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Li R, Wang J, Liu J, Li M, Lu J, Zhou J, Zhang M, Ferri N, Chen H. Mulberry leaf and its effects against obesity: A systematic review of phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms and applications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155528. [PMID: 38555774 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperlipidemia can induce a variety of diseases, and have become major health problems worldwide. How to effectively prevent and control obesity has become one of the hot-spots of contemporary research. Mulberry leaf is the dried leaf of Morus alba L., which is approved by the Ministry of Health as a "homology of medicine and food", rich in diverse active constituents and with a variety of health effects including anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. PURPOSE The review attempts to summarize and provide the molecular basis, mechanism, safety and products for further exploration and application of mulberry leaf on the treatment on the control of weight gain and obesity. METHODS This review is conducted by using ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI and Web of Science databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS Based on the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars, the effective phytochemicals, molecular mechanisms and product applications of mulberry leaf in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases were summarized. CONCLUSION Mulberry leaf has excellent medicinal and health care value in obesity treatment. However, its pharmacodynamic substance basis and molecular mechanisms need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jingyang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jingna Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, Padua 535131, Italy
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Hou J, Ji X, Chu X, Shi Z, Wang B, Sun K, Wei H, Song Z, Wen F. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis revealed the effects of fermented Morus alba L. intake on lipid profile in backfat and muscle tissue of Yuxi black pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:764-777. [PMID: 38305489 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf is a widely used protein feed and is often used as a strategy to reduce feed costs and improve meat quality in the livestock industry. However, to date, there is a lack of research on the improvement of meat quality using mulberry leaves, and the exact mechanisms are not yet known. The results showed that fermented mulberry leaves significantly reduced backfat content but had no significant effect on intramuscular fat (IMF). Lipidomic analysis showed that 98 and 303 differential lipid molecules (p < 0.05) were identified in adipose and muscle tissues, respectively, including triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, and especially TG; therefore, we analysed the acyl carbon atom number of TG. The statistical results of acyl with different carbon atom numbers of TG in adipose tissue showed that the acyl group containing 13 carbon atoms (C13) in TG was significantly upregulated, whereas C15, C16, C17, and C23 were significantly downregulated, whereas in muscle tissue, the C12, C19, C23, C25, and C26 in TG were significantly downregulated. Acyl changes in TG were different for different numbers of carbon atoms in different tissues. We found that the correlations of C (14-18) in adipose tissue were higher, but in muscle tissue, the correlations of C (18-26) were higher. Through pathway enrichment analysis, we identified six and four metabolic pathways with the highest contributions of differential lipid metabolites in adipose and muscle tissues respectively. These findings suggest that fermented mulberry leaves improve meat quality mainly by inhibiting TG deposition by downregulating medium- and short-chain fatty acids in backfat tissue and long-chain fatty acids in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoran Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhuoyan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kangle Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haibo Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Lu N, Zhang L, Tian Y, Yang J, Zheng S, Wang L, Guo W. Biosynthetic pathways and related genes regulation of bioactive ingredients in mulberry leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2287881. [PMID: 38014901 PMCID: PMC10761104 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2287881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves are served not only as fodder for silkworms but also as potential functional food, exhibiting nutritional and medical benefits due to the complex and diverse constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and benzofurans, which possess a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-diabete, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and so on. Nevertheless, compared with the well-studied phytochemistry and pharmacology of mulberry leaves, the current understanding of the biosynthesis mechanisms and regulatory mechanisms of active ingredients in mulberry leaves remain unclear. Natural resources of these active ingredients are limited owing to their low contents in mulberry leaves tissues and the long growth cycle of mulberry. Biosynthesis is emerging as an alternative means for accumulation of the desired high-value compounds, which can broaden channels for their large-scale green productions. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent research advance on the correlative key genes, enzyme biocatalytic reactions and biosynthetic pathways of valuable natural ingredients (i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and benzofurans) in mulberry leaves, thereby offering important insights for their further biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqing Tian
