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Peng Y, Yang Z, Li J, Liu S. Research progress on nanotechnology of traditional Chinese medicine to enhance the therapeutic effect of osteoarthritis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1517-1534. [PMID: 38225521 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic condition that primarily impacts the articular cartilage and surrounding bone tissue, resulting in joint inflammation and structural deterioration. The etiology of OA is multifaceted and intricately linked to the oxidative stress response of joint tissue. Oxidative stress (OS) in OA leads to the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidizing agents, resulting in detrimental effects on chondrocytes. This oxidative damage diminishes the flexibility and robustness of cartilage, thereby expediting the progression of joint deterioration. Therefore, the antioxidant effect is crucial in the treatment of OA. Currently, a considerable number of components found in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been scientifically demonstrated to exhibit remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the utilization of this program is considerably constrained as a result of intrinsic deficiencies, notably stability concerns. The successful amalgamation of TCM components with nanotechnology has properly tackled these concerns and enhanced the efficacy of therapeutic results. The objective of this study is to delineate the antioxidant characteristics of nano-TCM and assess the current inventory of literature pertaining to the application of nano-TCM in the treatment of OA. In conclusion, this paper will now turn to the constraints and potential avenues for the advancement of nano-TCM within the realm of OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed By the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengshuang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed By the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Li
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine Center, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijia Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed By the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J. Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13862-13899. [PMID: 38694553 PMCID: PMC11062400 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacterial strains and biofilm-associated diseases have heightened concerns about exploring alternative bactericidal methods. The WHO estimates that at least 700 000 deaths yearly are attributable to antimicrobial resistance, and that number could increase to 10 million annual deaths by 2050 if appropriate measures are not taken. Therefore, the increasing threat of AR bacteria and biofilm-related infections has created an urgent demand for scientific research to identify novel antimicrobial therapies. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties, and ongoing research holds great promise for developing effective NMs-based treatments for bacterial and viral infections. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of NMs based mechanisms combat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by acquired antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this review examines NMs design features and attributes that can be optimized to enhance their efficacy as antimicrobial agents. In addition, plant-based NMs have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections due to their reduced toxicity compared to other NMs. The potential of plant mediated NMs for preventing AR is also discussed. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the properties and mechanisms of NMs for the development of effective strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazedur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Somya Sadaf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand India
| | - Md Enamul Hoque
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Akash Mishra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand India
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University Jalandhar Punjab India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University Mohali-140413 India
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Lim SH, Wong TW, Tay WX. Overcoming colloidal nanoparticle aggregation in biological milieu for cancer therapeutic delivery: Perspectives of materials and particle design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103094. [PMID: 38359673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles as cancer therapeutic carrier fail in clinical translation due to complex biological environments in vivo consisting of electrolytes and proteins which render nanoparticle aggregation and unable to reach action site. This review identifies the desirable characteristics of nanoparticles and their constituent materials that prevent aggregation from site of administration (oral, lung, injection) to target site. Oral nanoparticles should ideally be 75-100 nm whereas the size of pulmonary nanoparticles minimally affects their aggregation. Nanoparticles generally should carry excess negative surface charges particularly in fasting state and exert steric hindrance through surface decoration with citrate, anionic surfactants and large polymeric chains (polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) to prevent aggregation. Anionic as well as cationic nanoparticles are both predisposed to protein corona formation as a function of biological protein isoelectric points. Their nanoparticulate surface composition as such should confer hydrophilicity or steric hindrance to evade protein corona formation or its formation should translate into steric hindrance or surface negative charges to prevent further aggregation. Unexpectedly, smaller and cationic nanoparticles are less prone to aggregation at cancer cell interface favoring endocytosis whereas aggregation is essential to enable nanoparticles retention and subsequent cancer cell uptake in tumor microenvironment. Present studies are largely conducted in vitro with simplified simulated biological media. Future aggregation assessment of nanoparticles in biological fluids that mimic that of patients is imperative to address conflicting materials and designs required as a function of body sites in order to realize the future clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huan Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543; Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; UM-UiTM Excipient Development Research Unit (EXDEU), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Xian Tay
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
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Khoa ND, Li S, Phuong NL, Kuga K, Yabuuchi H, Kan-O K, Matsumoto K, Ito K. Computational fluid-particle dynamics modeling of ultrafine to coarse particles deposition in the human respiratory system, down to the terminal bronchiole. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 237:107589. [PMID: 37167881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Suspended respirable airborne particles are associated with human health risks and especially particles within the range of ultrafine (< 0.1 μm) or fine (< 2.5 μm) have a high possibility of penetrating the lung region, which is concerned to be closely related to the bronchial or alveoli tissue dosimetry. Nature complex structure of the respiratory system requires much effort to explore and comprehend the flow and the inhaled particle dynamics for precise health risk assessment. Therefore, this study applied the computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) method to elucidate the deposition characteristics of ultrafine-to-coarse particles in the human respiratory tract from nostrils to the 16th generation of terminal bronchi. METHODS The realistic bronchi up to the 8th generation are precisely and perfectly generated from computed tomography (CT) images, and an artificial model compensates for the 9th-16th bronchioles. Herein, the steady airflow is simulated at constant breathing flow rates of 7.5, 15, and 30 L/min, reproducing human resting-intense activity. Then, trajectories of the particle size ranging from 0.002 - 10 μm are tracked using a discrete phase model. RESULTS Here, we report reliable results of airflow patterns and particle deposition efficiency in the human respiratory system validated against experimental data. The individual-related focal point of ultrafine and fine particles deposition rates was actualized at the 8th generation; whilst the hot-spot of the deposited coarse particles was found in the 6th generation. Lobar deposition characterizes the dominance of coarse particles deposited in the right lower lobe, whereas the left upper-lower and right lower lobes simultaneously occupy high deposition rates for ultrafine particles. Finally, the results indicate a higher deposition in the right lung compared to its counterpart. CONCLUSIONS From the results, the developed realistic human respiratory system down to the terminal bronchiole in this study, in coupling with the CFPD method, delivers the accurate prediction of a wide range of particles in terms of particle dosimetry and visualization of site-specific in the consecutive respiratory system. In addition, the series of CFPD analyses and their results are to offer in-depth information on particle behavior in human bronchioles, which may benefit health risk assessment or drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dang Khoa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Sixiao Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Nguyen Lu Phuong
- Faculty of Environment, University of Natural Resources and Environment, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Kazuki Kuga
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetake Yabuuchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Kan-O
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Matsumoto
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Numerical investigations of the particle deposition in the human terminal alveoli under the Martian gravity. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mittal S, Chakole CM, Sharma A, Pandey J, Chauhan MK. An Overview of Green Synthesis and Potential Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery System in Biomedicines. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:274-283. [PMID: 35562101 DOI: 10.1055/a-1801-6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based nanomedicine offers several benefits over conventional forms of therapeutic agents. Moreover, nanomedicine has become a potential candidate for targeting therapeutic agents at specific sites. However, nanomedicine prepared by synthetic methods may produce unwanted toxic effects. Due to their nanosize range, nanoparticles can easily reach the reticuloendothelial system and may produce unwanted systemic effects. The nanoparticles produced by the green chemistry approach would enhance the safety profile by avoiding synthetic agents and solvents in its preparations. This review encompasses toxicity consideration of nanoparticles, green synthesis techniques of nanoparticle preparation, biomedical application of nanoparticles, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mittal
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Chandrashekhar Mahadeo Chakole
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Aman Sharma
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Jaya Pandey
- Amity School school of Applied Sciences Lucknow, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
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A New Look at the Effects of Engineered ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles: Evidence from Transcriptomics Studies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081247. [PMID: 35457956 PMCID: PMC9031840 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their excellent electrical, optical, whitening, UV-adsorbing and bactericidal properties. The extensive production and utilization of these NPs increases their chances of being released into the environment and conferring unintended biological effects upon exposure. With the increasingly prevalent use of the omics technique, new data are burgeoning which provide a global view on the overall changes induced by exposures to NPs. In this review, we provide an account of the biological effects of ZnO and TiO2 NPs arising from transcriptomics in in vivo and in vitro studies. In addition to studies on humans and mice, we also describe findings on ecotoxicology-related species, such as Danio rerio (zebrafish), Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) or Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). Based on evidence from transcriptomics studies, we discuss particle-induced biological effects, including cytotoxicity, developmental alterations and immune responses, that are dependent on both material-intrinsic and acquired/transformed properties. This review seeks to provide a holistic insight into the global changes induced by ZnO and TiO2 NPs pertinent to human and ecotoxicology.
