exogenous contrast agents. In this study, we aimed to develop a non-contrast arterial-spin-labeling (ASL) based MRI technique to estimate BBB permeability to water in mice. By determining the relative fraction of labeled water spins that were exchanged into the brain tissue as opposed to those that remained in the cerebral veins, we estimated indices of global BBB permeability to water including water extraction fraction (E) and permeability surface-area product (PS). First, using multiple post-labeling delay ASL experiments, we estimated the bolus arrival time (BAT) of the labeled spins to reach the great vein of Galen (VG) to be 691.2 ± 14.5 ms (N = 5). Next, we investigated the dependence of the VG ASL signal on labeling duration and identified an optimal imaging protocol with a labeling duration of 1200 ms and a PLD of 100 ms. Quantitative E and PS values in wild-type mice were found to be 59.9 ± 3.2% and 260.9 ± 18.9 ml/100 g/min, respectively. In contrast, mice with Huntington's disease (HD) revealed a significantly higher E (69.7 ± 2.4%, P = 0.026) and PS (318.1 ± 17.1 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.040), suggesting BBB breakdown in this mouse model. Reproducibility studies revealed a coefficient-of-variation (CoV) of 4.9 ± 1.7% and 6.1 ± 1.2% for E and PS, respectively. The proposed method may open new avenues for preclinical research on pathophysiological mechanisms of brain diseases and therapeutic trials in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Wei
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N. Wolfe Street, Park 326, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Hongshuai Liu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zixuan Lin
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N. Wolfe Street, Park 326, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Minmin Yao
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ruoxuan Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yuguo Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N. Wolfe Street, Park 326, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N. Wolfe Street, Park 326, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 8-121, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600N. Wolfe Street, Park 326, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Senescence in brain pericytes attenuates blood-brain barrier function in vitro: A comparison of serially passaged and isolated pericytes from aged rat brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:154-163. [PMID: 36689812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which comprises brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs), astrocytes, and pericytes. Pericytes are present at intervals along the walls of the brain capillaries and play a key role in maintaining BBB integrity. Accumulation of senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the brain facilitate the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases with BBB dysfunction. However, the ability of pericytes to support BBB integrity and their correlation with cellular senescence or aging remain unknown. Here, we investigated cellular senescence in pericytes focusing on its impact on BBB function using BBB models comprising intact BMECs co-cultured with senescent pericytes, which were obtained through a serial passage or isolated from 18-month-old rats. To assess BBB function, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) were studied. Both serially passaged pericytes (in passage 4, 7, and 10) and aged pericytes isolated from 18-month-old rats showed decreased TEER and enhanced permeability of BMECs to Na-F compared to that of normal pericytes (passage 2 or young). Furthermore, serially passaged and aged pericytes showed characteristic features of cellular senescence, including increased β-galactosidase activity, cell cycle arrest, enhanced expression of mRNA, and SASP factors. However, the senescence-induced mRNA expression profile of pericyte markers varied between serially passaged and aged pericytes. Hence, in vitro serial passages and isolation from naturally aged rodents differently influenced genetic and biochemical features of senescent brain pericytes. We conclude that senescent brain pericytes can induce BBB dysfunction and those isolated from aged rodents retain the senescence-specific properties. Our findings provide an alternative tool to investigate the senescence in brain pericytes in vitro.
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6
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Cell-Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery to the Brain for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020621. [PMID: 36839943 PMCID: PMC9960717 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases (NDs) are a significant cause of disability and death in the global population. However, effective treatments still need to be improved for most NDs. In recent years, cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles (CMCNPs) as drug-targeting delivery systems have become a research hotspot. Such a membrane-derived, nano drug-delivery system not only contributes to avoiding immune clearance but also endows nanoparticles (NPs) with various cellular and functional mimicries. This review article first provides an overview of the function and mechanism of single/hybrid cell-membrane-derived NPs. Then, we highlight the application and safety of CMCNPs in NDs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the field.
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7
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A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study Implicates GRAMD1B in Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122392. [PMID: 36553660 PMCID: PMC9777893 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of common genetic variants in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been elucidated in large genome-wide association studies, the contribution of rare variants to the disease remains unclear. Herein, a whole-genome sequencing study in four affected and four healthy relatives of a consanguineous Italian family identified a novel missense c.1801T > C (p.S601P) variant in the GRAMD1B gene that is shared within MS cases and resides under a linkage peak (LOD: 2.194). Sequencing GRAMD1B in 91 familial MS cases revealed two additional rare missense and two splice-site variants, two of which (rs755488531 and rs769527838) were not found in 1000 Italian healthy controls. Functional studies demonstrated that GRAMD1B, a gene with unknown function in the central nervous system (CNS), is expressed by several cell types, including astrocytes, microglia and neurons as well as by peripheral monocytes and macrophages. Notably, GRAMD1B was downregulated in vessel-associated astrocytes of active MS lesions in autopsied brains and by inflammatory stimuli in peripheral monocytes, suggesting a possible role in the modulation of inflammatory response and disease pathophysiology.
