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Ajrouch KJ, Zahodne LB, Brauer S, Tarraf W, Antonucci TC. COVID-19 Stress and Cognitive Disparities in Black, MENA, and White Older Adults. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2024; 64:gnae073. [PMID: 38853657 PMCID: PMC11266980 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Population aging has led to an increased interest in cognitive health and, in particular, the role that stress plays in cognitive disparities. This paper extends previous work by characterizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stress type prevalence and its association with cognitive health in metro-Detroit among Black, Middle Eastern/Arab (MENA), and White older adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data come from a regionally representative sample of adults aged 65+ in metro-Detroit (N = 600; MENA n = 199; Black n = 205; White n = 196). We used generalized linear models to compare groups on sociodemographic, objective stress, and social stress indicators. Multiple group structural equation models evaluated whether COVID-19 stress predicted cognitive health and whether that association varied across racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS MENA and Black older adults reported higher levels of objective stress than Whites. There were no racial/ethnic group differences in social stress. More objective stress was associated with better cognitive health, and more social stress was associated with worse cognitive health. The positive effect of objective stress was especially apparent for White older adults. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Though it appears that minority stress was not exacerbated in the context of pandemic stress, links between greater objective stress and better cognitive health apparent among White older adults were not evident among MENA or Black older adults. Broadening health disparities research by including underrepresented populations allows us to elevate scientific knowledge by clarifying what is universal and what is unique about the stress process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine J Ajrouch
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura B Zahodne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon Brauer
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences and Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Toni C Antonucci
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Quinn KG, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Voisin D, Walsh JL. Examining the Relationship between Anti-Black Racism, Community and Police Violence, and COVID-19 Vaccination. Behav Med 2024; 50:250-259. [PMID: 37578320 PMCID: PMC10864675 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2023.2244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged against a backdrop of long-standing racial inequities that contributed to significant disparities in COVID-19 mortality, morbidity, and eventually, vaccination rates. COVID-19 also converged with two social crises: anti-Black racism and community and police violence. The goal of this study was to examine the associations between community violence, police violence, anti-Black racism, and COVID-19 vaccination. Survey data were collected from a sample of 538 Black residents of Chicago between September 2021 and March 2022. Structural equation modeling was used to test associations between neighborhood violence, police violence, racism, medical mistrust, trust in COVID-related information, depressive symptoms, and having received a COVID-19 vaccination. In line with predictions, neighborhood violence had a significant indirect effect on vaccination via trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor. Additionally, racism had a significant indirect effect on vaccination via trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor, as well as via medical mistrust and trust in COVID-related information from a personal doctor. These findings add to the growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of medical mistrust when examining COVID-19 vaccination disparities. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of considering how social and structural factors such as violence and racism can influence medical mistrust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Infectious Disease Center
| | | | | | - Dexter Voisin
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Medical College of Wisconsin
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3
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Freysteinson WM, Enzman Hines M, Wind Wardell D, Friesen MA, Conrad S, Zahourek R, Gallo AM, Prather JG. Identifying Holistic Nursing Research Priorities for 2023-2026. J Holist Nurs 2024; 42:182-201. [PMID: 37968961 DOI: 10.1177/08980101231213725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The primary goal of holistic nursing research is to develop and expand the knowledge base of holism and healing for nursing praxis. This article provides an overview of the process used to identify the research priorities for holistic nursing research over the next 3 to 5 years. A mixed method design using Appreciative Inquiry and surveys revealed five research priorities and the holistic philosophical foundation for these priorities. Additionally, new challenges in the environment, person, health, and nursing will undoubtedly emerge, requiring nurses to discern the research needs beyond 2026. This work seeks to inspire holistic nurses to consider research related to the American Holistic Nurses Association's five key research priorities.