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Rahman M, Zhao M, Islam MS, Dong K, Saha SC. Numerical study of nano and micro pollutant particle transport and deposition in realistic human lung airways. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Ladics GS, Price O, Kelkar S, Herkimer S, Anderson S. A Weight-of-the-Evidence Approach for Evaluating, in Lieu of Animal Studies, the Potential of a Novel Polysaccharide Polymer to Produce Lung Overload. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1430-1444. [PMID: 33881304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is concerned about the respiratory effects caused by respirable particles of water-insoluble high molecular weight polymers. The EPA has proposed a tiered approach to evaluate polymer lung overload, a kinetic event. Kinetic polymer lung overload in itself is not necessarily adverse, however, inhalation of respirable particulate matter can have adverse effects (i.e., inflammation, fibrosis, etc.). If Tier I testing demonstrates that particles may reach the distal lung (i.e., a non-negligible amount of respirable particles/droplets ≤10 μm in diameter and lack of biosolubility), then animal inhalation testing in Tiers II-IV would be requested. In silico, in chemico, and in vitro alternatives should be considered versus in vivo testing for animal welfare purposes. An in chemico measure of biosolubility was used to demonstrate that a novel α-1,3-glucan polysaccharide, made by enzymatic polymerization of glucose from sucrose, is biosoluble and fits a simple exponential decay model with a half-life on the order of 66 days. The multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) in silico model was used to predict lung burden for the novel α-1,3-glucan polysaccharide. MPPD was validated with measurements in rats exposed to a toner particulate and showed good agreement with lung burden measurements. A simulated 24 month rat exposure yielded 10-20 times less lung burden for the polysaccharide compared to the toner at equivalent exposure concentrations. The MPPD model was refined to include biosolubility data for the polysaccharide polymer. Data for amorphous silica were used to validate the clearance model, and the model incorporating dissolution predicted the amorphous silica lung burden within 20% of measured values. Human equivalent concentrations (HECs) were calculated for each toner rat exposure concentration. HECs were also determined for the polysaccharide at exposure concentrations yielding the same predicted internal doses as the toner. The in vitro, in chemico and in silico studies described here for the novel polysaccharide provide a useful weight of evidence approach in the absence of animal studies for the evaluation of polymer substances where polymer lung overload may be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Ladics
- IFF, 200 Powder Mill Road, Bldg. 353, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Owen Price
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., 801 N. Quincy Street, Suite 700, Arlington, Virginia 22203, United States
| | - Shantanu Kelkar
- IFF, 200 Powder Mill Road, Bldg. 353, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Scott Herkimer
- IFF, 200 Powder Mill Road, Bldg. 353, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Shawn Anderson
- IFF, 200 Powder Mill Road, Bldg. 353, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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Dong J, Li J, Tian L, Tu J. Transport and deposition of ultrafine particles in the upper tracheobronchial tree: a comparative study between approximate and realistic respiratory tract models. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1125-1135. [PMID: 33410725 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1869220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of air-particle flows in the upper tracheobronchial tree. Two respiratory tract models, including a parametrically controlled approximate airway model developed by Kitaoka (KG model) and a CT-based patient specific airway (realistic model) were used. Assuming laminar, quasi-steady, three-dimensional air flow and spherical non-interacting ultrafine particles in sequentially bifurcating rigid bronchial airways, airflow patterns and particle transport/deposition in these two airway models were evaluated and compared. Overall deposition efficiency data was compared with the widely adopted ICRP data published by The International Commission on Radiological Protection. Good deposition efficiency agreements were observed between the present respiratory tract models and the ICRP data, which validated the numerical prediction accuracy of the present computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) model. For the two respiratory models, the comparison showed both difference and similarity between the approximate KG model and the realistic model. Specifically, the realistic model showed more complicated airflow patterns due to the increased surface irregularity. The deposition efficiency data revealed a deposition preference in the first-generation airways compared to the rest regions. For ultrafine particles smaller than 10 nm, Brownian diffusion remains the dominant particle deposition mechanism. However, for ultrafine particles with size ranging from 10 nm to 100 nm, the deposition efficiency decreased dramatically with the 100 nm particles approaching to zero deposition in the present bronchial tree scope. The generation-by-generation deposition data presented in this paper is indispensable to the formulation of new lung inhalation exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Dong
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiang Li
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Zimmerman A, Petters MD, Meskhidze N. Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 242:117835. [PMID: 32834729 PMCID: PMC7411388 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles with diameters less than 100 nm suspended in the air are a topic of interest in air quality and climate sciences. Sub-10 nm particles are of additional interest due to their health effects and contribution to particle growth processes. Ambient measurements were carried out at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC between April to June 2019 and November 2019 to May 2020 to investigate the temporal variability of size distribution and number concentration of ultrafine particles. A mobile lab was deployed between March and May 2020 to characterize the spatial distribution of sub-10 nm particle number concentration. New particle formation and growth events were observed regularly. Also observed were direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles. Analysis against meteorological variables, gas-phase species, and particle concentrations show that the sub-10nm particles dominated number concentration during periods of low planetary boundary layer height, low solar radiation, and northeast winds. The spatial patterns observed during mobile deployments suggest that multiple temporally stable and spatially confined point sources of sub-10 nm particles are present within the city. These sources likely include the campus utility plants and the Raleigh-Durham International Airport. Additionally, the timing of data collection allowed for investigation of variations in the urban aerosol number size distribution due to reduced economic activity during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Zimmerman
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Markus D Petters
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Meskhidze
