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Cheow YQ, Arasu K, Wong SY, Khaw KY, Chong CW, Weaver CM, Chee WSS. Calcium food sources in primary school children with low calcium intakes in Kuala Lumpur. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231204634. [PMID: 37801559 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231204634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Adequate calcium intake at an early age is crucial to achieving peak bone mass. Nevertheless, low calcium intake is common in Malaysian children. Aim: This study examined the calcium food sources and factors associated with low calcium intake among 243 children aged 9-11 years in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: Diet histories and bone density were measured. Results: The mean calcium intake was 370 ± 187 mg/day. The main contributors to calcium intake were beverages (19.2%), cereal (18.6%), milk and dairy (13.0%), meat and poultry (12.9%), and fish and seafood (10.1%). Within each food group, calcium-contributing foods tend to be from low bioavailability sources such as rice, cocoa-based and malted drinks, and chicken rather than milk. Children who practised regular meals, ate breakfast and snacks and consumed milk more than one serving daily have a higher calcium intake. Conclusion: In conclusion, public health strategies to improve the status of low calcium intake and poor choices of calcium-rich foods are needed to optimise bone health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qi Cheow
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kanimolli Arasu
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soon Yee Wong
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Connie M Weaver
- Distinguished Professor Emerita, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Winnie Siew Swee Chee
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Park SY, Love P, Zheng M, Campbell KJ, Lacy KE. Breakfast consumption trends among young Australian children aged up to 5 years: results from InFANT program. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154844. [PMID: 37635972 PMCID: PMC10448523 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakfast is considered a healthy dietary habit which can track over time from childhood to adulthood. The breakfast meal has the potential to improve daily dietary quality, particularly if it includes a range of food groups and adequate nutrient intakes. However, research on breakfast consumption trends among young Australian children aged up to 5 years is currently limited. This study assessed children's usual breakfast food group and nutrient intakes at ages 1.5 (n = 369), 3.5 (n = 242), and 5.0 (n =240) years using three 24-hour dietary recalls from the Melbourne InFANT program. Tracking of food groups at breakfast across the three ages was assessed by Pearson correlation of energy-adjusted food intake residuals. The main food groups consumed at breakfast were grains, milk/alternatives and discretionary items, with vegetables rarely consumed at any age. Our study found that while breakfast contributed about 20% of total daily energy, this provided 20%-29.1% of total daily intake across all ages for carbohydrates, total sugars, calcium and potassium. For the contribution to daily recommendations, breakfast contributed more than about a third of daily recommended intakes for some micronutrients (e.g., iron, calcium and zinc), and a large proportion (over 40%) of sodium intake. Children consumed 11.9% -15.2% of their energy at breakfast from saturated fat, which is higher than the recommended total energy contribution of saturated fat (no more than 10% from saturated fat). For tracking of most food groups and nutrients, tracking was found to be low or moderate over time. Given the contribution that breakfast can make to ensure children achieve their daily dietary intakes, early interventions for young Australian children should focus on practical strategies to increase vegetable intake while reducing sodium and saturated fat intake at breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Y. Park
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (SENS), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Woods N, Seabrook JA, Haines J, Stranges S, Minaker L, O’Connor C, Doherty S, Gilliland J. Breakfast Consumption and Diet Quality of Teens in Southwestern Ontario. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100003. [PMID: 37180078 PMCID: PMC10111595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breakfast skipping has previously been associated with worse diet quality among adolescents; the latter increases the risk of chronic disease. However, many studies do not consider diet quality as a function of calories, which is problematic as skippers tend to consume less energy than consumers. Additionally, due to the lack of one accepted definition of both breakfast skipping and diet quality, it is unclear how differences found may change when using varying definitions. Objectives We aimed to compare the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores and nutrient intakes of teen breakfast skippers and consumers in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Methods Cross-sectional, baseline data were used from SmartAPPetite, an ongoing nutrition intervention study. Singular 24-h dietary recalls and sociodemographic data from 512 adolescents aged 13-19 y were used to compare HEI-2015 scores and nutrient intakes via multivariable linear regression. Results Previous day breakfast skippers had significantly lower HEI-2015 scores (-4.4; 95% CI: -8.4, -0.4) and significantly lower intakes of calories, saturated fat, and vitamin C, as well as significantly higher intake of sodium and total fat. Conclusions Previous day breakfast consumers had significantly higher diet quality scores and better nutrient intakes than breakfast skippers, although, on average, both had poor diet quality. Consequently, it is unlikely that simply advising teens to consume breakfast will result in meaningful change in diet quality, and more effort should be placed on promoting nutritious breakfasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Woods
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie A. Seabrook
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jess Haines
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Leia Minaker
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen O’Connor
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Doherty
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Park J, Yeo Y, Yoo JH. Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status in Young and Middle-Aged Adults according to the Meal Frequency from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Survey. Korean J Fam Med 2022; 43:319-326. [PMID: 36168904 PMCID: PMC9532190 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.21.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown a close relationship between skipping breakfast and nutritional deficiency. However, the impact of regular eating, including lunch and dinner, has not been studied well. We explored the correlation between regularity and frequency of daily meals and nutritional status. Methods We analyzed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2016 and 2018. A total of 7,725 adults aged 19–49 years were classified into four groups according to the regularity of meal intake: three-meal regular diet (3MRD), two-meal regular diet, one-meal regular diet, and irregular diet (IRD). Food and nutrient intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method and estimated by a generalized linear model in complex sample weight variables. Results In IRD, there were relatively more females who were not married, lived alone, or reported low levels of education. As subjects ate more meals, more people felt thinner and healthier by themselves. Dietary intake of cereal, vegetables, seaweed, and fiber was directly proportional to the number of regular meals as well as essential components such as water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and micronutrients. Contrarily, alcohol and beverage consumption was inversely proportional to the number of regular meals. Intake level of legumes, fish, fruits, seasonings, milk, oils, sugars, and cholesterol was consistent regardless of meal frequency. Conclusion Our findings suggest that 3MRD showed nutrient adequacy and a healthier profile on body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohwan Yeo
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding Author: Jun Hyun Yoo Tel: +82-2-3410-2440, Fax: +82-2-3410-0388, E-mail:
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Boukid F, Klerks M, Pellegrini N, Fogliano V, Sanchez-Siles L, Roman S, Vittadini E. Current and emerging trends in cereal snack bars: implications for new product development. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:610-629. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2042211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Food Industry Area, Monells, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michelle Klerks
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Nutrition Hero Group, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain
- Food Quality Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Food Quality Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisma Sanchez-Siles
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Nutrition Hero Group, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio Roman
- Marketing Department, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Vittadini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
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Lee H, La IS. Latent Class Analysis of Obesogenic Behaviors among Korean Adolescents: Associations with Weight-Related Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111059. [PMID: 34769578 PMCID: PMC8583616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore sex-specific latent class models of adolescent obesogenic behaviors (OBs), predictors of latent class membership (LCM), and associations between LCM and weight-related outcomes (i.e., weight status and unhealthy weight control behaviors). We analyzed nationally representative data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. To identify latent classes for boys (n = 29,841) and girls (n = 27,462), we conducted a multiple-group latent class analysis using eight OBs (e.g., breakfast skipping, physical activity, and tobacco product use). Moreover, we performed a multinomial logistic regression analysis and a three-step method to examine associations of LCM with predictors and weight-related outcomes. Among both sexes, the 3-class models best fit the data: (a) mostly healthy behavior class, (b) poor dietary habits and high Internet use class, and (c) poor dietary habits and substance use class. School year, residential area, academic performance, and psychological status predicted the LCM for both sexes. In addition, perceived economic status predicted the LCM for girls. The distribution of weight-related outcomes differed across sex-specific classes. Our findings highlight the importance of developing obesity prevention and treatment interventions tailored to each homogeneous pattern of adolescent OBs, considering differences in their associations with predictors and weight-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Lee
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Korea;
| | - In-Seo La
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0883
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Jalloun RA, Alfadhli EM. Breakfast Location Effect on Breakfast Quality and Obesity Risk in Saudi Female College Students. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999201023152539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
There is a lack of data regarding breakfast consumption and quality
among college students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of breakfast consumption and
examine the effect of breakfast location on breakfast nutritional quality and obesity risk among female
college students at Taibah University.
