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Hashmi MZ, Chen K, Khalid F, Yu C, Tang X, Li A, Shen C. Forty years studies on polychlorinated biphenyls pollution, food safety, health risk, and human health in an e-waste recycling area from Taizhou city, China: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4991-5005. [PMID: 34807384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
E-waste generation has become a serious environmental challenge worldwide. Taizhou of Zhejiang Province, situated on the southeast coastline of China, has been one of the major e-waste dismantling areas in China for the last 40 years. In this review, we focused on the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) trends in environmental compartments, burden and impact to humans, food safety, and health risk assessment from Taizhou, China. The review suggested that PCBs showed dynamic trends in air, soil, water, biodiversity, and sediments. Soils and fish samples indicated higher levels of PCBs than sediments, air, water, and food items. PCB levels decreased in soils with the passage of time. Agriculture soils near the e-waste recycling sites showed more levels of total PCBs than industrial soils and urban soils. Dioxin-like PCB levels were higher in humans near Taizhou, suggesting that e-waste pollution could influence humans. Compared with large-scale plants, simple household workshops contributed more pollution of PCBs to the environment. Pollution index, hazard quotient, and daily intake were higher for PCBs, suggesting Taizhou should be given priority to manage the e-waste pollution. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation. The areas with stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations, and more environmentally friendly techniques indicated reduced levels of PCBs. For environment protection and health safety, proper e-waste dismantling techniques, environmentally sound management, awareness, and regular monitoring are very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kezhen Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Foqia Khalid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chunna Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xianjin Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Aili Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Marzlan AA, Hussin ASM, Bourke P, Chaple S, Barroug S, Muhialdin BJ. Combination of Green Extraction Techniques and Essential Oils to Develop Active Packaging for Improving the Quality and Shelf Life for Chicken Meat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Asyila Marzlan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Sonal Chaple
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Soukaina Barroug
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Belal J Muhialdin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Wei B, Liu C, Bao J, Wang Y, Hu J, Qi M, Jin J, Wei Y. Uptake and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cultivated plants around an E-waste disposal site in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2696-2706. [PMID: 32892280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, soil, and cultivated plants at e-waste disposal sites in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, were determined to allow PAH uptake by and distributions in plants to be investigated. The PAH distributions in air, rhizosphere soil, and surface soil were markedly different. This indicated that root morphology variations and root exudates may affect PAH compositions in soil around plants. The PAH concentrations in the plant samples were 29.7-2170 ng/g. The lowest PAH concentration was found in a peeled taproot sample. The PAH concentration gradients from the plant shoots to roots suggested that PAHs entered the plants through various pathways. The three- and four-ring PAHs were found to be absorbed more readily than the higher-molecular-weight (five- and six-ring) PAHs. This indicated that high-molecular-weight PAHs in soil can be prevented from entering plants, particularly taproots, via root exudates and the root peel. For most plants, the highest PAH concentrations were found in leaves, indicating that atmospheric deposition may strongly affect PAH concentrations in aerial plant parts. High-molecular-weight PAHs are more readily absorbed from ambient air by leaves than other parts. Lower PAH concentrations were found in fruits than other plant parts. This and the differences in PAH distributions between fruits and other aerial parts indicated that PAHs may be selectively absorbed by fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokai Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27, South Road, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
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Ma Y, Yun X, Ruan Z, Lu C, Shi Y, Qin Q, Men Z, Zou D, Du X, Xing B, Xie Y. Review of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination in Chinese soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141212. [PMID: 32827819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite a ban on the production and use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) after 1983, serious OCP pollution still exists in the soil in certain areas of China because OCPs degrade very slowly. Based on a systematic review, we identified 136 relevant papers focusing on soil contamination from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in China (published from 2001 to 2019). We compiled scientific data, extracted and analyzed relevant information, and summarized the pollution characteristics of HCH and DDT in Chinese soils found in two land use types: agricultural land and land for construction. Related studies on HCH and DDT in Chinese soils focus