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Bellamri M, Yao L, Tomar R, Vartanian V, Rizzo CJ, Stone MP, Groopman JD, Lloyd RS, Turesky RJ. Mass Spectrometry-Based Method to Measure Aflatoxin B 1 DNA Adducts in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:633-642. [PMID: 38498000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent human liver carcinogen produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which contaminate peanuts, corn, rice, cottonseed, and ground and tree nuts, principally in warm and humid climates. AFB1 undergoes bioactivation in the liver to produce AFB1-exo-8,9-epoxide, which forms the covalently bound cationic AFB1-N7-guanine (AFB1-N7-Gua) DNA adduct. This adduct is unstable and undergoes base-catalyzed opening of the guanine imidazolium ring to form two ring-opened diastereomeric 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1 (AFB1-FapyGua) adducts. The AFB1 formamidopyrimidine (Fapy) adducts induce G → T transversion mutations and are likely responsible for the carcinogenic effects of AFB1. Quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods have shown that AFB1-N7-Gua is eliminated in rodent and human urine, whereas ring-opened AFB1-FapyGua adducts persist in rodent liver. However, fresh frozen biopsy tissues are seldom available for biomonitoring AFB1 DNA adducts in humans, impeding research advances in this potent liver carcinogen. In contrast, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens used for histopathological analysis are often accessible for molecular studies. However, ensuring nucleic acid quality presents a challenge due to incomplete reversal of formalin-mediated DNA cross-links, which can preclude accurate quantitative measurements of DNA adducts. In this study, employing ion trap or high-resolution accurate Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that ring-opened AFB1-FapyGua adducts formed in AFB1-exposed newborn mice are stable to the formalin fixation and DNA de-cross-linking retrieval processes. The AFB1-FapyGua adducts can be detected at levels comparable to those in a match of fresh frozen liver. Orbitrap MS2 measurements can detect AFB1-FapyGua at a quantification limit of 4.0 adducts per 108 bases when only 0.8 μg of DNA is assayed on the column. Thus, our breakthrough DNA retrieval technology can be adapted to screen for AFB1 DNA adducts in FFPE human liver specimens from cohorts at risk of this potent liver carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachana Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Vladimir Vartanian
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Carmelo J Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Wu H, Zhang Y, Xu H, Xu B, Chen J, Guo L, Liu Q, Xie J. Urinary Profile of Alkylated DNA Adducts and DNA Oxidative Damage in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Rats Revealed by Mass Spectrometry Quantification. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1495-1502. [PMID: 37625021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation reagents, represented by sulfur mustard (SM), can damage DNA molecules directly as well as lead to oxidative stress, causing DNA lesions indirectly. Correspondingly, two types of biomarkers including alkylated DNA adducts and oxidative DNA adducts are commonly involved in the research of DNA damage evaluation caused by these agents. However, the correlations and differences of the occurrence, duration, severity, and traceability between alkylation and oxidation lesions on the DNA molecular level reflected by these two types of biomarkers have not been systematically studied. A simultaneous determination method for four alkylated DNA adducts, i.e., N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)2'-guanine (N7-HETEG), O6-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-guanine (O6-HETEG), N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-adenine (N3-HETEA), and bis(2-ethyl-N7-guanine)thioether (Bis-G), and the oxidative adduct 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in urine samples by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-MS/MS) was built with a lower limit of detection of 0.02 ng/mL (except Bis-G, 0.05 ng/mL) and a recovery of 79-111%. The profile of these adducts was simultaneously monitored in urine samples after SD rats' dermal exposure to SM in three dose levels (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg). The time-effect and dose-effect experiments revealed that when exposed to SM, DNA alkylation lesions would happen earlier than those of oxidation. For the two types of biomarkers, alkylated DNA adducts showed an obvious dose-effect relationship and could be used as internal exposure dose and effect biomarkers, while 8-OH-dG did not show a correlation with exposure dose, demonstrating that it was more suitable as a biomarker for DNA oxidative lesions but not an indicator for the extent of cytotoxicity and internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Zhu L, Jia W, Wan X, Zhuang P, Ma G, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Advancing metabolic networks and mapping updated urinary metabolic fingerprints after exposure to typical carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120936. [PMID: 36572270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) were not only present in cooked foods and cigarette smoke, but also measured in airborne particles and diesel-exhaust particles. Typical HAAs have been reported to induce carcinogenicity and metabolic disturbances, but how these hazardous compounds interfere with metabolic networks by regulating metabolic pathways and fingerprinting signature metabolites as biomarkers remains ambiguous. We developed an advanced strategy that adopted chemical isotope labeling ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for urinary nontargeted metabolomics analysis to gain new insight into in vivo physiological responses stimulated by exposure to typical HAAs. Rats were orally administered with a single dose of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) or 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) (1 and 10 mg/kg bw) and their D3-isotopic compounds, respectively, and urine samples were then continuously collected within 36 h. Metabolomics data were acquired and processed by classical multivariate statistical analysis, while urinary metabolites were further identified and characterized according to mass spectrometric fragmentation rules, time- and dose-dependent profiles, and calibration of synthesized standards. We monitored 23 and 37 urinary metabolites as the biotransformation products of PhIP and MeIQx, respectively, and first identified demethylated metabolites of PhIP, tentatively named 2-amino-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and dihydroxylation products of classical HAAs as short-term biomarkers of exposure to further unravel the metabolic networks. In addition, our findings revealed that both HAAs significantly disturb histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc. Furthermore, we found that histamine, methionine, alanine, and 4-guanidinobutanoic acid could be considered potential characteristic biomarkers for the oncogenicity or carcinogenicity of both PhIP and MeIQx and screened their specific key pivotal metabolites. The current metabolomics approach is applicable in mapping updated urinary metabolic fingerprints and identifying potential specific biomarkers for HAAs-induced early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guicen Ma
- Tea Quality and Supervision Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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The role of endogenous versus exogenous sources in the exposome of putative genotoxins and consequences for risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1297-1352. [PMID: 35249149 PMCID: PMC9013691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe “totality” of the human exposure is conceived to encompass life-associated endogenous and exogenous aggregate exposures. Process-related contaminants (PRCs) are not only formed in foods by heat processing, but also occur endogenously in the organism as physiological components of energy metabolism, potentially also generated by the human microbiome. To arrive at a comprehensive risk assessment, it is necessary to understand the contribution of in vivo background occurrence as compared to the ingestion from exogenous sources. Hence, this review provides an overview of the knowledge on the contribution of endogenous exposure to the overall exposure to putative genotoxic food contaminants, namely ethanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylamide, acrolein, α,β-unsaturated alkenals, glycation compounds, N-nitroso compounds, ethylene oxide, furans, 2- and 3-MCPD, and glycidyl esters. The evidence discussed herein allows to conclude that endogenous formation of some contaminants appears to contribute substantially to the exposome. This is of critical importance for risk assessment in the cases where endogenous exposure is suspected to outweigh the exogenous one (e.g. formaldehyde and acrolein).
