1
|
Wehn AC, Krestel E, Harapan BN, Klymchenko A, Plesnila N, Khalin I. To see or not to see: In vivo nanocarrier detection methods in the brain and their challenges. J Control Release 2024; 371:216-236. [PMID: 38810705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have a great potential to significantly improve the delivery of therapeutics to the brain and may also be equipped with properties to investigate brain function. The brain, being a highly complex organ shielded by selective barriers, requires its own specialized detection system. However, a significant hurdle to achieve these goals is still the identification of individual nanoparticles within the brain with sufficient cellular, subcellular, and temporal resolution. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on detection systems for tracking nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and within the brain. We discuss commonly employed in vivo and ex vivo nanoparticle identification and quantification methods, as well as various imaging modalities able to detect nanoparticles in the brain. Advantages and weaknesses of these modalities as well as the biological factors that must be considered when interpreting results obtained through nanotechnologies are summarized. Finally, we critically evaluate the prevailing limitations of existing technologies and explore potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Clarissa Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Krestel
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany.
| | - Biyan Nathanael Harapan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich Medical Center, Marchioninistraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, CNRS UMR 7213, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin - CS 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Germany; Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), 14 074 Bd Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El-Gazar AA, El-Emam SZ, M El-Sayyad S, El-Mancy SS, Fayez SM, Sheta NM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Ragab GM. Pegylated polymeric micelles of boswellic acid-selenium mitigates repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a/BDNF/ Klotho/Foxo3a cue. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112118. [PMID: 38705029 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the protective machinery of pegylated polymeric micelles of boswellic acid-selenium (PMBS) against secondary neuronal damage triggered by mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (RTBI). After PMBS characterization in terms of particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and transmission electronic microscopy, the selected formula was used to investigate its potency against experimental RTBI. Five groups of rats were used; group 1 (control) and the other four groups were subjected to RTBI. Groups 2 was RTBI positive control, while 3, 4, and 5 received boswellic acid (BSA), selenium (SEL), and PMBS, respectively. The open-field behavioral test was used for behavioral assessment. Subsequently, brain tissues were utilized for hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, Western blotting, and ELISA in addition to evaluating microRNA expression (miR-155 and miR-146a). The behavioral changes, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation triggered by RTBI were all improved by PMBS. Moreover, PMBS mitigated excessive glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and the dysregulation in miR-155 and miR-146a expression. Besides, connexin43 (Cx43) expression as well as klotho and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were upregulated with diminished neuronal cell death and apoptosis because of reduced Forkhead Box class O3a(Foxo3a) expression in the PMBS-treated group. The current study has provided evidence of the benefits produced by incorporating BSA and SEL in PEGylated polymeric micelles formula. PMBS is a promising therapy for RTBI. Its beneficial effects are attributed to the manipulation of many pathways, including the regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a expression, as well as the BDNF /Klotho/Foxo3a signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira A El-Gazar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Soad Z El-Emam
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shorouk M El-Sayyad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shereen S El-Mancy
- Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Fayez
- Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nermin M Sheta
- Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Ragab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
DSouza AA, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF, Amiji MM, Bleier BS. Mild repetitive TBI reduces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the substantia nigra and hippocampus: A preclinical model for testing BDNF-targeted therapeutics. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114696. [PMID: 38244886 PMCID: PMC10922982 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Clinical studies have consistently shown that neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington's disease show absent or low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Despite this relationship between BDNF and ND, only a few ND animal models have been able to recapitulate the low BDNF state, thereby hindering research into the therapeutic targeting of this important neurotrophic factor. In order to address this unmet need, we sought to develop a reproducible model of BDNF reduction by inducing traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a closed head momentum exchange injury model in mature 9-month-old male and female rats. Head impacts were repetitive and varied in intensity from mild to severe. BDNF levels, as assessed by ELISA, were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of both males and females as well as in the substantia nigra of males 12 days after mild TBI. However, we observed significant sexual dimorphism in multiple sequelae, including magnetic resonance imaging-determined vasogenic edema, astrogliosis (GFAP-activation), and microgliosis (Iba1 activation). This study provides an opportunity to investigate the mechanism of BDNF reduction in rodent models and provides a reliable paradigm to test BDNF-targeted therapeutics for the treatment of ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha A DSouza