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8
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Liu R, Du S, Zhao L, Jain S, Sahay K, Rizvanov A, Lezhnyova V, Khaibullin T, Martynova E, Khaiboullina S, Baranwal M. Autoreactive lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996469. [PMID: 36211343 PMCID: PMC9539795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of myelin leads to damage of a neuron’s axon and cell body, which is identified as brain lesions on magnetic resonance image (MRI). The pathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown. However, immune mechanisms, especially those linked to the aberrant lymphocyte activity, are mainly responsible for neuronal damage. Th1 and Th17 populations of lymphocytes were primarily associated with MS pathogenesis. These lymphocytes are essential for differentiation of encephalitogenic CD8+ T cell and Th17 lymphocyte crossing the blood brain barrier and targeting myelin sheath in the CNS. B-lymphocytes could also contribute to MS pathogenesis by producing anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. In later studies, aberrant function of Treg and Th9 cells was identified as contributing to MS. This review summarizes the aberrant function and count of lymphocyte, and the contributions of these cell to the mechanisms of MS. Additionally, we have outlined the novel MS therapeutics aimed to amend the aberrant function or counts of these lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shushu Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sahil Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kritika Sahay
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vera Lezhnyova
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur Khaibullin
- Neurological Department, Republican Clinical Neurological Center, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Svetlana Khaiboullina, ; Manoj Baranwal, ;
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
- *Correspondence: Svetlana Khaiboullina, ; Manoj Baranwal, ;
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9
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Vestergaard MB, Frederiksen JL, Larsson HBW, Cramer SP. Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Neurovascular Coupling in Multiple Sclerosis-A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:912828. [PMID: 35720104 PMCID: PMC9198441 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.912828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory processes observed in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) could damage the endothelium of the cerebral vessels and lead to a dysfunctional regulation of vessel tonus and recruitment, potentially impairing cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and neurovascular coupling (NVC). Impaired CVR or NVC correlates with declining brain health and potentially plays a causal role in the development of neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, we examined studies on CVR or NVC in MS patients to evaluate the evidence for impaired cerebrovascular function as a contributing disease mechanism in MS. Twenty-three studies were included (12 examined CVR and 11 examined NVC). Six studies found no difference in CVR response between MS patients and healthy controls. Five studies observed reduced CVR in patients. This discrepancy can be because CVR is mainly affected after a long disease duration and therefore is not observed in all patients. All studies used CO2 as a vasodilating stimulus. The studies on NVC demonstrated diverse results; hence a conclusion that describes all the published observations is difficult to find. Future studies using quantitative techniques and larger study samples are needed to elucidate the discrepancies in the reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Vestergaard
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jette L Frederiksen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stig P Cramer
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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10
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Chen X, Pang X, Yeo AJ, Xie S, Xiang M, Shi B, Yu G, Li C. The Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Its Role in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:889765. [PMID: 35663422 PMCID: PMC9160190 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.889765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selective, semi-permeable layer of endothelial cells that protects the central nervous system from harmful substances circulating in blood. It is one of the important barriers of the nervous system. BBB dysfunction is an early pathophysiological change observed in nervous system diseases. There are few treatments for BBB dysfunction, so this motivates the review. Ferroptosis is a novel cell death mode caused by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation accumulation, which has recently attracted more attention due to its possible role in nervous system disorders. Studies have shown that lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation are related to the barrier dysfunction, especially the expression of tight junction proteins. Therefore, examination of the relationship between ferroptosis and BBB dysfunction may reveal new targets for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Chen
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinru Pang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Abrey J. Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siwen Xie
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Mengting Xiang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Gongchang Yu
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Gongchang Yu,
| | - Chao Li
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Chao Li,
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11
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Li H, Han G, He D, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang T, Wang J, Du Y, Li G, Wang Y, Zhou J, Liu B. miR-539 Targeting SNAI2 Regulates MMP9 Signaling Pathway and Affects Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Cerebrovascular Occlusive Diseases: A Study Based on Head and Neck Ultrasound and CTA. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5699025. [PMID: 34873439 PMCID: PMC8643252 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5699025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the expression level of miR-539 in the blood-brain barrier permeability induced by cerebrovascular occlusion and its mediated mechanism. Altogether, 48 patients with cerebral vascular occlusion lesions from March 2018 to June 2020 were collected. The expression level of miR-539 in the peripheral blood serum of the subjects was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the participants were divided into two groups according to the results of head and neck ultrasound and CTA hemodynamics. The MCAO model of cerebral ischemia was established in rats, and the expression level of miR-539 was detected by qRT-PCR in brain tissues of different groups of rats. The effects of miR-539 on the permeability of blood-brain barrier were investigated by intraventricular injection of agomiR-539 and antagomir-539. The model of blood-brain barrier was established by culturing brain microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes in vitro, and the changes of miR-539 expression level and permeability after glucose and oxygen deprivation were detected. The expression level of SNAI2/MMP9 signaling pathway protein in cells was detected by Western blot. Compared with the healthy control group, the expression level of miR-539 in peripheral blood of patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease decreased significantly, and the expression level of miR-539 in the MCAO rat model decreased and affected the permeability of blood-brain barrier. Glucose and oxygen deprivation treatment in brain microvascular endothelial cells can lead to downregulation of miR-539 expression and affect cell permeability. miR-539 in brain microvascular endothelial cells can target and bind to SNAI2 and participate in the regulation of endothelial cell permeability by affecting the SNAI2/MMP9 signaling pathway. The results of this study suggested that circulating miR-539 in peripheral blood may be a potential marker for predicting blood-brain barrier permeability after ischemic stroke. More detailed studies are needed to determine its diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Neuroelectrophysiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Guochao Han
- Neuroelectrophysiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Dongruo He
- Neuroelectrophysiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Neuroelectrophysiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- CT Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Youli Du
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Fundamentals, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- CT Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Jiexin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Neuroelectrophysiology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161000, China