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Reigada LC, Kaighobadi F, Niwa EY, Ahmed T, Carlson DJ, Shane J. An intersectional examination of the impact of COVID-stress and discrimination on college students' resilience and mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37722811 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2249104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of COVID-stress and discrimination on mental health among a group of diverse college students using an intersectional framework. Participants: One thousand six hundred seventy-one undergraduate students (Mage = 20.42, SD = 2.74) were recruited from nine college campuses. Methods: Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing mental health symptoms, COVID-stress, and in-school discrimination. Hierarchical regressions and multi-group SEM path analysis were conducted to examine differences across intersectional identities. Results: Female-identifying students reported higher COVID-stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and lower resilience compared to males. COVID-stress and discrimination were highest among certain minoritized student groups. Using an intersectional framework, more COVID-stress and discrimination were associated with increased anxiety for almost all women of color. Unexpectedly, COVID-stress predicted anxiety symptoms for almost all male intersectional groups. Conclusions: Findings reaffirm the intersectional framework and highlight significant disparities in how students experience COVID-stress, discrimination, and mental health outcomes along dimensions of gender and race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Reigada
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Farnaz Kaighobadi
- Department of Psychology, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Y Niwa
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tanzina Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Carlson
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Shane
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Quinn KG, Harris M, Sherrod D, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Walsh JL. The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2023; 3:100218. [PMID: 36628065 PMCID: PMC9817424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the United States in the shadows of a vast history of structural racism and community and police violence that disproportionately affect Black communities. Collectively, they have created a syndemic, wherein COVID-19, racism, and violence are mutually reinforcing to produce adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to understand the COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic and examine how structural racism and violence contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black communities. In early 2021, we conducted phenomenological qualitative interviews with 50 Black residents of Chicago. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. We identified four primary themes in our analyses: 1) the intersection of racism and violence in Chicago; 2) longstanding inequities were laid bare by COVID-19; 3) the pervasiveness of racism and violence contributes to poor mental health; 4) and COVID-19, racism and violence emerged as a syndemic. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing social and structural factors in remediating the health and social consequences brought about by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Quinn
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Melissa Harris
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute of Health and Equity, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Darielle Sherrod
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bijou R Hunt
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Infectious Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Jacobs
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jesus Valencia
- Sinai Health System, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Rahman R, Azhar S, Wernick LJ, Huang D, Maschi T, Rosenblatt C, Patel R. COVID-19 stigma and depression across race, ethnicity and residence. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2023; 62:121-142. [PMID: 36934345 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2023.2193263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our cross-sectional study seeks to understand how COVID-19 stigma, race/ethnicity [Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latinx, white] and residency [New York City (NYC) resident vs. non-NYC resident] associated with depression. Our sample includes 568 participants: 260 (45.77%) were NYC residents and 308 (54.3%) were non-NYC residents. A series of multiple linear regression were run to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity, COVID-19 stigma, and depressive symptoms. Irrespective of residency, older age and ever being diagnosed with COVID-19 were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Stigma and thinking less of oneself significantly associates with depressive symptoms across residency. Our study expects to benefit mental health care providers and public health professionals in designing best practices to mitigate stigma in ongoing or future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahbel Rahman
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sameena Azhar
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Laura J Wernick
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Debbie Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tina Maschi
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Cassidy Rosenblatt
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rupal Patel
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, New York, United States