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Behl T, Rachamalla M, Najda A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Chigurupati S, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Hobani YH, Mohan S, Goyal A, Katyal T, Solarska E, Bungau S. Applications of Adductomics in Chemically Induced Adverse Outcomes and Major Emphasis on DNA Adductomics: A Pathbreaking Tool in Biomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10141. [PMID: 34576304 PMCID: PMC8467560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adductomics novel and emerging discipline in the toxicological research emphasizes on adducts formed by reactive chemical agents with biological molecules in living organisms. Development in analytical methods propelled the application and utility of adductomics in interdisciplinary sciences. This review endeavors to add a new dimension where comprehensive insights into diverse applications of adductomics in addressing some of society's pressing challenges are provided. Also focuses on diverse applications of adductomics include: forecasting risk of chronic diseases triggered by reactive agents and predicting carcinogenesis induced by tobacco smoking; assessing chemical agents' toxicity and supplementing genotoxicity studies; designing personalized medication and precision treatment in cancer chemotherapy; appraising environmental quality or extent of pollution using biological systems; crafting tools and techniques for diagnosis of diseases and detecting food contaminants; furnishing exposure profile of the individual to electrophiles; and assisting regulatory agencies in risk assessment of reactive chemical agents. Characterizing adducts that are present in extremely low concentrations is an exigent task and more over absence of dedicated database to identify adducts is further exacerbating the problem of adduct diagnosis. In addition, there is scope of improvement in sample preparation methods and data processing software and algorithms for accurate assessment of adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada;
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; (T.B.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Centro Latinoamericano de Enseñanza e Investigación en Bacteriología Alimentaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru;
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Yahya Hasan Hobani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amit Goyal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, India;
| | - Taruna Katyal
- RBMCH Division, ICMR Head Quarters, Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Ewa Solarska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna Street, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Le Marchand L. The role of heterocyclic aromatic amines in colorectal cancer: the evidence from epidemiologic studies. Genes Environ 2021; 43:20. [PMID: 34099058 PMCID: PMC8183058 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Dr. Sugimura’s discovery of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) in broiled fish, many epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate their role in human cancers, often focusing on colorectal cancer. The difficulty in measuring HAA exposure from meat and fish intake in these studies has resulted in inconsistent findings. Because studying individuals who may be particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of HAA might facilitate the demonstration of a link with cancer, multiple studies have focused on individuals with the high activity phenotype for CYP1A2 and/or NAT2, the two main metabolic enzymes involved in the bioactivation of HAA. These investigations have also yielded inconsistent results. Two recent large pooled analyses of colorectal cancer studies have helped clarify the overall evidence. One was conducted in whites and reported no interaction of red meat intake and NAT2 genotype on risk in Whites. The other was conducted in Japanese and African Americans, two populations with high rates of the disease and a prevalence of the at-risk rapid NAT2 phenotype 10- and 2-fold greater than in whites, respectively. In those groups, a significant interaction was found, with the association of red meat with colorectal cancer being strongest among individuals with the rapid NAT2 phenotype, intermediate among those with the intermediate phenotype and not significant among those with the slow NAT2 phenotype. Recent research on biomarkers has focused on PhIP hair content, as a marker of exposure to HAA, and on DNA adducts using new sensitive quantitative methods, as markers of early biological effects. These advances, when brought to bear, may contribute greatly to the further elucidation of the carcinogenicity of HAA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 9681, USA.
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7
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A weight of evidence assessment of the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine based on existing and new data, with relevance to safety of lidocaine exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 119:104838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Suvorov A, Salemme V, McGaunn J, Poluyanoff A, Teffera M, Amir S. Unbiased approach for the identification of molecular mechanisms sensitive to chemical exposures. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128362. [PMID: 33182146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeted methods that dominated toxicological research until recently did not allow for screening of all molecular changes involved in toxic response. Therefore, it is difficult to infer if all major mechanisms of toxicity have already been discovered, or if some of them are still overlooked. We used data on 591,084 unique chemical-gene interactions to identify genes and molecular pathways most sensitive to chemical exposures. The list of identified pathways did not change significantly when analyses were done on different subsets of data with non-overlapping lists of chemical compounds indicative that our dataset is saturated enough to provide unbiased results. One of the most important findings of this study is that almost every known molecular mechanism may be affected by chemical exposures. Predictably, xenobiotic metabolism pathways, and mechanisms of cellular response to stress and damage were among the most sensitive. Additionally, we identified highly sensitive molecular pathways, which are not widely recognized as major targets of toxicants, including lipid metabolism pathways, longevity regulation cascade, and cytokine-mediated signaling. These mechanisms are relevant to significant public health problems, such as aging, cancer, metabolic and autoimmune disease. Thus, public health field will benefit from future focus of toxicological research on identified sensitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Victoria Salemme
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Joseph McGaunn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Anthony Poluyanoff
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Menna Teffera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Saira Amir
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Current Affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
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Cohen SM, Zhongyu Y, Bus JS. Relevance of mouse lung tumors to human risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:214-241. [PMID: 32452303 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1763879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mouse lung is a common site for chemical tumorigenicity, but the relevance to human risk remains debated. Long-term bioassays need to be assessed for appropriateness of the dose, neither exceeding Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) nor Kinetically based Maximum Dose (KMD). An example of the KMD issue is 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), which only produced an increased incidence of lung tumors at a dose exceeding the KMD. In addition, since mouse lung tumors are common (>1% incidence), the appropriate statistical significance is p < .01. Numerous differences exist for mouse lung and tumors compared to humans, including anatomy, respiratory rate, metabolism, tumor histogenesis, and metastatic frequency. The recent demonstration of the critical role of mouse lung specific Cyp2 F2 metabolism in mouse lung carcinogenicity including styrene or fluensulfone indicates that this tumor response is not qualitatively or quantitatively relevant to humans. For non-DNA reactive and non-mutagenic carcinogens, the mode of action involves direct mitogenicity such as for isoniazid, styrene, fluensulfone, permethrin or cytotoxicity with regeneration such as for naphthalene. However, the possibility of mixed mitogenic and cytotoxic modes of action cannot always be excluded. The numerous differences between mouse and human, combined with epidemiologic evidence of no increased cancer risk for several of these chemicals make the relevance of mouse lung tumors for human cancer risk dubious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
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10
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Yun BH, Guo J, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. DNA adducts: Formation, biological effects, and new biospecimens for mass spectrometric measurements in humans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:55-82. [PMID: 29889312 PMCID: PMC6289887 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals in the environment and diet or their electrophilic metabolites can form adducts with genomic DNA, which can lead to mutations and the initiation of cancer. In addition, reactive intermediates can be generated in the body through oxidative stress and damage the genome. The identification and measurement of DNA adducts are required for understanding exposure and the causal role of a genotoxic chemical in cancer risk. Over the past three decades, 32 P-postlabeling, immunoassays, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods have been established to assess exposures to chemicals through measurements of DNA adducts. It is now possible to measure some DNA adducts in human biopsy samples, by LC/MS, with as little as several milligrams of tissue. In this review article, we highlight the formation and biological effects of DNA adducts, and highlight our advances in human biomonitoring by mass spectrometric analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, untapped biospecimens for carcinogen DNA adduct biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
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12