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Shicun Zheng
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
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Li X, Peng F, Wei Z, Han G, Liu J. Non-destructive detection of protein content in mulberry leaves by using hyperspectral imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1275004. [PMID: 37900759 PMCID: PMC10602742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1275004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein content is one of the most important indicators for assessing the quality of mulberry leaves. This work is carried out for the rapid and non-destructive detection of protein content of mulberry leaves using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) (Specim FX10 and FX17, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland). The spectral range of the HSI acquisition system and data processing methods (pretreatment, feature extraction, and modeling) is compared. Hyperspectral images of three spectral ranges in 400-1,000 nm (Spectral Range I), 900-1,700 nm (Spectral Range II), and 400-1,700 nm (Spectral Range III) were considered. With standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay first-order derivation, and multiplicative scatter correction used to preprocess the spectral data, and successive projections algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, and random frog used to extract the characteristic wavelengths, regression models are constructed by using partial least square and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM). The protein content distribution of mulberry leaves is visualized based on the best model. The results show that the best results are obtained with the application of the model constructed by combining SNV with SPA and LS-SVM, showing an R 2 of up to 0.93, an RMSE of just 0.71 g/100 g, and an RPD of up to 3.83 based on the HSI acquisition system of 900-1700 nm. The protein content distribution map of mulberry leaves shows that the protein of healthy mulberry leaves distributes evenly among the mesophyll, with less protein content in the vein of the leaves. The above results show that rapid, non-destructive, and high-precision detection of protein content of mulberry leaves can be achieved by applying the SWIR HSI acquisition system combined with the SNV-SPA-LS-SVM algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guohui Han
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Zhang Y, Miao R, Ma K, Zhang Y, Fang X, Wei J, Yin R, Zhao J, Tian J. Effects and Mechanistic Role of Mulberry Leaves in Treating Diabetes and its Complications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:1711-1749. [PMID: 37646143 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a surge burden worldwide owing to its high prevalence and range of associated complications such as coronary artery disease, blindness, stroke, and renal failure. Accordingly, the treatment and management of DM have become a research hotspot. Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time, with the first record of its use published in Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica). Mulberry leaves (MLs) are considered highly valuable medicinal food homologs that contain polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other bioactive substances. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that MLs have multiple bioactive effects, including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory properties, with the ability to protect islet [Formula: see text]-cells, alleviate insulin resistance, and regulate intestinal flora. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of MLs in DM have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the botanical characterization, traditional use, chemical constituents, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of MLs, and highlight the mechanisms involved in treating DM and its complications. This review can provide a valuable reference for the further development and utilization of MLs in the prevention and treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Runyu Miao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Kaile Ma
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Wei
- Graduate College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyang Yin
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Jingxue Zhao
- Development Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
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Huang J, Li Y, Yu C, Mo R, Zhu Z, Dong Z, Hu X, Deng W. Metabolome and Transcriptome Integrated Analysis of Mulberry Leaves for Insight into the Formation of Bitter Taste. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1282. [PMID: 37372462 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaves are excellent for health care, confirmed as a 'drug homologous food' by the Ministry of Health, China. The bitter taste of mulberry leaves is one of the main problems that hinders the development of the mulberry food industry. The bitter, unique taste of mulberry leaves is difficult to eliminate by post-processing. In this study, the bitter metabolites in mulberry leaves were identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, coumarins and L-amino acids by a combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome of mulberry leaves. The analysis of the differential metabolites showed that the bitter metabolites were diverse and the sugar metabolites were down-regulated, indicating that the bitter taste of mulberry leaves was a comprehensive reflection of various bitter-related metabolites. Multi-omics analysis showed that the main metabolic pathway related to bitter taste in mulberry leaves was galactose metabolism, indicating that soluble sugar was one of the main factors of bitter taste difference in mulberry leaves. Bitter metabolites play a great role in the medicinal and functional food of mulberry leaves, but the saccharides in mulberry leaves have a great influence on the bitter taste of mulberry. Therefore, we propose to retain bitter metabolites with drug activity in mulberry leaves and increase the content of sugars to improve the bitter taste of mulberry leaves as strategies for mulberry leaf food processing and mulberry breeding for vegetable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Cui Yu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Rongli Mo