on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas, where agricultural soils are predominant. The average concentrations of both HCH and DDT in agricultural soils were generally lower than the risk screening value (100 μg/kg) in most provinces in China, except for DDT concentrations in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. However, in certain central and eastern regions, mean or maximum recorded DDT concentrations approaching or exceeding 100 μg/kg were recorded. Regarding land for construction, soils with excessive concentrations of HCH and DDT were primarily observed at sites of operational or defunct pesticide factories. According to isomer and metabolite compositions, HCH and DDT at most sites originated from historical residues, but others may have been new inputs after 1983. Since 2015, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in agricultural soils in China have been decreasing, and those in the soils of land for construction (except for sites of operational or defunct pesticide factories) have not exceeded the standard after 2005. This indicates that the measures to prohibit the production and use of OCPs in China have been effective. However, the management of operational or defunct pesticide factories polluted by OCPs requires further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Yun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Ruan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Lu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Qin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuming Men
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
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Shi J, Xiang L, Wang X, Ren H, Wei L, Chen P. Residual effects of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in an e-waste recycling area compared with heavy metal pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 198:110651. [PMID: 32361491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of e-waste is a global issue and has caused serious pollution in recycling areas. Most of these areas had once developed intensive agriculture and might incur organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) pollution. However, this used to be neglected. Here we discuss the joint effects via analyzing OCPs and heavy metals in a notorious e-waste recycling area. The OCPs showed higher (p = 0.005) pollution levels in soils from agricultural zone than in core e-waste recycling zone, which is opposite for heavy metals (p = 0.02). The OCPs and heavy metals showed the highest concentrations in the open burning site locating in the boundary between the e-waste and agricultural zones. Composition profiles further indicated that the land use changes from agriculture to e-waste industry might accelerate the release of buried OCPs. Worse still, the OCPs and heavy metals might pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to local residents, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Helong Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Longmeng Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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Liu C, Wei BK, Bao JS, Wang Y, Hu JC, Tang YE, Chen T, Jin J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the soil-crop-atmosphere system in e-waste dismantling areas in Taizhou: Concentrations, congener profiles, uptake, and translocation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113622. [PMID: 31761589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Samples of soil, air, and locally grown crops from around an old e-waste dismantling area (Fengjiang) and a new e-waste dismantling area (Binhai) in Taizhou were analyzed to investigate the behavior of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released during e-waste dismantling in the soil-crop-atmosphere system. The results indicated that PCB pollution is still widespread in the study area. The PCB concentrations were clearly higher in soil from FJ than in soil from BH, and the concentrations in the functional zones decreased strongly in the order industry park > residential area > farmland. Historical and current emissions during e-waste dismantling processes are probably the main sources of PCBs to soil because PCB production and use are banned. The long half-lives of PCBs have caused the target congener concentrations in soil not to decrease markedly over 10 years. The "halo effect" may have caused PCBs in soil in the heavily polluted FJ area to diffuse into the surrounding area. Soil-air exchange of PCBs in heavily contaminated FJ area may supply PCBs to air because the temperatures in Taizhou are often high. PCBs can accumulate in crops through various pathways. Less-chlorinated PCBs (mainly including Tri-PCBs) can enter crops by root uptake and translocated to the aerial tissues, and more-chlorinated PCBs (including Penta-PCBs and Hexa-PCBs) at high concentrations in soil can enter underground crop tissues through passive transport. More-chlorinated PCBs in underground tissues cannot be transferred to aboveground tissues of tall crops but may be transferred to aboveground tissues of short crops through the root-to-stem pathway and through soil dust being transferred to aboveground external surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bao Kai Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Song Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ji Cheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yun En Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tan Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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Abbasnejad B, Keshavarzi B, Mohammadi Z, Moore F, Abbasnejad A. Characteristics, distribution, source apportionment, and