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Correale J, Halfon MJ, Jack D, Rubstein A, Villa A. Acting centrally or peripherally: A renewed interest in the central nervous system penetration of disease-modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103264. [PMID: 34547609 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With the recent approval of cladribine tablets, siponimod and ozanimod, there has been a renewed interest into the extent to which these current generation disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are able to cross into the central nervous system (CNS), and how this penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may influence their ability to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). The integrity of the CNS is maintained by the BBB, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and the arachnoid barrier, which all play an important role in preserving the immunological environment and homeostasis within the CNS. The integrity of the BBB decreases during the course of MS, with a putative temporal relationship to disease worsening. Furthermore, it is currently considered that progression of the disease is mediated mainly by resident cells of the CNS. The existing literature provides evidence to show that some of the current generation DMTs for MS are able to penetrate the CNS and potentially exert direct effects on CNS-resident cells, in particular the CNS-penetrating prodrugs cladribine and fingolimod, and other sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulators; siponimod and ozanimod. Other current generation DMTs appear to be restricted to the periphery due to their high molecular weight or physicochemical properties. As more effective brain penetrant therapies are developed for the treatment of MS, there is a need to understand whether the potential for direct effects within the CNS are of significance, and whether this brings additional benefits over and above treatment effects mediated in the periphery. In turn, this will require an improved understanding of the structure and function of the BBB, the role it plays in MS and subsequent treatments. This narrative review summarizes the data supporting the biological plausibility of a potential benefit from therapeutic molecules entering the CNS, and discusses the potential significance in the current and future treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Dominic Jack
- Merck Serono Ltd, Feltham, United Kingdom (an affiliate of Merck KGaA)
| | - Adrián Rubstein
- Merck S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina (an affiliate of Merck KGaA)
| | - Andrés Villa
- Hospital Ramos Mejía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Matrine treatment induced an A2 astrocyte phenotype and protected the blood-brain barrier in CNS autoimmunity. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102004. [PMID: 34280490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 astrocytes (A1), which are highly proinflammatory and neurotoxic, are prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), immune cells must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrate into the parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) in order to induce neurological deficits. We have previously reported that treatment of EAE with matrine (MAT), a quinazine alkaloid derived from Sophorae Flavescens, effectively inhibited CNS inflammation and promoted neuroregeneration. However, the impact of MAT treatment on astrocyte phenotype is not known. In the present study, we showed that MAT treatment inhibited the generation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and promoted neuroprotective A2 astrocytes in the CNS of EAE, most likely by inhibiting production of the A1-inducing cytokine cocktail. MAT also downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and upregulated tight junction proteins Claudin 5 and Occludin, thus protecting the BBB from CNS inflammation-induced damage. Moreover, MAT treatment promotes the formation of astrocyte tight junctions at glia limitans, thereby limiting parenchymal invasion of the CNS by immune cells. Taken together, the inhibition of A1 astrogliogenesis, and the dual effects on the BBB and astrocytic glia limitans, may be the mechanisms whereby MAT significantly improves EAE clinical scores and neuroprotection.
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15
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Mimura LAN, Fraga-Silva TFDC, de Oliveira LRC, Ishikawa LLW, Borim PA, Machado CDM, Júnior JDADCEH, da Fonseca DM, Sartori A. Preclinical Therapy with Vitamin D3 in Experimental Encephalomyelitis: Efficacy and Comparison with Paricalcitol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041914. [PMID: 33671896 PMCID: PMC7918993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS and its animal model called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) immunopathogenesis involve a plethora of immune cells whose activation releases a variety of proinflammatory mediators and free radicals. Vitamin D3 (VitD) is endowed with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties that we demonstrated to control EAE development. However, this protective effect triggered hypercalcemia. As such, we compared the therapeutic potential of VitD and paricalcitol (Pari), which is a non-hypercalcemic vitamin D analog, to control EAE. From the seventh day on after EAE induction, mice were injected with VitD or Pari every other day. VitD, but not Pari, displayed downmodulatory ability being able to reduce the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the mRNA expression of inflammatory parameters, and demyelination at the CNS. Lower production of proinflammatory cytokines by lymph node-derived cells and IL-17 by gut explants, and reduced intestinal inflammation were detected in the EAE/VitD group compared to the EAE untreated or Pari groups. Dendritic cells (DCs) differentiated in the presence of VitD developed a more tolerogenic phenotype than in the presence of Pari. These findings suggest that VitD, but not Pari, has the potential to be used as a preventive therapy to control MS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Larissa Ragozzo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Patrícia Aparecida Borim
- Botucatu Medical School, Department of Tropical Diseases and Image Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
| | - Carla de Moraes Machado
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (C.d.M.M.); (J.d.A.d.C.eH.J.)
| | - José de Anchieta de Castro e Horta Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (C.d.M.M.); (J.d.A.d.C.eH.J.)
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (T.F.d.C.F.-S.); (L.R.C.d.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (A.S.)
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16
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L. A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:69. [PMID: 33208141 PMCID: PMC7672931 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Dept. of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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17
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Duszynski CC, Avati V, Lapointe AP, Scholkmann F, Dunn JF, Swain MG. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Brain Hypoxia and Cerebrovascular Dysregulation in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Hepatology 2020; 71:1408-1420. [PMID: 31535726 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease linked to symptoms including fatigue and altered mood/cognition, indicating that chronic liver inflammation associated with PBC can impact brain function. We employed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a noninvasive neuroimaging technique, to determine whether patients with PBC exhibit reduced cerebral oxygen saturation (StO2 ) and altered patterns of microvascular cerebral blood perfusion and whether these alterations were associated with clinical phenotype. This observational case-control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital clinic (University of Calgary Liver Unit). APPROACH AND RESULTS Thirteen female patients with noncirrhotic PBC, seven female patients with cirrhotic PBC, and 11 healthy female controls were recruited by physician referral and word of mouth, respectively. NIRS was used to measure cerebral hemoglobin and oxygen saturation. A wavelet phase coherence method was used to estimate the coherent frequency coupling of temporal changes in cerebral hemodynamics. The PBC group demonstrated significantly reduced cerebral StO2 (P = 0.01, d = 0.84), indicating cerebral hypoxia, significantly increased cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (P < 0.01, d = 0.86), and significantly reduced hemodynamic coherence in the low-frequency band (0.08-0.15 Hz) for oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.02, d = 0.99) and total hemoglobin (tHb) concentration (P = 0.02, d = 0.50), indicating alterations in cerebrovascular activity. Complete biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy in early patients with PBC was associated with increased cerebral tHb concentration and decreased hemodynamic coherence. CONCLUSIONS Using NIRS, patients with PBC were found to have hypoxia, increased cerebral hemoglobin concentration, and altered cerebrovascular activity, which were reversed in part in UDCA responders. In addition, symptoms and quality-of-life measures did not correlate with brain hypoxia or cerebrovascular dysregulation in patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Duszynski
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Avati
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Canada
| | - A P Lapointe
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - F Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - M G Swain
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Calgary, Canada
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18
