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Huerta D, Schobel T, Alexander-Ozinskas A, Hild J, Lauder J, Reynolds P, Von Behren J, Meltzer D, Ramírez-Andreotta MD. Probabilistic risk assessment of residential exposure to metal(loid)s in a mining impacted community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162228. [PMID: 36791848 PMCID: PMC10023505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The "Gold Country" region of California is impacted by legacy and active gold mines. Concomitantly, Gold Country has an increased rate of female breast cancer relative to the state average. Using community-based participatory research methods, 40 participants completed surveys and collected a total of 354 water, soil, home-grown foods, and dust samples from their homes, which we compared to state, federal, and international contamination standards for arsenic, cadmium, and lead. All soil samples exceeded U.S. EPA and California EPA soil standards for arsenic. When comparing other media to state, federal and international standards for arsenic, cadmium, and lead, 15 additional exceedances for indoor/outdoor dust, drinking water, and/or vegetable were documented. A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to determine an adult female's exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and lead and estimated risk. Arsenic exposure, due largely to water (63.5 %) and homegrown food (33.3 %), presents carcinogenic risks in excess of the EPA recommended upper limit for contaminated sites (1 × 10-4) in 12.5 % of scenarios, and exceeds a risk level of 1 × 10-6 in 98.0 % of cases. Cadmium exposure results mainly from homegrown food consumption (83.7 %), and lead exposure results from a broader range of sources. This research indicates that rural areas in Gold Country face environmental exposures different than in urban areas. Exposure to arsenic in the female population of Gold Country may be driven by consumption of home-grown foods and water, and exposure to cadmium is driven by home-grown food intake. Since mining sites are of concern internationally, this risk assessment process and associated findings are significant and can be used to inform and tailor public health interventions. The weight of the evidence suggests that the arsenic exposure identified in this study could contribute to increases in the cancer rate among those living in Gold Country, California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Huerta
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Taylor Schobel
- Sierra Streams Institute, Nevada City, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Joanne Hild
- Sierra Streams Institute, Nevada City, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeff Lauder
- Sierra Streams Institute, Nevada City, CA, United States of America
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Julie Von Behren
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Dan Meltzer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Mónica D Ramírez-Andreotta
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health's Division of Community, Environment & Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
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Brisbois B, Hoogeveen D, Allison S, Cole D, Fyfe TM, Harder HG, Parkes MW. Storylines of research on resource extraction and health in Canada: A modified metanarrative synthesis. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113899. [PMID: 33895709 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of research on resource extraction's health effects display problematic gaps and underlying assumptions, indicating a need to situate health knowledge production in the context of disciplinary, corporate and neocolonial influences and structures. This paper reports on a modified metanarrative synthesis of 'storylines' of research on resource extraction and health in the Canadian context. Peer-reviewed articles on mining or petroleum extraction and health published between 2000 and 2018 and dealing with Canadian populations or policies (n = 87) were identified through a systematic literature search. Coding identified main disciplinary traditions, methodologies and approaches for judging high-quality research. Underlying assumptions were analyzed in terms of models of health and well-being; resource extraction's political economic drivers; and representations of Indigenous peoples, territories and concerns. Findings included a preponderance of occupational and environmental health studies; frequent presentation of resource extraction without political economic antecedents, and as a major contributor to Canadian society; sustainable development aspirations to mitigate health impacts through voluntary private-sector governance activities; representations of Indigenous peoples and concerns ranging from complete absence to engagement with legacies of historical trauma and environmental dispossession; and indictment of corporate (especially asbestos industry) and government malfeasance in a subset of studies. Canada's world-leading mining sector, petroleum reserves and population health traditions, coupled with colonial legacies in both domestic and overseas mining and petroleum development, make these insights relevant to broader efforts for health equity in relation to resource extraction. They suggest a need for strengthened application of the precautionary principle in relation to resource extraction; nuanced attention to corporate influences on the production of health science; more profound challenges to dominant economic development models; and extension of well-intentioned efforts of researchers and policymakers working within flawed institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Brisbois