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhixian Zhu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
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Cui W, Luo K, Xiao Q, Sun Z, Wang Y, Cui C, Chen F, Xu B, Shen W, Wan F, Cheng A. Effect of mulberry leaf or mulberry leaf extract on glycemic traits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2023; 14:1277-1289. [PMID: 36644880 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf (ML) and mulberry leaf extract (MLE) have numerous biological properties, such as regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, reducing blood glucose, and increasing insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to examine the effect of ML/MLE supplementation on glycemic traits in adults, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma insulin (FPI). Twelve clinical trials (615 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria for the present meta-analysis, which included sensitivity analysis and GRADE (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation) certainty. Based on the heterogeneity between included studies, a random effects model was applied in the meta-analysis, and the results are expressed as WMD (weighted mean differences) with 95% CI (confidence intervals). Meta-analysis showed that ML/MLE supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in FBG by -0.47 mmol L-1, HbA1c by -2.92 mmol mol-1, and FPI by -0.58 μIU mL-1. In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that long-term supplementation of ML/MLE (≥8 weeks) was more effective for regulation of the glycemic traits in the non-healthy and baseline FPG >6.1 mmol L-1 subgroups. Glycemic regulation by ML/MLE may be attributed to the phytochemicals they contain, which are mainly 1-deoxynojirimycin, flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Kaiyun Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Qian Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yunfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Caifang Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Fuchun Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Ben Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Anwei Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology/Engineering Center of Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Semwal P, Painuli S, Jamloki A, Rauf A, Rahman MM, Olatunde A, Hemeg HA, Abu-Izneid T, Naz S, Punia Bangar S, Lorenzo JM, Simal-Gandara J. Himalayan Wild Fruits as a Strong Source of Nutraceuticals, Therapeutics, Food and Nutrition Security. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2121407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology, Premnagar Dehradun, India
| | - Abhishek Jamloki
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, India
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saima Naz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Khyber, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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The Ethylene Response Factor ERF5 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in 'Zijin' Mulberry Fruits by Interacting with MYBA and F3H Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147615. [PMID: 35886963 PMCID: PMC9318412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene promotes ripening in fruits as well as the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in plants. However, the question of which ethylene response factors (ERFs) interact with the genes along the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is yet to be answered. Herein, we conduct an integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolome on fruits of two mulberry genotypes ('Zijin', ZJ, and 'Dashi', DS, with high and low anthocyanin abundance, respectively) at different post-flowering stages. In total, 1035 upregulated genes were identified in ZJ and DS, including MYBA in the MBW complex and anthocyanin related genes such as F3H. A KEGG analysis suggested that flavonoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signaling transduction pathways were significantly enriched in the upregulated gene list. In particular, among 103 ERF genes, the expression of ERF5 showed the most positive correlation with the anthocyanin change pattern across both genotypes and in the post-flowering stages, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) of 0.93. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase assay suggested that ERF5 binds to the promoter regions of MYBA and F3H and transcriptionally activates their gene expression. We elucidated a potential mechanism by which ethylene enhances anthocyanin accumulation in mulberry fruits and highlighted the importance of the ERF5 gene in controlling the anthocyanin content in mulberry species. This knowledge could be used for engineering purposes in future mulberry breeding programs.
