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Singh J, Alhag SK, Al-Shahari EA, Al-Shuraym LA, Alsudays IM, Ahmed MT, Eid EM, Fayssal SA, Kumar P, Malyan SK, Singh O, Kumar V. An experimental and prediction modeling study on water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) assisted heavy metals removal from glass industry effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28090-28104. [PMID: 38530520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The glass manufacturing industry produces hazardous effluent that is difficult to manage and causes numerous environmental problems when disposed of in the open. In this study, an attempt was made to study the phytoremediation feasibility of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), a free-floating aquatic macrophyte, for the removal of six heavy metals from glass industry effluent (GIE) at varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). After a 40-day experiment, the results showed that 25% GIE dilution showed maximum removal of heavy metals i.e., Cu (91.74%), Cr (95.29%), Fe (86.47%), Mn (92.95%), Pb (87.10%), and Zn (91.34%), respectively. The bioaccumulation, translocation, and Pearson correlation studies showed that the amount of heavy metals absorbed by vegetative parts of P. stratiotes was significantly correlated with concentrations. The highest biomass production, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, and biomass productivity were also noted in the 25% GIE treatment. Moreover, the multiple linear regression models developed for the prediction of heavy metal uptake by P. stratiotes also showed good performance in determining the impact of GIE properties. The models showed a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.99), low mean average normalizing error (MANE = 0.01), and high model efficiency (ME > 0.99) supporting the robustness of the developed equations. This study outlined an efficient method for the biological treatment of GIE using P. stratiotes to reduce risks associated with its unsafe disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Al-Shahari
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, 61913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Shuraym
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtisam M Alsudays
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebrahem M Eid
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Sami Abou Fayssal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1797, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut, 1302, Lebanon
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Malyan
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dyal Singh Evening College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Om Singh
- Department of Chemistry, COER University, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India.
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Ishfaq A, Shahid M, Nawaz M, Ibrar D, Hussain S, Shahzad T, Mahmood F, Rais A, Gul S, Gaafar ARZ, Hodhod MS, Khan S. Remediation of wastewater by biosynthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles and its effects on development of wheat seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1263813. [PMID: 38126015 PMCID: PMC10731374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1263813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Nanoparticles play a vital role in environmental remediation on a global scale. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand to utilize nanoparticles in wastewater treatment due to their remarkable physiochemical properties. Methods In the current study, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) were synthesized from the Bacillus flexus strain and characterized by UV/Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of biosynthesized MnO-NPs to treat wastewater. Results showed the photocatalytic degradation and adsorption potential of MnO-NPs for chemical oxygen demand, sulfate, and phosphate were 79%, 64%, and 64.5%, respectively, depicting the potential of MnO-NPs to effectively reduce pollutants in wastewater. The treated wastewater was further utilized for the cultivation of wheat seedlings through a pot experiment. It was observed that the application of treated wastewater showed a significant increase in growth, physiological, and antioxidant attributes. However, the application of treated wastewater led to a significant decrease in oxidative stress by 40%. Discussion It can be concluded that the application of MnO-NPs is a promising choice to treat wastewater as it has the potential to enhance the growth, physiological, and antioxidant activities of wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeza Ishfaq
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Danish Ibrar
- Crop Science Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanvir Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afroz Rais
- Department of Botany, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Safia Gul
- Department of Botany, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Abdel-Rhman Z. Gaafar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Hodhod
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences & Arts, 6th October, Egypt