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Klapacz J, Gollapudi BB. Considerations for the Use of Mutation as a Regulatory Endpoint in Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:84-93. [PMID: 31301246 DOI: 10.1002/em.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of a chemical's potential to cause permanent changes in the genetic code has been a common practice in the industry and regulatory settings for decades. Furthermore, the genetic toxicity battery of tests has typically been employed during the earliest stages of the research and development programs of new product development. A positive outcome from such battery has a major impact on the chemical's utility, industrial hygiene, product stewardship practices, and product life cycle analysis, among many other decisions that need to be taken by the industry, even before the registration of a chemical is undertaken. Under the prevailing regulatory paradigm, the dichotomous (yes/no) evaluation of the chemical's genotoxic potential leads to a conservative, linear no-threshold (LNT) risk assessment, unless compelling and undeniable data to the contrary can be provided to satisfy regulators, typically in a number of different global jurisdictions. With the current advent of predictive methods, new testing paradigms, mode-of-action/adverse outcome pathways, and quantitative risk assessment approaches, various stakeholders are starting to employ these state-of-the-science methodologies to further the conversation on decision making and advance the regulatory paradigm beyond the dominant LNT status quo. This commentary describes these novel methodologies, relevant biological responses, and how these can affect internal and regulatory risk assessment approaches. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:84-93, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klapacz
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
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13
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Walmsley SJ, Guo J, Wang J, Villalta PW, Turesky RJ. Methods and Challenges for Computational Data Analysis for DNA Adductomics. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2156-2168. [PMID: 31549505 PMCID: PMC7127864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Frequent exposure to chemicals in the environment, diet, and endogenous electrophiles leads to chemical modification of DNA and the formation of DNA adducts. Some DNA adducts can induce mutations during cell division and, when occurring in critical regions of the genome, can lead to the onset of disease, including cancer. The targeted analysis of DNA adducts over the past 30 years has revealed that the human genome contains many types of DNA damages. However, a long-standing limitation in conducting DNA adduct measurements has been the inability to screen for the total complement of DNA adducts derived from a wide range of chemicals in a single assay. With the advancement of high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation and new scanning technologies, nontargeted "omics" approaches employing data-dependent acquisition and data-independent acquisition methods have been established to simultaneously screen for multiple DNA adducts, a technique known as DNA adductomics. However, notable challenges in data processing must be overcome for DNA adductomics to become a mature technology. DNA adducts occur at low abundance in humans, and current softwares do not reliably detect them when using common MS data acquisition methods. In this perspective, we discuss contemporary computational tools developed for feature finding of MS data widely utilized in the disciplines of proteomics and metabolomics and highlight their limitations for conducting nontargeted DNA-adduct biomarker discovery. Improvements to existing MS data processing software and new algorithms for adduct detection are needed to develop DNA adductomics into a powerful tool for the nontargeted identification of potential cancer-causing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Tang Y, Zhang JL. Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:31-55. [PMID: 31573133 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of DNA adducts by genotoxic agents is an early event in cancer development, and it may lead to gene mutations, thereby initiating tumor development. The measurement of DNA adducts can provide critical information about the genotoxic potential of a chemical and its mechanism of carcinogenesis. In recent decades, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has become the most important technique for analyzing DNA adducts. The improvements in resolution achievable with new chromatographic separation techniques coupled with the high specificity and sensitivity and wide dynamic range of new mass spectrometry systems have been used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of DNA adducts. This review discusses the challenges in qualitative and quantitative analyses of DNA adducts by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and highlights recent developments towards overcoming the limitations of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methods. The key steps and new solutions, such as sample preparation, mass spectrometry fragmentation, and method validation, are summarized. In addition, the fundamental principles and latest advances in DNA adductomic approaches are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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15
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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16
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Mechanistic integration of exposure and effects: advances to apply systems toxicology in support of regulatory decision-making. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Moore MM, Pottenger LH, House‐Knight T. Critical review of styrene genotoxicity focused on the mutagenicity/clastogenicity literature and using current organization of economic cooperation and development guidance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:624-663. [PMID: 30786062 PMCID: PMC6767453 DOI: 10.1002/em.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Styrene is an important high production volume chemical used to manufacture polymeric products. In 2018, International Agency for Research on Cancer classified styrene as probably carcinogenic to humans; National Toxicology Program lists styrene as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. The genotoxicity literature for styrene and its primary metabolite, styrene 7,8-oxide (SO), begins in the 1970s. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently updated most genotoxicity test guidelines, making substantial new recommendations for assay conduct and data evaluation for the standard mutagenicity/clastogenicity assays. Thus, a critical review of the in vitro and in vivo rodent mutagenicity/clastogenicity studies for styrene and SO, based on the latest OECD recommendations, is timely. This critical review considered whether a study was optimally designed, conducted, and interpreted and provides a critical assessment of the evidence for the mutagenicity/clastogenicity of styrene/SO. Information on the ability of styrene/SO to induce other types of genotoxicity endpoints is summarized but not critically reviewed. We conclude that when styrene is metabolized to SO, it can form DNA adducts, and positive in vitro mutagenicity/clastogenicity results can be obtained. SO is mutagenic in bacteria and the in vitro mouse lymphoma gene mutation assay. No rodent in vivo mutation studies were identified. SO is clastogenic in cultured mammalian cells. Although the in vitro assays gave positive responses, styrene/SO is not clastogenic/aneugenic in vivo in rodents. In addition to providing updated information for styrene, this review demonstrates the application of the new OECD guidelines for chemicals with large genetic toxicology databases where published results may or may not be reliable. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Moore
- Ramboll124 West Capitol Avenue, Suite 1605, Little RockArkansas
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18
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Bellamri M, Wang Y, Yonemori K, White KK, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring an albumin adduct of the cooked meat carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in humans. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1455-1462. [PMID: 30247550 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is formed in cooked meats and may be linked to dietary-associated colorectal, prostate and mammary cancers. Genotoxic N-oxidized metabolites of PhIP react with the Cys34 of albumin (Alb) to form a sulfinamide adduct, a biomarker of the biologically effective dose. We examined the kinetics of PhIP-Alb adduct formation in plasma of volunteers on a 4-week semicontrolled diet of cooked meat containing known quantities of PhIP. The adduct was below the limit of detection (LOD) (10 femtograms PhIP/mg Alb) in most subjects before the meat feeding but increased by up to 560-fold at week 4 in subjects who ate meat containing 8.0 to 11.7 μg of PhIP per 150-200 g serving. In contrast, the adduct remained below the LOD in subjects who ingested 1.2 or 3.0 μg PhIP per serving. Correlations were not seen between PhIP-Alb adduct levels and PhIP intake levels (P = 0.76), the amount of PhIP accrued in hair (P = 0.13), the amounts of N-oxidized urinary metabolites of PhIP (P = 0.66) or caffeine CYP1A2 activity (P = 0.55), a key enzyme involved in the bioactivation of PhIP. The half-life of the PhIP-Alb adduct was <2 weeks, signifying that the adduct was not stable. PhIP-Alb adduct formation is direct evidence of bioactivation of PhIP in vivo. However, the PhIP hair biomarker is a longer lived and more sensitive biomarker to assess exposure to this potential human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical Science Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kim Yonemori
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kami K White
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Wang H, Li X, Zhao G, Xu L, Wang S, Nie M, Hua C, Shang P, Pan L, Zhao J, Qiao L, Liu K, Hu K, Su J, Cai J, Xie F. Analysis of methyl DNA adducts and metabolites in BEAS-2B cells induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:499-510. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangtao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Nie
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lining Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiakun Su
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Jibao Cai
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Emerging Technologies in Mass Spectrometry-Based DNA Adductomics. High Throughput 2019; 8:ht8020013. [PMID: 31091740 PMCID: PMC6630665 DOI: 10.3390/ht8020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of DNA adducts, the covalent modifications of DNA upon the exposure to the environmental and dietary genotoxicants and endogenously produced electrophiles, provides molecular evidence for DNA damage. With the recent improvements in the sensitivity and scanning speed of mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation, particularly high-resolution MS, it is now feasible to screen for the totality of DNA damage in the human genome through DNA adductomics approaches. Several MS platforms have been used in DNA adductomic analysis, each of which has its strengths and limitations. The loss of 2′-deoxyribose from the modified nucleoside upon collision-induced dissociation is the main transition feature utilized in the screening of DNA adducts. Several advanced data-dependent and data-independent scanning techniques originated from proteomics and metabolomics have been tailored for DNA adductomics. The field of DNA adductomics is an emerging technology in human exposure assessment. As the analytical technology matures and bioinformatics tools become available for analysis of the MS data, DNA adductomics can advance our understanding about the role of chemical exposures in DNA damage and disease risk.