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Dawn Hoogeveen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Geography Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Sandra Allison
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Northern Health Authority, Prince George, BC, Canada; Vancouver Island Health Authority, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Donald Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trina M Fyfe
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Henry G Harder
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Margot W Parkes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
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Timler K, Sandy DW. Gardening in Ashes: The Possibilities and Limitations of Gardening to Support Indigenous Health and Well-Being in the Context of Wildfires and Colonialism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3273. [PMID: 32397077 PMCID: PMC7246831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we will discuss gardening as a relationship with nature and an ongoing process to support Indigenous health and well-being in the context of the climate crisis and increasingly widespread forest fires. We will explore the concept of gardening as both a Euro-Western agriculture practice and as a longstanding Indigenous practice-wherein naturally occurring gardens are tended in relationship and related to a wider engagement with the natural world - and the influences of colonialism and climate change on both. Drawing on our experiences as an Indigenous Knowledge Keeper (Dancing Water) and a non-Indigenous community-based researcher (Kelsey), our dialogue will outline ways to support health and well-being through land-based activities that connect with Indigenous traditions in ways that draw on relationships to confront colonialism and the influences of climate change. This dialogue is founded on our experiences in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada, one of the areas hit hardest by the 2017 wildfires. We will explore the possibilities and limitations of gardening and the wider concept of reciprocity and relationship as a means to support food security, food sovereignty, and health for Indigenous Peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Timler
- Interdisciplinary Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6B2T5, Canada;
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Voices from the landscape: Storytelling as emergent counter-narratives and collective action from northern BC watersheds. Health Place 2018; 54:191-199. [PMID: 30321859 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 'Ecohealth and Watersheds in Northern BC'' project, situated in a resource rich, settler colonial context, generated three digital stories at the request of the project's Steering Committee members that sought to connect health, environment, and community. Three Steering Committee members championed these stories from their distinct watersheds, resulting in emergent counter-narratives that respond directly to their social-ecological contexts. Nested in literature on blue and green spaces, we present and examine the process of storytelling as emergent counter-narrative and how these narratives challenge us to think of blue and green spaces in interconnected and nuanced ways.
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Carney JG, Gushulak BD. A Review of Research on Health Outcomes for Workers, Home and Host Communities of Population Mobility Associated with Extractive Industries. J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 18:673-686. [PMID: 26902231 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-015-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With a growing awareness of the association between extractive industries, the nature of work in remote locations, population mobility and health status, there is a need to advance an evidence-based approach to ensuring the health of migrant and mobile populations, and the home and host communities with whom they interact. Through a narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed and grey literature, this review examines what is known, and the nature of research activity concerning the range of health impacts determined by the social conditions inherent with population mobility alongside mining and extractive industries; and the extent to which health outcomes impact on workers, and home and host communities. While much of the literature reviewed in the study considered health in a traditional disease or illness based approach, it is clear that many risk factors for the health of mobile workers in the sector reflect broader social determinants. To support the mitigation of individual and population vulnerability to infectious disease endemics, consideration of both the etiology and the social conditions that give rise to adverse health outcomes is required, including an improvement to workers' living conditions, the expansion of diagnostic and medical services, and an approach that ensures the right to health for mobile populations. To further improve upon the rich body of research, resources are required to implement robust data collection including epidemiological surveillance, outbreak monitoring and investigation, and the long term tracking of standardized health information at both origin locations and destination communities.