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Colorado Water Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Nguyen Vo Chau N, Huynh Van T, Nguyen Cong T, Kim L, Pham DV. Water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes L.) increases biogas effluent pollutant removal efficacy and proves a positive substrate for renewable energy production. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15879. [PMID: 37637175 PMCID: PMC10452623 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aquatic plants play a crucial role in nature-based wastewater treatment and provide a promising substrate for renewable energy production using anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. This study aimed to examine the contaminant removal from AD effluent by water lettuce (WL) and produce biogas from WL biomass co-digested with pig dung (PD) in a farm-scale biogas digester. Methods The first experiment used styrofoam boxes containing husbandry AD effluent. WLs were initially arranged in 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 0% surface coverage. Each treatment was conducted in five replicates under natural conditions. In the second experiment, WL biomass was co-digested with PD into an existing anaerobic digester to examine biogas production on a farm scale. Results Over 30 days, the treatment efficiency of TSS, BOD5, COD, TKN, and TP in the effluent was 93.75-97.66%, 76.63-82.56%, 76.78-82.89%, 61.75-63.75%, and 89.00-89.57%, respectively. Higher WL coverage increased the pollutant elimination potential. The WL biomass doubled after 12 days for all treatments. In the farm-scale biogas production, the biogas yield varied between 190.6 and 292.9 L kg VSadded-1. The methane content reached over 54%. Conclusions WL removed AD effluent nutrients effectively through a phytoremediation system and generated significant biomass for renewable energy production in a farm-scale model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thao Huynh Van
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thuan Nguyen Cong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Lavane Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Dan Van Pham
- Center for Technology Development and Agricultural Extension, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Pandey AK, Gautam A, Singh AK. Insight to chromium homeostasis for combating chromium contamination of soil: Phytoaccumulators-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121163. [PMID: 36736817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic heavy metal that has become a pressing concern in recent decades for environmentalists. Due to high anthropogenic activities, the concentration of Cr has crossed the environmental threshold levels and consequently contaminated soil and water. The high solubility of Cr ions in the groundwater results in its high uptake by the plants leading to phytotoxicity and yield loss. The dearth of efficient and cost-effective treatment methods has resulted in massive chromium pollution. However, some phytoaccumulators capable of accumulating Cr in high amounts in their shoots and then performing their metabolic activity typically have been identified. Chromium bioremediation using phytoaccumulators is very contemplative due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective outcome. These accumulators possess several mechanisms, such as biosorption, reduction, efflux, or bioaccumulation, naturally or acquired to counter the toxicity of chromium. This review focuses on the detoxification mechanism of Cr by the phytoaccumulator species, their responses against Cr toxicity, and the scope for their application in bioremediation. Besides, Cr bioavailability, uptake, distribution, impairment of redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, and phytotoxicity imposed on the plants are also summarized. Further, the knowledge gap and prospects are also discussed to fill these gaps and overcome the problem associated with the real-time applicability of phytoaccumulator-based bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Arti Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India; Model Rural Health Research Unit, Datia, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (ICMR-NIRTH), Jabalpur, 482003, India
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Coimbra ECL, Borges AC. Removing Mn, Cu and Fe from Real Wastewaters with Macrophytes: Reviewing the Relationship between Environmental Factors and Plants' Uptake Capacity. TOXICS 2023; 11:158. [PMID: 36851032 PMCID: PMC9967775 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution creates environmental health concerns. Among these, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) are commonly found in aquatic environments due to the release of wastewaters. Phytoremediation in hydroponics uses macrophytes to treat contaminated environments, and this is influenced by environmental factors. However, the relationship between these factors and the removal of Fe, Cu and Mn by macrophytes is not known. Therefore, a meta-analysis serves to determine the correlations between environmental factors and the removal of these metals in real wastewater by macrophytes, as well as to identify the role of different aquatic forms of macrophytes in phytoremediation. Emergent macrophytes had higher concentrations of manganese in their tissues, and higher bioconcentrations factor of iron and manganese than floating plants. Regardless of the biotope, higher concentrations of Fe and Cu decreased the ability of plants to bioconcentrate them. The correlations among exposure time, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, photoperiod and metal phytoremediation by plants were also found. It can be concluded that the emergent macrophytes showed better performance in terms of the removal of Fe, Cu and Mn, and that the significant correlations between environmental factors and removal vary with the type of metal and the environmental factor analyzed.