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21
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Kobets T, Iatropoulos MJ, Williams GM. Mechanisms of DNA-reactive and epigenetic chemical carcinogens: applications to carcinogenicity testing and risk assessment. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:123-145. [PMID: 30997017 PMCID: PMC6417487 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals with carcinogenic activity in either animals or humans produce increases in neoplasia through diverse mechanisms. One mechanism is reaction with nuclear DNA. Other mechanisms consist of epigenetic effects involving either modifications of regulatory macromolecules or perturbation of cellular regulatory processes. The basis for distinguishing between carcinogens that have either DNA reactivity or an epigenetic activity as their primary mechanism of action is detailed in this review. In addition, important applications of information on these mechanisms of action to carcinogenicity testing and human risk assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology , New York Medical College , Valhalla , NY 10595 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 914-594-3105
| | - Michael J Iatropoulos
- Department of Pathology , New York Medical College , Valhalla , NY 10595 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 914-594-3105
| | - Gary M Williams
- Department of Pathology , New York Medical College , Valhalla , NY 10595 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1 914-594-3105
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22
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Pottenger LH, Boysen G, Brown K, Cadet J, Fuchs RP, Johnson GE, Swenberg JA. Understanding the importance of low-molecular weight (ethylene oxide- and propylene oxide-induced) DNA adducts and mutations in risk assessment: Insights from 15 years of research and collaborative discussions. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:100-121. [PMID: 30536466 PMCID: PMC6590209 DOI: 10.1002/em.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation and significance of DNA adduct data, their causal relationship to mutations, and their role in risk assessment have been debated for many years. An extended effort to identify key questions and collect relevant data to address them was focused on the ubiquitous low MW N7-alkyl/hydroxyalkylguanine adducts. Several academic, governmental, and industrial laboratories collaborated to gather new data aimed at better understanding the role and potential impact of these adducts in quantifiable genotoxic events (gene mutations/micronucleus). This review summarizes and evaluates the status of dose-response data for DNA adducts and mutations from recent experimental work with standard mutagenic agents and ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and the importance for risk assessment. This body of evidence demonstrates that small N7-alkyl/hydroxyalkylguanine adducts are not pro-mutagenic and, therefore, adduct formation alone is not adequate evidence to support a mutagenic mode of action. Quantitative methods for dose-response analysis and derivation of thresholds, benchmark dose (BMD), or other points-of-departure (POD) for genotoxic events are now available. Integration of such analyses of genetox data is necessary to properly assess any role for DNA adducts in risk assessment. Regulatory acceptance and application of these insights remain key challenges that only the regulatory community can address by applying the many learnings from recent research. The necessary tools, such as BMDs and PODs, and the example datasets, are now available and sufficiently mature for use by the regulatory community. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 100-121, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Pottenger
- Olin Corporation/Blue Cube Operations, LLC, retired, LHP TOX CONSULT, LLCMidlandMIUSA
| | - G. Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and The Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - K. Brown
- Leicester Cancer Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - J. Cadet
- Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA‐GrenobleGrenobleFrance
- Université de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - R. P. Fuchs
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068Marseille, 13009France
- CNRS, UMR7258Marseille, 13009France
- Institut Paoli‐CalmettesMarseille, 13009France
- Aix‐Marseille UniversityUM 105, 13284, MarseilleFrance
| | - G. E. Johnson
- Swansea University, Institute of Life SciencesSwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - J. A. Swenberg
- University of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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23
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Turesky RJ. Mechanistic Evidence for Red Meat and Processed Meat Intake and Cancer Risk: A Follow-up on the International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluation of 2015. Chimia (Aarau) 2018; 72:718-724. [PMID: 30376922 PMCID: PMC6294997 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2018.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Working Group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the consumption of processed meat as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), and classified red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A); consumption of both meat types is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. These classifications are based on a compilation of epidemiology data and mechanistic evidence from animal and human studies. The curing of meats with nitrite can produce carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), and the smoking of meat produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The high-temperature cooking of meat also produces carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). The ingestion of heme from meat can catalyze the formation of NOCs and lipid peroxidation products (LPOs) in the digestive tract. Many of these chemicals form DNA adducts, some of which can induce mutations and initiate carcinogenesis. Another recent hypothesis is that N-glycolylneuraminic acid, a non-human sialic acid sugar present in red meat, becomes incorporated in the cell membrane, triggering the immune response with associated inflammation and reactive oxygen species, which can contribute to DNA damage, tumor promotion, and cancer. The mechanisms by which these chemicals in meat induce DNA damage, and the impact of dietary and host factors that influence the biological potency of these chemicals are highlighted in this updated report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center Department of Medicinal Chemistry College of Pharmacy, University of Minnestoa 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA;,
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24
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Kang DS, Yang JH, Kim HS, Koo BK, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Jung JH, Seo YR. Application of the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework to Risk Assessment for Predicting Carcinogenicity of Chemicals. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:126-133. [PMID: 30370257 PMCID: PMC6197844 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As industry develops in modern society, many chemicals are being used. The safety of chemicals is an important issue because humans are constantly exposed to chemicals throughout their daily life. Through a risk assessment, the hazardous human effects of chemicals can be identified. Recently, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework has been used to predict the adverse effects of chemicals. As a conceptual framework for organizing existing biological knowledge, the AOP consists of a molecular initiating event, key events, and an adverse outcome. These independent elements represent biological responses and are connected by key event relationships. This AOP framework provides intuitive hazard identification that can be helpful for carcinogenic risk assessment of chemicals. In this review, we introduce the application of the AOP framework to risk assessment for predicting carcinogenicity of chemicals and illustrate the utility of this approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuek Yang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bon Kon Koo
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
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25
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Yun BH, Bellamri M, Rosenquist TA, Turesky RJ. Method for Biomonitoring DNA Adducts in Exfoliated Urinary Cells by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9943-9950. [PMID: 30001485 PMCID: PMC6237078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking contributes to about 50% of the bladder-cancer (BC) cases in the United States. Some aromatic amines in tobacco smoke are bladder carcinogens; however, other causal agents of BC are uncertain. Exfoliated urinary cells (EUCs) are a promising noninvasive biospecimen to screen for DNA adducts of chemicals that damage the bladder genome, although the analysis of DNA adducts in EUCs is technically challenging because of the low number of EUCs and limiting quantity of cellular DNA. Moreover, EUCs and their DNA adducts must remain viable during the time of collection and storage of urine to develop robust screening methods. We employed RT4 cells, a well-differentiated transitional epithelial bladder cell line, as a cell-model system in urine to investigate cell viability and the chemical stability of DNA adducts of two prototypical bladder carcinogens: 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), an aromatic amine found in tobacco smoke, and aristolochic acid I (AA-I), a nitrophenanthrene found in Aristolochia herbaceous plants used for medicinal purposes worldwide. The cell viability of RT4 cells pretreated with 4-ABP or AA-I in urine exceeded 80%, and the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP and AA-I, quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, were stable for 24 h. Thereafter, we successfully screened EUCs of mice treated with AA-I to measure DNA adducts of AA-I, which were still detected 25 days following treatment with the carcinogen. EUCs are promising biospecimens that can be employed for the screening of DNA adducts of environmental and dietary genotoxicants that may contribute to the development of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas A. Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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26
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Yun BH, Guo J, Turesky RJ. Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues-An Untapped Biospecimen for Biomonitoring DNA Adducts by Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2018; 6:E30. [PMID: 29865161 PMCID: PMC6027047 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of DNA adducts provides important information about human exposure to genotoxic chemicals and can be employed to elucidate mechanisms of DNA damage and repair. DNA adducts can serve as biomarkers for interspecies comparisons of the biologically effective dose of procarcinogens and permit extrapolation of genotoxicity data from animal studies for human risk assessment. One major challenge in DNA adduct biomarker research is the paucity of fresh frozen biopsy samples available for study. However, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with clinical diagnosis of disease are often available. We have established robust methods to recover DNA free of crosslinks from FFPE tissues under mild conditions which permit quantitative measurements of DNA adducts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The technology is versatile and can be employed to screen for DNA adducts formed with a wide range of environmental and dietary carcinogens, some of which were retrieved from section-cuts of FFPE blocks stored at ambient temperature for up to nine years. The ability to retrospectively analyze FFPE tissues for DNA adducts for which there is clinical diagnosis of disease opens a previously untapped source of biospecimens for molecular epidemiology studies that seek to assess the causal role of environmental chemicals in cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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27
