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Satheesh S, Al Solami L. Antifouling activities of proteinase K and α-amylase enzymes: Laboratory bioassays and in silico analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31683. [PMID: 38828329 PMCID: PMC11140711 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of enzymes as antifoulants is one of the environment-friendly strategies in biofouling management. In this study, antifouling activities of commercially available proteinase K and α-amylase enzymes were evaluated using barnacle larva and biofilm-forming bacteria as test organisms. The enzymes were also tested against barnacle cement protein through in silico analysis. The results showed that both enzymes inhibited the attachment of bacteria and settlement of barnacle larvae on the test surface. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.312 mg ml-1 was exhibited by proteinase K against biofilm-forming bacteria. The calculated LC50 values for proteinase K and α-amylase against the barnacle nauplii were 91.8 and 230.96 mg ml-1 respectively. While α-amylase showed higher antibiofilm activity, proteinase K exhibited higher anti-larval settlement activity. Similarly, in silico analysis of the enzymes revealed promising anti-settlement activity, as the enzymes showed good binding scores with barnacle cement protein. Overall, the results suggested that the enzymes proteinase K and α-amylase could be used in antifouling coatings to reduce the settlement of biofouling on artificial materials in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathianeson Satheesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lafi Al Solami
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Sarkar PK, Pawar SS, Rath SK, Kandasubramanian B. Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: synthesis and progress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26078-26112. [PMID: 35076840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling has gnawed both mobile and non-mobile marine structures since time immemorial, leading to the deterioration of designed operational capabilities as well as a loss of valuable economic revenues. Mitigation of biofouling has been the primary focus of researchers and scientists from across the globe to save billions of dollars wasted due to the biological fouling of marine structures. The availability of an appropriate environment along with favorable substrata initiates biofilm formation within a few minutes. The crucial element in establishing a gelatinous biofilm is the excreted metabolites of destructive nature and exopolymeric substances (EPSs). These help in securing as well as signaling numerous foulants to establish themselves on this substrate. The larvae of various benthic invertebrates adhere to these suitable surfaces and transform from juveniles to adult barnacles depending upon the environment. Despite biofouling being characteristically witnessed for a month or lengthier timeframe, the preliminary phases of the fouling process typically transpire on a much lesser timescale. A few natural and synthetic additives had demonstrated excellent non-toxic anti barnacle establishment capability; however, further development into commercial products is still far-fetched. This review collates the specific anti-barnacle coatings, emphasizing natural additives, their sources of extraction, general life cycle analysis, and concluding future perspectives of this niche product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramit Kumar Sarkar
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India
- Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Ministry of Defence, Dockyard Road, Mumbai, 400010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil S Pawar
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India.
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3
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Gnanasampanthan T, Beyer CD, Yu W, Karthäuser JF, Wanka R, Spöllmann S, Becker HW, Aldred N, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Effect of Multilayer Termination on Nonspecific Protein Adsorption and Antifouling Activity of Alginate-Based Layer-by-Layer Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5950-5963. [PMID: 33969986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile platform for applying coatings and studying the properties of promising compounds for antifouling applications. Here, alginate-based LbL coatings were fabricated by alternating the deposition of alginic acid and chitosan or polyethylenimine to form multilayer coatings. Films were prepared with either odd or even bilayer numbers to investigate if the termination of the LbL coatings affects the physicochemical properties, resistance against the nonspecific adsorption (NSA) of proteins, and antifouling efficacy. The hydrophilic films, which were characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry, water contact angle goniometry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, XPS, and SPR spectroscopy, revealed high swelling in water and strongly reduced the NSA of proteins compared to the hydrophobic reference. While the choice of the polycation was important for the protein resistance of the LbL coatings, the termination mattered less. The attachment of diatoms and settling of barnacle cypris larvae revealed good antifouling properties that were controlled by the termination and the charge density of the LbL films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Prabhawathi V, Sivakumar PM, Boobalan T, Manohar CM, Doble M. Design of antimicrobial polycaprolactam nanocomposite by immobilizing subtilisin conjugated Au/Ag core-shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 94:656-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Groll JÜRGEN, Fiedler JÖRG, Bruellhoff K, Moeller M, Brenner RE. Novel Surface Coatings Modulating Eukaryotic Cell Adhesion and Preventing Implant Infection. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:655-62. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor osseointegration and bacterial infection are major causes of orthopedic implant failure. Both problems arise from passive unspecific protein coating that may not optimally support adhesion of osteoblastic cells and which enable bacterial adhesion that subsequently results in biofilm formation. This review addresses emerging concepts of preventing unspecific protein adsorption and biofilm formation by organic coating systems. We especially focus on recent concepts that additionally allow functionalization for preferential cell adhesion using cell adhesion mediating small peptide sequences that do not induce bacterial adherence. One promising approach that is presented and discussed within this context is the use of NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO).