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Khapre A, Khan SA, Kumar S. A laboratory-scale phytocover system for municipal solid waste landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:3670-3681. [PMID: 33998978 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1931470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A tremendous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and its poor management is observed in almost all the developing countries. Landfilling, though undesirable, is an unavoidable disposal option with leachate generation and landfill gas (LFG) emissions as its major inescapable consequences. To evade these dismal outcomes of waste contentment, plant-soil based cover options are being studied widely. In the present study, an attempt was made to employ locally available plants for the phytoremediation of landfills. The experimental set-up was designed using 100 kg of MSW which was laid over with a thin soil layer of 30 cm. The efficiency of the laboratory-scale experimental set-up of 1 m3 volume was assessed in terms of trace element remediation and LFG oxidation. The initial and final parameters were finally assessed and compared. Plant species were found to develop a strong root zone, thereby reducing the infiltration of water into the waste mass. The present study showed a reduction in LFG emissions of 11.12%, 54.38%, and 32.12% in the deep zone, root zone, and topsoil zone, respectively. Furthermore, the study of the microbes, influencing soil chemical characteristics, could be helpful for designing an appropriate phytocover under diverse climatic conditions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Khapre
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gaziabad, India
| | - Sadaf Aiman Khan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
- Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
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Rehman A, Zakir B, Anees M, Naz I, Alhewairini SS, Sehar S. Bio-purification of domestic wastewater through constructed wetland planted with Paspalidium flavidum. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e1685. [PMID: 35048438 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study was aimed to designed laboratory scale constructed wetland (CW) for the treatment of domestic wastewater under temperature range (18-38°C) and hydraulic retention times (24 and 48 h). Besides, the soil of vegetative unit of CW was assessed using conventional culturing techniques, and 13 different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Alcaligenes, Salmonella, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Shigella and Corynebacterium spp.) were determined. The pathogenic microbial load was high in influent samples, but after treatment, about 73.1-99.7% and 43.5-86.7% reduction in CFU/ml and MPN/100 ml index, respectively, were observed. Moreover, the organic loads in terms of COD, TDS, TSS, and turbidity were high in all influent samples, but after treatment, average percentage removal in different physico-chemical parameters was observed during overall treatment operations, that is, COD (59.7-65.6%), TDS (59.6-76.8%), TSS (64.9-76.7%), and turbidity (72.7-91.6%), while pH of the effluent samples was observed in the prescribed limits. It was concluded that laboratory scale CW using natural flora Paspalidium flavidum and bacterial species was efficient in the reduction of different pollution indicators and hence a best option to be modified on pilot-scale for wastewater treatment in the rural regions of Peshawar. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Role of retention times on performance of CW were studied. The commonly existing vegetation was utilized to treat domestic waste water. Both vegetations and HRT are key ingredients in obtaining high treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Zakir
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Scientific Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Alhewairini
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Sehar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
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Singh J, Kumar V, Kumar P, Kumar P, Yadav KK, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kamyab H, Chelliapan S. An experimental investigation on phytoremediation performance of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) for pollutants removal from paper mill effluent. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1543-1553. [PMID: 33565675 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the phytoremediation performance of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) for physicochemical pollutants elimination from paper mill effluent (PME). For this, pot (glass aquarium) experiments were conducted using 0% (BWW: borewell water), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments of PME under natural day/light regime. Results of the experiments showed that the highest removal of pH (10.75%), electrical conductivity (EC: 63.82%), total dissolved solids (TDS: 71.20%) biological oxygen demand (BOD: 85.03%), chemical oxygen demand (COD: 80.46%), total Kjeldahl's nitrogen (TKN: 93.03%), phosphorus (P: 85.56%), sodium (Na: 91.89%), potassium (K: 84.04%), calcium (Ca: 84.75%), and magnesium (Mg: 83.62%), most probable number (MPN: 77.63%), and standard plate count (SPC: 74.43%) was noted in 75% treatment of PME after treatment by P. stratiotes. PCA showed the best vector length for TKN, Na, and Ca. The maximum plant growth parameters including, total fresh biomass (81.30 ± 0.28 g), chlorophyll content (3.67 ± 0.05 mg g-1 f.wt), and relative growth rate (0.0051 gg-1 d-1 ) was also measured in 75% PME treatment after phytoremediation experiments. The findings of this study make useful insight into the biological management of PME through plant-based pollutant eradication while leftover biomass may be used as a feedstock for low-cost bioenergy production. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Biological treatment of paper mill effluent using water lettuce is presented. Best reduction of physicochemical and microbiological pollutants was attained in 75% treatment. Maximum production of chlorophyll, plant biomass, and highest growth rate was also observed in 75% treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | | | - Hesam Kamyab
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kandasamy S, Narayanan M, He Z, Liu G, Ramakrishnan M, Thangavel P, Pugazhendhi A, Raja R, Carvalho IS. Current strategies and prospects in algae for remediation and biofuels: An overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Polechońska L, Szczęśniak E, Klink A. Comparative analysis of trace and macro-element bioaccumulation in four free-floating macrophytes in area contaminated by copper smelter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 24:324-333. [PMID: 34137653 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1937932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study that comprehensively compares Salvinia natans, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, and Azolla filiculoides growing in the field; industrially affected conditions in respect of elements contents, water-plant transfer, and bioaccumulation using statistical analyses and indexes and their suitability for phytoremediation was considered. Secondary aim of the study was to fill the gap in research on the impact of copper smelters on aquatic ecosystems. Although the manuscript describes a case study performed near copper smelter in Poland, due to the novel results and cosmopolitan distribution of the species and significant world-wide impact of industry on the environment the results may be interested to broad publicity and find substantial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmiła Polechońska
- Department ofEcology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczęśniak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Klink
- Department ofEcology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Delgado-González CR, Madariaga-Navarrete A, Fernández-Cortés JM, Islas-Pelcastre M, Oza G, Iqbal HMN, Sharma A. Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5215. [PMID: 34068925 PMCID: PMC8157233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Potable and good-quality drinking water availability is a serious global concern, since several pollution sources significantly contribute to low water quality. Amongst these pollution sources, several are releasing an array of hazardous agents into various environmental and water matrices. Unfortunately, there are not very many ecologically friendly systems available to treat the contaminated environment exclusively. Consequently, heavy metal water contamination leads to many diseases in humans, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and cytotoxicity, among others. To solve this problem, there are a plethora of emerging technologies that play an important role in defining treatment strategies. Phytoremediation, the usage of plants to remove contaminants, is a technology that has been widely used to remediate pollution in soils, with particular reference to toxic elements. Thus, hydroponic systems coupled with bioremediation for the removal of water contaminants have shown great relevance. In this review, we addressed several studies that support the development of phytoremediation systems in water. We cover the importance of applied science and environmental engineering to generate sustainable strategies to improve water quality. In this context, the phytoremediation capabilities of different plant species and possible obstacles that phytoremediation systems may encounter are discussed with suitable examples by comparing different mechanistic processes. According to the presented data, there are a wide range of plant species with water phytoremediation potential that need to be studied from a multidisciplinary perspective to make water phytoremediation a viable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Raziel Delgado-González
- Área Académica de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico; (C.R.D.-G.); (A.M.-N.); (M.I.-P.)
| | - Alfredo Madariaga-Navarrete
- Área Académica de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico; (C.R.D.-G.); (A.M.-N.); (M.I.-P.)
| | - José Miguel Fernández-Cortés
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pablo 76130, Mexico;
| | - Margarita Islas-Pelcastre
- Área Académica de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo 43600, Mexico; (C.R.D.-G.); (A.M.-N.); (M.I.-P.)