potential health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Kerman metropolis, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2019; 29:668-685. [PMID: 30714393 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1566523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of street dust-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kerman metropolis as a typical arid urban area were determined to investigate the contamination, molecular composition, toxicity, and sources of PAHs. Sixteen individual PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority list were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in street dust samples from 30 sites. ∑PAHs ranged between 165 and 5314.7 µg·kg-1 with a mean of 770.8 µg·kg-1. The most abundant individual PAHs were fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, respectively. High molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) made 74.8% of ∑PAHs mass and were dominant in all sites. Source apportionment was performed using ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression. The results indicated that primary contributors of PAHs in the street dust of Kerman could be liquid fossil fuel combustion, natural gas combustion, and petrogenic sources, accounting for 82.4%, 11.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk is 8.13 × 10-4 for children and 6.27 × 10-4 for adults. Hence, both children and adults in Kerman are potentially exposed to a high carcinogenic risk via ingestion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abbasnejad
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zargham Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ahmad Abbasnejad
- Department of Geology, College of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman , Iran
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Aganbi E, Iwegbue CMA, Martincigh BS. Concentrations and risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in transformer oils and the environment of a power plant in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:933-939. [PMID: 31516844 PMCID: PMC6732707 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils and water resources around the power plant are contaminated with PCBs. The hepta- and octa-PCB homologues were dominant in the samples. Exposure to PCBs in soils from the power plant could cause human health risk.
The concentrations of Ʃ14 PCBs were determined, with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), in transformer/turbine oils, soils, groundwater, and drainage water collected within a power plant in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The Ʃ14 PCB concentrations in the transformer oils, drainage water, groundwater and soils ranged from 484 to 48506 mg kg−1, 0.99 to 2.95 mg L−1, 0.16 to 0.56 mg L−1 and from 8.4 to 510 mg kg−1 respectively. The congener distribution patterns in these samples indicate the dominance of highly chlorinated homologues (hepta- and octa-PCBs). The Σ14 PCB concentrations in the transformer oils were above the provisional definition of low persistent organic pollutant (POP) content for PCBs of 50 mg kg−1 as defined in the guidelines on the management of POP waste of the Basel Convention. The concentrations of Ʃ14 PCBs in the soils were above the Dutch guideline value of 1000 μg kg−1 and the estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks relating to exposure of humans to PCBs in soils indicate serious health risks. There is therefore a need to implement a surveillance programme in the vicinity of power plants to determine the impacts on the adjacent ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eferhire Aganbi
- Department of Biochemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Kumar B, Mishra M, Verma VK, Rai P, Kumar S. Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2465-2480. [PMID: 29681023 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between < 0.01-2.54, 1.30-27.41 and < 0.01-62.8 µg kg-1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ < 1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10-6-10-4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India.
| | - Meenu Mishra
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - V K Verma
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Premanjali Rai
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
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Wang Y, He J, Wang S, Luo C, Yin H, Zhang G. Characterisation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and plants around e-waste dismantling sites in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22173-22182. [PMID: 28791539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution due to primitive e-waste dismantling activities has been intensively investigated over the last decade in the south-eastern coastal region of China. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and plants around e-waste recycling sites in Longtang, Guangdong province, South China. The results indicated that PAH concentrations in rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil were in the range of 133 to 626 ng/g and 60 to 816 ng/g, respectively, while PAH levels in plant tissue were 96 to 388 ng/g in shoots and 143 to 605 ng/g in roots. PAHs were enriched in rhizosphere soils in comparison with non-rhizosphere soils. The concentrations of PAHs in plant tissues varied greatly among plant cultivars, indicating that the uptake of PAHs by plants is species-dependent. Different profiles of PAHs in the soil and the corresponding plant tissue implied that PAH uptake and translocation by plants were selective.The total daily intakes of PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs through vegetables at the e-waste recycling site were estimated to be 99 and 22 ng/kg/day, respectively, suggesting that potential health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiexin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Chunling Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hua Yin