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Kose O, Tomatis M, Leclerc L, Belblidia NB, Hochepied JF, Turci F, Pourchez J, Forest V. Impact of the Physicochemical Features of TiO 2 Nanoparticles on Their In Vitro Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2324-2337. [PMID: 32786542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The concern about titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) toxicity and their possible harmful effects on human health has increased. Their biological impact is related to some key physicochemical properties, that is, particle size, charge, crystallinity, shape, and agglomeration state. However, the understanding of the influence of such features on TiO2-NP toxicity remains quite limited. In this study, cytotoxicity, proinflammatory response, and oxidative stress caused by five types of TiO2-NPs with different physicochemical properties were investigated on A549 cells used either as monoculture or in co-culture with macrophages differentiated from the human monocytic THP-1 cells. We tailored bulk and surface TiO2 physicochemical properties and differentiated NPs for size/specific surface area, shape, agglomeration state, and surface functionalization/charge (aminopropyltriethoxysilane). An impact on the cytotoxicity and to a lesser extent on the proinflammatory responses depending on cell type was observed, namely, smaller, large-agglomerated TiO2-NPs were shown to be less toxic than P25, whereas rod-shaped TiO2-NPs were found to be more toxic. Besides, the positively charged particle was slightly more toxic than the negatively charged one. Contrarily, TiO2-NPs, whatever their physicochemical properties, did not induce significant ROS production in both cell systems compared to nontreated control groups. These results may contribute to a better understanding of TiO2-NPs toxicity in relation with their physicochemical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Kose
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Dipartimento di Chimica and G. Scansetti Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Naila-Besma Belblidia
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, MAT - Centre des matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633, BP 87, 91003 Evry, France.,ENSTA ParisTech UCP, Institut Polytechnique Paris, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Hochepied
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, MAT - Centre des matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633, BP 87, 91003 Evry, France.,ENSTA ParisTech UCP, Institut Polytechnique Paris, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Francesco Turci
- Dipartimento di Chimica and G. Scansetti Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Ahookhosh K, Pourmehran O, Aminfar H, Mohammadpourfard M, Sarafraz MM, Hamishehkar H. Development of human respiratory airway models: A review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 145:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Aerosolized drug inhalation plays an important role in the treatment of respiratory diseases. All of the published in silico, in vivo, and in vitro studies have improved the knowledge of aerosol delivery in the human respiratory system. However, aerosolized magnetic nano-particle (MNP) transport and deposition (TD) for the specific position of the human lung are still unavailable in the literature. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide an understanding of the magnetic nano-particle TD in the targeted region by imposing an external magnetic field for the development of future therapeutics. Uniform aerosolized nano-particle TD in the specific position of the lung airways will be modelled by adopting turbulence k–ω low Reynolds number simulation. The Euler–Lagrange (E–L) approach and the magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) model are incorporated in the ANSYS fluent (18.0) solver to investigate the targeted nano-particle TD. The human physical activity conditions of sleeping, resting, light activity and fast breathing are considered in this study. The aerosolized drug particles are navigated to the targeted position under the influence of external magnetic force (EMF), which is applied in two different positions of the two-generation lung airways. A numerical particle tracing model is also developed to predict the magnetic drug targeting behavior in the lung. The numerical results reveal that nano-particle deposition efficiency (DE) in two different magnetic field position is different for various physical activities, which could be helpful for targeted drug delivery to a specific region of the lung after extensive clinical trials. This process will also be cost-effective and will minimize unwanted side effects due to systemic drug distribution in the lung.
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15
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Afshar-Mohajer N, Fox MA, Koehler K. The human health risk estimation of inhaled oil spill emissions with and without adding dispersant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:924-932. [PMID: 30453262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne toxic compounds emitted from polluted seawater polluted after an oil spill raise health concerns when inhaled by humans or other species. Inhalation of these toxic compounds as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or airborne fine particulate matter (PM) may cause serious pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Spraying chemical dispersants to enhance distribution of the crude oil into the water was employed extensively during the Deepwater Horizon spill. There is some evidence that dispersion of the crude oil decreased the emission rate of the VOCs but increased the emission rates of fine PM that may carry toxic compounds. In this study, the cancer risks and non-cancer hazards of the detected VOCs and particulates for spill-response workers were estimated with and without use of dispersant under action of breaking waves. A subchronic exposure scenario was modeled to address the inhalation health threat during initial phases of an oil spill response. A dosimetry model was used to estimate regional deposition of PM. Use of dispersant reduced benzene cancer risks from 57 to 37 excess lifetime cancer cases per million for 1 h of daily exposure that continues for 3 months. Adding dispersant resulted in emissions reductions of the lighter VOCs (up to 30% lower). However, hazard quotients (HQs) of the non-carcinogenic VOCs even after dispersant addition were above 1 meaning there are serious concerns about exposure to these VOCs. Inhalation of airborne particles emitted from the slick containing dispersant increased the total mass of deposited particles in upper respiratory regions compared to the slick of crude oil only. This study showed the application of dispersant onto the pollution slick increased the total mass burden to the human respiratory system about 10 times, an exploratory HQ analysis is presented to evaluate the potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Afshar-Mohajer
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Fox
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Shang Y, Dong J, Tian L, Inthavong K, Tu J. Detailed computational analysis of flow dynamics in an extended respiratory airway model. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 61:105-111. [PMID: 30544055 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding respiratory physiology can aid clinicians in diagnosing the cause of respiratory symptoms or shed light on drug delivery inhaler device optimisation. However, the sheer complexity of the human lung prohibits a full-scale study. METHODS In this study, a realistic respiratory airway model including large-to-small conducting airways was built. This airway model consists of subject-specific upper and lower airways, extending from nasal and oral openings to terminal bronchioles (up to the 15th generation). Based on the subject-specific airway model, topological information was extracted and a digital reference model that exhibits strong asymmetry and multi-fractal properties was provided. Inhalation flow rates 18 L/min and 50 L/min were adopted to understand inspiratory conditions subjecting to resting and light exercise inhalation modes. Regional airflow in terms of axial velocity and secondary flow vortices along the lung airway model was extracted. FINDINGS Obvious secondary flow currents were seen in the larynx-trachea segment and left main bronchus, while for the terminal conducting airway in the right lower lobe, the airflow tends to be much smoother with no secondary flow currents. INTERPRETATION This paper provides insights on respiratory physiology, especially in the lower lung airways, and will be potentially useful for diagnosis of lower airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Shang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jingliang Dong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Kiao Inthavong
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, PO Box 1021, Beijing 100086, China.