| | - Goldie Oza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ), Parque Tecnológico, Pedro Escobedo 76703, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Centre of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pablo 76130, Mexico;
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Gikas GD, Sylaios GK, Tsihrintzis VA, Konstantinou IK, Albanis T, Boskidis I. Comparative evaluation of river chemical status based on WFD methodology and CCME water quality index. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140849. [PMID: 32731066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) methodology, proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Energy of Greece (WFD-MEEG), and the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) are comparatively applied to evaluate the chemical status of a major transboundary river. Water quality parameters were monitored at 11 sites along the main stream of the river and its main tributaries, and at five sites in the reservoirs, on a monthly frequency, in the period from May 2008 to May 2009. Water temperature (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in-situ, while water samples were collected for the determination of total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite-, nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ortho-phosphates (OP), total phosphorus (TP), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The water samples were also analyzed for the determination of seven heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn) and 33 priority substances, as listed in Annex II of EU Directive 2008/105/EC. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters (i.e., T, DO, pH, EC, inorganic nitrogen, TKN, OP, TP, TSS, and Chl-a) were within the natural range. The mean concentration of the measured heavy metals did not exceed the limits set by WHO (2003, 2017) for drinking water. Regarding the priority substances, some of them (i.e., anthracene, fluoranthene, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) were measured in various stations at higher concentrations than the Annual Average Environmental Quality Standards (AA-EQS). Based on the WFD-MEEG methodology, the river water was in the 'good' quality class, while according to CCME-WQI the river quality ranged from 'marginal' to 'good' category. It seems that CCME-WQI is stricter than WFD-MEEG but could be a WQI appropriate for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Gikas
- Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - G K Sylaios
- Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - V A Tsihrintzis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, Department of Infrastructure and Rural Development, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - I K Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - T Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - I Boskidis
- Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
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Petrovic D, Krivokapic S. The Effect of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb Accumulation on Biochemical Parameters (Proline, Chlorophyll) in the Water Caltrop ( Trapa natans L.), Lake Skadar, Montenegro. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101287. [PMID: 33003335 PMCID: PMC7599591 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the bioaccumulation and translocation of various heavy metals, notably copper, zinc, cadmium and lead, in the different plant organs of Trapa natans L. (the root, stem, and leaf) at nine sampling locations, as well as examining the variability in proline accumulation and chlorophyll content due to these heavy metals. Our analysis shows the existence of a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.75; p < 0.05) between the Zn content and the accumulation of proline in the root of the examined species. On the other hand, a statistically significant negative correlation was registered between the content of chlorophyll a and the concentration of Zn in the leaf (r = −0.68; p < 0.05). This indicates that Trapa natans L. can be used in biomonitoring Zn-polluted aquatic ecosystems using proline and chlorophyll as sensitive biomarkers.
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Bora MS, Gogoi N, Sarma KP. Tolerance mechanism of cadmium in Ceratopteris pteridoides: Translocation and subcellular distribution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110599. [PMID: 32304919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the biochemical responses and accumulation behaviour of cadmium (Cd) in aquatic fern, Ceratopteris pteridoides, under four different levels of exposure. Plants were grown in 10 μM (CdT1), 20 μM (CdT2), 40 μM (CdT3) and 60 μM (CdT4) concentrations of Cd for 12 consecutive days and Cd accumulation in different plant parts, cell levels and growth medium was estimated. In C. pteridoides, Cd removal kinetics was best described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Increased accumulation of Cd in the plants was detected in a concentration dependent manner with maximum under 60 μM of Cd (CdT4) exposure (191.38 mg kg-1, 186.19 mg kg-1 and 1316.34 mg kg-1 in leaves, stems and roots, respectively). Cell wall of C. pteridoides is identified as crucial Cd storage site with the highest (28-69%) accumulation followed by organelles (14-44%) and soluble fraction (6-46%). Increased leaf proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein content with significant reduction (P < 0.05) in chlorophyll concentration and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) reveals the presence of Cd resistance mechanism in C. pteridoides. Calculated higher (>1) bioconcentration factor (BCF) and lower (<1) translocation factor (TF) values evinced the suitability of C. pteridoides in Cd phytostabilization rather than phytoextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monashree Sarma Bora
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Nirmali Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Kali Prasad Sarma
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, India.
