1
|
Hamilton BW, Tutunea-Fatan OR, Bordatchev EV. Preliminary Analysis of Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction and Fouling Resistance of Surfaces Inspired by the Mollusk Shell, Dosinia juvenilis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:363. [PMID: 38921243 PMCID: PMC11201497 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Many species of plants and animals show an ability to resist fouling with surface topographies tailored to their environments. The mollusk species Dosinia juvenilis has demonstrated the ability to resist the accumulation of fouling on its outer surface. Understanding the functional mechanism employed by nature represents a significant opportunity for the persistent challenges of many industrial and consumer applications. Using a biomimetic approach, this study investigates the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms of fouling resistance through Large Eddy simulations of a turbulent boundary layer above a novel ribletted surface topography bio-inspired by the Dosinia juvenilis. The results indicate a maximum drag reduction of 6.8% relative to a flat surface. The flow statistics near the surface are analogous to those observed for other ribletted surfaces in that the appropriately sized riblets effectively reduce the spanwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations near the surface. This study supports the understanding that nature employs ribletted surfaces toward multiple functionalities including the considered drag reduction and fouling resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Hamilton
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - O. Remus Tutunea-Fatan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Evgueni V. Bordatchev
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 6B9, Canada
- Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manderfeld E, Balasubramaniam A, Özcan O, Anderson C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Hunsucker K, Swain GW, Rosenhahn A. Visible light-induced surface grafting polymerization of perfluoropolyether brushes as marine low fouling materials. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3py00126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Controlled grafting of perfluoropolyether brushes from polymer substrates as low fouling marine coatings. ITX coupled to OTS-monolayers was used as dormant group and activated by visible light to induce the polymerization reaction.
Collapse
|
3
|
Halder P, Hossain N, Pramanik BK, Bhuiyan MA. Engineered topographies and hydrodynamics in relation to biofouling control-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40678-40692. [PMID: 32974820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, the unwanted growth of microorganisms on submerged surfaces, has appeared as a significant impediment for underwater structures, water vessels, and medical devices. For fixing the biofouling issue, modification of the submerged surface is being experimented as a non-toxic approach worldwide. This technique necessitated altering the surface topography and roughness and developing a surface with a nano- to micro-structured pattern. The main objective of this study is to review the recent advancements in surface modification and hydrodynamic analysis concerning biofouling control. This study described the occurrence of the biofouling process, techniques suitable for biofouling control, and current state of research advancements comprehensively. Different biofilms under various hydrodynamic conditions have also been outlined in this study. Scenarios of biomimetic surfaces and underwater super-hydrophobicity, locomotion of microorganisms, nano- and micro-hydrodynamics on various surfaces around microorganisms, and material stiffness were explained thoroughly. The review also documented the approaches to inhibit the initial settlement of microorganisms and prolong the subsequent biofilm formation process for patterned surfaces. Though it is well documented that biofouling can be controlled to various degrees with different nano- and micro-structured patterned surfaces, the understanding of the underlying mechanism is still imprecise. Therefore, this review strived to present the possibilities of implementing the patterned surfaces as a physical deterrent against the settlement of fouling organisms and developing an active microfluidic environment to inhibit the initial bacterial settlement process. In general, microtopography equivalent to that of bacterial cells influences attachment via hydrodynamics, topography-induced cell placement, and air-entrapment, whereas nanotopography influences physicochemical forces through macromolecular conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Halder
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Nazia Hossain
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Muhammed A Bhuiyan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Selim MS, El-Safty SA, Shenashen MA, Higazy SA, Elmarakbi A. Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3701-3732. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the environmental and economic casualties of biofouling on maritime navigation, modern studies have been devoted toward formulating advanced nanoscale composites in the controlled development of effective marine antifouling self-cleaning surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Selim
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki-ken 305-0047
- Japan
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
| | - Shimaa A. Higazy
- Petroleum Application Department
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nazari F, Movafeghi A, Jafarirad S, Kosari-Nasab M, Divband B. Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanocomposites and Assessing Their Toxicity on the Green Microalga Chlorella vulgaris. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
6
|