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17
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Schulte PA, Kuempel ED, Drew NM. Characterizing risk assessments for the development of occupational exposure limits for engineered nanomaterials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:207-219. [PMID: 29574195 PMCID: PMC6075708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The commercialization of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) began in the early 2000's. Since then the number of commercial products and the number of workers potentially exposed to ENMs is growing, as is the need to evaluate and manage the potential health risks. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been developed for some of the first generation of ENMs. These OELs have been based on risk assessments that progressed from qualitative to quantitative as nanotoxicology data became available. In this paper, that progression is characterized. It traces OEL development through the qualitative approach of general groups of ENMs based primarily on read-across with other materials to quantitative risk assessments for nanoscale particles including titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, silver nanoparticles, and cellulose nanocrystals. These represent prototypic approaches to risk assessment and OEL development for ENMs. Such substance-by-substance efforts are not practical given the insufficient data for many ENMs that are currently being used or potentially entering commerce. Consequently, categorical approaches are emerging to group and rank ENMs by hazard and potential health risk. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are described, and future derivations and research needs are discussed. Critical needs in moving forward with understanding the health effects of the numerous EMNs include more standardized and accessible quantitative data on the toxicity and physicochemical properties of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - E D Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - N M Drew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
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18
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Pietroiusti A, Stockmann-Juvala H, Lucaroni F, Savolainen K. Nanomaterial exposure, toxicity, and impact on human health. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1513. [PMID: 29473695 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has grown after the turn of the 21st century. Also, the production of ENM has globally grown, and exposure of workers especially via the lungs to ENM has increased. This review tackles with effects of ENM on workers' health because occupational environment is the main source of exposure to ENM. Assessment of exposure to ENM is demanding, and today there are no occupational exposure level (OEL) for ENM. This is partly due to challenges of such measurements, and in part to the unknown causality between ENM metrics and effects. There are also marked gaps in systematic knowledge on ENM hazards. Human health surveys of exposed workers, or human field studies have not identified specific effects of ENM linking them with a specific exposure. There is, however, a consensus that material characteristics such as size, and chemistry influence effects of ENM. Available data suggest that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) affect the immunological system and cause inflammation of the lungs, or signs of asthma whereas carbon nanofibers (CNF) may cause interstitial fibrosis. Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles together with MWCNT induce genotoxicity, and a given type of MWCNT has been identified as a possible human carcinogen. Currently, lack of understanding of mechanisms of effects of ENM renders assessment of hazards and risks of ENM material-by-material a necessity. The so called "omics" approaches utilizing ENM-induced alterations in gene and protein expression may be useful in the development of a new paradigm for ENM hazard and risk assessment. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Lucaroni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Work Environment, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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De Matteis V, Rinaldi R. Toxicity Assessment in the Nanoparticle Era. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1048:1-19. [PMID: 29453529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of engineered nanomaterials in many fields, ranging from biomedical, agriculture, environment, cosmetic, urged the scientific community to understand the processes behind their potential toxicity, in order to develop new strategies for human safety. As a matter of fact, there is a big discrepancy between the increased classes of nanoparticles and the consequent applications versus their toxicity assessment. Nanotoxicology is defined as the science that studies the effects of engineered nanodevices and nanostructures in living organisms. This chapter analyzes the physico-chemical properties of the most used nanoparticles, the way they enter the living organism and their cytoxicity mechanisms at cellular exposure level. Moreover, the current state of nanoparticles risk assessment is reported and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Matteis
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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20
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Wardoyo AYP, Juswono UP, Noor JAE. A study of the correlation between ultrafine particle emissions in motorcycle smoke and mice erythrocyte damages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:649-655. [PMID: 28655429 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sharply increasing of motor vehicles every year contributes to amounts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the air. Besides, the existence of UFPs in the blood may cause erythrocyte damages that subject to shape deformation. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of UFPs in the motorcycle smoke exposed to mice in different concentrations to the erythrocyte damages. The experiments were conducted by injecting the motorcycle smoke with the varied amounts in an experimental chamber (dimension of 30×20×20cm3) where the mice were put in advance for exposuring twice a day (100s). Total numbers of UFPs in the smoke were calculated by measuring the total concentrations multiplied by the smoke debit. They were measured using a TSI 8525 P-Trak UPC. The effects of the smoke exposures in the mice's erythrocytes related to the UFPs in the smoke were observed by a binocular CX-31 Computer Microscope after the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th exposure days. The erythrocyte damages were calculated from the total abnormal erythrocytes divided by the total erythrocytes. Our results showed that more UFPs exposed to mice resulted in more the erythrocytes damages. Longer exposures caused more damages of the mice erythrocytes. This study found significant correlations between the numbers of UFPs exposed to mice and the erythrocyte damages. Our finding gives important evidence that motorcycle emissions especially UFPs affect on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinto Y P Wardoyo
- Physics Department Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - Unggul P Juswono
- Physics Department Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - Johan A E Noor
- Physics Department Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 65145, Malang, Indonesia.
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21
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Islam MS, Saha SC, Sauret E, Gemci T, Yang IA, Gu YT. Ultrafine particle transport and deposition in a large scale 17-generation lung model. J Biomech 2017; 64:16-25. [PMID: 28916396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand how to assess optimally the risks of inhaled particles on respiratory health, it is necessary to comprehend the uptake of ultrafine particulate matter by inhalation during the complex transport process through a non-dichotomously bifurcating network of conduit airways. It is evident that the highly toxic ultrafine particles damage the respiratory epithelium in the terminal bronchioles. The wide range of in silico available and the limited realistic model for the extrathoracic region of the lung have improved understanding of the ultrafine particle transport and deposition (TD) in the upper airways. However, comprehensive ultrafine particle TD data for the real and entire lung model are still unavailable in the literature. Therefore, this study is aimed to provide an understanding of the ultrafine particle TD in the terminal bronchioles for the development of future therapeutics. The Euler-Lagrange (E-L) approach and ANSYS fluent (17.2) solver were used to investigate ultrafine particle TD. The physical conditions of sleeping, resting, and light activity were considered in this modelling study. A comprehensive pressure-drop along five selected path lines in different lobes was calculated. The non-linear behaviour of pressure-drops is observed, which could aid the health risk assessment system for patients with respiratory diseases. Numerical results also showed that ultrafine particle-deposition efficiency (DE) in different lobes is different for various physical activities. Moreover, the numerical results showed hot spots in various locations among the different lobes for different flow rates, which could be helpful for targeted therapeutical aerosol transport to terminal bronchioles and the alveolar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Islam
- School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Suvash C Saha
- School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Emilie Sauret
- School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Tevfik Gemci
- Validation Engineer Specialist, B. Braun Medical Inc., 2525 McGaw Avenue, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Y T Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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22
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Kermanizadeh A, Gosens I, MacCalman L, Johnston H, Danielsen PH, Jacobsen NR, Lenz AG, Fernandes T, Schins RPF, Cassee FR, Wallin H, Kreyling W, Stoeger T, Loft S, Møller P, Tran L, Stone V. A Multilaboratory Toxicological Assessment of a Panel of 10 Engineered Nanomaterials to Human Health--ENPRA Project--The Highlights, Limitations, and Current and Future Challenges. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:1-28. [PMID: 27030582 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1126210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ENPRA was one of the earlier multidisciplinary European Commission FP7-funded projects aiming to evaluate the risks associated with nanomaterial (NM) exposure on human health across pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and developmental systems. The outputs from this project have formed the basis of this review. A retrospective interpretation of the findings across a wide range of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed to identify the main highlights from the project. In particular, focus was placed on informing what advances were made in the hazard assessment of NM, as well as offering some suggestions on the future of "nanotoxicology research" based on these observations, shortcomings, and lessons learned from the project. A number of issues related to the hazard assessment of NM are discussed in detail and include use of appropriate NM for nanotoxicology investigations; characterization and dispersion of NM; use of appropriate doses for all related investigations; need for the correct choice of experimental models for risk assessment purposes; and full understanding of the test systems and correct interpretation of data generated from in vitro and in vivo systems. It is hoped that this review may assist in providing information in the implementation of guidelines, model systems, validation of assessment methodology, and integrated testing approaches for risk assessment of NM. It is vital to learn from ongoing and/or completed studies to avoid unnecessary duplication and offer suggestions that might improve different aspects of experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Gosens