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Guo X, Li Y, Zhong H, Li P, Zhao T, Zhang C. A wastewater treatment system combining Myriophyllum aquaticum and activated sludge: Optimization of construction conditions and evaluation of wastewater treatment performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 235:105-111. [PMID: 30677654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Myriophyllum aquaticum exhibits efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater, it has poor performance on organic matter removal. Here, a wastewater treatment system combining M. aquaticum and activated sludge was developed to improve its removal of organic matter. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the construction conditions of the system, and the effects of time, temperature, illumination intensity, pollutant load, and dissolved oxygen (DO) on plant mass increment (PMI) and microbial biomass (MB) of the system were investigated. The wastewater remediation potential of the system was then evaluated. The results show that temperature and illumination intensity significantly affected PMI (p < 0.01), and that time, pollutant load, and DO were the most significant factors affecting MB (p < 0.01). The optimal construction conditions were 18.77 days in length, a temperature of 20.42 °C, an illumination intensity of 5827.61 Lx, a pollutant load of 120.61 mg/g plant, and a DO of 3.21 mg/L. The inoculation of activated sludge caused MB of the system to increase by four times relative to the non-inoculated system, suggesting successful formation of biofilms on M. aquaticum. Additionally, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater was significantly enhanced by the combined approach compared with a system relying solely on M. aquaticum. This study provides a new method for improving the remediation efficiency of M. aquaticum by combining the use of this species and activated sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Tongke Zhao
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Abbas Z, Arooj F, Ali S, Zaheer IE, Rizwan M, Riaz MA. Phytoremediation of landfill leachate waste contaminants through floating bed technique using water hyacinth and water lettuce. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:1356-1367. [PMID: 31364389 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1633259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effectiveness of water hyacinth and water lettuce was tested for the phytoremediation of landfill leachate for the period of 15 days. Fifteen plastic containers were used in experimental setup where aquatic plants were fitted as a floating bed with the help of thermo-pole sheet. It was observed that both plants significantly (p < 0.05/p < 0.01/p < 0.001) reduce the physicochemical parameters pH, TDS, BOD, COD and heavy metals like Zn, Pb, Fe, Cu and Ni from landfill leachate. Maximum reduction in these parameters was obtained at 50% and 75% landfill leachate treatment and their removal rate gradually increased from day 3 to day 15 of the experiment. The maximum removal rate for heavy metals such as for Zn (80-90%), Fe (83-87%) and Pb (76-84%) was attained by Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes. Value of bioconcentration and translocation factor was less than 1 which indicates the low transport of heavy metals from roots to the above-ground parts of the plants. Both these plants accumulate heavy metals inside their body without showing much reduction in growth and showing tolerance to all the present metals. Therefore, results obtained from the study suggest that these aquatic plants are suitable candidate for the removal of pollution load from landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Arooj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Elahi Zaheer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Kumar V, Singh J, Chopra AK. Assessment of phytokinetic removal of pollutants of paper mill effluent using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2781-2791. [PMID: 28793843 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1365944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) for the removal of different parameters of the paper mill effluent. The maximum removal efficiency of E. crassipes and phytokinetic removal rate were recorded at 50% concentration of the paper mill effluent followed by 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. The most percent reduction was observed in the contents of electrical conductivity (EC; 62.23%), total dissolved solid (TDS; 72.54%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD; 79.93%), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 85.66%), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN; 89.27%), P (72.39%), Ca2+ (51.79%), Mg2+(51.02%), Na+ (57.10%) and K+(71.47%) and phytokinetic removal rate in the subjects of EC (0.00011 mg l-1d-1), TDS (0.045 mg l-1d-1), BOD (0.0314 mg l-1d-1), COD (0.0461 mg l-1d-1), TKN (0.0034 mg l-1d-1), P (0.0050 mg l-1d-1), Ca2+ (0.0045 mg l-1d-1), Mg2+ (0.003 mg l-1d-1), Na+ (0.004 mg l-1d-1) and K+ (0.004 mg l-1d-1) after phytoremediation at 60 days. The maximum plant height (120.73 cm), fresh plant biomass (383.54 ± 0.15 gkg-1) and total chlorophyll content (3.74 ± 0.05 mgg-1 fwt), crude protein (19.11 mg 100 g-1 fwt), crude fiber (29.92 mg 100 g-1 fwt), total carbohydrate (35.22 mg 100 g-1 fwt) and total ash (26.88 mg 100 g-1 fwt) of E. crassipes were observed with 50% concentration of the paper mill effluent at 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. The maximum relative growth rate (13.86 gg-1 d-1) of E. crassipes was detected with 50% concentration of paper mill effluent at 60 days of phytoremediation experiments. Therefore, E. crassipes was recorded to be feasible for the removal of different pollutants of paper mill effluent, responsible for the eutrophication of the aquatic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri University Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Jogendra Singh