Multivariate analysis of attachment of biofouling organisms in response to material surface characteristics. Biointerphases 2017; 12:051003. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Brzozowska AM, Maassen S, Goh Zhi Rong R, Benke PI, Lim CS, Marzinelli EM, Jańczewski D, Teo SLM, Vancso GJ. Effect of Variations in Micropatterns and Surface Modulus on Marine Fouling of Engineering Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17508-17516. [PMID: 28481498 PMCID: PMC5445506 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the marine fouling and fouling release effects caused by variations of surface mechanical properties and microtopography of engineering polymers. Polymeric materials were covered with hierarchical micromolded topographical patterns inspired by the shell of the marine decapod crab Myomenippe hardwickii. These micropatterned surfaces were deployed in field static immersion tests. PDMS, polyurethane, and PMMA surfaces with higher elastic modulus and hardness were found to accumulate more fouling and exhibited poor fouling release properties. The results indicate interplay between surface mechanical properties and microtopography on antifouling performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Maria Brzozowska
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Stan Maassen
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rubayn Goh Zhi Rong
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Peter Imre Benke
- Singapore
Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
- Environmental
Research Institute, National University
of Singapore, 21 Lower
Kent Ridge Road, 119077 Singapore
| | - Chin-Sing Lim
- St
John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science
Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore
| | - Ezequiel M. Marzinelli
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School
of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Institute of Materials
Research and Engineering, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634 Singapore
- Laboratory of Technological
Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw
University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- E-mail: . Tel: +48 22 234 5583. Fax: +48 22 234 5504
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- St
John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science
Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, 119227 Singapore
- E-mail: . Tel: +65 6774 9887. Fax: +65 6776 1455
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Institute of Chemical
and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science,
Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, 627833 Singapore
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Science
and Technology of Polymers, University of
Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Tel.: +31 53 489 2974. Fax: +31 53 489 3823
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thompson SEM, Coates JC. Surface sensing and stress-signalling in Ulva and fouling diatoms - potential targets for antifouling: a review. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:410-432. [PMID: 28508711 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1319473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying signalling pathways that enable fouling algae to sense and respond to surfaces is essential in the design of environmentally friendly coatings. Both the green alga Ulva and diverse diatoms are important ecologically and economically as they are persistent biofoulers. Ulva spores exhibit rapid secretion, allowing them to adhere quickly and permanently to a ship, whilst diatoms secrete an abundance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are highly adaptable to different environmental conditions. There is evidence, now supported by molecular data, for complex calcium and nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathways in both Ulva and diatoms being involved in surface sensing and/or adhesion. Moreover, adaptation to stress has profound effects on the biofouling capability of both types of organism. Targets for future antifouling coatings based on surface sensing are discussed, with an emphasis on pursuing NO-releasing coatings as a potentially universal antifouling strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet C Coates
- a School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuliasha CA, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Clare AS, Stafslien SJ, Brennan AB. Marine anti-biofouling efficacy of amphiphilic poly(coacrylate) grafted PDMSe: effect of graft molecular weight. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:252-267. [PMID: 28270054 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1288807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently strong motivation due to ecological concerns to develop effective anti-biofouling coatings that are environmentally benign, durable, and stable for use by the maritime industry. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) efficacy of amphiphilic, charged copolymers composed of ~52% acrylamide, ~34% acrylic acid, and ~14% methyl acrylate grafted to poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMSe) surfaces were tested against zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza and the diatom Navicula incerta. The biofouling response to molecular weight variation was analyzed for grafts ranging from ~100 to 1,400 kg mol-1, The amphiphilic coatings showed a marked improvement in the FR response, with a 55% increase in the percentage removal of diatoms and increased AF efficacy, with 92% reduction in initial attachment density of zoospores, compared to PDMSe controls. However, graft molecular weight, in the range tested, was statistically insignificant. Grafting copolymers to PDMSe embossed with the Sharklet™ microtopography did not produce enhanced AF efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Kuliasha