- c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Laura MacCalman
- d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Helinor Johnston
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Pernille H Danielsen
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anke-Gabriele Lenz
- f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany
| | - Teresa Fernandes
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Roel P F Schins
- g IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Wallin
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- h Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Epidemiology II , Munich , Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany
| | - Steffen Loft
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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23
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Asgharian B, Price O, Kabilan S, Jacob RE, Einstein DR, Kuprat A, Corley RA. Development of a Zealand white rabbit deposition model to study inhalation anthrax. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:80-8. [PMID: 26895308 PMCID: PMC4968080 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1140850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite using rabbits in several inhalation exposure experiments to study diseases such as anthrax, there is a lack of understanding regarding deposition characteristics and fate of inhaled particles (bio-aerosols and viruses) in the respiratory tracts of rabbits. Such information allows dosimetric extrapolation to humans to inform human outcomes. The lung geometry of the New Zealand white rabbit (referred to simply as rabbits throughout the article) was constructed using recently acquired scanned images of the conducting airways of rabbits and available information on its acinar region. In addition, functional relationships were developed for the lung and breathing parameters of rabbits as a function of body weight. The lung geometry and breathing parameters were used to extend the existing deposition model for humans and several other species to rabbits. Evaluation of the deposition model for rabbits was made by comparing predictions with available measurements in the literature. Deposition predictions in the lungs of rabbits indicated smaller deposition fractions compared to those found in humans across various particle diameter ranges. The application of the deposition model for rabbits was demonstrated by extrapolating deposition predictions in rabbits to find equivalent human exposure concentrations assuming the same dose-response relationship between the two species. Human equivalent exposure concentration levels were found to be much smaller than those for rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Asgharian
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., 8537 Six Forks Road, Suite 600, Raleigh, NC 27615-2963
| | - Owen Price
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., 801 North Quincy Street, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22203
| | - Senthil Kabilan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Richard E. Jacob
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Daniel R. Einstein
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352
| | | | - Richard A. Corley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352
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24
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Cohen JM, DeLoid GM, Demokritou P. A critical review of in vitro dosimetry for engineered nanomaterials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3015-3032. [PMID: 26419834 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in the development of accurate cellular models for investigating nanobio interactions in vitro is determination of physiologically relevant measures of dose. Comparison of biological responses to nanoparticle exposure typically relies on administered dose metrics such as mass concentration of suspended particles, rather than the effective dose of particles that actually comes in contact with the cells over the time of exposure. Adoption of recently developed dosimetric methodologies will facilitate determination of effective dose delivered to cells in vitro, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of in vitro screening data, validation of in vitro with in vivo data, and comparison across multiple datasets for the large variety of nanomaterials currently in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Cohen
- Center for Nanotechnology & Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology & Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology & Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Miller FJ, Asgharian B, Schroeter JD, Price O, Corley RA, Einstein DR, Jacob RE, Cox TC, Kabilan S, Bentley T. Respiratory tract lung geometry and dosimetry model for male Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:524-44. [PMID: 25055841 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.925991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
While inhalation toxicological studies of various compounds have been conducted using a number of different strains of rats, mechanistic dosimetry models have only had tracheobronchial (TB) structural data for Long-Evans rats, detailed morphometric data on the alveolar region of Sprague-Dawley rats and limited alveolar data on other strains. Based upon CT imaging data for two male Sprague-Dawley rats, a 15-generation, symmetric typical path model was developed for the TB region. Literature data for the alveolar region of Sprague-Dawley rats were analyzed to develop an eight-generation model, and the two regions were joined to provide a complete lower respiratory tract model for Sprague-Dawley rats. The resulting lung model was used to examine particle deposition in Sprague-Dawley rats and to compare these results with predicted deposition in Long-Evans rats. Relationships of various physiologic variables and lung volumes were either developed in this study or extracted from the literature to provide the necessary input data for examining particle deposition. While the lengths, diameters and branching angles of the TB airways differed between the two Sprague-Dawley rats, the predicted deposition patterns in the three major respiratory tract regions were very similar. Between Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats, significant differences in TB and alveolar predicted deposition fractions were observed over a wide range of particle sizes, with TB deposition fractions being up to 3- to 4-fold greater in Sprague-Dawley rats and alveolar deposition being significantly greater in Long-Evans rats. Thus, strain-specific lung geometry models should be used for particle deposition calculations and interspecies dose comparisons.
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26
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Behera SN, Betha R, Huang X, Balasubramanian R. Characterization and estimation of human airway deposition of size-resolved particulate-bound trace elements during a recent haze episode in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4265-4280. [PMID: 25292299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxic elements present in airborne particulate matter (PM) are associated with human health effects; however, their toxic characteristics depend on the source of their origins and their concentrations in ambient air. Twenty four elements (Al, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Te, Tl, and Zn) in 12 different size fractions of PM ranging from 10 nm to 10 μm were characterized in Singapore during two different atmospheric conditions (smoke haze and non-haze periods) in 2012 for the first time. In addition, their possible sources were identified based on backward air trajectory analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The health implications of inhalable particles were assessed using a human airway deposition model, the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model (MPPD). The results concerning particle-bound trace elements are interpreted in terms of coarse (PM2.5-10), fine (PM2.5), ultrafine (PM0.01-0.1, 0.01 μm < Dp < 0.10 μm), and nano (PM0.01-0.056, 0.01 μm < Dp < 0.056 μm) particles. The ratios of elemental concentrations measured between the smoke haze episode and the non-haze period in coarse, fine, ultrafine, and nano particles varied from 1.2 (Bi) to 6.6 (Co). Both the PCA and backward trajectory analysis revealed that trans-boundary biomass-burning emissions from Indonesia were primarily responsible for enhanced concentrations of particulate-bound elements during the smoke haze episode. The particle depositions in the respiratory system were higher during the smoke haze episode compared to the non-haze period. The study finds that ultrafine and nano particles present in the atmosphere have higher tendencies to be deposited into the deeper parts of the respiratory system, compared to coarse and fine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
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Effect of particle agglomeration in nanotoxicology. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:659-75. [PMID: 25618546 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emission of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into the environment in increasing quantity and variety raises a general concern regarding potential effects on human health. Compared with soluble substances, ENPs exhibit additional dimensions of complexity, that is, they exist not only in various sizes, shapes and chemical compositions but also in different degrees of agglomeration. The effect of the latter is the topic of this review in which we explore and discuss the role of agglomeration on toxicity, including the fate of nanomaterials after their release and the biological effects they may induce. In-depth investigations of the effect of ENP agglomeration on human health are still rare, but it may be stated that outside the body ENP agglomeration greatly reduces human exposure. After uptake, agglomeration of ENPs reduces translocation across primary barriers such as lungs, skin or the gastrointestinal tract, preventing exposure of "secondary" organs. In analogy, also cellular ENP uptake and intracellular distribution are affected by agglomeration. However, agglomeration may represent a risk factor if it occurs after translocation across the primary barriers, and ENPs are able to accumulate within the tissue and thus reduce clearance efficiency.