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Creighton G, Oliffe J, Ogrodniczuk J, Frank B. "You've Gotta Be That Tough Crust Exterior Man": Depression and Suicide in Rural-Based Men. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:1882-1891. [PMID: 28936927 DOI: 10.1177/1049732317718148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Suicide rates in Canada are highest among rural men. Drawing on photovoice interviews with 13 women and two men living in a small rural Canadian town who lost a man to suicide, we inductively derived three themes to describe how contextual factors influence rural men's experiences of depression and responses to suicidal thoughts: (a) hiding depression and its cause, (b) manly self-medicating, and (c) mobilizing prevention. Further discussed is how gender relations and ideals of masculinity within rural milieu can inhibit men's acknowledgment of and help seeking for mental illness issues. Participants strongly endorsed a multifaceted approach to the destabilization of dominant ideals of masculinity that likely contribute to depression and suicide in rural men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Oliffe
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Ogrodniczuk
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blye Frank
- 1 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cox RS, Irwin P, Scannell L, Ungar M, Bennett TD. Children and youth's biopsychosocial wellbeing in the context of energy resource activities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:499-507. [PMID: 28709032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and youth emerge as key populations that are impacted by energy resource activities, in part because of their developmental vulnerabilities, as well as the compounding effects of energy systems on their families, communities, and physical environments. While there is a larger literature focused on fossil fuel emissions and children, the impacts of many aspects of energy systems on children and youth remain under examined and scattered throughout the health, social science, and environmental science literatures. OBJECTIVES This systematic interdisciplinary review examines the biological, psychosocial, and economic impacts of energy systems identified through social science research - specifically focused on household and industrial extraction and emissions - on children and youth functioning. METHODS A critical interpretive search of interdisciplinary and international social sciences literature was conducted using an adaptive protocol focusing on the biopsychosocial and economic impacts of energy systems on children and youth. The initial results were complemented with a purposeful search to extend the breadth and depth of the final collection of articles. DISCUSSION Although relatively few studies have specifically focused on children and youth in this context, the majority of this research uncovers a range of negative health impacts that are directly and indirectly related to the development and ongoing operations of natural resource production, particularly oil and gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Psychosocial and cultural effects, however, remain largely unexamined and provide a rich avenue for further research. CONCLUSIONS This synthesis identifies an array of adverse biopsychosocial health outcomes on children and youth of energy resource extraction and emissions, and identifies gaps that will drive future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S Cox
- ResiliencebyDesign Research Lab, School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Pamela Irwin
- ResiliencebyDesign Research Lab, School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leila Scannell
- ResiliencebyDesign Research Lab, School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Ungar
- Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Trevor Dixon Bennett
- ResiliencebyDesign Research Lab, School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Young MG, Manion K. Harm reduction through housing first: an assessment of the Emergency Warming Centre in Inuvik, Canada. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28173807 PMCID: PMC5294802 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-016-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research examines the effectiveness of an Emergency Warming Centre (EWC) in Inuvik, Canada, at reducing rates of morbidity and mortality for homeless persons with concurrent disorders (mental health problems and addictions). Inuvik is a small town of approximately 3500 residents, with over 65% being Aboriginal. The town is situated on the Beaufort Delta in the Western Canadian Arctic and is subject to oil and gas extraction-based boom and bust economic cycles. The centre provided food and accommodation for those under the influence of alcohol or drugs who had no other place to stay. Methods Qualitative interviews about users’ experiences at the centre were conducted with guests, as they were called, centre staff and other key stakeholders in autumn 2014 and spring 2015. Samples of (9) respondents and (7) stakeholders provided significant information about the importance of the EWC. The content of the qualitative data with guests and stakeholders were analyzed for emergent themes. Results Several emergent themes and subthemes related to participants’ experiences at the EWC and success of the centre. Overall, the results showed that guests benefitted from a safe place to stay and felt better about their overall health. Conclusions Compared with research on wet shelters in New Zealand, Great Britain and the US, this research reveals that harm reduction-based models for homeless persons with concurrent disorders require significant investments in infrastructure, which are not readily available. Yet, the lessons learned from these jurisdictions might be extrapolated to communities like Inuvik to develop alternative housing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Young
- School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada.