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Kumar B, Verma VK, Tyagi J, Sharma CS, Akolkar AB. Occurrence and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Residential Soils from National Capital Region, Uttar Pradesh, India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2015.1048893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - V. K. Verma
- Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - C. S. Sharma
- Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - A. B. Akolkar
- Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, India
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Huang S, Zhao X, Sun Y, Ma J, Gao X, Xie T, Xu D, Yu Y, Zhao Y. Spatial distribution of organic pollutants in industrial construction and demolition waste and their mutual interaction on an abandoned pesticide manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:482-492. [PMID: 26972868 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive field investigation of organic pollutants was examined in industrial construction and demolition waste (ICDW) inside an abandoned pesticide manufacturing plant. Concentrations of eight types of pesticides, a metabolite and two intermediates were studied. The ICDW was under severe and long-term contamination by organophosphorus, intermediates and pyrethroid pesticide with mean concentrations of 23,429, 3538 and 179.4 mg kg(-1), respectively. FT-IR analysis suggested that physical absorption and chemical bonding were their mutual interaction forms. Patterns of total pesticide spatial distribution showed good correlations with manufacturing processes spreading all over the plant both in enclosed workshops and in residues randomly dumped outside, while bricks and coatings were the most vulnerable to pollutants. Ultimately the fate of the OPPs was diversified as the immersion of ICDW in water largely transferred the pollutants into aquatic systems while exposure outside did not largely lead to pesticide degradation. The adoption of centralized collections for the disposal of wastes could only eliminate part of the contaminated ICDW, probably due to lack of knowledge and criteria. Correlation matrix and cluster analysis indicated that regulated disposal and management of polluted ICDW was effective, thus presenting the requirement for its appropriate disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Xu L, Huo X, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Xu X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human placenta associated with neonatal physiological development at a typical e-waste recycling area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:414-22. [PMID: 25468211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our aim of this study was to characterize the exposure pattern of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in human placenta and assess their potential effects on neonates. Placenta samples were obtained from a typical e-waste area in Guiyu and a reference area in Haojiang, China. The median ΣPBDE concentration was 32.25 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in placenta samples from Guiyu, and 5.13 ng/g lw from Haojiang. BDE-209 predominated in placenta samples, followed by BDE-28, -47, -99 -153, -183. Residence in Guiyu contributed the most to elevated PDBE levels. Neonatal physiological indices, including bodymass index (BMI), Apgar 1 score and head circumference, were reduced in Guiyu group. No significant difference was found in neonatal weight between the two groups, but neonatal body length in Guiyu was increased. Our data suggest prenatal exposure to PBDEs is high at the e-waste recycling area, and may lead to adverse physiological development in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Kumar B, Verma VK, Singh SK, Kumar S, Sharma CS, Akolkar AB. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Residential Soils and their Health Risk and Hazard in an Industrial City in India. J Public Health Res 2014; 3:252. [PMID: 25343135 PMCID: PMC4207023 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2014.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have never been produced in India, but were used in industrial applications. PCBs have been detected in environmental samples since 1966, and their sources in soils come from depositions of industrial applications, incinerators and biomass combustions. PCBs adsorb to soil particles and persist for long time due to their properties. Their close proximity may also lead to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and may exert neurotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic health effects. BACKGROUND Residential soil from Korba, India, was extracted using pressurized liquid extraction procedure, cleaned on modified silica and quantified for PCBs. Soil ingestion was considered as the main exposure pathways of life-long intake of PCBs. Human health risk in terms of life time average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated using established guidelines. BACKGROUND The estimated average ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-8) and 1.1×10(-7), respectively. ILCR from dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10(-6) and 1.1×10(-5), respectively. The HQ for PCBs was 6.3×10(-4) and 2.2×10(-3), respectively for human adults and children. Study observed that ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs was lower than acceptable guideline range of 10(-6)-10(-4), and ILCR from dioxin like PCBs