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Martin PP, Lewis RK, Guzmán BL. Racial reckoning, resistance, and the revolution: A call to community psychology to move forward. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:3-7. [PMID: 36797981 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article introduces a special issue of the American Journal of Community Psychology that features racial reckoning, resistance and the revolution in the context of a syndemic, the historical subjugation of communities of Color (COC) to racial hierarchies and the coronavirus (COVID-19). More specifically, this special issue underscores the need for community psychology and other allied disciplines to address this syndemic facing COC. The special issue delivers on the stories of the lived experiences from researchers and community members as it relates to COVID-19 and COC. Twelve articles are illuminated to challenge the field to create social change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P Martin
- Clinical-Community Psychology Program, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rhonda K Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Service-Learning Faculty Fellow, Society for Community Research and Action Fellow, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Bianca L Guzmán
- Pathway Programs Office, Office of the President, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Liu SR, Davis EP, Palma AM, Stern HS, Sandman CA, Glynn LM. Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racism and Impact on Depression Trajectories Among Racially/Ethnically Minoritized Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:885-891. [PMID: 36788046 PMCID: PMC9922380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2020, racially/ethnically minoritized (REMD) youth faced the "dual pandemics" of COVID-19 and racism, both significant stressors with potential for adverse mental health effects. The current study tested whether short- and long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic differed between REMD adolescents who did and did not endorse exposure to COVID-19-era-related racism (i.e., racism stemming from conditions created or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic). METHODS A community sample of 100 REMD adolescents enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study of mental health was assessed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 51% girls, mean age = 16, standard deviation = 2.7, and identified as Latinx/Hispanic (48%), Multiethnic (34%), Asian American (12%), and Black (6%). RESULTS REMD adolescents' depressive symptoms were elevated during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic levels, and increases were more pronounced over time for those who endorsed exposure to COVID-19-era-related racism. In general, Asian American participants endorsed racism experiences at the highest rates compared to others, including being called names (42%), people acting suspicious around them (33%), and being verbally threatened (17%). Additionally, more than half of Black and Asian American participants reported worry about experiencing racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic, even if they had not experienced it to date. DISCUSSION REMD adolescents are at increased risk for depressive symptoms related to converging stressors stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic-related racism, which has the potential to widen racial/ethnic mental health disparities faced by the REMD youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R. Liu
- Department of Human Development, California State University, San Marcos, California,Address correspondence to: Sabrina R. Liu, Ph.D., Department of Human Development, College of Education, Health, and Human Services, California State University San Marcos, 333 S Twin Oaks Valley Rd, San Marcos, CA, 92096
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | | | - Hal S. Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Bren Hall, Irvine, California
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (Barch), Department of Psychiatry (Barch, Luby), and Department of Radiology (Barch), Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (Barch), Department of Psychiatry (Barch, Luby), and Department of Radiology (Barch), Washington University in St. Louis
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Klymova S, Cavanaugh C. The Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Ethnic Discrimination, and Nativity on Nicotine Dependence among Female Hispanic Survivors of Physical Intimate Partner Violence. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:676-684. [PMID: 36798007 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: Nicotine dependence (ND) is an understudied public health problem among Hispanic women experiencing physical intimate partner violence (PIPV). Despite multiple calls for such studies, little is known about the associations of PTSD, ethnic discrimination, and nativity with ND among female Hispanic survivors of PIPV. Objectives: This study aimed to do the following: 1) replicate the PTSD-ND association in a sample of female Hispanic survivors of PIPV, and 2) examine the impact of ethnic discrimination and nativity on ND among 378 female Hispanic survivors of PIPV. We hypothesized that past-year PTSD and ethnic discrimination would be associated with greater odds of past-year ND (PY-ND) and being born outside the U.S. would be associated with lower odds of PY-ND. Data was used from 378 participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 who were female, Hispanic, and experienced PIPV. Logistic regression was used to test the impacts of past-year PTSD, ethnic discrimination and nativity on PY-ND while controlling for past-year major depressive episode, age, and personal income. Results: Results supported our hypotheses. Specifically, past-year PTSD was associated with greater odds of PY-ND, AOR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.43-2.56], and past-year ethnic discrimination was associated with greater odds of PY-ND, AOR = 2.31, 95% CI [1.82-2.93], whereas being born outside the U.S. was associated with lower odds of PY-ND, AOR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.26-0.41]. Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for additional studies to understand how ethnic discrimination and nativity affect ND among Hispanic female survivors of PIPV.