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Dixon GA, Pérez CA. Multiple Sclerosis and the Choroid Plexus: Emerging Concepts of Disease Immunopathophysiology. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 103:65-75. [PMID: 31780202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coexistence of multiple sclerosis and intracranial neoplasms is very rare, and whether this occurrence can be explained by a causal relationship or by coincidence remains a matter of debate. Possible roles of the choroid plexus as a site of tumor cell invasion and lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system have been hypothesized in recent studies. METHODS We describe a 13-year-old boy with concurrent multiple sclerosis and choroid plexus papilloma, then review the published literature with a focus on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis and the potential role of the choroid plexus in this process. RESULTS A growing body of evidence suggests that both physical and functional dysregulation of the choroid plexus may be a common mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of central nervous system inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In multiple sclerosis, the choroid plexus could act as a gateway for lymphocyte entry from the peripheral blood into the central nervous system at its earlier stages. However, future studies are needed to identify whether structural alterations of the choroid plexus play a role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and to provide suitable models to determine their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Dixon
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A Pérez
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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Xie J, Shen Z, Anraku Y, Kataoka K, Chen X. Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies. Biomaterials 2019; 224:119491. [PMID: 31546096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the diseases of central nervous system (CNS). The penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma is rather limited due to the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, BBB crossing for drug delivery to CNS remains a significant challenge in the development of neurological therapeutics. Because of the advantageous properties (e.g., relatively high drug loading content, controllable drug release, excellent passive and active targeting, good stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity), nanomaterials with BBB-crossability have been widely developed for the treatment of CNS diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the physiological structure of BBB, and provides various nanomaterial-based BBB-crossing strategies for brain delivery of theranostic agents, including intranasal delivery, temporary disruption of BBB, local delivery, cell penetrating peptide (CPP) mediated BBB-crossing, receptor mediated BBB-crossing, shuttle peptide mediated BBB-crossing, and cells mediated BBB-crossing. Clinicians, biologists, material scientists and chemists are expected to be interested in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan; Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Bourassa P, Alata W, Tremblay C, Paris-Robidas S, Calon F. Transferrin Receptor-Mediated Uptake at the Blood-Brain Barrier Is Not Impaired by Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:583-594. [PMID: 30609376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor (TfR) is highly expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is therefore considered as a potential target for brain drug delivery. Monoclonal antibodies binding to the TfR, such as clone Ri7, have been shown to internalize into BCECs in vivo. However, since Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by a BBB dysfunction, it raises concerns about whether TfR-mediated transport becomes inefficient during the progression of the disease. Measurements of TfR levels using Western blot analysis in whole homogenates from human post-mortem parietal cortex and hippocampus did not reveal any significant difference between individuals with or without a neuropathological diagnosis of AD (respectively, n = 19 and 22 for the parietal cortex and n = 12 and 14 for hippocampus). Similarly, TfR concentrations in isolated human brain microvessels from parietal cortex were similar between controls and AD cases. TfR levels in isolated murine brain microvessels were not significantly different between groups of 12- and 18-month-old NonTg and 3xTg-AD mice, the latter modeling Aβ and τ neuropathologies. In situ brain perfusion assays were then conducted to measure the brain uptake and internalization of fluorolabeled Ri7 in BCECs upon binding. Consistently, TfR-mediated uptake in BCECs was similar between 3xTg-AD mice and nontransgenic controls (∼0.3 μL·g-1·s-1) at 12, 18, and 22 months of age. Fluorescence microscopy analysis following intravenous administration of fluorolabeled Ri7 highlighted that the signal from the antibody was widely distributed throughout the cerebral vasculature but not in neurons or astrocytes. Overall, our data suggest that both TfR protein levels and TfR-dependent internalization mechanisms are preserved in the presence of Aβ and τ neuropathologies, supporting the potential of TfR as a vector target for drug delivery into BCECs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bourassa
- Faculté de Pharmacie , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada.,Axe Neurosciences , Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Wael Alata
- Faculté de Pharmacie , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada.,Axe Neurosciences , Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences , Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Sarah Paris-Robidas
- Faculté de Pharmacie , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada.,Axe Neurosciences , Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada.,Axe Neurosciences , Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 4G2 , Canada
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21
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Papaneophytou CP, Georgiou E, Karaiskos C, Sargiannidou I, Markoullis K, Freidin MM, Abrams CK, Kleopa KA. Regulatory role of oligodendrocyte gap junctions in inflammatory demyelination. Glia 2018; 66:2589-2603. [PMID: 30325069 PMCID: PMC6519212 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) coupling oligodendrocytes to astrocytes and to other oligodendrocytes are formed mainly by connexin47 (Cx47) and a smaller portion by connexin32 (Cx32). Mutations in both connexins cause inherited demyelinating disorders, but their expression is also disrupted in multiple sclerosis (MS). To clarify whether the loss of either Cx47 or Cx32 could modify the outcome of inflammation and myelin loss, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in fully backcrossed Cx32 knockout (KO) and Cx47KO mice and compared their outcome with wild type (WT, C57BI/6 N) mice. Cx47KO EAE mice developed the most severe phenotype assessed by clinical scores and behavioral testing, followed by Cx32KO and WT mice. Cx47KO more than Cx32KO EAE mice developed more microglial activation, myelin, and axonal loss than did WT mice. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis and precursor proliferation was also higher in Cx47KO than in Cx32KO or WT EAE mice. Similarly, blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption and inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages, T- and B-cells were more severe in Cx47KO than either Cx32KO or WT EAE groups. Finally, expression profiling revealed that several proinflammatory cytokines were higher at the peak of inflammation in the Cx47KO mice and persisted at later stages of EAE in contrast to reduction of their levels in WT EAE mice. Thus, loss of oligodendrocyte GJs aggravates BSCB disruption and inflammatory myelin loss, likely due to dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. This mechanism may play an important role in MS brain with reduced connexin expression, as well as in patients with inherited mutations in oligodendrocyte connexins and secondary inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hand Strength/physiology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos P. Papaneophytou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Kyriaki Markoullis
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
| | - Mona M. Freidin
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Charles K. Abrams
- Department of Neurology and RehabilitationUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience LaboratoryThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
- Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineNicosiaCyprus
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22
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Ramirez SH, Andrews AM, Paul D, Pachter JS. Extracellular vesicles: mediators and biomarkers of pathology along CNS barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29960602 PMCID: PMC6026502 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, nano-sized vesicles that are shed into the blood and other body fluids, which disperse a variety of bioactive molecules (e.g., protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA and lipids) to cellular targets over long and short distances. EVs are thought to be produced by nearly every cell type, however this review will focus specifically on EVs that originate from cells at the interface of CNS barriers. Highlighted topics include, EV biogenesis, the production of EVs in response to neuroinflammation, role in intercellular communication and their utility as a therapeutic platform. In this review, novel concepts regarding the use of EVs as biomarkers for BBB status and as facilitators for immune neuroinvasion are also discussed. Future directions and prospective are covered along with important unanswered questions in the field of CNS endothelial EV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Debayon Paul
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA.