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Affiliation(s)
- JÜRGEN Groll
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen - Germany
| | - JÖRG Fiedler
- Department of Orthopedics, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm - Germany
| | - Kristina Bruellhoff
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen - Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Aachen - Germany
| | - Rolf E. Brenner
- Department of Orthopedics, Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm - Germany
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7
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Wenning BM, Martinelli E, Mieszkin S, Finlay JA, Fischer D, Callow JA, Callow ME, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Galli G. Model Amphiphilic Block Copolymers with Tailored Molecular Weight and Composition in PDMS-Based Films to Limit Soft Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16505-16516. [PMID: 28429593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A set of controlled surface composition films was produced utilizing amphiphilic block copolymers dispersed in a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) network. These block copolymers contained oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) and fluoroalkyl (AF6) side chains in selected ratios and molecular weights to control surface chemistry including antifouling and fouling-release performance. Such properties were assessed by carrying out assays using two algae, the green macroalga Ulva linza (favors attachment to polar surfaces) and the unicellular diatom Navicula incerta (favors attachment to nonpolar surfaces). All films performed well against U. linza and exhibited high removal of attached sporelings (young plants) under an applied shear stress, with the lower molecular weight block copolymers being the best performing in the set. The composition ratios from 50:50 to 60:40 of the AF6/PEGMA side groups were shown to be more effective, with several films exhibiting spontaneous removal of the sporelings. The cells of N. incerta were also removed from several coating compositions. All films were characterized by surface techniques including captive bubble contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to correlate surface chemistry and morphology with biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Wenning
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James A Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Maureen E Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
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Patterson AL, Wenning B, Rizis G, Calabrese DR, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Zuckermann RN, Clare AS, Kramer EJ, Ober CK, Segalman RA. Role of Backbone Chemistry and Monomer Sequence in Amphiphilic Oligopeptide- and Oligopeptoid-Functionalized PDMS- and PEO-Based Block Copolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Coatings. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John A. Finlay
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
| | - Sofia C. Franco
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- The
Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
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9
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Martinelli E, Gunes D, Wenning BM, Ober CK, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Di Fino A, Clare AS, Galli G. Effects of surface-active block copolymers with oxyethylene and fluoroalkyl side chains on the antifouling performance of silicone-based films. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:81-93. [PMID: 26769148 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1131822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers made from a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Si) and a poly(meth)acrylate carrying oxyethylene (EG) or fluoroalkyl (AF) side chains were synthesized and incorporated as surface-active components into a silicone matrix to produce cross-linked films with different surface hydrophilicity/phobicity. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies showed that film surfaces containing Si-EG were largely populated by the siloxane, with the oxyethylene chains present only to a minor extent. In contrast, the fluorinated block was selectively segregated to the polymer-air interface in films containing Si-AF as probed by NEXAFS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Such differences in surface composition were reflected in the biological performance of the coatings. While the films with Si-EG showed a higher removal of both Ulva linza sporelings and Balanus amphitrite juveniles than the silicone control, those with Si-AF exhibited excellent antifouling properties, preventing the settlement of cyprids of B. amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Deniz Gunes
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Brandon M Wenning
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - Christopher K Ober
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - John A Finlay
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Maureen E Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - James A Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alessio Di Fino
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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10
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Uppu DSSM, Samaddar S, Ghosh C, Paramanandham K, Shome BR, Haldar J. Amide side chain amphiphilic polymers disrupt surface established bacterial bio-films and protect mice from chronic Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Biomaterials 2016; 74:131-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Wu S, Liu G, Zhang D, Li C, Sun C. Purification and biochemical characterization of an alkaline protease from marine bacteriaPseudoalteromonassp. 129-1. J Basic Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology; Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology; Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao China