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Hou Z, Xu D, Deng N, Li Y, Yang L, Li S, Zhou H, Huang Q, Wang X. Comparative Proteomics of Mulberry Leaves at Different Developmental Stages Identify Novel Proteins Function Related to Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:797631. [PMID: 35003187 PMCID: PMC8739898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.797631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves at different positions are different in photosynthetic rate, nutrient substance and feeding impact to silkworms. Here, we investigated the proteomic differences of the first (L1), sixth (L6), and twentieth (L20) mulberry leaves at different stem positions (from top to the base) using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. L1 contained less developed photosynthetic apparatus but was more active in protein synthesis. L20 has more channel proteins and oxidoreductases relative to L6. Proteins that detected in all measured leaves were classified into three groups according to their expression patterns in L1, L6, and L20. The protein group that displayed the maximum amount in L6 has the highest possibility that function related to photosynthesis. Nine function unknown proteins belong to this group were further analyzed in the light responsive expression, evolutionary tree and sub-cellular localization analysis. Based on the results, five proteins were suggested to be involved in photosynthesis. Taken together, these results reveal the molecular details of different roles of mulberry leaves at different developmental stages and contribute to the identification of five proteins that might function related to photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dashun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luoling Yang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qintao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zhu S, Liu B, Liu F, Xu Y. Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.): A review of its potential influences in mechanisms of action on metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106029. [PMID: 34896248 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Morus alba L. (called Sangye in Chinese, ML), which belong to the genus Morus., are highly valuable edible plants in nutrients and nutraceuticals. In Asian countries including China, Japan and Korea, ML are widely used as functional foods including beverages, noodles and herbal tea because of its biological and nutritional value. Meanwhile, ML-derived products in the form of powders, extracts and capsules are widely consumed as dietary supplements for controlling blood glucose and sugar. Clinical studies showed that ML play an important role in the treatment of metabolic diseases including the diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. People broadly use ML due to their nutritiousness, deliciousness, safety, and abundant active benefits. However, the systematic pharmacological mechanisms of ML on metabolic diseases have not been fully revealed. Therefore, in order to fully utilize and scale relevant products about ML, this review summarizes the up-to-date information about the ML and its constituents effecting on metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Jan B, Parveen R, Zahiruddin S, Khan MU, Mohapatra S, Ahmad S. Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3909-3921. [PMID: 34220247 PMCID: PMC8241616 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous plant found in wide variety of climatic, topographical and soil conditions, and is widely distributed from temperate to subtropical regions. Due to presence of valuable phytochemical constituents, mulberry as a whole plant has been utilized as a functional food since long time. Mulberry fruits are difficult to preserve as they have relatively high water content. Therefore for proper utilization, different value-added products like syrups, squashes, teas, pestil sand köme, pekmez (turkuish by-products), yogurts, jams, jellies, wines, vinegar, breads, biscuits, parathas, and many more are made. In overseas, these value-added products are commercially sold and easily available, though in India, this versatile medicinal plant is still missing its identity at commercial and industrial scale. Leaves of mulberry are economically viable due to their important role in the sericulture industry since ancient times. Mulberries or its extracts exhibit excellent anti-microbial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects and is used to combat different acute and chronic diseases. Different parts of Morus species like fruits, leaves, twigs, and bark exhibit strong anti-tyrosinase inhibition activity that makes it a suitable candidate in cosmetic industries as a whitening agent. The current review provides a comprehensive discussion concerning the phytochemical constituents, functionality and nutraceutical potential of mulberry and as a common ingredient in various cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Jan
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biosciences, Human Genetics and Laboratory, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Umar Khan
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sradhanjali Mohapatra
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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13