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23
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Kuriakose M, Rama Rao KV, Younger D, Chandra N. Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8681. [PMID: 29875451 PMCID: PMC5989233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kuriakose
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Daniel Younger
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The human microbiota is composed of diverse forms of microorganisms that live on or in us and plays a crucial role in the health and development. Commensal species that reside in the intestine particularly influence host physiology at local and systemic levels. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system for which there is currently no cure. While the cause of MS is unknown, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the microbiota can play both pathogenic and protective roles in disease progression. In this review, we provide a brief overview, based on both animal and clinical studies, of the current understanding by which the microbiota may influence MS and discuss opportunities for therapeutic intervention that may alleviate the symptoms associated with this debilitating neuroimmunological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Trott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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Hui F, Nguyen CTO, He Z, Vingrys AJ, Gurrell R, Fish RL, Bui BV. Retinal and Cortical Blood Flow Dynamics Following Systemic Blood-Neural Barrier Disruption. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:568. [PMID: 29075176 PMCID: PMC5643486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To consider whether imaging retinal vasculature may be used as a marker for cortical vessels, we compared fluorescein angiography flow dynamics before and after pharmacological disruption of blood-neural barriers. Sodium fluorescein (1%, 200 μl/kg) was intravenously delivered in anesthetized adult Long Evans rats (n = 44, brain = 18, retina = 26). In the brain cohort, a cranial window was created to allow direct visualization of surface cortical vessels. Video fluorescein angiography was captured using a rodent retinal camera at 30 frames/second and fluorescence intensity profiles were evaluated for the time to reach 50% brightness (half-rise), 50% decay (half-fall), and the plateau level of remnant fluorescence (offset, %). Cortical vessels fluoresced earlier (artery half-rise: 5.6 ± 0.2 s) and decayed faster (half-fall: 10.3 ± 0.2 s) compared to retinal vasculature. Cortical vessels also had a considerably higher offset, particularly in the capillaries/extravascular space (41.4 ± 2.7%) whereas pigment in the retina reduces such residual fluorescence. In a sub-cohort of animals, sodium deoxycholate (DOC, 0.06 M dissolved in sterile saline, 1 mL) was delivered intravenously to cause simultaneous disruption of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. A separate group received saline as vehicle control. Fluorescein angiography was re-measured at 6 and 24 h after drug infusion and evaluated by comparing flow dynamics to the upper quartile (75%) of the control group. Retinal vasculature was more sensitive to DOC-induced disruption with a higher fluorescence offset at 6 h (47.3 ± 10.6%). A delayed effect was seen in cortical vessels with a higher offset evident only at 24 h (65.6 ± 10.1%). Here we have developed a method to quantitatively compare fluorescein angiography dynamics in the retina and superficial cortical vessels. Our results show that systemic disruption of blood-neural barriers causes vascular leakage in both tissues but earlier in the retina suggesting that pharmacological blood-neural barrier disruption may be detected earlier in the eye than in cortical vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T. O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Algis J. Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel Gurrell
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Fish
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Protective Effect of Salvianolic Acid A on Brain Endothelial Cells after Treatment with Deprivation and Reperfusion of Oxygen-glucose. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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27
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Nielsen SSE, Siupka P, Georgian A, Preston JE, Tóth AE, Yusof SR, Abbott NJ, Nielsen MS. Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28994773 DOI: 10.3791/56277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 ± 80 Ω cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 ± 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean ± SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S E Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University
| | - Piotr Siupka
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University
| | - Ana Georgian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London
| | - Jane E Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London
| | - Andrea E Tóth
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University
| | - Siti R Yusof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London; HICoE Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London;
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University;
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28
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Dincel GC, Atmaca HT. Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:226-40. [PMID: 26966143 PMCID: PMC5806720 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016638668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously shown that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) induces high nitric oxide (NO) production, glial activation, and apoptosis that altogether cause severe neuropathology in toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of OS and to identify a correlation between the causes of T. gondii induced neuropathology. Expression levels of glutathione reductase (GR), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were investigated. Results of the study revealed that the levels of GR (P <0.005) and NSE (P <0.001) expression in the brain tissue markedly increased while SOD1 activity decreased (P <0.001) in the infected group compared to the non-infected group. In addition, intense staining for 8-OHdG (P <0.05) was observed both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells that underwent OS. These results were reasonable to suggest that T. gondii-mediated OS might play a pivotal role and a different type of role in the mechanism of neurodegeneration/neuropathology in the process of TE. The results also clearly indicated that increased levels of NO and apoptosis might contribute to OS-related pathogenesis of TE. As a result, OS and expression of NSE might give an idea of the disease progress and may have a critical diagnostic significance for patients with T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- Gumushane University, Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational High School, Siran, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Yahsihan, Kirikkale, Turkey
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29
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Banks WA. From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:275-92. [PMID: 26794270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders is achieving sufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Research in the past few decades has revealed that the BBB is not only a substantial barrier for drug delivery to the CNS but also a complex, dynamic interface that adapts to the needs of the CNS, responds to physiological changes, and is affected by and can even promote disease. This complexity confounds simple strategies for drug delivery to the CNS, but provides a wealth of opportunities and approaches for drug development. Here, I review some of the most important areas that have recently redefined the BBB and discuss how they can be applied to the development of CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
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30
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Almutairi MMA, Gong C, Xu YG, Chang Y, Shi H. Factors controlling permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:57-77. [PMID: 26403789 PMCID: PMC11108286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the primary protective barrier for neurons in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exists between the blood microcirculation system and the brain parenchyma. The normal BBB integrity is essential in protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the necessary level of nutrients and ions for neuronal function. This integrity is mediated by structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, integrins, annexins, and agrin, of a multicellular system including endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, etc. BBB dysfunction is a significant contributor to the pathogeneses of a variety of brain disorders. Many signaling factors have been identified to be able to control BBB permeability through regulating the structural components. Among those signaling factors are inflammatory mediators, free radicals, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNAs, etc. In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress regarding these structural components and signaling factors, relating to their roles in various brain disorders. Attention is also devoted to recent research regarding impact of pharmacological agents such as isoflurane on BBB permeability and how iron ion passes across BBB. Hopefully, a better understanding of the factors controlling BBB permeability helps develop novel pharmacological interventions of BBB hyperpermeability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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31