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song X, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Du L. Advantages of nanocarriers for basic research in the field of traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:237-245. [PMID: 37488872 PMCID: PMC10503611 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for the efficient treatment of traumatic brain injury is the need for therapeutic molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier to enter and accumulate in brain tissue. To overcome this problem, researchers have begun to focus on nanocarriers and other brain-targeting drug delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, basic pathophysiology, current clinical treatment, the establishment of models, and the evaluation indicators that are commonly used for traumatic brain injury. We also report the current status of traumatic brain injury when treated with nanocarriers such as liposomes and vesicles. Nanocarriers can overcome a variety of key biological barriers, improve drug bioavailability, increase intracellular penetration and retention time, achieve drug enrichment, control drug release, and achieve brain-targeting drug delivery. However, the application of nanocarriers remains in the basic research stage and has yet to be fully translated to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Machado CA, Oliveira BDS, Dias TL, Barros JLVMD, Ferreira GMF, Cordeiro TM, Feracin V, Alexandre CH, Abreu LKS, Silva WND, Carvalho BC, Fernandes HDB, Vieira ÉLM, Castro PR, Ferreira RN, Kangussu LM, Franco GR, Guatimosim C, Barcelos LDS, Simões E Silva AC, Toscano ECDB, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL, Miranda ASD. Weight-drop model as a valuable tool to study potential neurobiological processes underlying behavioral and cognitive changes secondary to mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385:578242. [PMID: 37951202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) behavioral and cognitive changes is not fully understood, especially in its mild presentation. We designed a weight drop TBI model in mice to investigate the role of neuroinflammation in behavioral and cognitive sequelae following mild TBI. C57BL/6 mice displayed depressive-like behavior at 72 h after mild TBI compared with controls, as indicated by a decrease in the latency to first immobility and climbing time in the forced swim test. Additionally, anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal-associated spatial learning and memory impairment were found in the elevated plus maze and in the Barnes maze, respectively. Levels of a set of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors were analyzed at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 30 days after injury in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Principal components analysis revealed two principal components (PC), which represented 59.1% of data variability. PC1 (cytokines and chemokines) expression varied between both hemispheres, while PC2 (neurotrophic factors) expression varied only across the investigated brain areas. Our model reproduces mild TBI-associated clinical signs and pathological features and might be a valuable tool to broaden the knowledge regarding mild TBI pathophysiology as well as to test potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Amaral Machado
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lüscher Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Macedo Cordeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor Feracin
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristian Henrique Alexandre
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Katharina Sabino Abreu
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison Nunes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brener Cunha Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Kangussu
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucíola da Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bao Y, Lu W. Targeting cerebral diseases with enhanced delivery of therapeutic proteins across the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1681-1698. [PMID: 36945117 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2193390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral diseases have been threatening public physical and psychological health in the recent years. With the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it is particularly hard for therapeutic proteins like peptides, enzymes, antibodies, etc. to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and function in diagnosis and treatment in cerebral diseases. Fortunately, the past decade has witnessed some emerging strategies of delivering macromolecular therapeutic proteins across the BBB. AREAS COVERED Based on the structure, functions, and substances transport mechanisms, various enhanced delivery strategies of therapeutic proteins were reviewed, categorized by molecule-mediated delivery strategies, carrier-mediated delivery strategies, and other delivery strategies. EXPERT OPINION As for molecule-mediated delivery strategies, development of genetic engineering technology, optimization of protein expression and purification techniques, and mature of quality control systems all help to realize large-scale production of recombinant antibodies, making it possible to apply to the clinical practice. In terms of carrier-mediated delivery strategies and others, although nano-carriers/adeno-associated virus (AAV) are also promising candidates for delivering therapeutic proteins or genes across the BBB, some issues still remain to be further investigated, including safety concerns related to applied materials, large-scale production costs, quality control standards, combination therapies with auxiliary delivery strategies like focused ultrasound, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular non-coding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Tayzen PharmLab Co., Ltd. Lingang of Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ling Y, Ramalingam M, Lv X, Zeng Y, Qiu Y, Si Y, Pedraz JL, Kim HW, Hu J. Recent Advances in Nanomedicine Development for Traumatic Brain Injury. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102087. [PMID: 37060747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is also a risk factor for neurodegeneration. However, there has not been perceptible progress in treating acute TBI over the last few years, mainly due to the inability of therapeutic drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), failing to exert significant pharmacological effects on the brain parenchyma. Recently, nanomedicines are emerging as a powerful tool for the treatment of TBI where nanoscale materials (also called nanomaterials) are employed to deliver therapeutic agents. The advantages of using nanomaterials as a drug carrier include their high solubility and stability, high carrier capacity, site-specific, improved pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Keeping these points in consideration, this article reviews the pathophysiology, current treatment options, and emerging nanomedicine strategies for the treatment of TBI. The review will help readers to gain insight into the state-of-the-art of nanomedicine as a new tool for the treatment of TBI.