Methods:
A total of 658 students participated in this cross-sectional study. Based on the Child and Adult Care Food
Program (CACFP) recommendations, breakfast quality scores were computed by summing the individual food
components and categorizing participants according to tertiles of the breakfast score distribution. Mixed-effects repeatedmeasures models were used to examine BMI categories with increasing tertiles of breakfast quality scores, stratified by
breakfast location.
Results and Discussion:
Approximately 68% of the participants reported having breakfast regularly.
The mean breakfast quality score was determined for students who had breakfast at home (12.5
± 0.11), at college (10.41± 0.06), and in other places (8.19± 0.48). Obesity was associated with lower
average breakfast quality scores based on breakfast location [mean quintile 3 compared with 1
difference: home 13.6 (P < 0.001), college 9.1 (P < 0.001), other 8.6 (P < 0.001)].
Conclusion:
The findings presented here indicated that a high percentage of students consume
breakfast regularly. Students who had breakfast at home had high scores, which indicated good
breakfast quality and a decreased risk of obesity. Further research on breakfast quality is needed in
this area, as it affects the nutritional status and quality of life of the younger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola A. Jalloun
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M. Alfadhli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, Taibah University Medical College, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Assessing nutritional value of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in the province of Quebec (Canada): a study from the Food Quality Observatory. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:2397-2404. [PMID: 33843558 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Food Quality Observatory was created in the province of Quebec (Canada) in 2016. In this study, the Observatory aimed to generate a methodology to (1) test the use of sales data combined with nutrient values to characterise the nutritional composition of ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast cereals offered and purchased in the province of Quebec (Canada) and (2) verify the extent to which a front-of-pack label based on the percentage of daily value (DV) for total sugar, as a strategy to improve the food supply, would be distributed in this food category. DESIGN Nutritional information were obtained by purchasing each RTE breakfast cereal available in the Greater Montreal area. Cereals were then classified according to their processing type. SETTING The nutritional values of 331 RTE breakfast cereals available in Quebec were merged with sales data covering the period between May 2016 and May 2017. A total of 306 products were successfully cross-referenced. RESULTS Granola and sweetened cereals were the most available (36·6 % and 19·6 %, respectively) and purchased (19·8 % and 40·9 % of sales, respectively). When compared with other types of cereals, granola cereals had a higher energy, fat, saturated fat, protein content and a lower Na content. A larger proportion of chocolate (65 %) and sweetened cereals (49 %) were above 15 % of the DV for sugar. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the methodology developed generates important data to monitor nutritional quality of the food supply and ultimately contribute to improve the nutritional quality of processed foods.
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Breakfast Characteristics and Its Association with Daily Micronutrients Intake in Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103201. [PMID: 33092061 PMCID: PMC7589686 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakfast is an important source of key nutrients in the diet. For this reason, the aim of this review was to investigate the associations between breakfast consumption and daily micronutrients intake in both children and adolescents (aged 2-18 years). A peer-reviewed systematic search was conducted in three datasets (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library) in February 2020 in English and Spanish. Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies considering the AXIS critical appraisal and PRISMA methodologies. Meta-analysis was carried out comparing results according to type of breakfast consumed (Ready to eat cereals (RTEC) breakfast or other types of breakfast) and breakfast skipping. Thirty-three articles were included in the systematic review (SR) and 7 in the meta-analysis. In the SR, we observed that those children and adolescents who usually consume RTEC at breakfast had a higher consumption of B-vitamins than those not consuming RTEC at breakfast. Breakfast consumers had a higher mineral intake (iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and iodine) than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, RTEC consumers had significantly higher vitamin C intake than breakfast skippers (SMD, -4.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI): -5.09, -3.16). Furthermore, those children who usually consume breakfast had significantly higher daily intake of calcium than breakfast skippers (SMD, -7.03; 95%CI: -9.02, -5.04). Our review proposes that breakfast consumption seems to be associated with higher daily micronutrients intake than breakfast skippers.