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - John A Finlay
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Sofia C Franco
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- c Office of Research and Creative Activity , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Anthony B Brennan
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Destino JF, Jones ZR, Gatley CM, Zhang Y, Craft AK, Detty MR, Bright FV. Hybrid Sol-Gel-Derived Films That Spontaneously Form Complex Surface Topographies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10113-10119. [PMID: 27607195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterns over multiple length scales are known to influence various biological processes. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of new, two-component xerogel thin films derived from carboxyethylsilanetriol (COE) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals films surface with branched and hyper branched architectures that are ∼2 to 30 μm in diameter, that extend ∼3 to 1300 nm above the film base plane with surface densities that range from 2 to 77% surface area coverage. Colocalized AFM and Raman spectroscopy show that these branched structures are COE-rich domains, which are slightly stiffer (as shown from phase AFM imaging) and exhibit lower capacitive force in comparison with film base plane. Raman mapping reveals there are also discrete domains (≤300 nm in diameter) that are rich in COE dimers and densified TEOS, which do not appear to correspond with any surface structure seen by AFM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Destino
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Zachary R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Gatley
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Andrew K Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Frank V Bright
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex , SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bauer S, Alles M, Arpa-Sancet MP, Ralston E, Swain GW, Aldred N, Clare AS, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Rosenhahn A. Resistance of Amphiphilic Polysaccharides against Marine Fouling Organisms. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:897-904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bauer
- Analytical
Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Alles
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. P. Arpa-Sancet
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E. Ralston
- Center
for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States
| | - G. W. Swain
- Center
for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States
| | - N. Aldred
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - A. S. Clare
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Finlay
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Callow
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Callow
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A. Rosenhahn
- Analytical
Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Decker JT, Sheats JT, Brennan AB. Engineered antifouling microtopographies: surface pattern effects on cell distribution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:15212-8. [PMID: 25420235 DOI: 10.1021/la504215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microtopography has been observed to lead to altered attachment behavior for marine fouling organisms; however, quantification of this phenomenon is lacking in the scientific literature. Here, we present quantitative measurement of the disruption of normal attachment behavior of the fouling algae Ulva linza by antifouling microtopographies. The distribution of the diatom Navicula incerta was shown to be unaffected by the presence of topography. The radial distribution function was calculated for both individual zoospores and cells as well as aggregates of zoospores from attachment data for a variety topographic configurations and at a number of different attachment densities. Additionally, the screening distance and maximum values were mapped according to the location of zoospore aggregates within a single unit cell. We found that engineered topographies decreased the distance between spore aggregates compared to that for a smooth control surface; however, the distributions for individual spores were unchanged. We also found that the local attachment site geometry affected the screening distance for aggregates of zoospores, with certain geometries decreasing screening distance and others having no measurable effect. The distribution mapping techniques developed and explored in this article have yielded important insight into the design parameters for antifouling microtopographies that can be implemented in the next generation of antifouling surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Decker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quantifying the pattern of microbial cell dispersion, density and clustering on surfaces of differing chemistries and topographies using multifractal analysis. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 104:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Bauer S, Alles M, Finlay JA, Callow JA, Callow ME, Rosenhahn A. Influence of zwitterionic SAMs on protein adsorption and the attachment of algal cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1530-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.929429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Zhou Z, Calabrese DR, Taylor W, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Fischer D, Kramer EJ, Ober CK. Amphiphilic triblock copolymers with PEGylated hydrocarbon structures as environmentally friendly marine antifouling and fouling-release coatings. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:589-604. [PMID: 24730510 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.897335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ideal marine antifouling (AF)/fouling-release (FR) coating should be non-toxic, while effectively either resisting the attachment of marine organisms (AF) or significantly reducing their strength of attachment (FR). Many recent studies have shown that amphiphilic polymeric materials provide a promising solution to producing such coatings due to their surface dual functionality. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights (Mw = 350, 550) was coupled to a saturated difunctional alkyl alcohol to generate amphiphilic surfactants (PEG-hydrocarbon-OH). The resulting macromolecules were then used as side chains to covalently modify a pre-synthesized PS8 K-b-P(E/B)25 K-b-PI10 K (SEBI or K3) triblock copolymer, and the final polymers were applied to glass substrata through an established multilayer surface coating technique to prepare fouling resistant coatings. The coated surfaces were characterized with AFM, XPS and NEXAFS, and evaluated in laboratory assays with two important fouling algae, Ulva linza (a green macroalga) and Navicula incerta, a biofilm-forming diatom. The results suggest that these polymer-coated surfaces undergo surface reconstruction upon changing the contact medium (polymer/air vs polymer/water), due to the preferential interfacial aggregation of the PEG segment on the surface in water. The amphiphilic polymer-coated surfaces showed promising results as both AF and FR coatings. The sample with longer PEG chain lengths (Mw = 550 g mol(-1)) exhibited excellent properties against both algae, highlighting the importance of the chemical structures on ultimate biological performance. Besides reporting synthesis and characterization of this new type of amphiphilic surface material, this work also provides insight into the nature of PEG/hydrocarbon amphiphilic coatings, and this understanding may help in the design of future generations of fluorine-free, environmentally friendly AF/FR polymeric coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Zhou
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vucko MJ, Poole AJ, Carl C, Sexton BA, Glenn FL, Whalan S, de Nys R. Using textured PDMS to prevent settlement and enhance release of marine fouling organisms. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:1-16. [PMID: 24111593 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.836507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antifouling efficacy of a series of 18 textured (0.2-1000 μm) and non-textured (0 μm) polydimethylsiloxane surfaces with the profiles of round- and square-wave linear grating was tested by recording the settlement of fouling organisms in the laboratory and in the field by monitoring the recruitment of a multi-species fouling community. In laboratory assays, the diatoms Nitzschia closterium and Amphora sp. were deterred by all surface topographies regardless of texture type. Settlement of propagules of Ulva sp. was lower on texture sizes less than the propagule size, and settlement of larvae of Saccostrea glomerata and Bugula neritina was lower on texture sizes closest to, but less than, the sizes of larvae. After a six month field trial, all textured surfaces lost their deterrent effect; however, the foul-release capabilities of textures were still present. High initial attachment was correlated with most fouling remaining after removal trials, indicating that fouling organisms recruited in higher numbers to surfaces upon which they attached most strongly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Vucko
- a School of Marine & Tropical Biology , James Cook University , Townsville , Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiao L, Li J, Mieszkin S, Di Fino A, Clare AS, Callow ME, Callow JA, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A, Levkin PA. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces showing marine antibiofouling properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10074-10080. [PMID: 24067279 DOI: 10.1021/am402635p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a longstanding problem because of the constant challenges placed by various fouling species and increasingly restricted environmental regulations for antifouling coatings. Novel nonbiocidal strategies to control biofouling will necessitate a multifunctional approach to coating design. Here we show that slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) provide another possible strategy to obtaining promising antifouling coatings. Microporous butyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate (BMA-EDMA) surfaces are prepared via UV-initiated free-radical polymerization. Subsequent infusion of fluorocarbon lubricants (Krytox103, Krytox100, and Fluorinert FC-70) into the porous microtexture results in liquid-repellent slippery surfaces. To study the interaction with marine fouling organisms, settlement of zoospores of the alga Ulva linza and cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite is tested in laboratory assays. BMA-EDMA surfaces infused with Krytox103 and Krytox100 exhibit remarkable inhibition of settlement (attachment) of both spores and cyprids to a level comparable to that of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-terminated self-assembled monolayer. In addition, the adhesion strength of sporelings (young plants) of U. linza is reduced for BMA-EDMA surfaces infused with Krytox103 and Krytox100 compared to pristine (noninfused) BMA-EDMA and BMA-EDMA infused with Fluorinert FC-70. Immersion tests suggest a correlation between the stability of slippery coatings in artificial seawater and fouling resistance efficacy. The results indicate great potential for the application of this concept in fouling-resistant marine coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xiao