| | - Kathleen Manion
- School of Humanitarian Studies, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada
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Rich AL, Patel JT, Al-Angari SS. Carbon Disulfide (CS2) Interference in Glucose Metabolism from Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction and Processing Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:51-7. [PMID: 27042092 PMCID: PMC4811267 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s31906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) has been historically associated with the manufacturing of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride production. This study is one of the first to identify elevated atmospheric levels of CS2 above national background levels and its mechanisms to dysregulate normal glucose metabolism. Interference in glucose metabolism can indirectly cause other complications (diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and retinopathy), which may be preventable if proper precautions are taken. Rich et al found CS2 and 12 associated sulfide compounds present in the atmosphere in residential areas where unconventional shale oil and gas extraction and processing operations were occurring. Ambient atmospheric concentrations of CS2 ranged from 0.7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) to 103 ppbv over a continuous 24-hour monitoring period. One-hour ambient atmospheric concentrations ranged from 3.4 ppbv to 504.6 ppbv. Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Urban Air Toxic Monitoring Program study as a baseline comparison for atmospheric CS2 concentrations found in this study, it was determined that CS2 atmospheric levels were consistently elevated in areas where unconventional oil and gas extraction and processing occurred. The mechanisms by which CS2 interferes in normal glucose metabolism by dysregulation of the tryptophan metabolism pathway are presented in this study. The literature review found an increased potential for alteration of normal glucose metabolism in viscose rayon occupational workers exposed to CS2. Occupational workers in the energy extraction industry exposed to CS2 and other sulfide compounds may have an increased potential for glucose metabolism interference, which has been an indicator for diabetogenic effect and other related health impacts. The recommendation of this study is for implementation of regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in CS2-exposed populations as a preventative health measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa L. Rich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- WHO Chemical Risk Assessment Network
- CORRESPONDENCE:
| | - Jay T. Patel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Samiah S. Al-Angari
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Ennis G, Finlayson M. Alcohol, violence, and a fast growing male population: exploring a risky-mix in "boomtown" Darwin. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 30:51-63. [PMID: 25375394 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2014.938392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Boomtowns are places where populations grow rapidly, mostly as a result of large-scale natural resource developments. Increases in alcohol consumption and alcohol-fuelled violence are often linked to influxes of (predominantly male) workers associated with such developments. This article provides an integrated review of literature concerning alcohol and violence in boomtowns. The authors aim to understand the links between these issues and explore how negative impacts have been addressed. New learning from the review is considered in the context of Darwin, a newly booming city in Australia's Northern Territory. The authors find that although alcohol-related violence is likely to increase, there is limited literature concerning the prevention or mitigation of negative impacts in boomtown contexts. The need for research, planning, and policy making involving all stakeholders is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Ennis
- a Research Centre for Health & Wellbeing, Charles Darwin University , Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia
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Goldenberg SM, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, Dobrer S, Montaner J, Shannon K. Complexities of short-term mobility for sex work and migration among sex workers: violence and sexual risks, barriers to care, and enhanced social and economic opportunities. J Urban Health 2014; 91:736-51. [PMID: 25055750 PMCID: PMC4134448 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-014-9888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite research on the health and safety of mobile and migrant populations in the formal and informal sectors globally, limited information is available regarding the working conditions, health, and safety of sex workers who engage in short-term mobility and migration. The objective of this study was to longitudinally examine work environment, health, and safety experiences linked to short-term mobility/migration (i.e., worked or lived in another city, province, or country) among sex workers in Vancouver, Canada, over a 2.5-year study period (2010-2012). We examined longitudinal correlates of short-term mobility/migration (i.e., worked or lived in another city, province, or country over the 3-year follow-up period) among 646 street and off-street sex workers in a longitudinal community-based study (AESHA). Of 646 sex workers, 10.84 % (n = 70) worked or lived in another city, province, or country during the study. In a multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE) model, short-term mobility/migration was independently correlated with older age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.95, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.92-0.98), soliciting clients in indoor (in-call) establishments (AOR 2.25, 95 % CI 1.27-3.96), intimate partner condom refusal (AOR 3.00, 1.02-8.84), and barriers to health care (AOR 1.77, 95 % CI 1.08-2.89). In a second multivariate GEE model, short-term mobility for sex work (i.e., worked in another city, province, or country) was correlated with client physical/sexual violence (AOR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.02-3.61). In this study, mobile/migrant sex workers were more likely to be younger, work in indoor sex work establishments, and earn higher income, suggesting that short-term mobility for sex work and migration increase social and economic opportunities. However, mobility and migration also correlated with reduced control over sexual negotiation with intimate partners and reduced health care access, and mobility for sex work was associated with enhanced workplace sexual/physical violence, suggesting that mobility/migration may confer risks through less control over work environment and isolation from health services. Structural and community-led interventions, including policy support to allow for more formal organizing of sex work collectives and access to workplace safety standards, remain critical to supporting health, safety, and access to care for mobile and migrant sex workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira M. Goldenberg
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
- />Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Jill Chettiar
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
| | - Paul Nguyen
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
| | - Sabina Dobrer
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
| | - Julio Montaner
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
- />Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- />Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC CANADA
- />Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada
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Mental Health, Cardiovascular Disease and Declining Economies in British Columbia Mining Communities. MINERALS 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/min1010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ryser L, Halseth G. Informal Support Networks of Low-Income Senior Women Living Alone: Evidence from Fort St. John, BC. J Women Aging 2011; 23:185-202. [DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2011.587734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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