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12
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Villa F, Secundo F, Polo A, Cappitelli F. Immobilized Hydrolytic Enzymes Exhibit Antibiofilm Activity Against Escherichia coli at Sub-Lethal Concentrations. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:106-14. [PMID: 25958074 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two commercially available immobilized enzymes (namely the glycosidase pectinase and the protease subtilisin A) at sub-lethal concentrations were investigated in terms of their influence on biofilm genesis, on the composition of the biofilm matrix, and their antibiotic synergy against Escherichia coli biofilm, used as a model system of bacterial biofilms. The best antibiofilm performance of solid-supported hydrolases was obtained at the surface concentration of 0.022 and 0.095 U/cm(2) with a reduction of 1.2 and 2.3 log CFU/biofilm for pectinase and subtilisin, respectively. At these enzyme surface concentrations, the biocatalysts affected the structural composition of the biofilm matrix, impacting biofilm thickness. Finally, the immobilized hydrolases enhanced biofilm sensitivity to a clinically relevant concentration of the antibiotic ampicillin. At the final antibiotic concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, a reduction of 2 and 3.5 log10 units in presence of 0.022 Upectinase/cm(2) and 0.095 Usubtilisin/cm(2) was obtained, respectively, in comparison the antibiotic alone. Immobilized pectinase and subtilisin at sub-lethal concentrations demonstrated a great potential for antibiofilm applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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13
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Flame retardant cotton fibers produced using novel synthesized halogen-free phosphoramide nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:183-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Chen Z, Zhao W, Mo M, Zhou C, Liu G, Zeng Z, Wu X, Xue Q. Architecture of modified silica resin coatings with various micro/nano patterns for fouling resistance: microstructure and antifouling performance. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of modified silicone surfaces with different textures, shapes and surface roughnesses were fabricated. Those with sizes smaller than algae were effective in inhibiting N. closterium, P. tricornutum and Chlorella with reduction ratios of 49%, 75% and 81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Mengting Mo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Zhixiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Xuedong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Qunji Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
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Gittens JE, Smith TJ, Suleiman R, Akid R. Current and emerging environmentally-friendly systems for fouling control in the marine environment. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1738-53. [PMID: 24051087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban in 2003 on the use of tributyl-tin compounds in antifouling coatings, the search for an environmentally-friendly alternative has accelerated. Biocidal TBT alternatives, such as diuron and Irgarol 1051®, have proved to be environmentally damaging to marine organisms. The issue regarding the use of biocides is that concerning the half-life of the compounds which allow a perpetuation of the toxic effects into the marine food chain, and initiate changes in the early stages of the organisms' life-cycle. In addition, the break-down of biocides can result in metabolites with greater toxicity and longevity than the parent compound. Functionalized coatings have been designed to repel the settlement and permanent attachment of fouling organisms via modification of either or both surface topography and surface chemistry, or by interfering with the natural mechanisms via which fouling organisms settle upon and adhere to surfaces. A large number of technologies are being developed towards producing new coatings that will be able to resist biofouling over a period of years and thus truly replace biocides as antifouling systems. In addition urgent research is directed towards the exploitation of mechanisms used by living organisms designed to repel the settlement of fouling organisms. These biomimetic strategies include the production of antifouling enzymes and novel surface topography that are incompatible with permanent attachment, for example, by mimicking the microstructure of shark skin. Other research seeks to exploit chemical signals and antimicrobial agents produced by diverse living organisms in the environment to prevent settlement and growth of fouling organisms on vulnerable surfaces. Novel polymer-based technologies may prevent fouling by means of unfavourable surface chemical and physical properties or by concentrating antifouling compounds around surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Gittens
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
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17
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Liu Y, Ogorzalek TL, Yang P, Schroeder MM, Marsh ENG, Chen Z. Molecular Orientation of Enzymes Attached to Surfaces through Defined Chemical Linkages at the Solid–Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12660-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403672s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tadeusz L. Ogorzalek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - McKenna M. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Qin Q, Hou Z, Lu X, Bian X, Chen L, Shen L, Wang S. Microfiltration membranes prepared from poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) synthesized by simultaneous irradiation. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Wan F, Ye Q, Yu B, Pei X, Zhou F. Multiscale hairy surfaces for nearly perfect marine antibiofouling. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3599-3606. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, HKSAR, China.