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Moore MM, Schoeny RS, Becker RA, White K, Pottenger LH. Development of an adverse outcome pathway for chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma: case study of AFB1, a human carcinogen with a mutagenic mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:312-337. [PMID: 29431554 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1423462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are frameworks starting with a molecular initiating event (MIE), followed by key events (KEs) linked by KE relationships (KERs), ultimately resulting in a specific adverse outcome. Relevant data for the pathway and each KE/KER are evaluated to assess biological plausibility, weight-of-evidence, and confidence. We aimed to describe an AOP relevant to chemicals directly inducing mutation in cancer critical gene(s), via the formation of chemical-specific pro-mutagenic DNA adduct(s), as an early critical step in tumor etiology. Such chemicals have mutagenic modes-of-action (MOA) for tumor induction. To assist with developing this AOP, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was selected as a case study because it has a rich database and is considered to have a mutagenic MOA. AFB1 information was used to define specific KEs, KERs, and to inform development of a generic AOP for mutagen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In assessing the AFB1 information, it became clear that existing data are, in fact, not optimal and for some KEs/KERs, the definitive data are not available. In particular, while there is substantial information that AFB1 can induce mutations (based on a number of mutation assays), the definitive evidence - the ability to induce mutation in the cancer critical gene(s) in the tumor target tissue - is not available. Thus, it is necessary to consider the patterns of results in the weight-of-evidence for KEs and KERs. It was important to determine whether there was sufficient evidence that AFB1 can induce the necessary critical mutations early in the carcinogenic process, which was the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Moore
- a Ramboll Environ US Corporation , Little Rock , AR , USA
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28
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Yun BH, Xiao S, Yao L, Krishnamachari S, Rosenquist TA, Dickman KG, Grollman AP, Murugan P, Weight CJ, Turesky RJ. A Rapid Throughput Method To Extract DNA from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues for Biomonitoring Carcinogenic DNA Adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2130-2139. [PMID: 29120619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are rarely used for screening DNA adducts of carcinogens because the harsh conditions required to reverse the formaldehyde-mediated DNA cross-links can destroy DNA adducts. We recently adapted a commercial silica-based column kit used in genomics to manually isolate DNA under mild conditions from FFPE tissues of rodents and humans and successfully measured DNA adducts of several carcinogens including aristolochic acid I (AA-I), 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) (Yun et al. (2013) Anal. Chem. 85, 4251-8, and Guo et al. (2016) Anal. Chem. 88, 4780-7). The DNA retrieval methodology is robust; however, the procedure is time-consuming and labor intensive, and not amenable to rapid throughput processing. In this study, we have employed the Promega Maxwell 16 MDx system, which is commonly used in large scale genomics studies, for the rapid throughput extraction of DNA. This system streamlines the DNA isolation procedure and increases the sample processing rate by about 8-fold over the manual method (32 samples versus 4 samples processed per hour). High purity DNA is obtained in satisfactory yield for the measurements of DNA adducts by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization-ion trap-multistage scan mass spectrometry. The measurements show that the levels of DNA adducts of AA-I, 4-ABP, and PhIP in FFPE rodent and human tissues are comparable to those levels measured in DNA from matching tissues isolated by the commercial silica-based column kits and in DNA from fresh frozen tissues isolated by the conventional phenol-chloroform extraction method. The isolation of DNA from tissues is one major bottleneck in the analysis of DNA adducts. This rapid throughput methodology greatly decreases the time required to process DNA and can be employed in large-scale epidemiology studies designed to assess the role of chemical exposures and DNA adducts in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Shun Xiao
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sesha Krishnamachari
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Paari Murugan
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Christopher J Weight
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and §Department of Urology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences and ¶Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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29
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Croaker A, King GJ, Pyne JH, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Simanek V, Liu L. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine, a phytochemical used in 'therapeutic' black salve and mouthwash. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 774:46-56. [PMID: 29173498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Black salves are escharotic skin cancer therapies in clinical use since the mid 19th century. Sanguinaria canadensis, a major ingredient of black salve formulations, contains a number of bioactive phytochemicals including the alkaloid sanguinarine. Despite its prolonged history of clinical use, conflicting experimental results have prevented the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine from being definitively determined. Sanguinarine has a molecular structure similar to known polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens and is a DNA intercalator. Sanguinarine also generates oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in the unfolded protein response and the formation of 8-hydroxyguanine genetic lesions. Sanguinarine has been the subject of contradictory in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and murine carcinogenesis test results that have delayed its carcinogenic classification. Despite this, epidemiological studies have linked mouthwash that contains sanguinarine with the development of oral leukoplakia. Sanguinarine is also proposed as an aetiological agent in gallbladder carcinoma. This literature review investigates the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine. Reasons for contradictory genotoxicity and carcinogenesis results are explored, knowledge gaps identified and a strategy for determining the carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine especialy relating to black salve are discussed. As patients continue to apply black salve, especially to skin regions suffering from field cancerization and skin malignancies, an understanding of the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine is of urgent clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Croaker
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia; Wesley Medical Research Institute, Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia; Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - John H Pyne
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Vilim Simanek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
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30
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Klaus V, Bastek H, Damme K, Collins LB, Frötschl R, Benda N, Lutter D, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Swenberg JA, Dietrich DR, Stemmer K. Time-matched analysis of DNA adduct formation and early gene expression as predictive tool for renal carcinogenesis in methylazoxymethanol acetate treated Eker rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3427-3438. [PMID: 28349193 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic carcinogens pose great hazard to human health. Uncertainty of current risk assessment strategies and long latency periods between first carcinogen exposure and diagnosis of tumors have raised interest in predictive biomarkers. Initial DNA adduct formation is a necessary step for genotoxin induced carcinogenesis. However, as DNA adducts not always translate into tumorigenesis, their predictive value is limited. Here we hypothesize that the combined analysis of pro-mutagenic DNA adducts along with time-matched gene expression changes could serve as a superior prediction tool for genotoxic carcinogenesis. Eker rats, heterozygous for the tuberous sclerosis (Tsc2) tumor suppressor gene and thus highly susceptible towards genotoxic renal carcinogens, were continuously treated with the DNA alkylating carcinogen methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMAc). Two weeks of MAMAc treatment resulted in a time-dependent increase of O6-methylguanine and N7-methylguanine adducts in the kidney cortex, which was however not reflected by significant expression changes of cyto-protective genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Instead, we found a transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the tumor-related MAPK, FoxO and TGF-beta pathways. Continuous MAMAc treatment for up to 6 months resulted in a mild but significant increase of cancerous lesions. In summary, the combined analysis of DNA adducts and early gene expression changes could serve as a suitable predictive tool for genotoxicant-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Klaus
- Computational Discovery Research, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinke Bastek
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katja Damme
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Leonard B Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland Frötschl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Benda
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Lutter
- Computational Discovery Research, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Metabolism and Cancer, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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31
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White PA, Douglas GR, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Quantitative relationships between lacZ mutant frequency and DNA adduct frequency in Muta™Mouse tissues and cultured cells exposed to 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:299-312. [PMID: 28096451 PMCID: PMC5638019 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of stable DNA adducts in a target tissue can be used to assess biologically effective dose; however, the utility of the metric in a risk assessment context depends on the likelihood that the DNA damage will be manifested as mutation. Previously, we employed the Muta™Mouse system to examine the induction of lacZ mutants and DNA adducts following exposure to the well-studied mutagenic carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA). In this follow-up work, we examined the empirical relationships between total adduct frequency and mutant frequency (MF) in tissues and cultured cells following acute 3-NBA exposure. The results show a significant induction of DNA damage and lacZ mutants in liver, colon and bone marrow, as well as FE1 pulmonary epithelial cells. In contrast, lung and small intestine samples had low, but significantly elevated adduct levels, with no significant increases in lacZ MF. Additional analyses showed a significant relationship between the mutagenic efficiency of total adducts, measured as the slope of the relationships between MF and total adduct frequency, and tissue-specific mitotic index (MI). The lack of mutation response in lung, in contrast to the high in vitro MF in FE-1 lung cells, is likely related to the 100-fold difference in MI. The lack of small intestine mutagenic response may be related to limited metabolic capacity, differences in DNA repair, and /or chemically induced apoptosis that has been observed for other potent mutagens. The results indicate that interpretation of adduct frequency values in a risk assessment context can be improved by considering the MI of the target tissue; however, more generalised interpretation is hampered by tissue-specific variations in metabolic capacity and damage processing. The work provides a proof of principle regarding the use of the Muta™Mouse system to critically examine the health risks associated with tissue-specific adduct loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney’s Pasture, Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney’s Pasture, Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Phillips