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Boro H, Das S, Middha SK. The therapeutic potential and the health benefits of Morus indica Linn.: a mini review. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Li D, Chen G, Ma B, Zhong C, He N. Metabolic Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis of Mulberry Leaves Provide Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1494-1504. [PMID: 31917553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed in mulberry leaves and have been recognized for their beneficial physiological effects on the human health. Here, we analyzed variations in 44 flavonoid compounds among 91 mulberry resources. Metabolic profiling revealed that O-rhamnosylated flavonols and malonylated flavonol glycosides, including rutin and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonylglucoside) (Q3MG), were absent from Morus notabilis and multiple mulberry (Morus alba L.) resources. Transcriptome and phylogenetic analyses of flavonoid-related UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) suggested that the flavonol 3-O-glucoside-O-rhamnosyltransferase (FGRT) KT324624 is a key enzyme involved in rutin synthesis. A recombinant FGRT protein was able to convert kaempferol/quercetin 3-O-glucoside to kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K3G6″Rha) and rutin. The recombinant FGRT was able to use 3-O-glucosylated flavonols but not flavonoid aglycones or 7-O-glycosylated flavonoids as substrates. The enzyme preferentially used UDP-rhamnose as the sugar donor, indicating that it was a flavonol 3-O-glucoside: 6″-O-rhamnosyltransferase. This study provided insights into the biosynthesis of rutin in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Chengzhang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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15
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Determination of the various extraction solvent effects on polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activities of selected tea samples by chemometric approach. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Inhibitory activity of black mulberry (Morus nigra) extract against testicular, liver and kidney toxicity induced by paracetamol in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1733-1749. [PMID: 31983015 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Black mulberry (Morus nigra) leaves is broadly used in traditional medicine worldwide. However, there are no scientific reports regarding testicular protection, hepato-and nephroprotective activities of M. nigra leaves. The present investigation was assessed the protective mechanism by which methanol extract from M. nigra leaves suppressed the damaging effects induced by paracetamol (APAP) in different mouse tissues. Male mice were orally given APAP (500 mg/kg) with or without M. nigra extract (150, 300, and 500 mg/kg) for four consecutive days. The results showed that crude extract possessed potent antioxidant activity (EC50 = 42.97 µg extract/mL) due to the presence of a high amount of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and rutin were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of M. nigra extract. Unexpectedly, oral administration of APAP did not induce chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow; however, it produced damaging effects on testis, liver, and kidney tissues. Interestingly, M. nigra extract suppressed APAP-induced genotoxicity by lowering meiotic chromosomal aberrations in spermatocytes, morphological sperm abnormalities, and % DNA damage in comet tail in the liver and kidney tissues. The altered levels of glutathione S transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, liver, and kidney functions were significantly reversed when M. nigra was given to APAP group. The restoring of the histo-architectural distortions and decreasing over-expression of p53 protein as determined by immunohistochemistry in the liver, kidney, and testis sections were strengthened the protective activity of M. nigra extract. Conclusion, the bioactive components in the leaves of black mulberry appear to be a good candidate for genetic protection, treatment of oxidative stress-induced organotoxicity.
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Li D, Ma B, Xu X, Chen G, Li T, He N. MMHub, a database for the mulberry metabolome. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2020:5798906. [PMID: 32159764 PMCID: PMC7065671 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry is an important economic crop plant and traditional medicine. It contains a huge array of bioactive metabolites such as flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids and vitamins. Consequently, mulberry has received increasing attention in recent years. MMHub (version 1.0) is the first open public repository of mass spectra of small chemical compounds (<1000 Da) in mulberry leaves. The database contains 936 electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS2) data and lists the specific distribution of compounds in 91 mulberry resources with two biological duplicates. ESI-MS2 data were obtained under non-standardized and independent experimental conditions. In total, 124 metabolites were identified or tentatively annotated and details of 90 metabolites with associated chemical structures have been deposited in the database. Supporting information such as PubChem compound information, molecular formula and metabolite classification are also provided in the MS2 spectral tag library. The MMHub provides important and comprehensive metabolome data for scientists working with mulberry. This information will be useful for the screening of quality resources and specific metabolites of mulberry. Database URL: https://biodb.swu.edu.cn/mmdb/