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Kuempel ED, Sweeney LM, Morris JB, Jarabek AM. Advances in Inhalation Dosimetry Models and Methods for Occupational Risk Assessment and Exposure Limit Derivation. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12 Suppl 1:S18-40. [PMID: 26551218 PMCID: PMC4685615 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and practical guide to occupational health professionals concerning the derivation and use of dose estimates in risk assessment for development of occupational exposure limits (OELs) for inhaled substances. Dosimetry is the study and practice of measuring or estimating the internal dose of a substance in individuals or a population. Dosimetry thus provides an essential link to understanding the relationship between an external exposure and a biological response. Use of dosimetry principles and tools can improve the accuracy of risk assessment, and reduce the uncertainty, by providing reliable estimates of the internal dose at the target tissue. This is accomplished through specific measurement data or predictive models, when available, or the use of basic dosimetry principles for broad classes of materials. Accurate dose estimation is essential not only for dose-response assessment, but also for interspecies extrapolation and for risk characterization at given exposures. Inhalation dosimetry is the focus of this paper since it is a major route of exposure in the workplace. Practical examples of dose estimation and OEL derivation are provided for inhaled gases and particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D. Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | - John B. Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Annie M. Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Gonzalez C, Rosas-Hernandez H, Ramirez-Lee MA, Salazar-García S, Ali SF. Role of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the cardiovascular system. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:493-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Asgharian B, Price O, Oldham M, Chen L, Saunders E, Gordon T, Mikheev V, Minard K, Teeguarden JG. Computational modeling of nanoscale and microscale particle deposition, retention and dosimetry in the mouse respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:829-42. [PMID: 25373829 PMCID: PMC4668803 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.935535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparing effects of inhaled particles across rodent test systems and between rodent test systems and humans is a key obstacle to the interpretation of common toxicological test systems for human risk assessment. These comparisons, correlation with effects and prediction of effects, are best conducted using measures of tissue dose in the respiratory tract. Differences in lung geometry, physiology and the characteristics of ventilation can give rise to differences in the regional deposition of particles in the lung in these species. Differences in regional lung tissue doses cannot currently be measured experimentally. Regional lung tissue dosimetry can however be predicted using models developed for rats, monkeys, and humans. A computational model of particle respiratory tract deposition and clearance was developed for BALB/c and B6C3F1 mice, creating a cross-species suite of available models for particle dosimetry in the lung. Airflow and particle transport equations were solved throughout the respiratory tract of these mice strains to obtain temporal and spatial concentration of inhaled particles from which deposition fractions were determined. Particle inhalability (Inhalable fraction, IF) and upper respiratory tract (URT) deposition were directly related to particle diffusive and inertial properties. Measurements of the retained mass at several post-exposure times following exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles, micro- and nanoscale C60 fullerene, and nanoscale silver particles were used to calibrate and verify model predictions of total lung dose. Interstrain (mice) and interspecies (mouse, rat and human) differences in particle inhalability, fractional deposition and tissue dosimetry are described for ultrafine, fine and coarse particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O.T. Price
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA
| | - M. Oldham
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - L.C. Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - E.L. Saunders
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - T. Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - V.B. Mikheev
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH
43201-2696
| | - K.R. Minard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
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Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials: implication in associated toxic manifestations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:498420. [PMID: 25165707 PMCID: PMC4140132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading fields of the science having tremendous application in diverse disciplines. As nanomaterials are increasingly becoming part of everyday consumer products, it is imperative to assess their impact on living organisms and on the environment. Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and engineered nanomaterials including size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, surface area, surface energy, and surface roughness generally influence the toxic manifestations of these nanomaterials. This compels the research fraternity to evaluate the role of these properties in determining associated toxicity issues. Reckoning with this fact, in this paper, issues pertaining to the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials as it relates to the toxicity of the nanomaterials are discussed.
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Cheng YS. Mechanisms of pharmaceutical aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:630-40. [PMID: 24563174 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol delivery is noninvasive and is effective in much lower doses than required for oral administration. Currently, there are several types of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems, including the pressurized metered-dose inhaler, the dry powder inhaler, the medical nebulizer, the solution mist inhaler, and the nasal sprays. Both oral and nasal inhalation routes are used for the delivery of therapeutic aerosols. Following inhalation therapy, only a fraction of the dose reaches the expected target area. Knowledge of the amount of drug actually deposited is essential in designing the delivery system or devices to optimize the delivery efficiency to the targeted region of the respiratory tract. Aerosol deposition mechanisms in the human respiratory tract have been well studied. Prediction of pharmaceutical aerosol deposition using established lung deposition models has limited success primarily because they underestimated oropharyngeal deposition. Recent studies of oropharyngeal deposition of several drug delivery systems identify other factors associated with the delivery system that dominates the transport and deposition of the oropharyngeal region. Computational fluid dynamic simulation of the aerosol transport and deposition in the respiratory tract has provided important insight into these processes. Investigation of nasal spray deposition mechanisms is also discussed.
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Toxicological assessment of inhaled nanoparticles: role of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4795-822. [PMID: 24646916 PMCID: PMC3975425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium of the lung is by far the most permeable epithelial barrier of the human body. The risk for adverse effects by inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) depends on their hazard (negative action on cells and organism) and on exposure (concentration in the inhaled air and pattern of deposition in the lung). With the development of advanced in vitro models, not only in vivo, but also cellular studies can be used for toxicological testing. Advanced in vitro studies use combinations of cells cultured in the air-liquid interface. These cultures are useful for particle uptake and mechanistic studies. Whole-body, nose-only, and lung-only exposures of animals could help to determine retention of NPs in the body. Both approaches also have their limitations; cellular studies cannot mimic the entire organism and data obtained by inhalation exposure of rodents have limitations due to differences in the respiratory system from that of humans. Simulation programs for lung deposition in humans could help to determine the relevance of the biological findings. Combination of biological data generated in different biological models and in silico modeling appears suitable for a realistic estimation of potential risks by inhalation exposure to NPs.
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Zhou Y, Irshad H, Tsai CJ, Hung SM, Cheng YS. Evaluation of a novel personal nanoparticle sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:203-210. [PMID: 24337074 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the performance in terms of collection efficiency and aspiration efficiency of a personal sampler capable of collecting ultrafine particles (nanoparticles) in the occupational environment. This sampler consists of a cyclone for respirable particle classification, micro-orifice impactor stages with an acceleration nozzle to achieve nanoparticle classification and a backup filter to collect nanoparticles. Collection efficiencies of the cyclone and impactor stages were determined using monodisperse polystyrene latex and silver particles, respectively. Calibration of the cyclone and impactor stages showed 50% cut-off diameters of 3.95 μm and 94.7 nm meeting the design requirements. Aspiration efficiencies of the sampler were tested in a wind tunnel with wind speeds of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m s(-1). The test samplers were mounted on a full size mannequin with three orientations toward the wind direction (0°, 90°, and 180°). Monodisperse oleic acid aerosols tagged with sodium fluorescein in the size range of 2 to 10 μm were used in the test. For particles smaller than 2 μm, the fluorescent polystyrene latex particles were generated by using nebulizers. For comparison of the aspiration efficiency, a NIOSH two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler was also tested. Results showed that the orientation-averaged aspiration efficiency for both samplers was close to the inhalable fraction curve. However, the direction of wind strongly affected the aspiration efficiency. The results also showed that the aspiration efficiency was not affected by the ratio of free-stream velocity to the velocity through the sampler orifice. Our evaluation showed that the current design of the personal sampler met the designed criteria for collecting nanoparticles ≤100 nm in occupational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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35
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Asgharian B, Price OT, Yurteri CU, Dickens C, McAughey J. Component-specific, cigarette particle deposition modeling in the human respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:36-47. [PMID: 24354791 PMCID: PMC3912629 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.851305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of cigarette smoke particles (CSP) leads to adverse health effects in smokers. Determination of the localized dose to the lung of the inhaled smoke aids in determining vulnerable sites, and identifying components of the smoke that may be responsible for the adverse effects; thus providing a roadmap for harm reduction of cigarette smoking. A particle deposition model specific to CSP was developed for the oral cavity and the lung by accounting for cigarette particle size growth by hygroscopicity, phase change and coagulation. In addition, since the cigarette puff enters the respiratory tract as a dense cloud, the cloud effect on particle drag and deposition was accounted for in the deposition model. Models of particle losses in the oral cavities were developed during puff drawing and subsequent mouth-hold. Cigarette particles were found to grow by hygroscopicity and coagulation, but to shrink as a result of nicotine evaporation. The particle size reached a plateau beyond which any disturbances in the environmental conditions caused the various mechanisms to balance each other out and the particle size remain stable. Predicted particle deposition considering the cloud effects was greater than when treated as a collection of non-interacting particles (i.e. no cloud effects). Accounting for cloud movement provided the necessary physical mechanism to explain the greater than expected, experimentally observed and particle deposition. The deposition model for CSP can provide the necessary input to determine the fate of inhaled CSP in the lung. The knowledge of deposition will be helpful for health assessment and identification and reduction of harmful components of CSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Asgharian
- Department of Security Engineering & Applied Sciences, Applied Research AssociatesRaleigh, NCUSA
| | - Owen T. Price
- Department of Security Engineering & Applied Sciences, Applied Research AssociatesRaleigh, NCUSA
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36
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Asgharian B, Price O, McClellan G, Corley R, Einstein DR, Jacob RE, Harkema J, Carey SA, Schelegle E, Hyde D, Kimbell JS, Miller FJ. Development of a rhesus monkey lung geometry model and application to particle deposition in comparison to humans. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:869-99. [PMID: 23121298 PMCID: PMC5119470 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.725782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The exposure-dose-response characterization of an inhalation hazard established in an animal species needs to be translated to an equivalent characterization in humans relative to comparable doses or exposure scenarios. Here, the first geometry model of the conducting airways for rhesus monkeys is developed based upon CT images of the conducting airways of a 6-month-old male, rhesus monkey. An algorithm was developed for adding the alveolar region airways using published rhesus morphometric data. The resultant lung geometry model can be used in mechanistic particle or gaseous dosimetry models. Such dosimetry models require estimates of the upper respiratory tract volume of the animal and the functional residual capacity, as well as of the tidal volume and breathing frequency of the animal. The relationship of these variables to rhesus monkeys of differing body weights was established by synthesizing and modeling published data as well as modeling pulmonary function measurements on 121 rhesus control animals. Deposition patterns of particles up to 10 µm in size were examined for endotracheal and and up to 5 µm for spontaneous breathing in infant and young adult monkeys and compared to those for humans. Deposition fraction of respirable size particles was found to be higher in the conducting airways of infant and young adult rhesus monkeys compared to humans. Due to the filtering effect of the conducting airways, pulmonary deposition in rhesus monkeys was lower than that in humans. Future research areas are identified that would either allow replacing assumptions or improving the newly developed lung model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Asgharian
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., 8537 Six Forks Road, Suite 600, Raleigh, NC 27615-2963, USA.