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Regina VR, Søhoel H, Lokanathan AR, Bischoff C, Kingshott P, Revsbech NP, Meyer RL. Entrapment of subtilisin in ceramic sol-gel coating for antifouling applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5915-21. [PMID: 23020255 DOI: 10.1021/am301554m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes with antifouling properties are of great interest in developing nontoxic antifouling coatings. A bottleneck in developing enzyme-based antifouling coatings is to immobilize the enzyme in a suitable coating matrix without compromising its activity and stability. Entrapment of enzymes in ceramics using the sol-gel method is known to have several advantages over other immobilization methods. The sol-gel method can be used to make robust coatings, and the aim of this study was to explore if sol-gel technology can be used to develop robust coatings harboring active enzymes for antifouling applications. We successfully entrapped a protease, subtilisin (Savinase, Novozymes), in a ceramic coating using a sol-gel method. The sol-gel formulation, when coated on a stainless steel surface, adhered strongly and cured at room temperature in less than 8 h. The resultant coating was smoother and less hydrophobic than stainless steel. Changes in the coating's surface structure, thickness and chemistry indicate that the coating undergoes gradual erosion in aqueous medium, which results in release of subtilisin. Subtilisin activity in the coating increased initially, and then gradually decreased. After 9 months, 13% of the initial enzyme activity remained. Compared to stainless steel, the sol-gel-coated surfaces with active subtilisin were able to reduce bacterial attachment of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by 2 orders of magnitude. Together, our results demonstrate that the sol-gel method is a promising coating technology for entrapping active enzymes, presenting an interesting avenue for enzyme-based antifouling solutions.
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Zhang L, Wu S, Buthe A, Zhao X, Jia H, Zhang S, Wang P. Poly(ethylene glycol) conjugated enzyme with enhanced hydrophobic compatibility for self-cleaning coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5981-5987. [PMID: 23067105 DOI: 10.1021/am301645z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based smart materials constitute a rapidly growing group of functional materials. Often the natively evolved enzymes are not compatible with hydrophobic synthetic materials, thus significantly limiting the performance of enzymes. This work investigates the use of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated detergent enzyme for self-cleaning coatings. As a result, PEG conjugated α-amylase demonstrated a much more homogeneous distribution in polyurethane coatings than the parent native enzyme as detected by both fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, the conjugated enzyme showed enhanced retention in the coating and much improved thermal stability with a halflife of 20 days detected at 80 °C and over 350 days under room temperature. Such coating-incorporated enzyme afforded interesting self-cleaning functionality against starch-based stains as examined through a slipping drop test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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23
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Wan F, Pei X, Yu B, Ye Q, Zhou F, Xue Q. Grafting polymer brushes on biomimetic structural surfaces for anti-algae fouling and foul release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:4557-65. [PMID: 22931043 DOI: 10.1021/am300912w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sylgard-184 silicone elastomer negative replica and resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) positive replica were made by biomimicking the patterns of natural Trifolium and three other kinds of leaves using the micromolding lithography. An effective antifouling (AF) polymer, poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PSPMA), was then grafted on these replica surfaces via the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The AF property of the modified biomimetic surfaces was tested via the settlement assay with two microalgae in different sizes, and their fouling-release (FR) property was evaluated by the removal assay. The results indicate that the structure of microspines on Trifolium leaf can inhibit settlement of microalgae and facilitate the cell release. The AF property was improved by modification with PSPMA brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, PR China
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24
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Friedrichs J, Zieris A, Prokoph S, Werner C. Quantifying the Effect of Covalently Immobilized Enzymes on Biofilm Formation by Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1453-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lejars M, Margaillan A, Bressy C. Fouling Release Coatings: A Nontoxic Alternative to Biocidal Antifouling Coatings. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4347-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Lejars
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire
MAtériaux Polymères Interfaces
Environnement Marin (MAPIEM, E.A. 4323), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, ISITV, Avenue Georges Pompidou, BP-56,
83162 La Valette-du-Var Cedex, France