was within the limit. HQ was lower than safe limit of 1. BACKGROUND Study concluded that human population residing in Korba had low health risk due to PCBs in residential soils. Significance for public healthThe concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils from an industrial city in India were measured for the assessment of human health risk. PCBs composition profiles were dominated with tri-chlorinated and tetra-chlorinated biphenyls. The possible sources of PCBs contamination can be attributed to local industrial emissions and long range transport depositions. The daily intakes of PCBs, and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient for humans were estimated and found to be lower than acceptable levels. This baseline study may provide database on persistent organic pollutants in tropical countries and may also be useful in risks assessment of the industrial pollutants on human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, India
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Ning XA, Lin MQ, Shen LZ, Zhang JH, Wang JY, Wang YJ, Yang ZY, Liu JY. Levels, composition profiles and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sludge from ten textile dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:112-118. [PMID: 24769559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As components of synthetic dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as contaminants in textile dyeing sludge due to the recalcitrance in wastewater treatment process, which may pose a threat to environment in the process of sludge disposal. In order to evaluate PAHs in textile dyeing sludge, comprehensive investigation comprising 10 textile dyeing plants was undertaken. Levels, composition profiles and risk assessment of 16 EPA-priority PAHs were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑16 PAHs) varied from 1463 ± 177 ng g(-1) to 16,714 ± 1,507 ng g(-1) with a mean value of 6386 ng g(-1). The composition profiles of PAHs were characterized by 3- and 4-ring PAHs, among which phenanthrene, anthracene and fluoranthene were the most dominant components. The mean benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration of ∑16 PAHs in textile dyeing sludge was 423 ng g(-1), which was 2-3 times higher than concentrations reported for urban soil. According to ecological risk assessment, the levels of PAHs in the textile dyeing sludge may cause a significant risk to soil ecosystem after landfill or dumping on soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-An Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Mei-Qing Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ling-Zhi Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Hao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zuo-Yi Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Liu F, Liao C, Fu J, Lv J, Xue Q, Jiang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in rice hull from a typical e-waste recycling area in southeast China: temporal trend, source, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:65-77. [PMID: 23553126 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The residue levels of 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 16 selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in rice and rice hull collected from a typical e-waste recycling area in southeast China were investigated from 2005 to 2007. PAHs and OCPs also were measured in ten mollusk species (soft tissues) collected in an adjacent bay in 2007. Individual PAHs were frequently found in the entire sample set (including the rice, hull, and mollusk samples) with a detection rate of 73 %. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) and 16 OCPs (ΣOCPs) were in the range of 40.8-432 ng/g dry weight (mean: 171 ng/g) and 2.35-925 ng/g (122 ng/g), respectively, which were comparable or higher than those reported in some polluted areas. Statistical comparisons suggested that the concentrations of contaminants in hull gradually decreased from 2005 to 2007 and the residue levels were generally in the order of mollusk, hull, and rice, on a dry weight basis. Principal component analysis in combination with diagnostic ratios implied that combustion of coal, wood, and plastic wastes that are closely associated with crude e-waste recycling activities is the main source of PAHs. The finding of decreasing trend of concentrations of PAHs in this area is consistent with the efforts of local authorities to strengthen regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. Composition analysis suggested that there is a recent usage or discharge of hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane into the tested area. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ΣPAHs and ΣOCPs (calculated from mean concentrations) through rice and mollusk consumption was 0.411 and 0.921 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
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17