Collapse
|
8
|
Neurotrophic Factors as Regenerative Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Status, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043866. [PMID: 36835277 PMCID: PMC9968045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by acute or chronic progressive loss of one or several neuronal subtypes. However, despite their increasing prevalence, little progress has been made in successfully treating these diseases. Research has recently focused on neurotrophic factors (NTFs) as potential regenerative therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge, challenges, and future perspectives of NTFs with a direct regenerative effect in chronic inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Various systems for delivery of NTFs, such as stem and immune cells, viral vectors, and biomaterials, have been applied to deliver exogenous NTFs to the central nervous system, with promising results. The challenges that currently need to be overcome include the amount of NTFs delivered, the invasiveness of the delivery route, the blood-brain barrier permeability, and the occurrence of side effects. Nevertheless, it is important to continue research and develop standards for clinical applications. In addition to the use of single NTFs, the complexity of chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases may require combination therapies targeting multiple pathways or other possibilities using smaller molecules, such as NTF mimetics, for effective treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bechinger P, Serrano Sponton L, Grützner V, Musyanovych A, Jussen D, Krenzlin H, Eldahaby D, Riede N, Kempski O, Ringel F, Alessandri B. In-vivo time course of organ uptake and blood-brain-barrier permeation of poly(L-lactide) and poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate) nanoparticles with different surface properties in unharmed and brain-traumatized rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:994877. [PMID: 36814997 PMCID: PMC9939480 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.994877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a dramatic impact on mortality and quality of life and the development of effective treatment strategies is of great socio-economic relevance. A growing interest exists in using polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for potentially effective drugs in TBI. However, the effect of NP material and type of surfactant on their distribution within organs, the amount of the administrated dose that reaches the brain parenchyma in areas with intact and opened BBB after trauma, and a possible elicited inflammatory response are still to be clarified. Methods The organ distribution, BBB permeation and eventual inflammatory activation of polysorbate-80 (Tw80) and sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS) stabilized poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate) (PFDL) nanoparticles were evaluated in rats after intravenous administration. The NP uptake into the brain was assessed under intact conditions and after controlled cortical impact (CCI). Results A significantly higher NP uptake at 4 and 24 h after injection was observed in the liver and spleen, followed by the brain and kidney, with minimal concentrations in the lungs and heart for all NPs. A significant increase of NP uptake at 4 and 24 h after CCI was observed within the traumatized hemisphere, especially in the perilesional area, but NPs were still found in areas away from the injury site and the contralateral hemisphere. NPs were internalized in brain capillary endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Immunohistochemical staining against GFAP, Iba1, TNFα, and IL1β demonstrated no glial activation or neuroinflammatory changes. Conclusions Tw80 and SDS coated biodegradable PLLA and non-biodegradable PFDL NPs reach the brain parenchyma with and without compromised BBB by TBI, even though a high amount of NPs are retained in the liver and spleen. No inflammatory reaction is elicited by these NPs within 24 h after injection. Thus, these NPs could be considered as potentially effective carriers or markers of newly developed drugs with low or even no BBB permeation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bechinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinic, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Lucas Serrano Sponton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany,Department of Neurosurgery, Sana Clinic Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany,*Correspondence: Lucas Serrano Sponton ✉
| | - Verena Grützner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Musyanovych
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Jussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harald Krenzlin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Eldahaby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany,San Paolo Medical School, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Riede
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Kempski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Ringel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Alessandri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohammed FS, Omay SB, Sheth KN, Zhou J. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:55-73. [PMID: 36420918 PMCID: PMC9983310 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2152001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) impact the breadth of society and remain without any approved pharmacological treatments. Despite successful Phase II clinical trials, the failure of many Phase III clinical trials may be explained by insufficient drug targeting and retention, preventing the proper attainment of an observable dosage threshold. To address this challenge, nanoparticles can be functionalized to protect pharmacological payloads, improve targeted drug delivery to sites of injury, and can be combined with supportive scaffolding to improve secondary outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review briefly covers the pathophysiology of TBIs and their subtypes, the current pre-clinical and clinical management strategies, explores the common models of focal, diffuse, and mixed traumatic brain injury employed in experimental animals, and surveys the existing literature on nanoparticles developed to treat TBIs. EXPERT OPINION Nanoparticles are well suited to improve secondary outcomes as their multifunctionality and customizability enhance their potential for efficient targeted delivery, payload protection, increased brain penetration, low off-target toxicity, and biocompatibility in both acute and chronic timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrah S. Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sacit Bulent Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin N. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paccione N, Rahmani M, Barcia E, Negro S. Antiparkinsonian Agents in Investigational Polymeric Micro- and Nano-Systems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010013. [PMID: 36678642 PMCID: PMC9866990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive destruction of dopaminergic tissue in the central nervous system (CNS). To date, there is no cure for the disease, with current pharmacological treatments aimed at controlling the symptoms. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new treatments for PD. In addition to new therapeutic options, there exists the need for improved efficiency of the existing ones, as many agents have difficulties in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to achieve therapeutic levels in the CNS or exhibit inappropriate pharmacokinetic profiles, thereby limiting their clinical benefits. To overcome these limitations, an interesting approach is the use of drug delivery systems, such as polymeric microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) that allow for the controlled release of the active ingredients targeting to the desired site of action, increasing the bioavailability and efficacy of treatments, as well as reducing the number of administrations and adverse effects. Here we review the polymeric micro- and nano-systems under investigation as potential new therapies for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Paccione
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahdieh Rahmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913941741
| | - Emilia Barcia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Negro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A review of molecular and genetic factors for determining mild traumatic brain injury severity and recovery. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
13
|
Waggoner LE, Kang J, Zuidema JM, Vijayakumar S, Hurtado AA, Sailor MJ, Kwon EJ. Porous Silicon Nanoparticles Targeted to the Extracellular Matrix for Therapeutic Protein Delivery in Traumatic Brain Injury. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1685-1697. [PMID: 36017941 PMCID: PMC9492643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and death among children and young adults in the United States, yet there are currently no treatments that improve the long-term brain health of patients. One promising therapeutic for TBI is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that promotes neurogenesis and neuron survival. However, outstanding challenges to the systemic delivery of BDNF are its instability in blood, poor transport into the brain, and short half-life in circulation and brain tissue. Here, BDNF is encapsulated into an engineered, biodegradable porous silicon nanoparticle (pSiNP) in order to deliver bioactive BDNF to injured brain tissue after TBI. The pSiNP carrier is modified with the targeting ligand CAQK, a peptide that binds to extracellular matrix components upregulated after TBI. The protein cargo retains bioactivity after release from the pSiNP carrier, and systemic administration of the CAQK-modified pSiNPs results in effective delivery of the protein cargo to injured brain regions in a mouse model of TBI. When administered after injury, the CAQK-targeted pSiNP delivery system for BDNF reduces lesion volumes compared to free BDNF, supporting the hypothesis that pSiNPs mediate therapeutic protein delivery after systemic administration to improve outcomes in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Waggoner
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sanahan Vijayakumar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alan A. Hurtado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ester J. Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Improvement of synaptic plasticity by nanoparticles and the related mechanisms: Applications and prospects. J Control Release 2022; 347:143-163. [PMID: 35513209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is an important basis of learning and memory and participates in brain network remodelling after different types of brain injury (such as that caused by neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral ischaemic injury, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychiatric disorders). Therefore, improving synaptic plasticity is particularly important for the treatment of nervous system-related diseases. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, increasing evidence has shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in different ways, directly or indirectly act on nerve cells, regulate synaptic plasticity, and ultimately improve nerve function. Therefore, to better elucidate the effect of NPs on synaptic plasticity, we review evidence showing that NPs can improve synaptic plasticity by regulating different influencing factors, such as neurotransmitters, receptors, presynaptic membrane proteins and postsynaptic membrane proteins, and further discuss the possible mechanism by which NPs improve synaptic plasticity. We conclude that NPs can improve synaptic plasticity and restore the function of damaged nerves by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, inducing autophagy, and regulating ion channels on the cell membrane. By reviewing the mechanism by which NPs regulate synaptic plasticity and the applications of NPs for the treatment of neurological diseases, we also propose directions for future research in this field and provide an important reference for follow-up research.