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Bjertnaes AA, Fossum IN, Oma I, Bakken KS, Arne T, Holten-Andersen MN. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship Between Mental Health Problems and Overweight and Obesity in Adolescents. Front Public Health 2020; 8:334. [PMID: 32984230 PMCID: PMC7477482 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a suggested coexistence between obesity and mental health discomfort in adolescence. The objective of this study was to explore if mental health indices covaried with body mass index (BMI) in adolescence and if there were gender-related disparities. Methods: Data were collected in two cross-sectional surveys of 10th-grade students (15 to 16 years old) carried out in 2002 and 2017. The questionnaires included self-reported height and weight, questions covering mental health using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), lifestyle, and sociodemographic variables. We estimated the associations between SDQ subscale scores and BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in linear and logistic multivariable models. We also estimated the extent to which gender modified these associations. Results: BMI was positively associated with peer problems [beta (β): 0.08, (95% confidence interval 0.01, 0.14)], indicating that for every point increase in peer problems subscore, BMI increased by 0.08 kg/m2. The association between internalizing (i.e., peer and emotional) problems and BMI and conduct problems and BMI was different for boys and girls (p < 0.05 for all effect modifications). Conclusion: In this repeated cross-sectional study across 15 years, we found that peer problems were associated with BMI in Norwegian adolescents. We also found that there is a possibility that adolescent boys and girls report different mental health symptoms related to increased BMI. This finding implicates a need for gender-specific attention when assessing risk factors for increased BMI in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asborg Aanstad Bjertnaes
- Department of Pediatrics, Lillehammer Hospital, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Nesdal Fossum
- Division of Mental Health Care, BUP Lillehammer, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingvild Oma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Tor Arne
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Mads Nikolaj Holten-Andersen
- Department of Pediatrics, Lillehammer Hospital, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Giménez-Legarre N, Flores-Barrantes P, Miguel-Berges ML, Moreno LA, Santaliestra-Pasías AM. Breakfast Characteristics and Their Association with Energy, Macronutrients, and Food Intake in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082460. [PMID: 32824257 PMCID: PMC7468882 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakfast plays an important role in health because it has been associated with overall health, which includes a high daily nutrient intake and a low risk of chronic diseases. For this reason, we investigated the associations between breakfast consumption and daily energy, macronutrients, and food and beverage consumption. We systematically searched peer-reviewed articles in three datasets (Pubmed, Scopus, and Cochrane). Two independent reviewers evaluated 3188 studies against the inclusion criteria using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) critical appraisal and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodologies. The meta-analysis was performed by comparing results based on type of breakfast consumed (ready to eat cereal breakfasts or other types of breakfasts). Ultimately, 38 studies were included in the review and 7 of them in the energy and macronutrients intake meta-analysis. In the Systematic Review, breakfast consumers had higher energy intake (EI), fibre intake, and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables and lower consumption of soft drinks than breakfast skippers. In the Meta-Analysis, breakfast consumers had a higher carbohydrates intake (MD, -8.21; 95%CI: -11.37, -5.05) and fibre intake (MD, -8.43; 95%CI: -12.63, -4.23) than breakfast skippers. However, breakfast consumers had a lower fat intake (MD, 4.59; 95%CI: 2.04, 7.15). Our review suggests that breakfast consumption is associated with better macronutrient intake and healthier food and beverage consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Giménez-Legarre
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.F.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.); (A.M.S.-P.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Paloma Flores-Barrantes
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.F.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.); (A.M.S.-P.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Luisa Miguel-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.F.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.); (A.M.S.-P.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.F.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.); (A.M.S.-P.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba M. Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.F.-B.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.); (A.M.S.-P.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Rosi A, Martini D, Scazzina F, Dall'Aglio E, Leonardi R, Monti L, Fasano F, Di Dio C, Riggio L, Brighenti F. Nature and Cognitive Perception of 4 Different Breakfast Meals Influence Satiety-Related Sensations and Postprandial Metabolic Responses but Have Little Effect on Food Choices and Intake Later in the Day in a Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy Men. J Nutr 2018; 148:1536-1546. [PMID: 30204905 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular breakfast consumption is associated with better health status and healthier food intake throughout the day, but this association is a complex interaction of several factors. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional and cognitive-perceived characteristics of breakfast on metabolic and behavioral variables related to food intake. Methods The study was a randomized, crossover, controlled trial, with 4 experimental conditions consisting of 3 iso-energetic breakfasts and 1 energy-free control meal. Breakfasts had similar nutritional profiles but differed for glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and perceived healthiness, satiety, palatability, or energy content. Fifteen healthy normal-weight men [means ± SDs; age: 24 ± 2 y; body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) 23.4 ± 1.6] underwent each experimental condition in random order during 4 different weeks, separated by ≥1-wk washout. On the third day of each intervention week, postprandial blood variables (with insulin as primary outcome), satiety ratings, and food intake during an ad libitum lunch consumed 4 h after breakfast (secondary outcomes) were measured for each experimental condition. Results A main effect of time, treatment, and time × treatment was found for postprandial insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (P < 0.001 for all) after having the 3 iso-energetic breakfasts or the energy-free control one. Postprandial satiety was similar for the 3 energy-containing breakfasts, but higher when compared with the energy-free control (P < 0.001). No difference in energy intake was observed for the ad libitum lunch, whereas prolonged breakfast skipping was compensated by an increase (around +10%) in the average energy intake during the rest of the day, resulting in no differences in the total daily energy intake among the 4 conditions. Conclusions Although other advantages might exist for breakfasts based on low-GI/low-GL foods, our findings support the hypothesis that minor differences in nutritional and perceived characteristics of breakfast are of limited importance regarding medium-term energy intake in healthy men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as BRNN-014 NCT02516956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Leonardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lucilla Monti
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fasano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Dio
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Riggio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Breakfast consumption and nutrient intakes in 4-18-year-olds: UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008-2012). Br J Nutr 2017; 118:280-290. [PMID: 28814349 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although breakfast consumption is widely considered to be an important component of a healthy lifestyle, few UK studies have examined differences in nutrient intakes between breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers among children and adolescents. We investigated associations between breakfast skipping in 4-18-year-olds and their nutrient intakes using data from the UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme. Dietary data were derived from 4-d estimated food diaries of 802 children aged 4-10 years and 884 children aged 11-18 years (1686 in total). Daily nutrient intakes of children with different breakfast habits were compared by one-way ANCOVA adjusting for relevant covariates (sex, age, ethnicity, equivalised household income and BMI). Within-person analysis was carried out on children with an irregular breakfast habit (n 879) comparing nutrient intakes on breakfast days with those on non-breakfast days using repeated measures ANCOVA. We observed that the overall nutritional profile of the children in terms of fibre and micronutrient intake was superior in frequent breakfast consumers (micronutrients: folate, Ca, Fe and I (P<0·01)) and, for the 4-10 years age group, on breakfast days (micronutrients: folate, vitamin C, Ca and I (P<0·01)). Also, significantly higher proportions of breakfast-consuming children met their reference nutrient intakes of folate, vitamin C, Ca, Fe and I compared with breakfast skippers (χ 2 analysis, P<0·001). Our study adds to the body of data linking breakfast consumption with higher quality dietary intake in school-age children, supporting the promotion of breakfast as an important element of a healthy dietary pattern in children.
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Identifying Eating Occasion-Based Opportunities to Improve the Overall Diets of Australian Adolescents. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060608. [PMID: 28613261 PMCID: PMC5490587 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents in Australia have a poor dietary intake, leading to large numbers of them being at risk for inadequate intake of micronutrients, and excessive intake of less healthful dietary components. This study examined dietary intakes at multiple eating occasions to identify opportunities for more targeted recommendations and strategies to improve dietary intakes among adolescents. Data from the first 24-h recall of 14-18 years old in the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analysed (n = 772). Participant-defined eating occasions were classified as breakfast, lunch, dinner or other eating occasions combined. The mean percent contribution to the total day intake of top shortfall nutrients (calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, iron), discretionary calories, saturated fat, free sugars and sodium, as well as nutrient density, the foods consumed and the percent of consumers at each eating occasion, were calculated. Breakfast had the lowest prevalence of consumers (81%), contributed the least to total daily energy (14.6%) and almost a quarter of daily calcium and iron. Other eating occasions combined contributed 47.5% of free sugars and were top contributors of daily calcium (34.6%) and magnesium (31.7%). Discretionary foods contributed 32.4% of the energy at lunch, and the sodium content at lunch was 415 mg/1000 kJ. Key opportunities identified for adolescents were to increase breakfast consumption, given the high nutrient densities of breakfasts consumed; improve overall lunch quality, particularly the sodium content; promote the intake of milk, fruit and a variety of vegetables at both lunch and dinner; maintain healthful choices at in-between meal eating occasions while focusing on decreasing the intake of discretionary foods.