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Decker JT, Magin CM, Long CJ, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Brennan AB. Engineered antifouling microtopographies: an energetic model that predicts cell attachment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13023-13030. [PMID: 24044383 DOI: 10.1021/la402952u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a model for the prediction of cell attachment to engineered microtopographies based on two previous models: the attachment point theory and the engineered roughness index (ERI) model. The new surface energetic attachment (SEA) model is based on both the properties of the cell-material interface and the size and configuration of the topography relative to the organism. We have used Monte Carlo simulation to examine the SEA model's ability to predict relative attachment of the green alga Ulva linza to different locations within a unit cell. We have also compared the predicted relative attachment for Ulva linza, the diatom Navicula incerta, the marine bacterium Cobetia marina, and the barnacle cyprid Balanus amphitrite to a wide variety of microtopographies. We demonstrate good correlation between the experimental results and the model results for all tested experimental data and thus show the SEA model may be used as a powerful indicator of the efficacy for antifouling topographies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Decker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-6400, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mieszkin S, Callow ME, Callow JA. Interactions between microbial biofilms and marine fouling algae: a mini review. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1097-1113. [PMID: 24047430 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.828712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural and artificial substrata immersed in the marine environment are typically colonized by microorganisms, which may moderate the settlement/recruitment of algal spores and invertebrate larvae of macrofouling organisms. This mini-review summarizes the major interactions occurring between microbial biofilms and marine fouling algae, including their effects on the settlement, growth and morphology of the adult plants. The roles of chemical compounds that are produced by both bacteria and algae and which drive the interactions are reviewed. The possibility of using such bioactive compounds to control macrofouling will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mieszkin
- a School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gittens JE, Smith TJ, Suleiman R, Akid R. Current and emerging environmentally-friendly systems for fouling control in the marine environment. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1738-53. [PMID: 24051087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban in 2003 on the use of tributyl-tin compounds in antifouling coatings, the search for an environmentally-friendly alternative has accelerated. Biocidal TBT alternatives, such as diuron and Irgarol 1051®, have proved to be environmentally damaging to marine organisms. The issue regarding the use of biocides is that concerning the half-life of the compounds which allow a perpetuation of the toxic effects into the marine food chain, and initiate changes in the early stages of the organisms' life-cycle. In addition, the break-down of biocides can result in metabolites with greater toxicity and longevity than the parent compound. Functionalized coatings have been designed to repel the settlement and permanent attachment of fouling organisms via modification of either or both surface topography and surface chemistry, or by interfering with the natural mechanisms via which fouling organisms settle upon and adhere to surfaces. A large number of technologies are being developed towards producing new coatings that will be able to resist biofouling over a period of years and thus truly replace biocides as antifouling systems. In addition urgent research is directed towards the exploitation of mechanisms used by living organisms designed to repel the settlement of fouling organisms. These biomimetic strategies include the production of antifouling enzymes and novel surface topography that are incompatible with permanent attachment, for example, by mimicking the microstructure of shark skin. Other research seeks to exploit chemical signals and antimicrobial agents produced by diverse living organisms in the environment to prevent settlement and growth of fouling organisms on vulnerable surfaces. Novel polymer-based technologies may prevent fouling by means of unfavourable surface chemical and physical properties or by concentrating antifouling compounds around surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Gittens
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sweat LH, Johnson KB. The effects of fine-scale substratum roughness on diatom community structure in estuarine biofilms. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:879-90. [PMID: 23865620 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.811492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benthic diatoms are a major component of biofilms that form on surfaces submerged in marine environments. Roughness of the underlying substratum affects the settlement of both diatoms and subsequent macrofouling colonizers. This study reports the effects of roughness on estuarine diatom communities established in situ in the Indian River Lagoon, FL, USA. Natural communities were established on acrylic panels with a range of surface roughnesses. Smoother substrata exhibited higher cell density, species richness, and diversity. Twenty-three of 58 species were found either exclusively or more abundantly on the smooth surfaces compared to one or both roughened treatments. The results suggest a greater ability of benthic diatoms to recruit and colonize smooth surfaces, which is probably explained by a higher degree of contact between the cells and the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Holly Sweat
- Department of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA .