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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Algan Cavuldak Ö, Vural N, Akay MA, Anlı RE. Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted water extraction conditions for the extraction of phenolic compounds from black mulberry leaves (
Morus nigra
L.). J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Algan Cavuldak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food EngineeringZonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Vural
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical EngineeringAnkara University Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Rahmi Ertan Anlı
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food EngineeringAnkara University Ankara Turkey
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Wang D, Zhao L, Wang D, Liu J, Yu X, Wei Y, Ouyang Z. Transcriptome analysis and identification of key genes involved in 1-deoxynojirimycin biosynthesis of mulberry ( Morus alba L.). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5443. [PMID: 30155358 PMCID: PMC6109587 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) represents one of the most commonly utilized plants in traditional medicine and as a nutritional plant used worldwide. The polyhydroxylated alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the major bioactive compounds of mulberry in treating diabetes. However, the DNJ content in mulberry is very low. Therefore, identification of key genes involved in DNJ alkaloid biosynthesis will provide a basis for the further analysis of its biosynthetic pathway and ultimately for the realization of synthetic biological production. Here, two cDNA libraries of mulberry leaf samples with different DNJ contents were constructed. Approximately 16 Gb raw RNA-Seq data was generated and de novo assembled into 112,481 transcripts, with an average length of 766 bp and an N50 value of 1,392. Subsequently, all unigenes were annotated based on nine public databases; 11,318 transcripts were found to be significantly differentially regulated. A total of 38 unique candidate genes were identified as being involved in DNJ alkaloid biosynthesis in mulberry, and nine unique genes had significantly different expression. Three key transcripts of DNJ biosynthesis were identified and further characterized using RT-PCR; they were assigned to lysine decarboxylase and primary-amine oxidase genes. Five CYP450 transcripts and two methyltransferase transcripts were significantly associated with DNJ content. Overall, the biosynthetic pathway of DNJ alkaloid was preliminarily speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Oceanology and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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20
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Wang D, Zhao L, Jiang J, Liu J, Wang D, Yu X, Wei Y, Ouyang Z. Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of lysine decarboxylase in mulberry (Morus alba L.). Protein Expr Purif 2018; 151:30-37. [PMID: 29894803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the main bioactive compound of Morus alba L.. DNJ has pharmacological effects, including blood sugar level regulation and antiviral activity. In this study, the mulberry lysine decarboxylase gene (MaLDC), which is involved in the biosynthesis of DNJ alkaloids, was cloned, expressed, and functionally verified. MaLDC was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant soluble MaLDC protein had a relative molecular mass of 24.0 kDa. The protein was purified by Ni-NTA separation. The results showed that MaLDC protein could catalyze lysine decarboxylation to produce cadaverine. The Km and Vmax values were 19.2 μM and 3.31 μM/min, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that MaLDC expression was positively correlated with DNJ content (P < 0.001), indicating that the MaLDC could encode a functional protein involved in the biosynthesis of DNJ alkaloid in mulberry. Our results provided a foundation for further studies of the enzymatic properties of LDC and established a basis for the analysis of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of mulberry DNJ alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jiayi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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21
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Lown M, Fuller R, Lightowler H, Fraser A, Gallagher A, Stuart B, Byrne C, Lewith G. Mulberry-extract improves glucose tolerance and decreases insulin concentrations in normoglycaemic adults: Results of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172239. [PMID: 28225835 PMCID: PMC5321430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High sugar and refined carbohydrate intake is associated with weight gain, increased incidence of diabetes and is linked with increased cardiovascular mortality. Reducing the health impact of poor quality carbohydrate intake is a public health priority. Reducose, a proprietary mulberry leaf extract (ME), may reduce blood glucose responses following dietary carbohydrate intake by reducing absorption of glucose from the gut. METHODS A double-blind, randomised, repeat measure, phase 2 crossover design was used to study the glycaemic and insulinaemic response to one reference product and three test products at the Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, UK. Participants; 37 adults aged 19-59 years with a BMI ≥ 20kg/m2 and ≤ 30kg/m2. The objective was to determine the effect of three doses of mulberry-extract (Reducose) versus placebo on blood glucose and insulin responses when co-administered with 50g maltodextrin in normoglycaemic healthy adults. We also report the gastrointestinal tolerability of the mulberry extract. RESULTS