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Wang P, Zhang H, Fu J, Li Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Ren D, Ssebugere P, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Temporal trends of PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1897-1903. [PMID: 23989404 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China between 2005 and 2011. Isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was employed for the sample analysis. PCB levels declined as expected, while PCDD/Fs generally remained at a constant level during the sampling period, and PBDE concentrations tended to be slightly lower after 2007 although the decline was not statistically significant. The congener profiles indicated that lowly-halogenated congeners of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accounted for the decreasing levels and relative proportions of the POPs, suggesting that they have been gradually eliminated from the field soil over the years. However, the concentration levels of some heavy congeners (e.g., CB-209, OCDD and OCDF) showed different trends from those of the lighter ones. The general tendencies of the three types of POPs in soils were consistent with those reported in other studies in this area. The results implied that the enhanced regulations and centralized dismantling action introduced in 2005 might exert a limited influence on these three types of POPs in soils during the sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Oliveira HHP, Babin M, Garcia JRE, Filipak Neto F, Randi MAF, Oliveira Ribeiro CA, Pelletier É. Complex metabolic interactions between benzo(a)pyrene and tributyltin in presence of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in South American catfish Rhamdia quelen. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:67-74. [PMID: 23871205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to explore complex metabolic interactions between toxicants present in polluted freshwater, hepatic metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and tributyltin (TBT) in fish was investigated when these compounds were administrated alone, mixed together and along with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Ten Rhamdia quelen per group were treated with a single intra-peritoneal (IP) dose (5-day experiment) or three successive doses (15-day experiment) either containing BaP (0.3; 3 or 30mgkg(-1)) or TBT (0.03; 0.3 or 3mgkg(-1)) or a combination of BaP+TBT, BaP+DDT, TBT+DDT and BaP+TBT+DDT under their respective lower doses, with DDT dose kept at 0.03mgkg(-1). Tetrahydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene (BaP-tetrol-I), and dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were analyzed to assess BaP and TBT hepatic metabolism, respectively. A significant difference in BaP-tetrol-I concentration was observed in liver and bile between the lowest and the highest doses of BaP in both 5 and 15-day experiments. In the 15-day experiment, the presence of TBT with BaP reduced the amount of BaP-tetrol-I in bile compared to the BaP alone. The time of exposure and the number of doses affected BaP-tetrol-I concentration in the bile of fish exposed to BaP 0.3mgkg(-1) and BaP+DDT. TBT and its metabolites concentrations showed a dose-dependent increase in the liver in both experiments and in the bile in the 5-day experiment. TBT at its lowest dose was completely metabolized into DBT and MBT in the liver in the 15-day experiment. No TBT metabolites were detected in the bile of fish exposed to the mixtures in the 5-day experiment, except for a small MBT amount found in BaP+TBT+DDT. This study strengthens the hypothesis of a metabolic interaction between BaP and TBT in fish and suggests DDT as an important third player when present in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloísa H P Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 19031, CEP 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Ge J, Woodward LA, Li QX, Wang J. Distribution, sources and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils from the Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71521. [PMID: 23951182 PMCID: PMC3738510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in soils from the Midway Atoll in the central North Pacific Ocean. The analytical procedure involved the application of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometric detection (GC/ITMS) for identification and quantification. Among the 28 PCB congeners studied, 26 of them, except CB195 and CB209, were detected in the analyzed samples at different frequencies. The total concentrations of 28 indicator PCBs (ΣPCBs) ranged from 2.6 to 148.8 ng g−1 with an average value of 50.7 ng g−1 and median of 39.5 ng g−1. Sources and congeners’ pattern of PCB were investigated in the soil of Midway Atoll. The principal component analysis indicated that the compositions of PCBs in most of the soil samples were similar. The total concentrations of PCBs were used to assess the cancer risk probabilities in humans via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles. Very low cancer risk was found in all soil samples caused by ΣPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lee Ann Woodward
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Reefs NWRC, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QL); (JW)
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (QL); (JW)
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Ge J, Woodward LA, Li QX, Wang J. Composition, distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in soils from the Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:421-6. [PMID: 23542436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (e.g., DDE and DDD), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined in 111 soil samples from the Midway Atoll. OCPs were found in all samples analyzed, with predominance of α-HCH, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT. The total concentrations ranged from 0 to 127 ng g(-1) with a median concentration of 17 ng g(-1) for HCHs and 1.4 to 643 ng g(-1) with a median concentration of 168 ng g(-1) for DDTs. The possible degradation pathways and potential sources of DDTs and HCHs were investigated. The total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were used to evaluate the cancer risk probabilities in humans via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles. Very low cancer risk was found in all soil samples caused by ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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