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37
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Longest PW, Spence BM, Holbrook LT, Mossi KM, Son YJ, Hindle M. Production of Inhalable Submicrometer Aerosols from Conventional Mesh Nebulizers for Improved Respiratory Drug Delivery. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2012; 51:66-80. [PMID: 22707794 PMCID: PMC3374487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Submicrometer and nanoparticle aerosols may significantly improve the delivery efficiency, dissolution characteristics, and bioavailability of inhaled pharmaceuticals. The objective of this study was to explore the formation of submicrometer and nanometer aerosols from mesh nebulizers suitable for respiratory drug delivery using experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Mesh nebulizers were coupled with add-on devices to promote aerosol drying and the formation of submicrometer particles, as well as to control the inhaled aerosol temperature and relative humidity. Cascade impaction experiments were used to determine the initial mass median aerodynamic diameters of 0.1% albuterol aerosols produced by the AeroNeb commercial (4.69 μm) and lab (3.90 μm) nebulizers and to validate the CFD model in terms of droplet evaporation. Through an appropriate selection of flow rates, nebulizers, and model drug concentrations, submicrometer and nanometer aerosols could be formed with the three devices considered. Based on CFD simulations, a wire heated design was shown to overheat the airstream producing unsafe conditions for inhalation if the aerosol was not uniformly distributed in the tube cross-section or if the nebulizer stopped producing droplets. In comparison, a counter-flow heated design provided sufficient thermal energy to produce submicrometer particles, but also automatically limited the maximum aerosol outlet temperature based on the physics of heat transfer. With the counter-flow design, submicrometer aerosols were produced at flow rates of 5, 15, and 30 LPM, which may be suitable for various forms of oral and nasal aerosol delivery. Thermodynamic conditions of the aerosol stream exiting the counter-flow design were found be in a range of 21-45 °C with relative humidity greater than 40% in some cases, which was considered safe for direct inhalation and advantageous for condensational growth delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Pharmaceutics Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Benjamin M. Spence
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Landon T. Holbrook
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Karla M. Mossi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Yoen-Ju Son
- Department of Pharmaceutics Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Michael Hindle
- Department of Pharmaceutics Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Hussain M, Renate WH, Werner H. Effect of intersubject variability of extrathoracic morphometry, lung airways dimensions and respiratory parameters on particle deposition. J Thorac Dis 2012; 3:156-70. [PMID: 22263083 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2011.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structure of extrathoracic passages, variability of tracheobronchial (TB) airways and alveolar dimensions and individual variations of breathing pattern exhibit significant intersubject variations, which affect extrathoracic deposition and, in further consequence, the fraction of inhaled particles actually reaching the thoracic region. The present study was conducted to quantify the intersubject variability of lung deposition fractions caused by the fluctuations in these three major sources of intersubject variability. METHODS To quantify intersubject variability of extrathoracic, thoracic and total deposition fractions (TDF), different combinations of the three sources of variability were simulated to identify the most important factors. Deposition fractions of inhaled particles were computed by the stochastic airway generation model IDEAL. The dimensions of the respiratory airways were scaled in proportion to age and height of the subject to calculate TDFs. RESULTS The variability of deposition fractions increased with the stepwise addition of influencing factors and the resulting standard deviations ranged up to 30%. While some combinations enhanced the effects of individual factors on deposition by up to 40%, others seemed to compensate each other with only a minor effect on deposition. CONCLUSION The present study attempts to quantify experimentally observed intersubject variability of regional deposition fractions caused by individual variations of nasal and oral geometry, lung airway dimensions and breathing patterns in healthy lungs, serving as a baseline for subsequent calculations for diseased lungs, e.g. asthma, COPD, and emphysema, which may further increase intersubject variabilities of medically relevant depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hussain
- Division of Physics and Biophysics, Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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KENDALL MICHAELA, HOLGATE STEPHEN. Health impact and toxicological effects of nanomaterials in the lung. Respirology 2012; 17:743-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Martins LD, da Silva Júnior CR, Solci MC, Pinto JP, Souza DZ, Vasconcellos P, Guarieiro ALN, Guarieiro LLN, Sousa ET, de Andrade JB. Particle emission from heavy-duty engine fuelled with blended diesel and biodiesel. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:2663-2676. [PMID: 21713496 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, particulate matter (PM) were characterized from a place impacted by heavy-duty vehicles (Bus Station) fuelled with diesel/biodiesel fuel blend (B3) in the city of Londrina, Brazil. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations were analyzed in the samples by their association with atmospheric PM, mass size distributions and major ions (fluorite, chloride, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, nitrite, oxalate; fumarate, formate, succinate and acetate; lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium). Results indicate that major ions represented 21.2% particulate matter mass. Nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium, respectively, presented the highest concentration levels, indicating that biodiesel may also be a significant source for these ions, especially nitrate. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene were the main PAH found, and a higher fraction of PAH particles was found in diameters lower than 0.25 μm in Londrina bus station. The fine and ultrafine particles were dominant among the PM evaluated, suggesting that biodiesel decreases the total PAH emission. However, it does also increase the fraction of fine and ultrafine particles when compared to diesel.