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Sakurai M, Yoshita K, Nakamura K, Miura K, Takamura T, Nagasawa SY, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Naruse Y, Nogawa K, Suwazono Y, Sasaki S, Ishizaki M, Nakagawa H. Skipping breakfast and 5-year changes in body mass index and waist circumference in Japanese men and women. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3:162-170. [PMID: 28702211 PMCID: PMC5478803 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between frequency of skipping breakfast and annual changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). METHODS The participants were 4,430 factory employees. BMI and WC were measured repeatedly at annual medical examinations over a 5-year period. The association between frequency of skipping breakfast at the baseline examination and annual changes in anthropometric indices was evaluated using the generalized estimating equation method. RESULTS The mean (standard deviation) BMI was 23.3 (3.0) kg m-2 for men and 21.9 (3.6) kg m-2 for women; and the mean WC was 82.6 (8.7) cm for men and 77.8 (9.8) cm for women. During the follow-up period, mean BMI increased by 0.2 kg m-2 for men and women, and mean WC increased by 1.1 cm for men and 1.0 cm for women. The annual change in the BMI of men who skipped breakfast four to six times per week was 0.061 kg m-2 higher, and that of those who skipped breakfast seven times per week was 0.046 kg m-2 higher, compared with those who did not skip breakfast. Annual changes in the WC of male participants who skipped breakfast seven times per week was 0.248 cm higher than that of those who did not skip breakfast. Skipping breakfast was not associated with changes in BMI or WC in women. CONCLUSIONS Skipping breakfast was closely associated with annual changes in BMI and WC among men, and eating breakfast more than four times per week may prevent the excessive body weight gain associated with skipping breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakurai
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Japan.,Health Evaluation Center Kanazawa Medical University Hospital Uchinada Japan
| | - K Yoshita
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Department of Public Health Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
| | - K Miura
- Department of Health Science Shiga University of Medical Science Otsu Japan
| | - T Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa Japan
| | - S Y Nagasawa
- Health Evaluation Center Kanazawa Medical University Hospital Uchinada Japan.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Japan
| | - Y Morikawa
- Department of Medical Science, School of Nursing Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Japan
| | - T Kido
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Y Naruse
- Department of Social Welfare Toyama College of Welfare ScienceImizu Japan
| | - K Nogawa
- Department of Occupation and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Y Suwazono
- Department of Occupation and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - S Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - M Ishizaki
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Japan.,Health Evaluation Center Kanazawa Medical University Hospital Uchinada Japan
| | - H Nakagawa
- Medical Research Institute Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Japan
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Yang WY, Burrows T, MacDonald-Wicks L, Williams LT, Collins CE, Chee WSS, Colyvas K. Body Weight Status and Dietary Intakes of Urban Malay Primary School Children: Evidence from the Family Diet Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4010005. [PMID: 28117690 PMCID: PMC5296666 DOI: 10.3390/children4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaysia is experiencing a rise in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Evidence for the relationship between dietary intake and body weight among Malaysian children is limited, with the impact of energy intake misreporting rarely being considered. This paper describes the dietary intakes of urban Malay children in comparison to national recommendations and by weight status. This cross-sectional Family Diet Study (n = 236) was conducted in five national primary schools in Malaysia (August 2013–October 2014). Data on socio-demographics, anthropometrics, 24-h dietary recalls, and food habits were collected from Malay families, consisting of a child aged 8 to 12 years and their main caregiver(s). Multivariable analyses were used to assess dietary intake-body weight relationships. The plausibility of energy intake was determined using the Black and Cole method. Approximately three in 10 Malay children were found to be overweight or obese. The majority reported dietary intakes less than national recommendations. Children with obesity had the lowest energy intakes relative to body weight (kcal/kg) compared to children in other weight categories (F = 36.21, p < 0.001). A positive moderate correlation between energy intake and weight status was identified (r = 0.53, p < 0.001) after excluding energy intake mis-reporters (n = 95), highlighting the need for the validation of dietary assessment in obesity-related dietary research in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Yew Yang
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Tracy Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Lesley MacDonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Lauren T Williams
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Winnie Siew Swee Chee
- Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Fayet-Moore F, Kim J, Sritharan N, Petocz P. Impact of Breakfast Skipping and Breakfast Choice on the Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index of Australian Children. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080487. [PMID: 27517957 PMCID: PMC4997400 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data on breakfast consumption among Australian children are limited. This study examined the impact of breakfast skipping and breakfast type (cereal or non-cereal) on nutrient intakes, likelihood of meeting nutrient targets and anthropometric measures. A secondary analysis of two 24-h recall data from the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey was conducted (2–16 years; n = 4487) to identify (a) breakfast skippers and (b) breakfast consumers, with breakfast consumers further sub-divided into (i) non-cereal and (ii) cereal consumers. Only 4% skipped breakfast and 59% of skippers were 14–16 years. Breakfast consumers had significantly higher intakes of calcium and folate, and significantly lower intakes of total fat than breakfast skippers. Cereal consumers were more likely to meet targets and consume significantly higher fibre, calcium, iron, had significantly higher intakes of folate, total sugars and carbohydrate, and significantly lower intakes of total fat and sodium than non-cereal consumers. The prevalence of overweight was lower among breakfast consumers compared to skippers, and among cereal consumers compared to-cereal consumers (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed for mean body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, waist circumference and physical activity level across the categories. Breakfast and particularly breakfast cereal consumption contributes important nutrients to children’s diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fayet-Moore
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie Street, Sydney 2000, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jean Kim
- Nestlé Australia, 1 Homebush Bay Drive, Rhodes 2138, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nilani Sritharan
- Cereal Partners Worldwide, Chemin du Viaduc 1, Prilly 1008, Vaud, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
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Socioeconomic status and dietary habits as predictors of home breakfast skipping in young women. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2016; 89:100-4. [PMID: 25162743 DOI: 10.1097/01.epx.0000452288.49308.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Breakfast skipping is prevalent among adolescents and young women, and deprives the body of important nutrients. This study was conducted to assess the correlation between breakfast eating and sociodemographic and lifestyle criteria. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on a convenient sample of 400 female students selected from the female sector of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Home breakfast habit and other lifestyle characteristics were studied using a standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between home breakfast habit and different predictors. RESULTS Home breakfast skippers constituted 71.75% of the whole sample. Breakfast eaters had a significantly higher BMI compared with breakfast skippers (22.66±4.88 vs. 21.58±4.09 in home breakfast skippers; P=0.025). Irrespective of other sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, fathers' education lower than university level negatively predicted home breakfast eating [Exp B=0.40, confidence interval (CI)=0.21-0.77], and being employed positively predicted breakfast eating (Exp B=2.31, CI=1.04-5.15). Likewise, consuming less amount of junk food and fewer soft drinks (Exp B=2.57, CI=1.54-4.28, and Exp B=2.59, CI=1.39-4.81, respectively) and consuming more milk and dairy products (Exp B=1.91, CI=1.16-3.15) correlated positively with home breakfast eating. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Breakfast skipping was prevalent among adolescents and young women in the studied sample. Unhealthy dietary habits, father's education lower than university level, and father being unemployed positively predicted breakfast skipping of daughters at home. This implies that breakfast eating can be encouraged by approaching parents in addition to their daughters.