Thirty-seven participants completed the study: The difference in the positive Incremental Area Under the Curve (pIAUC) (glucose (mmol / L x h)) for half, normal and double dose ME compared with placebo was -6.1% (-18.2%, 5.9%; p = 0.316), -14.0% (-26.0%, -2.0%; p = 0.022) and -22.0% (-33.9%, -10.0%; p<0.001) respectively. The difference in the pIAUC (insulin (mIU / L x h)) for half, normal and double dose ME compared with placebo was -9.7% (-25.8%, 6.3%; p = 0.234), -23.8% (-39.9%, -7.8%; p = 0.004) and -24.7% (-40.8%, -8.6%; p = 0.003) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the 4 groups in the odds of experiencing one or more gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, abdominal cramping, distension or flatulence). CONCLUSIONS Mulberry leaf extract significantly reduces total blood glucose rise after ingestion of maltodextrin over 120 minutes. The pattern of effect demonstrates a classical dose response curve with significant effects over placebo. Importantly, total insulin rises were also significantly suppressed over the same time-period. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the treatment groups (including placebo) in the odds of experiencing one or more gastrointestinal symptoms. Mulberry extract may have multiple modes of action and further studies are necessary to evaluate ME as a potential target for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the regulation of dysglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lown
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Fuller
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lightowler
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Fraser
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gallagher
- Chief Operating Officer, Phynova Group Ltd, 16 Fenlock Court, Long Hanborough, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Stuart
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospitals Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - George Lewith
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang X, Li D, Meng Q, He C, Ren L. Effect of Mulberry Leaf Extracts on Color, Lipid Oxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Oxidative Breakdown Products of Raw Ground Beef During Refrigerated Storage. J FOOD QUALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuang Zhang
- Yuanmingyuan Xilu #2, Haidian District Beijing; Bejing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Deyong Li
- Yuanmingyuan Xilu #2, Haidian District Beijing; Bejing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- Yuanmingyuan Xilu #2, Haidian District Beijing; Bejing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Cui He
- Yuanmingyuan Xilu #2, Haidian District Beijing; Bejing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Liping Ren
- Yuanmingyuan Xilu #2, Haidian District Beijing; Bejing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
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Lown M, Fuller R, Lightowler H, Fraser A, Gallagher A, Stuart B, Byrne CD, Lewith G. Mulberry extract to modULate Blood glucosE Responses in noRmoglYcaemic adults (MULBERRY): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:486. [PMID: 26511964 PMCID: PMC4625742 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide sugar consumption has tripled during the last fifty years. High sugar intake is associated with weight gain and increased incidence of diabetes and has been linked with increased cardiovascular mortality. Reducing the health impact of dietary sugar and poor quality carbohydrate intake is a public health priority. IminoNorm®, a proprietary mulberry leaf extract (ME), may reduce blood glucose responses following dietary sugar and carbohydrate intake by reducing absorption of glucose from the gut. Previous research has shown that ME can reduce blood glucose and improve insulin responses in healthy subjects and also in subjects with raised fasting blood glucose levels. Mulberry leaf has an excellent safety profile. This pilot study will test a novel, safe, water soluble product in normoglycaemic adults in the UK to determine if it can reduce glucose absorption without increasing plasma insulin concentration. METHODS/DESIGN The trial will be a double-blind, individually randomised, four-arm single-dose crossover design to test the effect of three doses of ME in order to determine efficacy, dose response relationship and gastrointestinal side effects with respect to placebo. A total of 40 subjects will participate in this study and attend for four visits receiving each of the four interventions in random order. DISCUSSION We aim to test the evidence that mulberry leaf extract can reduce blood glucose without a disproportionate increase in blood insulin responses in healthy individuals in a high-quality research study based in the UK. It is hoped that this will lead to further randomised controlled trials and an effective dietary supplement to lower blood glucose concentrations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN ISRCTN14597438 (21 April 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lown
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Richard Fuller
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Helen Lightowler
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Ann Fraser
- Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Andrew Gallagher
- Phynova Group Ltd, 16 Fenlock Court, Blenheim Office Park, Long Hanborough, OX29 8LN, UK.
| | - Beth Stuart
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton, UK.
| | - George Lewith
- Primary Care & Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK.