- King’s College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- King’s College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
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32
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Gao L, Mutlu E, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. DNA Product Formation in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PHAH) Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:794-803. [PMID: 28207250 PMCID: PMC5363288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
DNA
oxidation damage has been regarded as one of the possible mechanisms
for the hepatic carcinogenesis of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). In
this study, we evaluated the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) from the
standpoint of induced DNA oxidation products and their relationship
to toxicity and carcinogenicity. Nine DNA oxidation products were
analyzed in the liver of female Sprague–Dawley rats exposed
to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) alone or the tertiary
mixture of TCDD, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB
126), and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) by gavage
for 14, 31, and 53 weeks (5 days/week) by LC–MS/MS: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine
(8-oxo-dGuo); 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine
(1,N6-εdAdo); N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-εG);
7-(2-oxoethly)guanine (7-OEG); 1,N2-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine
(1,N2-εdGuo); malondialdehyde (M1dGuo); acrolein (AcrdGuo); crotonaldehyde (CrdGuo); and 4-hydroxynonenal
(HNEdGuo) derived 2′-deoxyguanosine adducts. Exposure to TCDD
(100 ng/kg/day) significantly induced 1,N6-εdAdo at 31 and 53 weeks, while no increase of 8-oxo-dGuo
was observed. Significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dGuo and
1,N6-εdAdo at all time points following
exposure to the tertiary mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to
TCDD for 53 weeks only significantly increased 1,N6-εdAdo, while increases of N2,3-εG and 7-OEG were only found in the highest dose
group (100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to the tertiary mixture for 53 weeks
had no effect on N2,3-εG in any
exposure group (TEQ 0, 22, 46, or 100 ng/kg/day), while significant
increases were observed for 1,N6-εdAdo
(all dose groups), 8-oxo-dGuo (46 and 100 ng/kg/day), and 7-OEG (100
ng/kg/day). While no significant increase was observed at 53 weeks
for 1,N2-εdGuo, M1dGuo,
AcrdGuo, or CrdGuo following exposure to TCDD (100 ng/kg/day), all
of them were significantly induced in animals exposed to the tertiary
mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). This oxidation DNA product data suggest
that the simple TEF methodology cannot be applied to evaluate the
diverse patterns of toxic effects induced by DLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
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Wang Y, Villalta PW, Peng L, Dingley K, Malfatti MA, Turteltaub KW, Turesky RJ. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of an Acid-Labile Adduct Formed with 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and Albumin in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:705-714. [PMID: 27984695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed during the high-temperature cooking of meats. The cytochrome P450-mediated N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group of PhIP produces 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, an electrophilic metabolite that forms adducts with DNA and proteins. Previous studies conducted by our laboratory showed that the reaction of N-oxidized PhIP metabolites with human albumin in vitro primarily occurs at the Cys34 residue, to produce an acid-labile linked sulfinamide adduct. On the basis of these findings, we developed a sensitive ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure acid-labile albumin-PhIP adducts in human volunteers administered a dietary-relevant dose of 14C-labeled PhIP [Dingley, K. H., et al. (1999) Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev. 8, 507-512]. Mild acid treatment of albumin (0.1 N HCl, 37 °C for 1 h) or proteolytic digestion with Pronase [50 mM ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.5) at 37 °C for 18 h] released similar amounts of covalently bound PhIP, which was characterized by multistage scanning and quantified by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The amount of [14C]PhIP recovered by acid treatment of albumin 24 h following dosing accounted for 7.2-21.3% of the [14C]PhIP bound to albumin based on accelerator mass spectrometry measurements. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-(5-hydroxy)phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a hydrolysis product of the Cys34 S-N linked sulfenamide adduct of PhIP, was not detected in either acid-treated or protease-treated samples. These findings suggest that a portion of the PhIP bound to albumin in vivo probably occurs as an acid-labile sulfinamide adduct formed at the Cys34 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lijuan Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , ChangQing Garden, Hankou, Wuhan 430023, P. R. China
| | - Karen Dingley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - K W Turteltaub
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
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34
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Xiao S, Guo J, Yun BH, Villalta PW, Krishna S, Tejpaul R, Murugan P, Weight CJ, Turesky RJ. Biomonitoring DNA Adducts of Cooked Meat Carcinogens in Human Prostate by Nano Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Identification of 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine DNA Adduct. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12508-12515. [PMID: 28139123 PMCID: PMC5545982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have reported an association between frequent consumption of well-done cooked meats and prostate cancer risk. However, unambiguous physiochemical markers of DNA damage from carcinogens derived from cooked meats, such as DNA adducts, have not been identified in human samples to support this paradigm. We have developed a highly sensitive nano-LC-Orbitrap MS n method to measure DNA adducts of several carcinogens originating from well-done cooked meats, tobacco smoke, and environmental pollution, including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the major deoxyguanosine (dG) adducts of these carcinogens ranged between 1.3 and 2.2 adducts per 10 9 nucleotides per 2.5 μg of DNA assayed. The DNA adduct of PhIP, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-PhIP (dG-C8-PhIP) was identified in 11 out of 35 patients, at levels ranging from 2 to 120 adducts per 10 9 nucleotides. The dG-C8 adducts of AαC and MeIQx, and the B[a]P adduct, 10-(deoxyguanosin-N 2 -yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (dG-N 2 -B[a]PDE) were not detected in any specimen, whereas N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-ABP (dG-C8-4-ABP) was identified in one subject (30 adducts per 10 9 nucleotides). PhIP-DNA adducts also were recovered quantitatively from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, signifying FFPE tissues can serve as biospecimens for carcinogen DNA adduct biomarker research. Our biomarker data provide support to the epidemiological observations implicating PhIP, one of the most mass-abundant heterocyclic aromatic amines formed in well-done cooked meats, as a DNA-damaging agent that may contribute to the etiology of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Xiao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Suprita Krishna
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Resha Tejpaul
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paari Murugan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Weight
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mutlu E, Gao L, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induce Oxidative DNA Adducts in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1335-1344. [PMID: 27436759 PMCID: PMC5020703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic chemicals that were traditionally produced and widely used in industry as mixtures and are presently formed as byproducts of pigment and dye manufacturing. They are known to persist and bioaccumulate in the environment. Some have been shown to induce liver cancer in rodents. Although the mechanism of the toxicity of PCBs is unknown, it has been shown that they increase oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage could be a contributor for PCB carcinogenesis and analyzed several DNA adducts in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), and a binary mixture (PCB 126 + 153) for 14, 31, and 53 wks. Eight adducts were measured to profile oxidative DNA lesions, including 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (1,N(6)-εdA), N(2),3-ethenoguanine (N(2),3-εG), 1,N(2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-εdG), as well as malondialdehyde (M1dG), acrolein (AcrdG), crotonaldehyde (CrdG), and 4-hydroxynonenal-derived dG adducts (HNEdG) by LC-MS/MS analysis. Statistically significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dG and 1,N(6)-εdA concentrations in hepatic DNA of female rats exposed to the binary mixture (1000 ng/kg/day + 1000 μg/kg/day) but not in rats exposed to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) or PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 14 and 31 wks. However, exposure to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) for 53 wks significantly increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, and M1dG. Exposure to PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, and 1,N(6)-εdA. Exposure to the binary mixture for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, 1,N(2)-εdG, and N(2),3-εG significantly above control groups. Increased hepatic oxidative DNA adducts following exposure to PCB 126, PCB 153, or the binary mixture shows that an increase in DNA damage may play an important role in hepatic toxicity and carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leonard B. Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hadley J. Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louise M. Ball
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Poirier MC. Linking DNA adduct formation and human cancer risk in chemical carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:499-507. [PMID: 27346877 DOI: 10.1002/em.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over two centuries ago, Sir Percival Pott, a London surgeon, published a pioneering treatise showing that soot exposure was the cause of high incidences of scrotal cancers occurring in young men who worked as chimney sweeps. Practicing at a time when cellular pathology was not yet recognized, Sir Percival nonetheless observed that the high incidence and short latency of the chimney sweep cancers, was fundamentally different from the rare scrotal cancers typically found in elderly men. Furthermore, his diagnosis that the etiology of these cancers was related to chimney soot exposure, was absolutely accurate, conceptually novel, and initiated the field of "occupational cancer epidemiology." After many intervening years of research focused on mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis, briefly described here, it is clear that DNA damage, or DNA adduct formation, is "necessary but not sufficient" for tumor induction, and that many additional factors contribute to carcinogenesis. This review includes a synopsis of carcinogen-induced DNA adduct formation in experimental models and in the human population, with particular attention paid to molecular dosimetry and molecular cancer epidemiology. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:499-507, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Poirier