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Dincel GC, Atmaca HT. Increased expressions of ADAMTS-13 and apoptosis contribute to neuropathology duringToxoplasma gondiiencephalitis in mice. Neuropathology 2015; 36:211-26. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- Gumushane University; Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational High School; Gumushane Turkey
| | - Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Kirikkale University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology; Kirikkale Turkey
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32
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Healy LM, Michell-Robinson MA, Antel JP. Regulation of human glia by multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:639-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube Yamaguchi Japan
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34
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Al-Asmakh M, Hedin L. Microbiota and the control of blood-tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1039691. [PMID: 26451344 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1039691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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35
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Abstract
The gastro-intestinal tract is an ecosystem containing trillions of commensal bacteria living in symbiosis with the host. These microbiota modulate a variety of our physiological processes, including production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients and development of the immune system. One of their major functions is to fortify the intestinal barrier, thereby helping to prevent pathogens and harmful substances from crossing into the general circulation. Recently, effects of these microbiota on other blood-tissue barriers have also been reported. Here, we review the evidence indicating that gut bacteria play a role in regulating the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers. The underlying mechanisms include control of the expression of tight junction proteins by fermentation products such as butyrate, which also influences the activity of histone deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Health Sciences; College of Arts and Sciences; Qatar University ; Doha, Qatar
| | - Lars Hedin
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Division of Clinical Epidemiology ; Doha, Qatar
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36
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Duperray A, Barbe D, Raguenez G, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Perron H, Marche PN. Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4. Int Immunol 2015; 27:545-53. [PMID: 25957268 PMCID: PMC4625887 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MSRV (multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus) belongs to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. The envelope protein originating from the MSRV has been found in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This protein (Env-ms) has pro-inflammatory properties for several types of immune cells and could therefore play a role in MS pathogenesis by promoting the leukocyte diapedesis observed in the central nervous system of patients. Our study aims to analyze the effects of Env-ms on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a molecular and functional level. We demonstrate that the recombinant MSRV envelope is able to stimulate several inflammatory parameters in a human BBB in vitro model, the HCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cell line. Indeed, Env-ms induces over-expression of ICAM-1, a major mediator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner as well as a strong dose-dependent production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, using a silencing approach with siRNAs, we show that Env-ms is recognized via the Toll-like receptor 4 receptor, a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity present on endothelial cells. We also show, using functional assays, that treatment of brain endothelial cells with Env-ms significantly stimulated the adhesion and the transmigration of activated immune cells through a monolayer of endothelial cells. These findings support the hypothesis that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS disease or at least in maintenance of inflammatory conditions, thus fueling the auto-immune disorder. MSRV could also play a role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Duperray
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphin Barbe
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilda Raguenez
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France Present address: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie - Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, CNRS UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, 18, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice N Marche
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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37
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body's largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychotic-naïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community, and early reports show that it is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut-brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD, 21287-4933, USA,
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38
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Abakumova TO, Nukolova NV, Gusev EI, Chekhonin VP. [Contrast agents in MRI-diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:58-65. [PMID: 25909791 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20151151158-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging using contrast agents plays an important role in diagnosis and assessment of treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis. The development of contrast agents on the basis of gadolinium or iron oxide nanoparticles has potential for diagnosis of pathological foci (tumors, amyloid plaques, inflammation and foci of demyelination or necrosis) in nervous system diseases. Newly developing types of diagnostic substances for visualization of pathological foci in multiple sclerosis are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Abakumova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - N V Nukolova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - E I Gusev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - V P Chekhonin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
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39
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Schmitz K, Barthelmes J, Stolz L, Beyer S, Diehl O, Tegeder I. "Disease modifying nutricals" for multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:85-113. [PMID: 25435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between vitamin D and multiple sclerosis has (re)-opened new interest in nutrition and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of this neuroinflammatory disease. The dietary amount and type of fat, probiotics and biologicals, salmon proteoglycans, phytoestrogens and protease inhibitor of soy, sodium chloride and trace elements, and fat soluble vitamins including D, A and E were all considered as disease-modifying nutraceuticals. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggest that poly-unsaturated fatty acids and their 'inflammation-resolving' metabolites and the gut microflora may reduce auto-aggressive immune cells and reduce progression or risk of relapse, and infection with whipworm eggs may positively change the gut-brain communication. Encouraged by the recent interest in multiple sclerosis-nutrition nature's pharmacy has been searched for novel compounds with anti-inflammatory, immune-modifying and antioxidative properties, the most interesting being the scorpion toxins that inhibit specific potassium channels of T cells and antioxidative compounds including the green tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin and the mustard oil glycoside from e.g. broccoli and sulforaphane. They mostly also inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB or toll-like receptors and stabilize the blood brain barrier. Disease modifying functions may also complement analgesic and anti-spastic effects of cannabis, its constituents, and of 'endocannabinoid enhancing' drugs or nutricals like inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Nutricals will not solve multiple sclerosis therapeutic challenges but possibly support pharmacological interventions or unearth novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Barthelmes
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Stolz
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olaf Diehl
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- The MS Study Group of the TRIP-Graduate School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany.