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Skipping breakfast in early childhood and its associations with maternal and child BMI: a study of 2-5-year-old Australian children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 70:450-5. [PMID: 26508462 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Evidence supporting the association between skipping breakfast and children's body mass index (BMI) has been widely reported, and some consideration has been given to children aged 2-5 years. However, no evidence has considered an association between children skipping breakfast and mother's BMI. This study therefore investigated associations between skipping breakfast, child's BMI and mother's BMI in a large cohort of Australian children. SUBJECTS/METHODS Data were drawn from wave 2 (2-3 years, n=4601) and wave 3 (4-5 years, n=4381) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The primary outcome was skipping breakfast. Child's and mother's BMI was assessed by trained professionals. RESULTS Girls at 4-5 years were significantly more likely to skip breakfast compared with boys (56.9% versus 43.1%; P=0.031). In cross-sectional data analysis, obese boys at 2-3 years (odds ratio (OR) 2.38; P=0.039) and at 4-5 years (OR 2.32; P=0.046), and also obese girls at 4-5 years (OR 2.26; P=0.018), were more likely to skip breakfast. Skipping breakfast was positively associated with boys at 2-3 years (OR 2.04; P=0.042) whose mothers were overweight and with girls at 4-5 years (OR 2.60; P=0.001) whose mothers were obese. In longitudinal cross-lagged analysis, boys at 2-3 years whose mothers were obese were more likely to skip breakfast 2 years later at age 4-5 years (OR 2.36; P=0.045). CONCLUSIONS Skipping breakfast was associated with higher BMI in children and mothers. Future interventions should target obese mothers to promote breakfast intake among children. The interventions may involve changes to dietary and lifestyle habits and provision of education on the benefits of breakfast intake.
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O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Fulgoni VL. Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Weight Measures in Breakfast Patterns Consumed by Children Compared with Breakfast Skippers: NHANES 2001-2008. AIMS Public Health 2015; 2:441-468. [PMID: 29546119 PMCID: PMC5690244 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2015.3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies showing that children consuming breakfast have better nutrient intakes, diet quality, and lower weight than breakfast skippers have the incorrect premise that breakfast meals are homogeneous. The purpose of this study was to classify breakfast meals into patterns and determine the association of the breakfast patterns with daily and breakfast nutrient intakes, diet quality, and weight. Data from children (2-18 years of age; N = 14,200) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2008 were used. Intake was determined from one day 24-hour dietary recalls. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). Body mass index (BMI) z-scores were determined. Twelve patterns (including No Breakfast [∼19% of population]), explaining 63% of the variance in energy from breakfast, were examined. Covariate adjusted general linear models were used to compare outcome variables of consumers of different patterns with breakfast skippers. The p value was Bonferroni corrected (< 0.05/12 = < 0.0042). Consumers of the Eggs/Grain/Meat, Poultry, Fish (MPF)/ Fruit Juice (FJ) and MPF/ Grain/FJ patterns showed higher daily intakes of saturated fats, solid fats, and sodium and lower daily intakes of added sugars than breakfast skippers. Consumers of most breakfast patterns showed higher daily intakes of some nutrients of public health concern (dietary fiber, vitamin D, calcium, and potassium); however, those consuming the Grain or MPF/Grain/FJ pattern did not. Consumers of the Grain/Lower Fat Milk (LFM)/Sweets/FJ, Presweetened (PS) Ready-to-eat Cereal (RTEC)/ LFM, RTEC/LFM, Cooked Cereal/Milk/FJ, and Whole Fruit patterns had higher total HEI-2005 scores than breakfast skippers; those consuming the MPF/ Grain/FJ pattern had lower diet quality than breakfast skippers. Consumption of the Grain/ LFM/Sweets/FJ, PSRTEC/whole milk, Soft Drinks/ FJ/Grain/Potatoes, RTEC/whole milk, and Cooked Cereal/ Milk/ FJ patterns was associated with lower BMI z-scores than seen in breakfast skippers. There are dietary and weight advantages of consuming breakfast, especially breakfasts that include grains, cereals, LFM, and fruit/ FJ, in contrast to the potential adverse effects of skipping breakfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. O'Neil
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 261 Knapp Hall, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Theresa A. Nicklas
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, 1100 Bates Street; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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O'Neil CE, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Hayes D, Jana L, Klinger SE, Stephenson-Martin S. The role of breakfast in health: definition and criteria for a quality breakfast. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:S8-S26. [PMID: 25458994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Barr SI, DiFrancesco L, Fulgoni VL. Breakfast consumption is positively associated with nutrient adequacy in Canadian children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1373-83. [PMID: 25196844 PMCID: PMC4197762 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although breakfast is associated with more favourable nutrient intake profiles in children, limited data exist on the impact of breakfast on nutrient adequacy and the potential risk of excessive intakes. Accordingly, we assessed differences in nutrient intake and adequacy among breakfast non-consumers, consumers of breakfasts with ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) and consumers of other types of breakfasts. We used cross-sectional data from 12,281 children and adolescents aged 4-18 years who took part in the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey, 2004. Mean nutrient intakes (obtained using a multiple-pass 24 h recall method) were compared among the breakfast groups using covariate-adjusted regression analysis. Usual nutrient intake distributions, generated using the National Cancer Institute method, were used to determine the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy or the potential risk of excessive intakes from food sources alone and from the combination of food plus supplements. Of these Canadian children, 10% were breakfast non-consumers, 33% were consumers of RTEC breakfasts and 57% were consumers of other types of breakfasts. Non-consumption of breakfast increased with age (4-8 years: 2%; 9-13 years: 9%; 14-18 years: 18%). Breakfast consumers had higher covariate-adjusted intakes of energy, many nutrients and fibre, and lower fat intakes. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy for vitamin D, Ca, Fe and Mg (from food alone or from the combination of food plus supplements) was highest in breakfast non-consumers, intermediate in consumers of other types of breakfasts and lowest in consumers of RTEC breakfast. For vitamin A, P and Zn, breakfast non-consumers had a higher prevalence of nutrient inadequacy than both breakfast groups. The potential risk of excessive nutrient intakes was low in all groups. Efforts to encourage and maintain breakfast consumption in children and adolescents are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan I. Barr
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
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Regular Breakfast Consumption and its Predictors Based on the Social Cognitive Theory in Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.20286/jech-010351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Williams PG. The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:636S-673S. [PMID: 25225349 PMCID: PMC4188247 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no comprehensive reviews of the relation of breakfast cereal consumption to nutrition and health. This systematic review of all articles on breakfast cereals to October 2013 in the Scopus and Medline databases identified 232 articles with outcomes related to nutrient intake, weight, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, digestive health, dental and mental health, and cognition. Sufficient evidence was available to develop 21 summary evidence statements, ranked from A (can be trusted to guide practice) to D (weak and must be applied with caution). Breakfast cereal consumption is associated with diets higher in vitamins and minerals and lower in fat (grade B) but is not associated with increased intakes of total energy or sodium (grade C) or risk of dental caries (grade B). Most studies on the nutritional impact are cross-sectional, with very few intervention studies, so breakfast cereal consumption may be a marker of an overall healthy lifestyle. Oat-, barley-, or psyllium-based cereals can help lower cholesterol concentrations (grade A), and high-fiber, wheat-based cereals can improve bowel function (grade A). Regular breakfast cereal consumption is associated with a lower body mass index and less risk of being overweight or obese (grade B). Presweetened breakfast cereals do not increase the risk of overweight and obesity in children (grade C). Whole-grain or high-fiber breakfast cereals are associated with a lower risk of diabetes (grade B) and cardiovascular disease (grade C). There is emerging evidence of associations with feelings of greater well-being and a lower risk of hypertension (grade D), but more research is required.