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Helman TJ, Headrick JP, Stapelberg NJC, Braidy N. The sex-dependent response to psychosocial stress and ischaemic heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1072042. [PMID: 37153459 PMCID: PMC10160413 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1072042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is an important risk factor for modern chronic diseases, with distinct influences in males and females. The sex specificity of the mammalian stress response contributes to the sex-dependent development and impacts of coronary artery disease (CAD). Compared to men, women appear to have greater susceptibility to chronic forms of psychosocial stress, extending beyond an increased incidence of mood disorders to include a 2- to 4-fold higher risk of stress-dependent myocardial infarction in women, and up to 10-fold higher risk of Takotsubo syndrome-a stress-dependent coronary-myocardial disorder most prevalent in post-menopausal women. Sex differences arise at all levels of the stress response: from initial perception of stress to behavioural, cognitive, and affective responses and longer-term disease outcomes. These fundamental differences involve interactions between chromosomal and gonadal determinants, (mal)adaptive epigenetic modulation across the lifespan (particularly in early life), and the extrinsic influences of socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Pre-clinical investigations of biological mechanisms support distinct early life programming and a heightened corticolimbic-noradrenaline-neuroinflammatory reactivity in females vs. males, among implicated determinants of the chronic stress response. Unravelling the intrinsic molecular, cellular and systems biological basis of these differences, and their interactions with external lifestyle/socio-cultural determinants, can guide preventative and therapeutic strategies to better target coronary heart disease in a tailored sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Helman
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- Correspondence: Tessa J. Helman
| | - John P. Headrick
- Schoolof Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Dhanani LY, Franz B, Pham CT. Experiencing, anticipating, and witnessing discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for health and wellbeing among Asian Americans. Front Public Health 2022; 10:949403. [PMID: 36311624 PMCID: PMC9608515 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.949403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic spurred increased racial animus toward Asians and Asian Americans (A/AA) who have since been contending with increased racism and violence. While some of the harm associated with this increased prejudice may derive from personally experienced discrimination, the COVID-19 pandemic has also been marked by an increase in vicarious exposure to discrimination as well as increased anticipation of discrimination, both of which may be taxing for the mental and physical health of A/AA. The goal of this study, accordingly, was to examine the effects of personal experiences of discrimination, vicarious exposure to discrimination, and anticipated discrimination on depressive symptoms, physical health symptoms, sleep quality, and sleep disturbances among A/AA. Results from our two-wave field survey demonstrated that experiencing and anticipating discrimination were associated with mental and physical health symptoms as well as sleep disturbances. Further, personal experiences of discrimination interacted with vicarious discrimination to determine physical health symptoms such that greater vicarious exposure weakened the relationship between experienced discrimination and physical health symptoms. These findings demonstrate the need to mobilize resources to combat the multipronged, negative implications of the recent rise in anti-Asian prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Y. Dhanani
- School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Lindsay Y. Dhanani
| | - Berkeley Franz
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Appalachian Institute to Advance Health Equity Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Carolyn T. Pham
- Psychology Department, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Lou NM, Noels KA, Zhang YSD, Kurl S. Ethnic minority, immigrants, and Indigenous people's well-being disparities in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of threat perceptions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS : IJIR 2022; 88:148-156. [PMID: 35475126 PMCID: PMC9023321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic's differential impact on ethnic minorities, immigrants, and Indigenous people (e.g., mortality and infection rate, as well as psychological well-being) may exacerbate existing disparities. This study examined perceived threat as a psychological mechanism to explain the apparently more negative emotional experiences of ethnic minority Canadians during the pandemic compared with non-immigrant European Canadians (i.e., the majority/mainstream ethno-cultural group). We investigated group differences in negative affect and three possible threat mechanisms (perceived health, material, and cultural threat) for these differences using an online survey completed by a self-selected Canadian sample (N = 1,918). The results suggest that compared to the non-immigrant European Canadian group, ethnic minority members, immigrants, and Indigenous people have on average perceived higher levels of pandemic threat, which in turn is associated with negative affect. These findings support the hypothesis that the amount of threat perceived by different groups during the pandemic might partially explain reported group differences in well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Mantou Lou
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada
- Centre for Youth and Society, University of Victoria, Canada
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