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24
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(Poly)phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry leaves: Their potential for new products rich in phytochemicals. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Tan JJY, Lim YY, Siow LF, Tan JBL. Effects of Drying on Polyphenol Oxidase and Antioxidant Activity of M
orus alba
Leaves. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Jia Yin Tan
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Yau Yan Lim
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Lee Fong Siow
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
| | - Joash Ban Lee Tan
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya Selangor 47500 Malaysia
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El-Sayyad HIH, Elmansi AA, Bakr EHM. Hypercholesterolemia-induced ocular disorder: Ameliorating role of phytotherapy. Nutrition 2015; 31:1307-16. [PMID: 26429651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ocular region is a complex structure that allows conscious light perception and vision. It is of ecto-mesodermal origin. Cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in retinal cell function; however, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes impair its function. Retinal damage, neovascularization, and cataracts are the main complications of cholesterol overload. Dietary supplementation of selected plant products can lead to the scavenging of free reactive oxygen species, thereby protecting the ocular regions from the damage of hypercholesterolemia. This review illustrates the dramatic effects of increased cholesterol levels on the ocular regions. The effect of phytotherapy is discussed in relation to the different regions of the eye, including the retina, cornea, and lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan I H El-Sayyad
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Elmansi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman H M Bakr
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Cholesterol overload impairing cerebellar function: The promise of natural products. Nutrition 2015; 31:621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simultaneous quantitation of nucleosides, nucleobases, amino acids, and alkaloids in mulberry leaf by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fathy SA, Singab ANB, Agwa SA, Abd El Hamid DM, Zahra FA, Abd El Moneim SM. The antiproliferative effect of mulberry (Morus alba L.) plant on hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fra.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang NC, Jhou KY, Tseng CY. Antihypertensive effect of mulberry leaf aqueous extract containing γ-aminobutyric acid in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Thabti I, Marzougui N, Elfalleh W, Ferchichi A. Antioxidant composition and antioxidant activity of white (Morus albaL.), black (Morus nigraL.) and red (Morus rubraL.) mulberry leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2011.10516267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The use of tropical protein-rich leaves as supplements to Thai swamp buffalo receiving a basal diet of rice straw and treated leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:57-67. [PMID: 20632093 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine (i) the effects of protein-rich trees (PRTs) and (ii) the effects of leucaena treated with NaOH solution and leucaena plus polyethylene glycol (PEG) on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, urinary purine derivatives excretion and blood metabolites in Thai swamp buffaloes. In Experiment 1, animals were fed with rice straw as a basal diet and one of the four PRT supplements: (i) oven-dried rain tree pods (RTPP, control); (ii) sun-dried leucaena leaves; (iii) sun-dried cassia leaves and (iv) sun-dried mulberry leaves. Fibre digestibility and N balance were lower (P < 0.05), but microbial N in the rumen was higher (P < 0.05) in animals supplemented with RTPP than in those fed with the other supplements. In Experiment 2, animals were fed with rice straw as a basal diet and leucaena were treated in one of three ways: (i) untreated (control), (ii) leucaena treated with NaOH solution and (iii) leucaena + PEG. Fibre digestibility and N balance in the rumen improved (P < 0.05) in animals supplemented with leucaena + PEG, but microbial N was not increased. The study demonstrated a way of using local PRTs for a suitable and worthwhile method to improve the quality of buffalo feeding systems in the tropics.
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Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanol extracts from raw and fermented parts of mulberry plant (Morus alba L.). Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kandylis K, Hadjigeorgiou I, Harizanis P. The nutritive value of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) as a feed supplement for sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mudra M, Ercan-Fang N, Zhong L, Furne J, Levitt M. Influence of mulberry leaf extract on the blood glucose and breath hydrogen response to ingestion of 75 g sucrose by type 2 diabetic and control subjects. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1272-4. [PMID: 17303787 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Mudra
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center Research Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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