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Zilberter T, Zilberter EY. Breakfast: to skip or not to skip? Front Public Health 2014; 2:59. [PMID: 24918099 PMCID: PMC4042085 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Physiol Behav 2013; 119:9-16. [PMID: 23672851 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the effect of consuming breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Participants who habitually ate breakfast and those who skipped breakfast were recruited for two studies. Using a randomized crossover design, the first study examined the effect of having participants consume either (a) no breakfast, (b) a high carbohydrate breakfast (335 kcals), or (c) a high fiber breakfast (360 kcals) on three occasions and measured ad libitum intake at lunch. The second study again used a randomized crossover design but with a larger, normal carbohydrate breakfast consumed ad libtum. Intake averaged 624 kcals and subsequent food intake was measured throughout the day. Participants ate only foods served from the Cornell Human Metabolic Research Unit where all foods were weighed before and after consumption. In the first study, neither eating breakfast nor the kind of breakfast consumed had an effect on the amount consumed at lunch despite a reduction in hunger ratings. In the second study, intake at lunch as well as hunger ratings were significantly increased after skipping breakfast (by 144 kcal), leaving a net caloric deficit of 408 kcal by the end of the day. These data are consistent with published literature demonstrating that skipping a meal does not result in accurate energy compensation at subsequent meals and suggests that skipping breakfast may be an effective means to reduce daily energy intake in some adults.
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Balvin Frantzen L, Treviño RP, Echon RM, Garcia-Dominic O, DiMarco N. Association between Frequency of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption, Nutrient Intakes, and Body Mass Index in Fourth- to Sixth-Grade Low-Income Minority Children. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nurul-Fadhilah A, Teo PS, Huybrechts I, Foo LH. Infrequent breakfast consumption is associated with higher body adiposity and abdominal obesity in Malaysian school-aged adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59297. [PMID: 23520556 PMCID: PMC3592841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary pattern increases the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in growing children and adolescents. However, the way the habitual pattern of breakfast consumption influences body composition and risk of obesity in adolescents is not well defined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess any associations between breakfast consumption practices and body composition profiles in 236 apparently healthy adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. A self-administered questionnaire on dietary behaviour and lifestyle practices and a dietary food frequency questionnaire were used. Body composition and adiposity indices were determined using standard anthropometric measurement protocols and dual energy χ-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mean age of the participants was 15.3±1.9 years. The majority of participants (71.2%) fell in the normal body mass index (BMI) ranges. Breakfast consumption patterns showed that only half of the participants (50%) were consuming breakfast daily. Gender-specific multivariate analyses (ANCOVA) showed that in both boys and girls, those eating breakfast at least 5 times a week had significantly lower body weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI z-scores, waist circumference, body fat mass and percent body fat (%BF) compared to infrequent breakfast eaters, after adjustment for age, household income, pubertal status, eating-out and snacking practices, daily energy intakes, and daily physical activity levels. The present findings indicate that infrequent breakfast consumption is associated with higher body adiposity and abdominal obesity. Therefore, daily breakfast consumption with healthy food choices should be encouraged in growing children and adolescents to prevent adiposity during these critical years of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Nurul-Fadhilah
- Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Pey Sze Teo
- Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leng Huat Foo
- Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Shrapnel B. Amount of sugar in Australian breakfast cereals is not associated with energy density or glycaemic index: Results of a systematic survey. Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Shrapnel
- Shrapnel Nutrition Consulting Pty Ltd; Beecroft; New South Wales; Australia
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Grieger JA, Kim S, Cobiac L. Where do Australian children get their dietary fibre? A focus on breakfast food choices. Nutr Diet 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Louie JCY, Dunford EK, Walker KZ, Gill TP. Nutritional quality of Australian breakfast cereals. Are they improving? Appetite 2012; 59:464-70. [PMID: 22728950 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional quality of Australian breakfast cereals is not systematically monitored despite the importance of breakfast for general health. We examined whether the nutritional quality of Australian breakfast cereals has improved between 2004 and 2010, and whether any change could be detected after the introduction of Daily Intake Guide (DIG) front-of-pack labelling. Supermarket surveys were conducted in 2004 and 2010 using the same methodology to collect information from the nutrition information panels of Australian breakfast cereals and the nutrient content of cereals was compared by year. Breakfast cereals with and without DIG labelling in 2010 were also compared. Nutritional quality was assessed using UK Traffic Light criteria. No significant difference was detected in nutritional composition of breakfast cereals between 2004 and 2010. There was no notable improvement in nutritional composition of breakfast cereals marketed as the same product in both years. Overall there has been little improvement in the nutritional quality of Australian breakfast cereals in the 6 year period. A large proportion of Australian breakfast cereals were considered high sugar. In conclusion, the introduction of DIG labelling does not appear to have promoted product reformulation, and breakfast cereals carrying DIG labels were not consistently healthier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- Cluster for Public Health Nutrition, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Hoyland A, McWilliams KA, Duff RJ, Walton JL. Breakfast consumption in UK schoolchildren and provision of school breakfast clubs. NUTR BULL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information on how breakfast choices are associated with dietary intakes in Australian boys. OBJECTIVE (i) To determine the proportion of breakfast skippers, ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) consumers and non-RTEC consumers at breakfast; (ii) to compare breakfast, and daily nutrient intakes and nutrient density, between the three groups; and (iii) to compare daily nutrient intakes against nutrient recommendations. SUBJECTS/METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 12 to 16-year-old boys (n = 781) from the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. RESULTS Forty-two percent of boys consumed RTEC at breakfast; 38% did not consume RTECs; and 20% skipped breakfast. Breakfast skippers had a higher body mass index and waist circumference compared with RTEC consumers (P ≤ 0.05). At breakfast, RTEC consumers had a higher intake of total sugars and a lower intake of fat and sodium versus non-RTEC consumers. Total daily nutrient density for calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, zinc, dietary folate equivalents, magnesium and iodine was higher for RTEC consumers versus non-RTEC consumers and breakfast skippers (all P ≤ 0.05). Fifty-nine percent of 14 to 16-year-old RTEC consumers reached the fibre adequate intake versus 34% and 24% of non-RTEC consumers and breakfast skippers, respectively (all P ≤ 0.01). More RTEC consumers met the calcium estimated average requirements versus non-RTEC consumers and breakfast skippers (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Breakfast choice, specifically RTECs and the foods consumed with them, provide valuable nutrients that may assist boys in meeting nutrient requirements. Consumption of RTECs may be one way in which intakes of key nutrients, relevant for growth and development, could be increased in older boys.