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Glinel K, Thebault P, Humblot V, Pradier CM, Jouenne T. Antibacterial surfaces developed from bio-inspired approaches. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:1670-84. [PMID: 22289644 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of materials is a topic of major medical and societal importance. Various synthetic approaches based on immobilization or release of bactericidal substances such as metal derivatives, polyammonium salts and antibiotics were extensively explored to produce antibacterial coatings. Although providing encouraging results, these approaches suffer from the use of active agents which may be associated with side-effects such as cytotoxicity, hypersensibility, inflammatory responses or the progressive alarming phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these synthetic approaches, living organisms, e.g. animals and plants, have developed fascinating strategies over millions of years to prevent efficiently the colonization of their surfaces by pathogens. These strategies have been recently mimicked to create a new generation of bio-inspired biofilm-resistant surfaces. In this review, we discuss some of these bio-inspired methods devoted to the development of antibiofilm surfaces. We describe the elaboration of antibacterial coatings based on natural bactericidal substances produced by living organisms such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriolytic enzymes and essential oils. We discuss also the development of layers mimicking algae surfaces and based on anti-quorum-sensing molecules which affect cell-to-cell communication. Finally, we report on very recent strategies directly inspired from marine animal life and based on surface microstructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Glinel
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (Bio- and Soft Matter), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Veluchamy P, Sivakumar PM, Doble M. Immobilization of subtilisin on polycaprolactam for antimicrobial food packaging applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10869-10878. [PMID: 21910484 DOI: 10.1021/jf201124v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin was immobilized on polycaprolactam and used for food packaging applications to reduce the transference of microorganisms from the packaging material to the packaged food material. The optimized conditions for subtilisin immobilization was as follows: pH, 8; temperature, 4 °C; glutaraldehyde, 0.5%; incubation time, 25 h; and subtilisin concentration, 600 μL. The formation of -CH═N- at 1576 cm(-1) in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the immobilization. Subtilisin-immobilized polycaprolactam (SIP) exhibited the highest residual activity of 106.67 ± 4.41% and 104.67 ± 0.88% at 40 °C and pH 8 and retained residual activity of 94% at the end of 56 days when compared to 21.33 ± 4.10% in the case of free subtilisin. SIP significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the colony forming units (CFU), dry weight, and protein and carbohydrate contents in bacterial and fungal biofilm. Practical application of the SIP on ham steaks at 4 and 20 °C showed a 2-3 times reduction of Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli cells in the range of p < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhawathi Veluchamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Adyar, Chennai 600 036, India
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28
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Cooper SP, Finlay JA, Cone G, Callow ME, Callow JA, Brennan AB. Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green alga Ulva to silicone elastomers. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:881-891. [PMID: 21882899 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.611305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microtopography has been demonstrated as an effective deterrent to biofouling. The majority of published studies are fixed-time assays that raise questions regarding the kinetics of the attachment process. This study investigated the time-dependent attachment density of zoospores of Ulva, in a laboratory assay, on a micropatterned and smooth silicone elastomer. The attachment density of zoospores was reduced on average 70-80% by the microtopography relative to smooth surfaces over a 4 h exposure. Mapping the zoospore locations on the topography revealed that they settled preferentially in specific, recessed areas of the pattern. The kinetic data fit, with high correlation (r(2) > 0.9), models commonly used to describe the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces. The grouping of spores on the microtopography indicated that the pattern inhibited the ability of attached spores to recruit neighbors. This study demonstrates that the antifouling mechanism of topographies may involve disruption of the cooperative effects exhibited by fouling organisms such as Ulva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Cooper
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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29