- Carcinogen-DNA Interactions Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bldg 37, Rm 4032, NIH. 37 Convent Drive, MSC-4255, Bethesda, Maryland
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Guo J, Yun BH, Upadhyaya P, Yao L, Krishnamachari S, Rosenquist TA, Grollman AP, Turesky RJ. Multiclass Carcinogenic DNA Adduct Quantification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4780-7. [PMID: 27043225 PMCID: PMC4854775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts are a measure of internal exposure to genotoxicants and an important biomarker for human risk assessment. However, the employment of DNA adducts as biomarkers in human studies is often restricted because fresh-frozen tissues are not available. In contrast, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with clinical diagnosis are readily accessible. Recently, our laboratory reported that DNA adducts of aristolochic acid, a carcinogenic component of Aristolochia herbs used in traditional Chinese medicines worldwide, can be recovered quantitatively from FFPE tissues. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of our method for retrieval of DNA adducts from archived tissue by measuring DNA adducts derived from four other classes of human carcinogens: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), and N-nitroso compounds (NOCs). Deoxyguanosine (dG) adducts of the PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 10-(deoxyguanosin-N(2)-yl)-7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (dG-N(2)-B[a]PDE); the aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-4-ABP); the HAA 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-PhIP (dG-C8-PhIP); and the dG adducts of the NOC 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), O(6)-methyl-dG (O(6)-Me-dG) and O(6)-pyridyloxobutyl-dG (O(6)-POB-dG), formed in liver, lung, bladder, pancreas, or colon were recovered in comparable yields from fresh-frozen and FFPE preserved tissues of rodents treated with the procarcinogens. Quantification was achieved by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-IT-MS(3)). These advancements in the technology of DNA adduct retrieval from FFPE tissue clear the way for use of archived pathology samples in molecular epidemiology studies designed to assess the causal role of exposure to hazardous chemicals with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Sesha Krishnamachari
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Thomas A. Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Arthur P. Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Starr TB, Swenberg JA. The bottom-up approach to bounding potential low-dose cancer risks from formaldehyde: An update. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:167-74. [PMID: 26851508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, we proposed a novel bottom-up approach to bounding low-dose cancer risks that may result from small exogenous exposures to chemicals that are always present in the body as a result of normal biological processes. The approach utilizes the background cancer risk and the background (endogenous) concentration of a cancer-related exposure biomarker in specific target tissues. After allowing for statistical uncertainty in these two parameters, the ratio of the background risk to background exposure provides a conservative slope factor estimate that can be utilized to bound the added risk that may be associated with incremental exogenous exposures. Our original bottom-up estimates were markedly smaller than those obtained previously by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with a conventional top-down approach to modeling nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia mortality data from a US worker cohort. Herein we provide updated bottom-up estimates of risk for these two cancers that are smaller still, and rely upon more robust estimates of endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde-DNA adducts in monkeys and a more robust estimate of the DNA adduct elimination half-life in rats, both obtained very recently. We also re-examine the worker mortality data used by USEPA in developing its estimate of human leukemia incidence from lifetime exposure to 1 ppm airborne formaldehyde. Finally, we compare a new bottom-up slope estimate of the risk of rat nasal cancer with conventional top-down estimates obtained with empirical dose-response modeling of rat nasal cancer bioassay data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Starr
- TBS Associates, 7500 Rainwater Road, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
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Klapacz J, Pottenger LH, Engelward BP, Heinen CD, Johnson GE, Clewell RA, Carmichael PL, Adeleye Y, Andersen ME. Contributions of DNA repair and damage response pathways to the non-linear genotoxic responses of alkylating agents. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 767:77-91. [PMID: 27036068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
From a risk assessment perspective, DNA-reactive agents are conventionally assumed to have genotoxic risks at all exposure levels, thus applying a linear extrapolation for low-dose responses. New approaches discussed here, including more diverse and sensitive methods for assessing DNA damage and DNA repair, strongly support the existence of measurable regions where genotoxic responses with increasing doses are insignificant relative to control. Model monofunctional alkylating agents have in vitro and in vivo datasets amenable to determination of points of departure (PoDs) for genotoxic effects. A session at the 2013 Society of Toxicology meeting provided an opportunity to survey the progress in understanding the biological basis of empirically-observed PoDs for DNA alkylating agents. Together with the literature published since, this review discusses cellular pathways activated by endogenous and exogenous alkylation DNA damage. Cells have evolved conserved processes that monitor and counteract a spontaneous steady-state level of DNA damage. The ubiquitous network of DNA repair pathways serves as the first line of defense for clearing of the DNA damage and preventing mutation. Other biological pathways discussed here that are activated by genotoxic stress include post-translational activation of cell cycle networks and transcriptional networks for apoptosis/cell death. The interactions of various DNA repair and DNA damage response pathways provide biological bases for the observed PoD behaviors seen with genotoxic compounds. Thus, after formation of DNA adducts, the activation of cellular pathways can lead to the avoidance of a mutagenic outcome. The understanding of the cellular mechanisms acting within the low-dose region will serve to better characterize risks from exposures to DNA-reactive agents at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klapacz
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA.
| | - Lynn H Pottenger
- Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA; Current Address: Olin Corporation, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher D Heinen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Rebecca A Clewell
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Yeyejide Adeleye
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Erraguntla NK, Grant RL. Health- and vegetative-based effect screening values for ethylene. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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MacGregor JT, Frötschl R, White PA, Crump KS, Eastmond DA, Fukushima S, Guérard M, Hayashi M, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Johnson GE, Kasamatsu T, Levy DD, Morita T, Müller L, Schoeny R, Schuler MJ, Thybaud V. IWGT report on quantitative approaches to genotoxicity risk assessment II. Use of point-of-departure (PoD) metrics in defining acceptable exposure limits and assessing human risk. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 783:66-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yun BH, Sidorenko VS, Rosenquist TA, Dickman KG, Grollman AP, Turesky RJ. New Approaches for Biomonitoring Exposure to the Human Carcinogen Aristolochic Acid. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:763-776. [PMID: 26366284 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are found in all Aristolochia herbaceous plants, many of which have been used worldwide for medicinal purposes for centuries. AA are causal agents of the chronic kidney disease entity termed aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and potent upper urinary tract carcinogens in humans. AAN and upper urinary tract cancers are endemic in rural areas of Croatia and other Balkan countries where exposure to AA occurs through the ingestion of home-baked bread contaminated with Aristolochia seeds. In Asia, exposure to AA occurs through usage of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs containing Aristolochia. Despite warnings from regulatory agencies, traditional Chinese herbs containing AA continue to be used world-wide. In this review, we highlight novel approaches to quantify exposure to AA, by analysis of aristolactam (AL) DNA adducts, employing ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSn). DNA adducts are a measure of internal exposure to AA and serve as an important end point for cross-species extrapolation of toxicity data and human risk assessment. The level of sensitivity of UPLC-ESI/MSn surpasses the limits of detection of AL-DNA adducts obtained by 32P-postlabeling techniques, the most widely employed methods for detecting putative DNA adducts in humans. AL-DNA adducts can be measured by UPLC-ESI/MS3, not only in fresh frozen renal tissue, but also in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, an underutilized biospecimen for assessing chemical exposures, and in exfoliated urinary cells, a non-invasive approach. The frequent detection of AL DNA adducts in renal tissues, combined with the characteristic mutational spectrum induced by AA in TP53 and other genes provides compelling data for a role of AA in upper urothelial tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA ; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA ; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Tomioka K, Saeki K, Obayashi K, Tanaka Y, Kurumatani N. Risk for lung cancer in workers exposed to benzidine and/or beta-naphthylamine: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2014; 3:112. [PMID: 25281283 PMCID: PMC4186647 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk for lung cancer in workers exposed to benzidine (BZ) and/or beta-naphthylamine (BNA), which are well-known bladder carcinogens, has been examined in many epidemiological studies, but individual epidemiological studies generally lack the power to examine the association between BZ/BNA exposure and lung cancer. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the risk for lung cancer among workers exposed to BZ/BNA occupationally. METHODS/DESIGN Studies will be identified by a MEDLINE, EMBASE, CDSR, and CINAHL search and by the reference lists of articles/relevant reviews. Eligible studies will be cohort and case-control studies that report occupational BZ/BNA exposure and the outcome of interest (lung cancer death/incidence). The method of meta-analysis will be used to combine standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and/or standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) from retrospective and prospective cohort studies and odds ratios (ORs) from case-control studies. Two reviewers will independently screen articles, extract data, and assess scientific quality using standardized forms and published quality assessment tools tailored for each study design. Overall pooled risk estimates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be obtained using random effects model. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines, and results will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. DISCUSSION This review will identify and synthesize studies of the association between occupational BZ/BNA exposure and lung cancer. The findings will help to identify whether BZ/BNA could cause lung cancer and might indicate whether workers with exposure to BZ/BNA have a need for preventive measures against non-urological cancer besides bladder cancer. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42014010250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tomioka