Collapse
|
15
|
Khalin I, Adarsh N, Schifferer M, Wehn A, Groschup B, Misgeld T, Klymchenko A, Plesnila N. Size-Selective Transfer of Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Drug Carriers Across the Blood Brain Barrier Via Vascular Occlusions Following Traumatic Brain Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200302. [PMID: 35384294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current lack of understanding about how nanocarriers cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the healthy and injured brain is hindering the clinical translation of nanoscale brain-targeted drug-delivery systems. Here, the bio-distribution of lipid nano-emulsion droplets (LNDs) of two sizes (30 and 80 nm) in the mouse brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is investigated. The highly fluorescent LNDs are prepared by loading them with octadecyl rhodamine B and a bulky hydrophobic counter-ion, tetraphenylborate. Using in vivo two-photon and confocal imaging, the circulation kinetics and bio-distribution of LNDs in the healthy and injured mouse brain are studied. It is found that after TBI, LNDs of both sizes accumulate at vascular occlusions, where specifically 30 nm LNDs extravasate into the brain parenchyma and reach neurons. The vascular occlusions are not associated with bleedings, but instead are surrounded by processes of activated microglia, suggesting a specific opening of the BBB. Finally, correlative light-electron microscopy reveals 30 nm LNDs in endothelial vesicles, while 80 nm particles remain in the vessel lumen, indicating size-selective vesicular transport across the BBB via vascular occlusions. The data suggest that microvascular occlusions serve as "gates" for the transport of nanocarriers across the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nagappanpillai Adarsh
- Laboratory de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67401, France
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Government College Attingal, Kerala, 695101, India
| | - Martina Schifferer
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Groschup
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Laboratory de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67401, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University of Munich Medical Center, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Padmakumar S, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. Traumatic brain injury and the development of parkinsonism: Understanding pathophysiology, animal models, and therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112812. [PMID: 35290887 PMCID: PMC9050934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical translation of therapeutic approaches to combat debilitating neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), remains as an urgent unmet challenge. The strong molecular association between the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the development of parkinsonism in humans has been well established. Therefore, a lot of ongoing research aims to investigate this pathology overlap in-depth, to exploit the common targets of TBI and PD for development of more effective and long-term treatment strategies. This review article intends to provide a detailed background on TBI pathophysiology and its established overlap with PD with an additional emphasis on the recent findings about their effect on perivascular clearance. Although, the traditional animal models of TBI and PD are still being considered, there is a huge focus on the development of combinatory hybrid animal models coupling concussion with the pre-established PD models for a better recapitulation of the human context of PD pathogenesis. Lastly, the therapeutic targets for TBI and PD, and the contemporary research involving exosomes, DNA vaccines, miRNA, gene therapy and gene editing for the development of potential candidates are discussed, along with the recent development of lesser invasive and promising central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Padmakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clathrin-nanoparticles deliver BDNF to hippocampus and enhance neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and cognition in HIV/neuroAIDS mouse model. Commun Biol 2022; 5:236. [PMID: 35301411 PMCID: PMC8931075 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the growth, differentiation, maintenance and survival of neurons. These attributes make BDNF a potentially powerful therapeutic agent. However, its charge, instability in blood, and poor blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrability have impeded its development. Here, we show that engineered clathrin triskelia (CT) conjugated to BDNF (BDNF-CT) and delivered intranasally increased hippocampal BDNF concentrations 400-fold above that achieved previously with intranasal BDNF alone. We also show that BDNF-CT targeted Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and increased TrkB expression and downstream signaling in iTat mouse brains. Mice were induced to conditionally express neurotoxic HIV Transactivator-of-Transcription (Tat) protein that decreases BDNF. Down-regulation of BDNF is correlated with increased severity of HIV/neuroAIDS. BDNF-CT enhanced neurorestorative effects in the hippocampus including newborn cell proliferation and survival, granule cell neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and increased dendritic integrity. BDNF-CT exerted cognitive-enhancing effects by reducing Tat-induced learning and memory deficits. These results show that CT bionanoparticles efficiently deliver BDNF to the brain, making them potentially powerful tools in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Neurovascular Impairment and Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetic Retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010439. [PMID: 35010703 PMCID: PMC8744686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy has recently been defined as a highly specific neurovascular complication of diabetes. The chronic progression of the impairment of the interdependence of neurovascular units (NVUs) is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The NVUs consist of neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, and the interdependent relationships between these cells are disturbed under diabetic conditions. Clinicians should understand and update the current knowledge of the neurovascular impairments in diabetic retinopathy. Above all, neuronal cell death is an irreversible change, and it is directly related to vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Thus, neuroprotective and vasoprotective therapies for diabetic retinopathy must be established. Understanding the physiological and pathological interdependence of the NVUs is helpful in establishing neuroprotective and vasoprotective therapies for diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of the neurovascular impairments and introduces possible neurovascular protective therapies for diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Khalin I, Severi C, Heimburger D, Wehn A, Hellal F, Reisch A, Klymchenko AS, Plesnila N. Dynamic tracing using ultra-bright labeling and multi-photon microscopy identifies endothelial uptake of poloxamer 188 coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nano-carriers in vivo. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 40:102511. [PMID: 34915181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to design nanoparticles (NPs) and target the central nervous system remains to be exploited. In the current study we designed fluorescent 70-nm PLGA NPs, loaded with bulky fluorophores, thereby making them significantly brighter than quantum dots in single-particle fluorescence measurements. The high brightness of NPs enabled their visualization by intravital real-time 2-photon microscopy. Subsequently, we found that PLGA NPs coated with pluronic F-68 circulated in the blood substantially longer than uncoated NPs and were taken up by cerebro-vascular endothelial cells. Additionally, confocal microscopy revealed that coated PLGA NPs were present in late endothelial endosomes of cerebral vessels within 1 h after systemic injection and were more readily taken up by endothelial cells in peripheral organs. The combination of ultra-bright NPs and in vivo imaging may thus represent a promising approach to reduce the gap between development and clinical application of nanoparticle-based drug carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Caterina Severi
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Doriane Heimburger
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Antonia Wehn
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shankar J, K.M G, Wilson B. Potential applications of nanomedicine for treating Parkinson's disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
21
|
Kim HJ, Bayarsaikhan D, Lee J, Bayarsaikhan G, Lee B. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secreting Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Outcomes in Rett Syndrome Mouse Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:725398. [PMID: 34690674 PMCID: PMC8526791 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.725398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene; MeCP2 regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increasing BDNF levels ameliorates RTT symptoms. However, the clinical application of BDNF is limited, because of its short half-life and low penetrance across the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we generated BDNF-secreting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the human umbilical cord cells, using CRISPR-Cas9. We studied the effects of BDNF-MSCs in MECP2 knockout and MECP2-deficient mice. BDNF-MSCs upregulated the expression of BDNF, pAKT, and pERK1/2 and downregulated that of pp38, both in vitro and in vivo. In our in vivo experiments, BDNF-MSCs increased the body and brain weights in mice. BDNF-MSCs increased the neuronal cell numbers in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum; in addition, they increased the number of synapses. BDNF-MSCs upregulated BDNF and the activity of BDNF downstream effectors, such as pAKT and pERK 1/2; this upregulation was persistent. In conclusion, BDNF-MSCs generated using CRISPR-Cas9 could be a therapeutic strategy for treating RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Govigerel Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bahlakeh G, Rahbarghazi R, Mohammadnejad D, Abedelahi A, Karimipour M. Current knowledge and challenges associated with targeted delivery of neurotrophic factors into the central nervous system: focus on available approaches. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:181. [PMID: 34641969 PMCID: PMC8507154 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, numerous basic and clinical studies have been conducted to assess the delivery efficiency of therapeutic agents into the brain and spinal cord parenchyma using several administration routes. Among conventional and in-progress administrative routes, the eligibility of stem cells, viral vectors, and biomaterial systems have been shown in the delivery of NTFs. Despite these manifold advances, the close association between the delivery system and regeneration outcome remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to discuss recent progress in the delivery of these factors and the pros and cons related to each modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gozal Bahlakeh