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Horikawa C, Kodama S, Yachi Y, Heianza Y, Hirasawa R, Ibe Y, Saito K, Shimano H, Yamada N, Sone H. Skipping breakfast and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian and Pacific regions: a meta-analysis. Prev Med 2011; 53:260-7. [PMID: 21925535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Western countries, skipping breakfast is associated with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. This meta-analysis aimed to determine if the same relationship exists in Asian and Pacific regions. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed for observational studies using a cross-sectional design that examined the relationship between frequency of eating breakfast and overweight or obesity. Odds ratios (ORs) for overweight or obesity were pooled with a variance-based method. RESULTS Nineteen studies (93,108 total participants and 19,270 overweight or obese cases) were included. The pooled OR [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of overweight or obesity for the lowest vs. highest category of breakfast frequency was 1.75 [1.57 to 1.95] (P<0.001). Between-study heterogeneity in the association's strength was highly significant (I-squared=36.4%, P<0.001), although a positive OR was shown in all but one included study. However, no study characteristics could be identified to explain the heterogeneity. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that a positive association between skipping breakfast and overweight and obesity is globally observed regardless of cultural diversity among countries. Promoting the eating of breakfast in all populations may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Horikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, Japan
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Bruening M, Larson N, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan P. Predictors of adolescent breakfast consumption: longitudinal findings from Project EAT. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 43:390-395. [PMID: 21906551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of breakfast consumption among adolescents. METHODS Five-year longitudinal study Project EAT (Eating Among Teens). Baseline surveys were completed in Minneapolis-St. Paul schools and by mail at follow-up by youth (n = 800) transitioning from middle to high school. Linear regression models examined associations between baseline predictors and follow-up breakfast consumption. RESULTS Frequency of breakfast consumption at follow-up was positively associated with baseline breakfast consumption and inversely associated with baseline weight concerns (P < .01). Perceptions of being too rushed in the morning to eat a healthful breakfast were associated with lower breakfast frequency 5 years later among girls (P < .01). After adjusting for baseline breakfast consumption, none of the associations with predictor variables remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Early adolescence is an important time to establish regular breakfast consumption. Interventions aimed at increasing breakfast consumption should include messages about healthful weight management and ideas for quick, healthful breakfasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Bruening
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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The contribution of breakfast cereals to the nutritional intake of the materially deprived UK population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 66:10-7. [PMID: 21829218 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Breakfast is an important source of micronutrients in the diet and its consumption has been linked to positive health outcomes. The present analysis investigated the contribution that breakfast cereals make to the nutrient intakes of the materially deprived (low income) UK population. SUBJECTS/METHODS Data for 3728 respondents aged 2 years and over from the UK Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey (2003-2005) were analysed. Nutrient intakes of consumers and non-consumers of breakfast cereal were compared. RESULTS Breakfast cereals were consumed by 49% of men, 58% of women, 80% of boys and 80% of girls, and median intakes were: 35, 25, 29 and 21 g/d, respectively. Consumers of breakfast cereals had higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12), iron and zinc than non-consumers. Breakfast cereal consumption was also related to higher intakes of calcium, attributable to higher milk consumption. The intake of wholegrain and high-fibre breakfast cereals was associated with a higher intake of non-starch polysaccharides. Intakes of niacin, biotin, calcium and zinc were higher but that of vitamin B(6) was lower among consumers of exclusively wholegrain and high-fibre breakfast cereals compared with consumers of other breakfast cereals. There were no significant differences observed in intakes of non-milk extrinsic sugars according to type of breakfast cereal consumed. CONCLUSIONS Breakfast cereals make a significant contribution to the micronutrient intake of the low-income UK population.
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Araki EL, Philippi ST, Martinez MF, Estima CDCP, Leal GVS, Alvarenga MDS. Padrão de refeições realizadas por adolescentes que frequentam escolas técnicas de São Paulo. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822011000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar e caracterizar o consumo de refeições realizadas por adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 71 adolescentes do ensino médio de escolas técnicas de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um questionário que avalia atitudes alimentares de ado-lescentes. As variáveis estudadas foram: frequência, local, com quem realiza as refeições e substituição de refeições por lanches. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e o teste do qui-quadrado comparou as variáveis segundo gênero, considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Do total, 58% eram do gênero feminino. A maioria relatou realizar as principais refeições em casa (88% café da manhã, 91% almoço e 96% jantar). Quanto à frequência do consumo, 49% realizavam todos os dias o café da manhã, 65% o almoço e 51% o jantar. Os adolescentes consumiam tanto o café da manhã (48%) quanto o almoço (39%) sozinhos, enquanto o jantar (77%) era realizado com os pais, havendo, para o jantar, diferença entre gêneros (p=0,022). Observou-se que 29% substituíam o almoço por lanches e, destes, 17% o faziam uma a duas vezes por semana. No jantar, uma porcentagem maior de adolescentes o subs-tituía por lanche (62%), sendo a frequência de substituição de uma a duas vezes por semana para 42% deles. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de os adolescentes realizarem as re-feições em casa, as mesmas não são feitas diariamente nem acompanhadas pelos pais.