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gabilondo R, Graham H, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. Laboratory culture and evaluation of the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus for biofouling studies. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:869-878. [PMID: 23844848 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.810214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ficopomatus enigmaticus, a euryhaline tube-building polychaete worm with a subtropical to temperate distribution, is an increasingly problematic fouling organism. In this study, laboratory protocols for maintaining adult broodstock, destructive spawning, larval culture and a settlement bioassay were developed. The method routinely yielded approximately 200 larvae per spawning adult. The mean number of eggs released by females was 1517 and the mean number of spermatozoids per male was 4.425 × 10(6). Fertilisation success, using an initial concentration of 2.5 × 10(6) spermatozoids and 45 eggs ml(-1), was 76% after a contact time of 60 min. The first cleavage occurred after 20 min and the trocophore larval stage was attained by 18 h. Metatrochophores were observed 4 d post-fertilisation and were competent to settle 1 day later. The proportion of larvae that settled after 48 h was surface-dependent: 10.24% on glass, 1.39% on polystyrene and 11.07% on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer. The presence of a biofilm on glass increased the rate of settlement 7-fold compared to clean glass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Gabilondo
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Halder P, Nasabi M, Lopez FJT, Jayasuriya N, Bhattacharya S, Deighton M, Mitchell A, Bhuiyan MA. A novel approach to determine the efficacy of patterned surfaces for biofouling control in relation to its microfluidic environment. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:697-713. [PMID: 23789960 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, the unwanted growth of sessile microorganisms on submerged surfaces, presents a serious problem for underwater structures. While biofouling can be controlled to various degrees with different microstructure-based patterned surfaces, understanding of the underlying mechanism is still imprecise. Researchers have long speculated that microtopographies might influence near-surface microfluidic conditions, thus microhydrodynamically preventing the settlement of microorganisms. It is therefore very important to identify the microfluidic environment developed on patterned surfaces and its relation with the antifouling behaviour of those surfaces. This study considered the wall shear stress distribution pattern as a significant aspect of this microfluidic environment. In this study, patterned surfaces with microwell arrays were assessed experimentally with a real-time biofilm development monitoring system using a novel microchannel-based flow cell reactor. Finally, computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out to show how the microfluidic conditions were affecting the initial settlement of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Halder
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bauer S, Arpa-Sancet MP, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Rosenhahn A. Adhesion of marine fouling organisms on hydrophilic and amphiphilic polysaccharides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4039-4047. [PMID: 23425225 DOI: 10.1021/la3038022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are a promising material for nonfouling surfaces because their chemical composition makes them highly hydrophilic and able to form water-storing hydrogels. Here we investigated the nonfouling properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) against marine fouling organisms. Additionally, the free carboxyl groups of HA and CS were postmodified with the hydrophobic trifluoroethylamine (TFEA) to block free carboxyl groups and render the surfaces amphiphilic. All coatings were tested with respect to their protein resistance and against settlement and adhesion of different marine fouling species. Both the settlement and adhesion strength of a marine bacterium (Cobetia marina), zoospores of the seaweed Ulva linza, and cells of a diatom (Navicula incerta) were reduced compared to glass control surfaces. In most cases, TFEA capping increased or maintained the performance of the HA coatings, whereas for the very well performing CS coatings the antifouling performance was reduced after capping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bauer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiao L, Thompson SEM, Röhrig M, Callow ME, Callow JA, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A. Hot embossed microtopographic gradients reveal morphological cues that guide the settlement of zoospores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1093-1099. [PMID: 23273183 DOI: 10.1021/la303832u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Among different surface cues, the settlement of cells and larvae of marine macrofouling organisms has been found to be strongly influenced by surface microtopographies. In this article, the settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza on a surface topographic gradient has been investigated. "Honeycomb" gradient structures with feature sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm were prepared by hot embossing, and the effect on the density of spores that attached in settlement assays was quantified. The highest density of spores was found when the size of the microstructures was similar to or larger than the size of the spores. With decreasing size of the structures, spore settlement density decreased. Interestingly, spore settlement density correlated with the Wenzel roughness of the surfaces. "Kink sites" on the surface played an important role and resembled preferred attachment positions. Furthermore, the gradients allowed the minimum pit size that the spores were able to squeeze into to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xiao
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu X, Tong W, Wu Z, Jiang W. Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-grafted poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces with tunable microtopography and anti-biofouling properties. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
27
|
Hong F, Xie L, He C, Liu J, Zhang G, Wu C. Novel hybrid anti-biofouling coatings with a self-peeling and self-generated micro-structured soft and dynamic surface. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2048-2055. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
28
|
Evariste E, Gatley CM, Detty MR, Callow ME, Callow JA. The performance of aminoalkyl/fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon-modified xerogel coatings against the marine alga Ectocarpus crouaniorum: relative roles of surface energy and charge. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:171-84. [PMID: 23330687 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.758717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a series of xerogel coatings modified with aminoalkyl/fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon groups on the adhesion of a new test species, the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus crouaniorum, has been explored, and compared with the green alga Ulva linza. The results showed that E. crouaniorum adhered weakly to the less polar, low wettability coatings in the series, but stronger adhesion was shown on polar, higher surface energy coatings containing aminoalkyl groups. The results from a separate series of coatings tuned to have similar surface energies and polarities after immersion in artificial seawater (ASW), but widely different surface charges, demonstrated that surface charge was more important than surface energy and polarity in determining the adhesion strength of both E. crouaniorum and U. linza on xerogel coatings. No correlation was found between adhesion and contact angle hysteresis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of samples after immersion in ASW confirmed the presence of charged ammonium groups on the surface of the aminoalkylated coatings.