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Longest PW, Holbrook LT. In silico models of aerosol delivery to the respiratory tract - development and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:296-311. [PMID: 21640772 PMCID: PMC3258464 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the application of computational models to simulate the transport and deposition of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols from the site of particle or droplet formation to deposition within the respiratory tract. Traditional one-dimensional (1-D) whole-lung models are discussed briefly followed by a more in-depth review of three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The review of CFD models is organized into sections covering transport and deposition within the inhaler device, the extrathoracic (oral and nasal) region, conducting airways, and alveolar space. For each section, a general review of significant contributions and advancements in the area of simulating pharmaceutical aerosols is provided followed by a more in-depth application or case study that highlights the challenges, utility, and benefits of in silico models. Specific applications presented include the optimization of an existing spray inhaler, development of charge-targeted delivery, specification of conditions for optimal nasal delivery, analysis of a new condensational delivery approach, and an evaluation of targeted delivery using magnetic aerosols. The review concludes with recommendations on the need for more refined model validations, use of a concurrent experimental and CFD approach for developing aerosol delivery systems, and development of a stochastic individual path (SIP) model of aerosol transport and deposition throughout the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Worth Longest
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States.
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42
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Asgharian B, Price OT, Schroeter JD, Kimbell JS, Singal M. A lung dosimetry model of vapor uptake and tissue disposition. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:182-93. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.654857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Forrest ML, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2323-43. [PMID: 22170510 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience has matured significantly during the last decade as it has transitioned from bench top science to applied technology. Presently, nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of commercial products such as electronic components, sports equipment, sun creams and biomedical applications. There are few studies of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, but governmental agencies, including the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Japan's Ministry of Health, have recently raised the question of whether seemingly innocuous materials such as carbon-based nanotubes should be treated with the same caution afforded known carcinogens such as asbestos. Since nanomaterials are increasing a part of everyday consumer products, manufacturing processes, and medical products, it is imperative that both workers and end-users be protected from inhalation of potentially toxic NPs. It also suggests that NPs may need to be sequestered into products so that the NPs are not released into the atmosphere during the product's life or during recycling. Further, non-inhalation routes of NP absorption, including dermal and medical injectables, must be studied in order to understand possible toxic effects. Fewer studies to date have addressed whether the body can eventually eliminate nanomaterials to prevent particle build-up in tissues or organs. This critical review discusses the biophysicochemical properties of various nanomaterials with emphasis on currently available toxicology data and methodologies for evaluating nanoparticle toxicity (286 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gangwal S, Brown JS, Wang A, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Hubal EAC. Informing selection of nanomaterial concentrations for ToxCast in vitro testing based on occupational exposure potential. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1539-46. [PMID: 21788197 PMCID: PMC3226507 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little justification is generally provided for selection of in vitro assay testing concentrations for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Selection of concentration levels for hazard evaluation based on real-world exposure scenarios is desirable. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to use estimates of lung deposition after occupational exposure to nanomaterials to recommend in vitro testing concentrations for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast™ program. Here, we provide testing concentrations for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). METHODS We reviewed published ENM concentrations measured in air in manufacturing and R&D (research and development) laboratories to identify input levels for estimating ENM mass retained in the human lung using the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. Model input parameters were individually varied to estimate alveolar mass retained for different particle sizes (5-1,000 nm), aerosol concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/m3), aspect ratios (2, 4, 10, and 167), and exposure durations (24 hr and a working lifetime). The calculated lung surface concentrations were then converted to in vitro solution concentrations. RESULTS Modeled alveolar mass retained after 24 hr is most affected by activity level and aerosol concentration. Alveolar retention for Ag and TiO2 NPs and CNTs for a working-lifetime (45 years) exposure duration is similar to high-end concentrations (~ 30-400 μg/mL) typical of in vitro testing reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Analyses performed are generally applicable for providing ENM testing concentrations for in vitro hazard screening studies, although further research is needed to improve the approach. Understanding the relationship between potential real-world exposures and in vitro test concentrations will facilitate interpretation of toxicological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gangwal
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Offce of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Derivation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Transient Uptake and Tissue Disposition of Soluble and Reactive Vapors in Lung Airways. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1788-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee SJ, Kim YH, Lee SH, Hahn M. Characterization of nano oxaliplatin prepared by novel Fat Employing Supercritical Nano System, the FESNS®. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:212-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.531735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Philbrick M. An anticipatory governance approach to carbon nanotubes. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2010; 30:1708-1722. [PMID: 20626694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are novel materials with remarkable properties; possible beneficial applications include aircraft frames, hydrogen storage, environmental sensors, electrical transmission, and many more. At the same time, precise characterization of their potential toxicity remains elusive, in part because engineered nanostructures pose challenges to existing assays, predictive models, and dosimetry. While these obstacles are surmountable, their presence suggests that scientific uncertainty regarding the hazards of CNTs is likely to persist. Traditional U.S. policy approaches implicitly pose the question: "What level of evidence is necessary and sufficient to justify regulatory action?" In the case of CNTs, such a strategy of risk analysis is of limited immediate utility to both regulators essaying to carry out their mandates, and users of CNTs seeking to provide an appropriate level of protection to employees, customers, and other stakeholders. In contrast, the concept of anticipatory governance suggests an alternative research focus, that is: "Given the conflicted character of the data, how should relevant actors respond?" Adopting the latter theoretical framework, this article argues that currently available data support treating CNTs "as if" they are hazardous, while simultaneously highlighting some systemic uncertainties in many of the experiments carried out to date. Such a conclusion implies limiting exposure throughout product lifecycles, and also points to the possible applicability of various conceptual tools, such as life-cycle and multicriteria decision analysis approaches, in choosing appropriate courses of action in the face of prolonged uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Philbrick
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Harding EM, Robinson RJ. Flow in a terminal alveolar sac model with expanding walls using computational fluid dynamics. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:669-78. [DOI: 10.3109/08958371003749939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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49
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Berg EJ, Weisman JL, Oldham MJ, Robinson RJ. Flow field analysis in a compliant acinus replica model using particle image velocimetry (PIV). J Biomech 2010; 43:1039-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Martins LD, Martins JA, Freitas ED, Mazzoli CR, Gonçalves FLT, Ynoue RY, Hallak R, Albuquerque TTA, Andrade MDF. Potential health impact of ultrafine particles under clean and polluted urban atmospheric conditions: a model-based study. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2010; 3:29-39. [PMID: 20376166 PMCID: PMC2844959 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-009-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to improve the knowledge of ultrafine particle number distributions in large urban areas and also to call the attention to the importance of these particles on assessing health risks. Measurements of aerosol size distributions were performed during 2 weeks, with distinct pollutant concentrations (polluted and clean periods), on the rooftop of a building located in downtown of the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil. CO, NO(2), PM(10), SO(2), and O(3) concentrations and meteorological variables were also used. Aerosol size distribution measurements showed that geometric mean diameters of the size spectra in the polluted period are on average considerably larger than those in the clean one. Besides the fact that total number of ultrafine particles did not show significant differences, during the polluted period, geometric mean diameter was larger than during the clean one. The results of a mathematical model of particle deposition on human respiratory tract indicated a more significant effect of smaller particles fraction of the spectra, which predominate under clean atmospheric conditions. The results also indicated that urban environmental conditions usually considered good for air quality, under the criteria of low mass concentration, do not properly serve as air quality standard to very small particles. In the size range of ultrafine particles, this traditional clean atmospheric condition can offer a strong risk to pulmonary hazards, since the cleansing of the atmosphere creates good conditions to increase the concentration of nucleation mode particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Droprinchinski Martins
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Martins
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Londrina, 86020-430 Paraná Brazil
| | - Edmilson D. Freitas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Caroline R. Mazzoli
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz T. Gonçalves
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rita Y. Ynoue
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo Hallak
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Taciana Toledo A. Albuquerque
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo Brazil
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