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Cordeiro AL, Lenk T, Werner C. Immobilization of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase onto reactive polymer films. J Biotechnol 2011; 154:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Immobilized enzymes affect biofilm formation. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1897-904. [PMID: 21618024 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the activity of immobilized enzymes on the initial attachment of pathogenic bacteria commonly associated with nosocomial infections (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis) was investigated. The proteolytic enzymes, subtilisin A and the glycoside hydrolase cellulose, were covalently attached onto poly(ethylene-alt-maleic) anhydride copolymer films. A comparison between active and heat-inactivated surfaces showed that while the activity of immobilized cellulase reduced the attachment of S. epidermidis by 67%, it had no effect on the attachment of P. aeruginosa. Immobilized subtilisin A had opposite effects: the active enzyme had no effect on the attachment of S. epidermidis but reduced the attachment of P. aeruginosa by 44%. The results suggest that different biomolecules are involved in the initial steps of attachment of different bacteria, and that the development of broad-spectrum antifouling enzymatic coatings will need to involve the co-immobilization of enzymes.
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Zanaroli G, Negroni A, Calisti C, Ruzzi M, Fava F. Selection of commercial hydrolytic enzymes with potential antifouling activity in marine environments. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:574-9. [PMID: 22142734 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the marine antifouling potential of some commercially available hydrolytic enzymes acting on the main constituents of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) involved in bacterial biofilm formation was determined. The selected protease (i.e., alpha-chymotrypsin from bovine pancreas), carbohydrase (i.e., alpha-amylase from porcine pancreas) and lipase (from porcine pancreas) exhibited remarkable hydrolytic activities towards target macromolecules typically composing EPS under a wide range of pHs (6.5-9.0 for alpha-chymotrysin and alpha-amylase; 7.0-8.5 for the lipase) and temperatures (from 10 °C to 30 °C), as well as relevant half-lives (from about 2 weeks to about 2 months), in a marine synthetic water. The activity displayed by each enzyme was poorly affected by the co-presence of the other enzymes, thus indicating their suitability to be employed in combination. None of the enzymes was able to inhibit the formation of biofilm by an actual site marine microbial community when applied singly. However, a mixture of the same enzymes reduced biofilm formation by about 90% without affecting planktonic growth of the same microbial community. This indicates that multiple hydrolytic activities are required to efficiently prevent biofilm formation by complex microbial communities, and that the mixture of enzymes selected in this study has the potential to be employed as an environmental friendly antifouling agent in marine antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Zanaroli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
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32
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Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings. Nat Commun 2011; 2:244. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 830] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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33
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Banerjee I, Pangule RC, Kane RS. Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:690-718. [PMID: 20886559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1578] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG-based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein-resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling-mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic- and silver-resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide-releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Banerjee
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Scardino AJ, de Nys R. Mini review: Biomimetic models and bioinspired surfaces for fouling control. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:73-86. [PMID: 21132577 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.536837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides many examples of mechanisms to control fouling. These defences can be copied (biomimetic) or tailored (bioinspired) to solve problems of fouling on manmade structures. With increasing research in this area over the last two decades, it is timely to review this burgeoning subject, in particular as the biofouling field shifts focus towards novel, physical mechanisms to prevent and control fouling. This change is being promoted by advances in nano- and micro-scale patterning as well as in a variety of nano-biotechnologies, which are transforming the translation of natural surfaces into experimental materials. In this article, research on the defence of marine organisms against fouling and the technologies they are defining is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Scardino
- Maritime Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Immobilized enzymes are currently used in many bioanalytical and biomedical applications. This protocol describes the use of thin films of maleic anhydride copolymers to covalently attach enzymes directly to solid supports at defined concentrations. The concentration and activity of the surface-bound enzymes can be tuned over a wide range by adjusting the concentration of enzyme used for immobilization and the physicochemical properties of the polymer platform, as demonstrated here for the proteolytic enzyme Subtilisin A. The versatile method presented allows for the immobilization of biomolecules containing primary amino groups to a broad variety of solid carriers, ranging from silicon oxide surfaces to standard polystyrene well plates and metallic surfaces. The approach can be used to investigate the effects of immobilized enzymes on cell adhesion, and on the catalysis of specific reactions.