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daruosh Mohammadnejad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Joseph A, Simo GM, Gao T, Alhindi N, Xu N, Graham DJ, Gamble LJ, Nance E. Surfactants influence polymer nanoparticle fate within the brain. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121086. [PMID: 34481289 PMCID: PMC8478896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is limited by poor penetration of pharmaceutical agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), within the brain parenchyma, and into specific cells of interest. Nanotechnology can overcome these barriers, but its ability to do so is dependent on nanoparticle physicochemical properties including surface chemistry. Surface chemistry can be determined by a number of factors, including by the presence of stabilizing surfactant molecules introduced during the formulation process. Nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 (F68), poloxamer 407 (F127), and polysorbate 80 (P80) have demonstrated uptake in BBB endothelial cells and enhanced accumulation within the brain. However, the impact of surfactants on nanoparticle fate, and specifically on brain extracellular diffusion or intracellular targeting, must be better understood to design nanotherapeutics to efficiently overcome drug delivery barriers in the brain. Here, we evaluated the effect of the biocompatible and commonly used surfactants cholic acid (CHA), F68, F127, P80, and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticle transport to and within the brain. The inclusion of these surfactant molecules decreases diffusive ability through brain tissue, reflecting the surfactant's role in encouraging cellular interaction at short length and time scales. After in vivo administration, PLGA-PEG/P80 nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced penetration across the BBB and subsequent internalization within neurons and microglia. Surfactants incorporated into the formulation of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles therefore represent an important design parameter for controlling nanoparticle fate within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georges Motchoffo Simo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Torahito Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Norah Alhindi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lara J Gamble
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 98195; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang R, Wang J, Huang L, Wang TJ, Huang Y, Li Z, He J, Sun C, Wang J, Chen X, Wang J. The pros and cons of motor, memory, and emotion-related behavioral tests in the mouse traumatic brain injury model. Neurol Res 2021; 44:65-89. [PMID: 34308784 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1956290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. Motor, memory, and emotion-related deficits are common symptoms following TBI, yet treatment is very limited. To develop new drugs and find new therapeutic avenues, a wide variety of TBI models have been established to mimic the heterogeneity of TBI. In this regard, along with histologic measures, behavioral functional outcomes provide valuable insight into the underlying neuropathology and guide neurorehabilitation efforts for neuropsychiatric impairment after TBI. Development, characterization, and application of behavioral tests that can assess functional neurologic deficits are essential to the development of translational therapies. This comprehensive review aims to summarize 19 common behavioral tests from three aspects (motor, memory, and emotion-related) that are associated with TBI pathology. Discussion covers the apparatus, the test steps, the evaluation indexes, data collection and analysis, animal performance and applications, advantages and disadvantages as well as precautions to eliminate bias wherever possible. We discussed recent studies on TBI-related preconditioning, biomarkers, and optimized behavioral protocols. The neuropsychologic tests employed in clinics were correlated with those used in mouse TBI models. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for TBI researchers to choose the right neurobehavioral protocol according to the research objectives of their translational investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinrou Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zefu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miyazawa T, Itaya M, Burdeos GC, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3937-3999. [PMID: 34140768 PMCID: PMC8203100 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s298606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these "surfactant-coated nanoparticles" through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Itaya
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gregor C Burdeos
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Onyeje C, Lavik E. Highlighting the usage of polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: A review study. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105048. [PMID: 33901586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There are very limited options for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nanoparticles offer the potential of targeting specific cell types, and, potentially, crossing the BBB under the right conditions making them an area of active research for treating TBI. This review focuses on polymeric nanoparticles and the impact of their chemistry, size, and surface groups on their interactions with the vasculature and cells of the brain following injury. The vast majority of the work in the field focuses on acute injury, and when the work is looked at closely, it suggests that nanoparticles rely on interactions with vascular and immune cells to alter the environment of the brain. Nonetheless, there are promising results from a number of approaches that lead to behavioral improvements coupled with neuroprotection that offer promise for therapeutic outcomes. The majority of approaches have been tested immediately following injury. It is not entirely clear what impact these approaches will have in chronic TBI, but being able to modulate inflammation specifically may have a role both during and after the acute phase of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiad Onyeje
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Piscataway Territories, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Erin Lavik