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Keigo Saeki
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kenji Obayashi
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuu Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Norio Kurumatani
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Tomioka K, Obayashi K, Saeki K, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N. Increased risk of lung cancer associated with occupational exposure to benzidine and/or beta-naphthylamine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:455-65. [PMID: 25151432 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate non-urological cancer risks associated with benzidine (BZ) and beta-naphthylamine (BNA), a historical cohort study was undertaken. METHODS A total of 224 male workers exposed to BZ/BNA from a single factory were followed from 1953 to 2011. To estimate BZ/BNA exposure dose, duration of exposure (DOE) was defined as duration of employment between 1953 and 1972, the period when BZ and BNA were produced and used at this factory. Subjects were dichotomized (into long- and short-term groups) based on the median of DOE. Cancer-specific standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated using national and regional incidence rates as reference. Smoking history was obtained through questionnaires and other sources. Association between lung cancer (LC) or bladder cancer (BC) incidence and DOE was assessed using Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS Vital status follow-up was successful for 216 (96.4%). Follow-up duration averaged 44.0 (SD 10.7) years. Increased SIRs based on national rates were found for all cancers (81 cases, SIR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.26-1.98), LC (18 cases, SIR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.53-4.07), and BC (7 cases, SIR = 4.70, 95% CI 1.89-9.67). Among workers with >20 years after first exposure, the SIR for LC was statistically elevated in the long DOE group (15 cases, SIR = 3.34, 95% CI 1.87-5.51). After adjustment for smoking, exposure to bis(chloromethyl) ether, and age at first exposure, a marginally significant hazard ratio (HR) was observed for the long DOE group (adjusted HR = 3.02, 95% CI 0.84-10.93, p = 0.091), compared to the short DOE group. DOE did not affect BC incidence. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the high risk of LC besides BC, suggesting that BZ/BNA have the potential to cause LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Tomioka
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara City, Nara, zip code 6348521, Japan,
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Li LF, Chan RLY, Lu L, Shen J, Zhang L, Wu WKK, Wang L, Hu T, Li MX, Cho CH. Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: the causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:372-80. [PMID: 24859303 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and cancer. In this review, the relationship between smoking and GI disorders and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. It has been demonstrated that cigarette smoking is positively associated with the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and the delay of ulcer healing. Mechanistic studies have shown that cigarette smoke and its active ingredients can cause mucosal cell death, inhibit cell renewal, decrease blood flow in the GI mucosa and interfere with the mucosal immune system. Cigarette smoking is also an independent risk factor for various types of cancer of the GI tract. In this review, we also summarize the mechanisms through which cigarette smoking induces tumorigenesis and promotes the development of cancer in various sections of the GI tract. These mechanisms include the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the formation of DNA adducts, the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and the modulation of immune responses in the GI mucosa. A full understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms may help us to develop more effective therapies for GI disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - R L Y Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - L Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - J Shen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - L Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - W K K Wu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - L Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - T Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - M X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - C H Cho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Gavina JMA, Yao C, Feng YL. Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis by mass spectrometry: a tool for exposure biomonitoring and identification of hazard for environmental pollutants. Talanta 2014; 130:475-94. [PMID: 25159438 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA adducts represent an important category of biomarkers for detection and exposure surveillance of potential carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals in the environment. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to detect and differentiate low levels of adducts from native DNA from in vivo exposure. In addition to biomonitoring of environmental pollutants, analytical methods have been developed for structural identification of adducts which provides fundamental information for determining the toxic pathway of hazardous chemicals. In order to achieve the required sensitivity, mass spectrometry has been increasingly utilized to quantify adducts at low levels as well as to obtain structural information. Furthermore, separation techniques such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis can be coupled to mass spectrometry to increase the selectivity. This review will provide an overview of advances in detection of adducted and modified DNA by mass spectrometry with a focus on the analysis of nucleosides since 2007. Instrument advances, sample and instrument considerations, and recent applications will be summarized in the context of hazard assessment. Finally, advances in biomonitoring applying mass spectrometry will be highlighted. Most importantly, the usefulness of DNA adducts measurement and detection will be comprehensively discussed as a tool for assessment of in vitro and in vivo exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M A Gavina
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Chunhe Yao
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Yun BH, Yao L, Jelaković B, Nikolić J, Dickman KG, Grollman AP, Rosenquist TA, Turesky RJ. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue as a source for quantitation of carcinogen DNA adducts: aristolochic acid as a prototype carcinogen. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2055-61. [PMID: 24776219 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA adducts are a measure of internal exposure to genotoxicants. However, the measurement of DNA adducts in molecular epidemiology studies often is precluded by the lack of fresh tissue. In contrast, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues frequently are accessible, although technical challenges remain in retrieval of high quality DNA suitable for biomonitoring of adducts. Aristolochic acids (AA) are human carcinogens found in Aristolochia plants, some of which have been used in the preparation of traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We previously established a method to measure DNA adducts of AA in FFPE tissue. In this study, we examine additional features of formalin fixation that could impact the quantity and quality of DNA and report on the recovery of AA-DNA adducts in mice exposed to AA. The yield of DNA isolated from tissues fixed with formalin decreased over 1 week; however, the levels of AA-DNA adducts were similar to those in fresh frozen tissue. Moreover, DNA from FFPE tissue served as a template for PCR amplification, yielding sequence data of comparable quality to DNA obtained from fresh frozen tissue. The estimates of AA-DNA adducts measured in freshly frozen tissue and matching FFPE tissue blocks of human kidney stored for 9 years showed good concordance. Thus, DNA isolated from FFPE tissues may be used to biomonitor DNA adducts and to amplify genes used for mutational analysis, providing clues regarding the origin of human cancers for which an environmental cause is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lihua Yao
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bojan Jelaković
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb and Department for Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Center, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,
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Pottenger LH, Andrews LS, Bachman AN, Boogaard PJ, Cadet J, Embry MR, Farmer PB, Himmelstein MW, Jarabek AM, Martin EA, Mauthe RJ, Persaud R, Preston RJ, Schoeny R, Skare J, Swenberg JA, Williams GM, Zeiger E, Zhang F, Kim JH. An organizational approach for the assessment of DNA adduct data in risk assessment: case studies for aflatoxin B1, tamoxifen and vinyl chloride. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:348-91. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.873768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Budinsky RA, Schrenk D, Simon T, Van den Berg M, Reichard JF, Silkworth JB, Aylward LL, Brix A, Gasiewicz T, Kaminski N, Perdew G, Starr TB, Walker NJ, Rowlands JC. Mode of action and dose–response framework analysis for receptor-mediated toxicity: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:83-119. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.835787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen HJC, Lee CR. Detection and simultaneous quantification of three smoking-related ethylthymidine adducts in human salivary DNA by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:101-7. [PMID: 24140497 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarette increases levels of certain ethylated DNA adducts in certain tissues and urine. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor of various cancers and DNA ethylation is involved in smoking-related carcinogenesis. Among the ethylated DNA adducts, O(2)-ethylthymidine (O(2)-edT) and the promutagenic O(4)-ethylthymidine (O(4)-edT) are poorly repaired and they can accumulate in vivo. Using an accurate, highly sensitive, and quantitative assay based on stable isotope dilution nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS), O(2)-edT, N(3)-edT (N(3)-ethylthymidine), and O(4)-edT adducts in human salivary DNA were simultaneous detected and quantified. Saliva is easily accessible and available and it can be a potential target in searching for noninvasive biomarkers. Under the highly selected reaction monitoring (H-SRM) mode, salivary samples from 20 smokers and 13 nonsmokers were analyzed. Starting with 50 μg of DNA isolated from about 3.5 mL of saliva, levels of O(2)-edT, N(3)-edT, and O(4)-edT in 20 smokers' salivary DNA samples were 5.3±6.2, 4.5±5.7, 4.2±8.0 in 10(8) normal nucleotides, respectively, while those in 13 nonsmokers were non-detectable. In addition, statistically significant correlations (p<0.0001) were observed between levels of O(2)-edT and N(3)-edT (γ=0.7388), between levels of O(2)-edT and O(4)-edT (γ=0.8839), and between levels of N(3)-edT, and O(4)-edT (γ=0.7835). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of detection and quantification of these three ethylthymidine adducts in human salivary DNA, which might be potential biomarkers for exposure to ethylating agents and possibly for cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan.
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