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Derventzi A, Nikolopoulou M, Apostolou A, Kataki A, Bakopoulos K, Androulis A, Kilidireas C, Zografos G, Konstadoulakis MM. An in vitro model for investigating human autologous neuronal-astrocyte and immune cell interactions underlying neurodegenerative and immunosuppressive processes in neuropathy. Brain Res 2014; 1587:1-14. [PMID: 25218612 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary mixed neuronal-astrocytic cultures were established from human brain tissues from elective surgical procedures and maintained in vitro for over 21 days. The majority of cells (a) expressed morphological and cytoskeletal markers of differentiated neurons (MAP2a&b; Tau) or astrocytes (GFAP) in anticipated proportion (1:2), and (b) regenerated synaptic connections and neural-astrocytic associations. Co-cultures with autologous blood leukocytes established that alterations in the viability (by Annexin V/PI) of brain and immune cells over 3 days were indicative of neurodegenerative or immunosuppressive processes. During co-culture, B-cells (CD19+) remained largely unaffected while T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and monocytes (CD14+) declined, consistent with immunosuppressive process. Indications of immunosuppression were not observed when immune cells were maintained in free of neural cells medium collected from neuro-cultures. Decline in brain cell viability in neuro-immune co-cultures may be associated with density of activated monocytes (HLA-DR+/CD14+), consistent with neurodegenerative process. Our findings, though preliminary and associated with significant variability between individuals, establish an approach to investigate neuroimmune pathology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Derventzi
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Muarilena Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Apostolou
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Agapi Kataki
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Bakopoulos
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Neurologic Clinic, 'Aeginiteio' Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, 'Hippocration' Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos M Konstadoulakis
- Laboratory of Surgical Research, First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, 'Hippocration' Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gong H, Gao X, Feng S, Siddiqui MR, Garcia A, Bonini MG, Komarova Y, Vogel SM, Mehta D, Malik AB. Evidence of a common mechanism of disassembly of adherens junctions through Gα13 targeting of VE-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:579-91. [PMID: 24590762 PMCID: PMC3949568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein Gα13 transduces signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to induce cell spreading, differentiation, migration, and cell polarity. Here, we describe a novel GPCR-independent function of Gα13 in regulating the stability of endothelial cell adherens junctions (AJs). We observed that the oxidant H2O2, which is released in response to multiple proinflammatory mediators, induced the interaction of Gα13 with VE-cadherin. Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in turn induced Src activation and VE-cadherin phosphorylation at Tyr 658, the p120-catenin binding site thought to be responsible for VE-cadherin internalization. Inhibition of Gα13-VE-cadherin interaction using an interfering peptide derived from the Gα13 binding motif on VE-cadherin abrogated the disruption of AJs in response to inflammatory mediators. These studies identify a unique role of Gα13 binding to VE-cadherin in mediating VE-cadherin internalization and endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Il 60612
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TREK-King the Blood–Brain-Barrier. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:293-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Devinsky O, Najjar A, Zagzag D. Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:142. [PMID: 24289502 PMCID: PMC4220803 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Neuroinflammation Research Group, Epilepsy Center Division, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Rodriguez PL, Jiang S, Fu Y, Avraham S, Avraham HK. The proinflammatory peptide substance P promotes blood-brain barrier breaching by breast cancer cells through changes in microvascular endothelial cell tight junctions. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1034-44. [PMID: 23934616 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been implicated in inflammation, pain, depression and breast cancer cell (BCC) growth. Here, we examined the role of SP in trafficking of BCCs (human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231BrM2 cells) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) using in vitro and in vivo models. SP was secreted from BCCs and mediated adhesion and transmigration of BCCs across human BMECs (HBMECs) in vitro. SP induced activation of HBMECs, leading to secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) from HBMECs, resulting in changes in localization and distribution of tight junction (TJ) ZO-1 (tight junction protein zonula occludins-1) and claudin-5 structures as well as increased permeability of HBMECs. Using spontaneous breast cancer metastasis mouse model (syngeneic) of GFP-4T1-BrM5 mammary tumor cells administered into mammary fat pads of Balb/c mice, SP inhibitor spantide III inhibited in vivo changes in permeability of the BBB and BMEC-TJs ZO-1 and claudin-5 structures as well as decreased tumor cell colonization in brain. Thus, SP secreted from BCCs induces transmigration of BCCs across the BBB, leading to activation of BMECs and secretion of TNF-α and Ang-2, resulting in BBB impairment and colonization of tumor cells in brain. Therefore, therapies based on SP inhibition in combination with other therapies may prevent breaching of the BBB by BCCs and their colonization in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Rodriguez
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Fingolimod: direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neurol Sci 2013; 328:9-18. [PMID: 23518370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Following phosphorylation in vivo, the active agent, fingolimod phosphate (fingolimod-P), acts as a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, binding with high affinity to four of the five known S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P3, S1P4 and S1P5). The mechanism of action of fingolimod in MS has primarily been considered as immunomodulatory, whereby fingolimod-P modulates S1P1 on lymphocytes, selectively retaining autoreactive lymphocytes in lymph nodes to reduce damaging infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence indicates that fingolimod has direct effects in the CNS in MS. For example, in the MS animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), fingolimod is highly efficacious in both a prophylactic and therapeutic setting, yet becomes ineffective in animals selectively deficient for S1P1 on astrocytes, despite maintained normal immunologic receptor expression and functions, and S1P-mediated immune activities. Here we review S1P signaling effects relevant to MS in neural cell types expressing S1P receptors, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia and dendritic cells. The direct effects of fingolimod on these CNS cells observed in preclinical studies are discussed in view of the functional consequences of reducing neurodegenerative processes and promoting myelin preservation and repair. The therapeutic implications of S1P modulation in the CNS are considered in terms of the clinical outcomes of MS, such as reducing MS-related brain atrophy, and other CNS disorders. Additionally, we briefly outline other existing and investigational MS therapies that may also have effects in the CNS.
