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Dai Y, Xu X, Huo X, Faas MM. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on pregnancy, placenta, and placental trophoblasts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115314. [PMID: 37536008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, endocrine-toxic, and immunotoxic. PAHs can be found in maternal and fetal blood and in the placenta during pregnancy. They may thus affect placental and fetal development. Therefore, the exposure levels and toxic effects of PAHs in the placenta deserve further study and discussion. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of PAHs and their metabolites on pregnancy and birth outcomes and on placental trophoblast cells. A growing number of epidemiological studies detected PAH-DNA adducts as well as the 16 high-priority PAHs in the human placenta and showed that placental PAH exposure is associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Trophoblasts are important cells in the placenta and are involved in placental development and function. In vitro studies have shown that exposure to either PAH mixtures, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) or BaP metabolite benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) affected trophoblast cell viability, differentiation, migration, and invasion through various signaling pathways. Furthermore, similar effects of BPDE on trophoblast cells could also be observed in BaP-treated mouse models and were related to miscarriage. Although the current data show that PAHs may affect placental trophoblast cells and pregnancy outcomes, further studies (population studies, in vitro studies, and animal studies) are necessary to show the specific effects of different PAHs on placental trophoblasts and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Dai
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Dusza HM, Manz KE, Pennell KD, Kanda R, Legler J. Identification of known and novel nonpolar endocrine disruptors in human amniotic fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106904. [PMID: 34607043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) may contribute to endocrine-related diseases and disorders later in life. Nevertheless, data on in utero exposure to these compounds are still scarce. OBJECTIVES We investigated a wide range of known and novel nonpolar EDCs in full-term human amniotic fluid (AF), a representative matrix of direct fetal exposure. METHODS Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) was used for the targeted and non-targeted analysis of chemicals present in nonpolar AF fractions with dioxin-like, (anti-)androgenic, and (anti-)estrogenic activity. The contribution of detected EDCs to the observed activity was determined based on their relative potencies. The multitude of features detected by non-targeted analysis was tentatively identified through spectra matching and data filtering, and further investigated using curated and freely available sources to predict endocrine activity. Prioritized suspects were purchased and their presence in AF was chemically and biologically confirmed with GC-HRMS and bioassay analysis. RESULTS Targeted analysis revealed 42 known EDCs in AF including dioxins and furans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Only 30% of dioxin activity and <1% estrogenic and (anti-)androgenic activity was explained by the detected compounds. Non-targeted analysis revealed 14,110 features of which 3,243 matched with library spectra. Our data filtering strategy tentatively identified 121 compounds. Further data mining and in silico predictions revealed in total 69 suspected EDCs. We selected 14 chemicals for confirmation, of which 12 were biologically active and 9 were chemically confirmed in AF, including the plasticizer diphenyl isophthalate and industrial chemical p,p'-ditolylamine. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the presence of a wide variety of nonpolar EDCs in direct fetal environment and for the first time identifies novel EDCs in human AF. Further assessment of the source and extent of human fetal exposure to these compounds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Dusza
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Rakesh Kanda
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette Legler
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Peng M, Lu S, Yu Y, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li C, Ma S. Urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primiparas from Shenzhen, South China: Levels, risk factors, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113854. [PMID: 31918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 77 primiparas who live in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and their association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human health risks. High detection frequencies of OH-PAHs demonstrated the wide occurrence of chemicals in the human exposure to PAHs. The urinary concentrations of Σ7OH-PAHs ranged from 1.37 to 45.5 ng/mL, and the median concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydoxyfluorene (2-OHF), ΣOHPhe (the sum of 1-, 2+ 3-hydroxyphenanthrene), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were 3.00, 2.58, 0.31, 0.44, and 0.51 ng/mL, respectively. In the sum concentration of seven OH-PAHs, 1-OHN accounted for the largest proportion (43.7% of Σ7OH-PAHs), followed by 2-OHN (37.1%), 2-OHF (4.94%), 1-OHP (8.01%), 1-OHPhe (4.79%), and 2+3-OHPhe (1.46%). The present results showed that vehicle exhaust and petrochemical emission are the main sources of PAHs in primiparas in Shenzhen, and inhalation is the most important exposure route. The living conditions have a significant influence on human exposure to PAHs. The concentrations of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with OH-PAH concentrations in urine because evidence suggested that urinary 8-OHdG levels can be considered as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Hazard quotient was used to assess the human health risks from exposure to single compound, and hazard index was used to assess the cumulative risks of the compounds, which demonstrated that the exposure risks from PAHs in primiparas were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Langlois PH, Hoyt AT, Desrosiers TA, Lupo PJ, Lawson CC, Waters MA, Rocheleau CM, Shaw GM, Romitti PA, Gilboa SM, Malik S. Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and small for gestational age offspring. Occup Environ Med 2014; 71:529-35. [PMID: 24893704 PMCID: PMC4497781 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While some of the highest maternal exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur in the workplace, there is only one previous study of occupational PAH exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We sought to extend this literature using interview data combined with detailed exposure assessment. METHODS Data for 1997-2002 were analysed from mothers of infants without major birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based case-control study in the USA. Maternal telephone interviews yielded information on jobs held in the month before conception through delivery. From 6252 eligible control mothers, 2803 completed the interview, had a job, met other selection criteria, and were included in the analysis. Two industrial hygienists independently assessed occupational exposure to PAHs from the interview and reviewed results with a third to reach consensus. Small for gestational age (SGA) was the only adverse pregnancy outcome with enough exposed cases to yield meaningful results. Logistic regression estimated crude and adjusted ORs. RESULTS Of the 2803 mothers, 221 (7.9%) had infants who were SGA. Occupational PAH exposure was found for 17 (7.7%) of the mothers with SGA offspring and 102 (4.0%) of the remaining mothers. Almost half the jobs with exposure were related to food preparation and serving. After adjustment for maternal age, there was a significant association of occupational exposure with SGA (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8). CONCLUSIONS Maternal occupational exposure to PAHs was found to be associated with increased risk of SGA offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Langlois
- Texas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Adrienne T Hoyt
- Texas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tania A Desrosiers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina C Lawson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martha A Waters
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carissa M Rocheleau
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Suzanne M Gilboa
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sadia Malik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Guo Y, Senthilkumar K, Alomirah H, Moon HB, Minh TB, Mohd MA, Nakata H, Kannan K. Concentrations and profiles of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs) in several Asian countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2932-8. [PMID: 23409981 DOI: 10.1021/es3052262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 12 hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were determined in 306 urine samples collected from seven Asian countries (China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam) by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The total concentrations of OH-PAHs found in the seven Asian countries were in the following increasing order: Malaysia (median: 2260 pg/mL) < Japan (4030 pg/mL) < China (5770 pg/mL) < India (6750 pg/mL) < Vietnam (8560 pg/mL) < Korea (9340 pg/mL) < Kuwait (10170 pg/mL). The measured urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) in samples from Malaysia, Korea, and Japan (∼ 100 pg/mL) were similar to those reported for North America and Western Europe. The concentrations of 1-PYR in urine samples from China, India, and Vietnam were 4-10 times higher than those reported for other countries, thus far. Among the 12 OH-PAH compounds analyzed, hydroxynaphthalene (NAP: sum of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene) was the dominant compound (accounting for 60-90% of total OH-PAHs), followed by hydroxyphenanthrene (PHEN: sum of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-16%]), 2-hydroxyfluorene (3-20%), and 1-PYR (2-8%). The total daily intakes (DIs) of PAHs were estimated based on the urinary concentrations of their metabolites. The DIs of naphthalene were found to be higher for populations in Korea, Kuwait, and Vietnam (> 10 μg/day) than those of the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day). The DIs of phenanthrene and pyrene (> 10 μg/day) in the populations of China, India, and Vietnam were higher than those estimated for the populations in the other countries studied (∼ 5 μg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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Nagy AS, Szabó J, Vass I. Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of the Raba River, Hungary. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:1190-1200. [PMID: 23647110 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.776455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration level and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water of the Raba River; the largest Danube tributary in Hungary. A total of 54 water samples were collected in the period of 2008-2011 and analysed for PAHs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The total PAH concentrations (sum of the concentrations of 17 individual PAH compounds) ranged from 41 to 437 ng/L with the mean value of 111 ± 69.4 ng/L. Phenanthrene and naphthalene were the dominant species in the surface water. Using TEF approaches on the mean concentration PAH data, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[ah]anthracene contributed the highest carcinogenic exposure equivalent. A selected number of concentration ratios of specific PAH compounds were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contamination. The ratios reflected a pattern of pyrogenic input as a major source of PAHs. The comparison of the total PAH concentrations observed for Raba River with other surface waters of the world confirmed that the Raba River could not be regarded as a contaminated river according to the levels of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szabó Nagy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary.
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Onchoke KK, Dutta PK, Parks ME, Martinez MN. Vibrational and electronic spectra of 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyren-7(8H)-one and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene: an experimental and computational study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 81:162-171. [PMID: 21737341 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The molecular geometries, vibrational and UV-vis spectra of 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene-7(8H)-one (9,10-H(2)BaP) and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (7,8,9,10-H(4)BaP) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT-B3LYP), with the triple-ζ 6-311+G(d,p) and Dunning's cc-pVTZ basis sets. From the comparison of infrared experimental and calculated infrared, and Raman data comprehensive assignments are made. The calculated infrared frequencies below 1800 cm(-1) are in good agreement with experimental data, with an average deviation of <4 cm(-1). Using the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//TD-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, transition energies, and oscillator strengths of the 30 lowest electronic absorption bands are assigned to π-π* transitions, with good qualitative agreement between experimental and simulated absorption data. In addition, the HOMO-LUMO gaps and their chemical hardness were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefa K Onchoke
- Department of Chemistry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Box 3006-SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX 75962-3006, USA.
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