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Caro A, Humblot V, Méthivier C, Minier M, Barbes L, Li J, Salmain M, Pradier CM. Bioengineering of stainless steel surface by covalent immobilization of enzymes. Physical characterization and interfacial enzymatic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 349:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Skovgaard J, Bak CA, Snabe T, Sutherland DS, Laursen BS, Kragh KM, Besenbacher F, Poulsen CH, Shipovskov S. Implementation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of proteases for marine paint applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Kristensen JB, Olsen SM, Laursen BS, Kragh KM, Poulsen CH, Besenbacher F, Meyer RL. Enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide shows promising antifouling effect. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:141-153. [PMID: 19882418 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903384271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling (AF) potential of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) produced enzymatically in a coating containing starch, glucoamylase, and hexose oxidase was evaluated in a series of laboratory tests and in-sea field trials. Dissolved H(2)O(2) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation by eight of nine marine Proteobacteria, tested in microtiter plates. However, enzymatically produced H(2)O(2) released from a coating did not impede biofilm formation by bacteria in natural seawater tested in a biofilm reactor. A field trial revealed a noticeable effect of the enzyme system: after immersion in the North Sea for 97 days, the reference coating without enzymes had 35-40 barnacles, 10% area coverage by diatoms and 15% area coverage by tunicates. The enzyme containing coating had only 6-12 barnacles, 10% area coverage by diatoms and no tunicates. The enzyme system had a performance similar to a copper-based commercial coating and thus appears to have potential as a non-persistent AF agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kristensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Qian PY, Xu Y, Fusetani N. Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:223-34. [PMID: 19960389 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903470815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2008, an increasing number of countries have ratified an international treaty to ban the application of antifouling (AF) coatings based on organotin compounds (eg tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin). As a result, the demand for environmentally friendly, non-toxic or low-toxicity AF compounds and technologies (green AF agents) has become an urgent reality. Marine coatings based on Cu2O and various other biocides have a negative impact on the environment and they must eventually be replaced by new, effective, and environmentally friendly AF compounds. This mini-review describes important AF compounds discovered from a variety of organisms from 2004 until mid 2009, and discusses recent and general trends in the discovery of AF compounds. Finally, a perspective on the future of AF compound development is presented. The discussion is aimed at updating scientists and engineers on the current challenges facing AF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Partnership Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Hangler M, Burmølle M, Schneider I, Allermann K, Jensen B. The serine protease Esperase HPF inhibits the formation of multispecies biofilm. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:667-74. [PMID: 20183125 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903096008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling (AF) potential of the serine protease Esperase HPF (subtilisin) was evaluated for the ability to prevent the formation of a four-species bacterial biofilm. The effects of enzyme activity, time and application of the enzyme were tested on the density and the oxidative metabolism of biofilm developed in microtiter wells. Esperase HPF did not inhibit the oxidative metabolism of the bacterial biofilm or planktonic growth, but the enzyme inhibited biofilm formation by its proteolytic activity as inactivated enzyme had no effect. The effective enzyme concentration was determined over a period of 72 h, as by then all the tested concentrations inhibited biofilm formation maximally. The effective concentrations of the enzymes in solution were the same regardless of time of application (ie before or after biofilm formation), but immobilisation of the enzymes caused a lower effective concentration. Esperase HPF is an attractive alternative to the biocidal compounds used in AF coatings today.
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