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Ross AP, Ben-Zacharia A, Harris C, Smrtka J. Multiple sclerosis, relapses, and the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Front Neurol 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23482896 PMCID: PMC3591751 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) are disruptive and frequently disabling for patients, and their treatment is often a challenge to clinicians. Despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and development of new treatments for long-term management of MS, options for treating relapses have not changed substantially over the past few decades. Corticosteroids, a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation, are currently the mainstay of relapse treatment. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gel is another treatment option. Although it has long been assumed that the efficacy of ACTH in treating relapses depends on the peptide’s ability to increase endogenous corticosteroid production, evidence from research on the melanocortin system suggests that steroidogenesis may only partly account for ACTH influences. Indeed, the melanocortin peptides [ACTH and α-, β-, γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)] and their receptors (Melanocortin receptors, MCRs) exert multiple actions, including modulation of inflammatory and immune mediator production. MCRs are widely distributed within the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues including immune cells (e.g., macrophages). This suggests that the mechanism of action of ACTH includes not only steroid-mediated indirect effects, but also direct anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating actions via the melanocortin system. An increased understanding of the role of the melanocortin system, particularly ACTH, in the immune and inflammatory processes underlying relapses may help to improve relapse management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Perrin Ross
- Department of Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Casiraghi C, Horwitz MS. Epstein–Barr virus and autoimmunity: the role of a latent viral infection in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are both chronic autoimmune diseases with unknown etiology. To date, EBV is the most closely implicated infectious agent to be associated with both MS and SLE. Epidemiological findings show a strong correlation between EBV infection and the risk of developing these diseases. The type and magnitude of both EBV-specific antibodies and T-cell responses produced by MS or SLE patients are dysregulated when compared with healthy cohorts. Despite all these findings, it is still not clear if and how EBV triggers autoimmunity. EBV infects and establishes latency mainly in B cells, but it can also infect other cell types and indirectly influence the activation status of the immune system by stimulating the production of proinflammatory mediators. This could play a role in both MS and SLE pathogenesis. In this review we will summarize recent literature that links EBV infection to SLE and MS, and discuss possible new mechanisms that explain how EBV drives autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Daneman R. The blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:648-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hemley SJ, Bilston LE, Cheng S, Stoodley MA. Aquaporin-4 expression and blood–spinal cord barrier permeability in canalicular syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 17:602-12. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.9.spine1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Noncommunicating canalicular syringomyelia occurs in up to 65% of patients with Chiari malformation Type I. The pathogenesis of this type of syringomyelia is poorly understood and treatment is not always effective. Although it is generally thought that syringomyelia is simply an accumulation of CSF from the subarachnoid space, the pathogenesis is likely to be more complex and may involve cellular and molecular processes. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been implicated in numerous CNS pathological conditions involving fluid accumulation, including spinal cord edema. There is evidence that AQP4 facilitates the removal of extracellular water following vasogenic edema. The aim of this study was to investigate AQP4 expression and the structural and functional integrity of the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in a model of noncommunicating canalicular syringomyelia.
Methods
A kaolin-induced model of canalicular syringomyelia was used to investigate BSCB permeability and AQP4 expression in 27 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Control groups consisted of nonoperated, laminectomy-only, and saline-injected animals. The structural integrity of the BSCB was assessed using immunoreactivity to endothelial barrier antigen. Functional integrity of the BSCB was assessed by extravasation of systemically injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at 1, 3, 6, or 12 weeks after surgery. Immunofluorescence was used to assess AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression at 12 weeks following syrinx induction.
Results
Extravasation of HRP was evident surrounding the central canal in 11 of 15 animals injected with kaolin, and in 2 of the 5 sham-injected animals. No disruption of the BSCB was observed in laminectomy-only controls. At 12 weeks the tracer leakage was widespread, occurring at every level rostral to the kaolin injection. At this time point there was a decrease in EBA expression in the gray matter surrounding the central canal from C-5 to C-7. Aquaporin-4 was expressed in gray- and white-matter astrocytes, predominantly at the glia limitans interna and externa, and to a lesser extent around neurons and blood vessels, in both control and syrinx animals. Expression of GFAP and APQ4 directly surrounding the central canal in kaolin-injected animals was variable and not significantly different from expression in controls.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated a prolonged disruption of the BSCB directly surrounding the central canal in the experimental model of noncommunicating canalicular syringomyelia. The disruption was widespread at 12 weeks, when central canal dilation was most marked. Loss of integrity of the barrier with fluid entering the interstitial space of the spinal parenchyma may contribute to enlargement of the canal and progression of syringomyelia. Significant changes in AQP4 expression were not observed in this model of canalicular syringomyelia. Further investigation is needed to elucidate whether subtle changes in AQP4 expression occur in canalicular syringomyelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hemley
- 1The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University
| | - Lynne E. Bilston
- 2Neuroscience Research Australia
- 3Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales; and
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- 2Neuroscience Research Australia
- 4School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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