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri University Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
| | - A K Chopra
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri University Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
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Saber MM, Mirtajani SB, Karimzadeh K. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trapa natans extract and their anticancer activity against A431 human skin cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Rana V, Maiti SK. Municipal wastewater treatment potential and metal accumulation strategies of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Typha latifolia L. in a constructed wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:328. [PMID: 29730705 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper elucidates phytoremediation potential of two wetland plants (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Typha latifolia L.) for municipal wastewater treatment using constructed wetland (CW) mesocosms. The concentrations (mg L-1) of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Pb in municipal wastewater were higher than permissible Indian standards for inland surface water disposal; however, Mn and Ni were within the permissible limits. The pollutant removal efficiencies of planted CWs varied as electrical conductivity (EC) 67.8-71.4%; COD 70.7-71.1%; TKN 63.8-72.3%; Cu 75.3-83.4%; Cd 73.9-83.1%; Mn 74.1-74.5%; Cr 64.8-73.6%; Co 82.2-84.2%; Zn 63.3-66.1%; Pb 71.4-77.9%; and Ni 76-80%. Mass balance analysis revealed that the loss of metals from wastewater was equivalent to net accumulation in plants and natural degradation of metals. Metal accumulation strategies of plants were investigated using bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) of metals which indicated that both plants could be employed for phytostabilization (BCF > 1 and TF < 1) of Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ni and phytoextraction (BCF > 1 and TF > 1) of Mn and Zn. The study demonstrated that a reduction of pollutants (except Pb) was observed within permissible levels (BIS) and suggested disposal of municipal wastewater into the inland surface water bodies after 20 days of treatment. The study concluded that both the plants could potentially be used for an efficient municipal wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Rana
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Maiti
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
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Kumar V, Singh J, Chopra AK. Assessment of plant growth attributes, bioaccumulation, enrichment, and translocation of heavy metals in water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) grown in sugar mill effluent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:507-521. [PMID: 29608378 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1393391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the pollutant uptake capability of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in terms of bioaccumulation, enrichment, and translocation of heavy metals grown in sugar mill effluent. Results showed that the maximum fresh weight (328.48 ± 2.04 gm kg-1), total chlorophyll content (2.13 ± 2.03 mg g-1 fwt), and relative growth rate, RGR (11.89 gg-1 d-1) of P. stratiotes were observed at 75% concentration of the sugar mill effluent after 60 days of phytoremediation experiment. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) of different heavy metals was greater than 1 with 50% and 75% concentrations of sugar mill effluent and this indicated that P. stratiotes was hyperaccumulator or phytoremediator of these metals. The enrichment factor (EF < 2 for Cu, Fe, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Mn) and (EF > 2 for Cd) indicated that P. stratiotes mineral enrichment deficient and it moderately enriched the different heavy metals. Moreover, translocation factor (TF) was less than 1 which indicated the low mobility of metals in different parts (root and leaves) of P. stratiotes after phytoremediation. Therefore, P. stratiotes can be used for phytotreatment of sugar mill effluent up to 50% to 75% concentrations and considered as hyperaccumulator aquatic plant for different heavy metals and other pollutants from the contaminated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalyaya , Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Jogendra Singh
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalyaya , Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
| | - A K Chopra
- a Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science , Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalyaya , Haridwar , Uttarakhand , India
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