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Joye IJ, Lamberts L, Brijs K, Delcour JA. In situ production of γ-aminobutyric acid in breakfast cereals. Food Chem 2011; 129:395-401. [PMID: 30634243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Breakfast cereals are an important part of an equilibrated diet in the Western world, making them extremely suited for carrying health benefits. Intake of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, has been related to blood pressure lowering in hypertensive individuals. In vivo, GABA is formed from glutamic acid (GA) by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a widely distributed enzyme in prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. We here enriched breakfast cereals with GABA by recipe and process optimisation. The dynamics of GA and GABA were monitored throughout the production process. Addition of exogenous recombinantly produced GAD of Yersinia intermedia increased GABA levels by 2- to 5-fold. As only trace levels of GABA (<15ppm) and relatively low levels of its precursor (GA, <100ppm) are present in the wheat and rice flour used, a well-thought ingredient choice (inclusion of quinoa flour (ca. 90ppm GABA and 700ppm GA) or bran enrichment (ca. 66ppm GABA and 500ppm GA)) also significantly increases the GABA content in the final flakes. Finally, a strict control of the heating steps during the production process reduces GA and GABA losses. Consumption of one portion (30g) of the here produced enriched breakfast cereals can even meet up to 55% of the daily intake earlier reported to lower blood pressure (ca. 10mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J Joye
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Lamberts
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Haire-Joshu D, Schwarz C, Budd EL, Yount BW, Lapka C. Postpartum teens' breakfast consumption is associated with snack and beverage intake and body mass index. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2011; 111:124-30. [PMID: 21185974 PMCID: PMC3033661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Addressing high-risk dietary patterns among postpartum teens may help reduce weight retention and prevent intergenerational obesity. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between breakfast consumption and outcomes of snack and beverage intake and body mass index (BMI) among postpartum teens. During 2007-2009, 1,330 postpartum teens across 27 states participated in a cross-sectional, baseline assessment of a group-randomized, nested cohort study. Participants were enrolled in the Parents as Teachers Teen Program and completed a 7-day recall of breakfast, snack, and beverage consumption. BMI was calculated from heights and weights obtained by on-site staff. Sample descriptives were compared across breakfast consumption frequency groupings by one-way analysis of variance tests or χ² tests. General linear models assessed relationships between breakfast consumption and measures of snack and sweetened beverage intake, water consumption, and BMI-for-age percentile. Almost half (42%) of the sample consumed breakfast fewer than 2 days per week. Those who ate breakfast 6 to 7 days/week consumed 1,197 fewer kilocalories per week from sweet and salty snacks, 1,337 fewer kilocalories per week from sweetened drinks, and had a lower BMI compared to those who ate breakfast fewer than 2 days per week (P < 0.05). Consumption of fruit, vegetables, milk, water, and cereal as a snack were higher among regular breakfast consumers (P < 0.05). Although breakfast consumption among postpartum teens is low, those who regularly consume breakfast had healthier snacking behaviors and weight. Interventions are needed to encourage breakfast consumption among teen mothers.
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School-based intervention to promote eating daily and healthy breakfast: A survey and a case–control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 65:203-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between cereal consumption and cardiovascular risk factors including waist, height, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in a sample of adolescent girls. DESIGN Longitudinal study. SETTING The study was conducted from 1987 to 1997 and data were collected at three study sites (University of California at Berkeley, University of Cincinnati and Westat Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). Mixed models were used to estimate the association between the number of days of eating cereal and these four outcome variables. SUBJECTS Girls (n 2371) who participated in the 10-year National Heart, Lung, and Blood Growth and Health Study (NGHS) and completed a 3 d food diary in years 1-5 and 7, 8 and 10. RESULTS Adolescent girls who ate cereal more often had lower waist-to-height ratio (P<0.005), lower total cholesterol (P<0.05) and lower LDL cholesterol (P<0.05), taking into account sociodemographic variables, physical activity levels and total energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that cereal consumption is associated with markers of cardiovascular risk and that childhood patterns of consumption may influence the development of risk factors later in adolescence.
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Mullan BA, Singh M. A systematic review of the quality, content, and context of breakfast consumption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/00346651011015953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Gorely T. Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Appetite 2009; 52:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rampersaud GC. Benefits of Breakfast for Children and Adolescents: Update and Recommendations for Practitioners. Am J Lifestyle Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827608327219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies report health benefits for children and adolescents who consume breakfast. Breakfast skipping is fairly common in children and adolescents and increases as children age. Breakfast can enhance children's diets by positively contributing to daily nutrient intake, augmenting intake of key nutrients such as fiber and calcium, and provides an opportunity to help meet the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Breakfast also is associated with more healthful food choices. Cross-sectional studies support that eating breakfast more often may help children and adolescents maintain a healthful weight. However, the results from longitudinal studies are inconclusive and suggest that more research is needed to clarify this relationship, including understanding the mediating effects of initial weight status, dieting behavior, and physical activity levels. Breakfast consumption may provide some benefit toward cognitive function and academic achievement, but more research is needed. Breakfast is one facet of a healthy lifestyle that may help contribute to the short- and long-term health and well-being of children and adolescents. Health practitioners can promote healthy breakfast consumption in children and adolescents by addressing barriers to eating breakfast and focusing on individuals who may be more likely to skip breakfast on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail C. Rampersaud
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville,
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Dialektakou KD, Vranas PBM. Breakfast skipping and body mass index among adolescents in Greece: whether an association exists depends on how breakfast skipping is defined. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:1517-25. [PMID: 18755326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.06.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found an association between breakfast skipping and either body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)) or overweight/obesity among adolescents, but several studies have found no association. This cross-sectional study investigated the hypothesis that this discrepancy is partly due to three differences in methodology. First, some studies have examined BMI, but other studies have examined overweight/obesity. Second, some studies have controlled for potential confounders, but other studies have not. Third, different studies have used different definitions of breakfast skipping. This study examined both the relationship between breakfast skipping and BMI and the relationship between breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity, compared unadjusted results with results adjusted for potential confounders, and compared results for 24 definitions of breakfast skipping. The sample consisted of 811 students at high schools in Piraeus, Greece, who completed a questionnaire and had their height and weight measured. The results supported this hypothesis. First, fewer breakfast-skipping variables were associated with BMI than with overweight/obesity. Second, fewer associations were found when controlling than when not controlling for potential confounders. Third, fewer associations were found for variables corresponding to some definitions of breakfast skipping than for variables corresponding to other definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranni D Dialektakou
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Sitia, Greece
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