Collapse
|
29
|
Petrone L, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, Birch WR. A novel geometry for a laboratory-based larval settlement assay. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:213-221. [PMID: 23368408 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.762643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel configuration, consisting of two apposing surfaces bounding a vertical water column, is presented and evaluated for settlement assays using cyprids of Balanus amphitrite. Assays were conducted on planar surfaces, ranging from hydrophobic polystyrene to hydrophilic glass and including CH(3)- and NH(3) (+)-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Identical apposing surfaces generated settlement rates comparable to those obtained in prior studies, while a choice assay yielded consistent results, with individual replicates each indicating the preferred surface for settlement. As gravity favours contact with the lower apposing surface, cyprids trapped at the air/water interface settled on or around the perimeter where the water column meets the lower substratum. These cyprids are capable of selecting a settlement location and are thus not lost to the assay. The assay geometry lends itself to assessing cyprid exploration and settlement on planar surfaces with chemical patterning, including relief microstructures, without using a confining material or requiring the coating of a three-dimensional well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Petrone
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Imbesi PM, Finlay JA, Aldred N, Eller MJ, Felder SE, Pollack KA, Lonnecker AT, Raymond JE, Mackay ME, Schweikert EA, Clare AS, Callow JA, Callow ME, Wooley KL. Targeted surface nanocomplexity: two-dimensional control over the composition, physical properties and anti-biofouling performance of hyperbranched fluoropolymer–poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic crosslinked networks. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Mieszkin S, Martin-Tanchereau P, Callow ME, Callow JA. Effect of bacterial biofilms formed on fouling-release coatings from natural seawater and Cobetia marina, on the adhesion of two marine algae. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:953-968. [PMID: 23004017 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.723696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bacterial biofilms formed from natural seawater (NSW) enhance the settlement of spores of the green alga Ulva linza, while single-species biofilms may enhance or reduce settlement, or have no effect at all. However, the effect of biofilms on the adhesion strength of algae, and how that may be influenced by coating/surface properties, is not known. In this study, the effect of biofilms formed from natural seawater and the marine bacterium Cobetia marina, on the settlement and the adhesion strength of spores and sporelings of the macroalga U. linza and the diatom Navicula incerta, was evaluated on Intersleek(®) 700, Intersleek(®) 900, poly(dimethylsiloxane) and glass. The settlement and adhesion strength of these algae were strongly influenced by biofilms and their nature. Biofilms formed from NSW enhanced the settlement (attachment) of both algae on all the surfaces while the effect of biofilms formed from C. marina varied with the coating type. The adhesion strength of spores and sporelings of U. linza and diatoms was reduced on all the surfaces biofilmed with C. marina, while adhesion strength on biofilms formed from NSW was dependent on the alga (and on its stage of development in the case of U. linza), and coating type. The results illustrate the complexity of the relationships between fouling algae and bacterial biofilms and suggest the need for caution to avoid over-generalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mieszkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B12 2TT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Thome I, Pettitt ME, Callow ME, Callow JA, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A. Conditioning of surfaces by macromolecules and its implication for the settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:501-510. [PMID: 22594397 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.689288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning, ie the adsorption of proteins and other macromolecules, is the first process that occurs in the natural environment once a surface is immersed in seawater, but no information is available either regarding the conditioning of surfaces by artificial seawater or whether conditioning affects data obtained from laboratory assays. A range of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with different chemical terminations was used to investigate the time-dependent formation of conditioning layers in commercial and self-prepared artificial seawaters. Subsequently, these results were compared with conditioning by solutions in which zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza had been swimming. Spectral ellipsometry and contact angle measurements as well as infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) were used to reveal the thickness and chemical composition of the conditioning layers. The extent that surface preconditioning affected the settlement of zoospores of U. linza was also investigated. The results showed that in standard spore settlement bioassays (45-60 min), the influence of a molecular conditioning layer is likely to be small, although more substantial effects are possible at longer settlement times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Thome
- Institute for Functional Interfaces-IFG, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-KIT, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|