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Piscataway Territories, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The Role of BDNF in Experimental and Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073582. [PMID: 33808272 PMCID: PMC8037220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world with no current pharmacological treatment. The role of BDNF in neural repair and regeneration is well established and has also been the focus of TBI research. Here, we review experimental animal models assessing BDNF expression following injury as well as clinical studies in humans including the role of BDNF polymorphism in TBI. There is a large heterogeneity in experimental setups and hence the results with different regional and temporal changes in BDNF expression. Several studies have also assessed different interventions to affect the BDNF expression following injury. Clinical studies highlight the importance of BDNF polymorphism in the outcome and indicate a protective role of BDNF polymorphism following injury. Considering the possibility of affecting the BDNF pathway with available substances, we discuss future studies using transgenic mice as well as iPSC in order to understand the underlying mechanism of BDNF polymorphism in TBI and develop a possible pharmacological treatment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Azhari H, Younus M, Hook SM, Boyd BJ, Rizwan SB. Cubosomes enhance drug permeability across the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120411. [PMID: 33675926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential of cubosomes to improve delivery of incorporated cargo to the brain was explored in zebrafish. Cubosomes were formulated with one of three stabilisers, Pluronic F68, Pluronic F127 or Tween 80, with the hypothesis that coating with Tween 80 will enable brain targeting of cubosomes as has been previously shown for polymeric nanoparticles. The physiochemical properties and the ability of the cubosomes to facilitate delivery of the model drug lissamine rhodamine (RhoB) into the brain was investigated. Distribution of cubosomes in the midbrain was also investigated by ultrastructural analysis via incorporation of octanethiol-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Cubosomes were typically 165-195 nm in size with a Pn3m (Pluronics) or Im3m (Tween 80) cubic phase internal structure. Cubosomes were injected intravenously into zebrafish larvae (12-14 days post fertilization) and the concentration of RhoB in the midbrain was determined by quantifying its fluorescence intensity. Uptake of RhoB was significantly greater in larvae injected with Tween 80 stabilized cubosomes as compared to a control suspension of RhoB or cubosomes stabilized with Pluronics. Collectively, we show for the first time that cubosomes can be functionalized to deliver drug across the BBB, offering new opportunities to overcome drug delivery issues across this formidable biological barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Azhari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Younus
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shakila B Rizwan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ngowi EE, Wang YZ, Qian L, Helmy YASH, Anyomi B, Li T, Zheng M, Jiang ES, Duan SF, Wei JS, Wu DD, Ji XY. The Application of Nanotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases and Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:629832. [PMID: 33738278 PMCID: PMC7960921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.629832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is by far the most complex organ in the body. It is involved in the regulation of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional activities. The organ is also a target for many diseases and disorders ranging from injuries to cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain diseases are the main causes of disability and one of the leading causes of deaths. Several drugs that have shown potential in improving brain structure and functioning in animal models face many challenges including the delivery, specificity, and toxicity. For many years, researchers have been facing challenge of developing drugs that can cross the physical (blood–brain barrier), electrical, and chemical barriers of the brain and target the desired region with few adverse events. In recent years, nanotechnology emerged as an important technique for modifying and manipulating different objects at the molecular level to obtain desired features. The technique has proven to be useful in diagnosis as well as treatments of brain diseases and disorders by facilitating the delivery of drugs and improving their efficacy. As the subject is still hot, and new research findings are emerging, it is clear that nanotechnology could upgrade health care systems by providing easy and highly efficient diagnostic and treatment methods. In this review, we will focus on the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases and disorders by illuminating the potential of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yi-Zhen Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yasmeen Ahmed Saleheldin Hassan Helmy
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bright Anyomi
- Brain Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tao Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - En-She Jiang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Nursing and Health, Institutes of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Feng Duan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-She Wei
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Brain Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Acute brain injuries such as traumatic brain injury and stroke affect 85 million people a year worldwide, and many survivors suffer from long-term physical, cognitive, or psychosocial impairments. There are few FDA-approved therapies that are effective at preventing, halting, or ameliorating the state of disease in the brain after acute brain injury. To address this unmet need, one potential strategy is to leverage the unique physical and biological properties of nanomaterials. Decades of cancer nanomedicine research can serve as a blueprint for innovation in brain injury nanomedicines, both to emulate the successes and also to avoid potential pitfalls. In this review, we discuss how shared disease physiology between cancer and acute brain injuries can inform the design of novel nanomedicines for acute brain injuries. These disease hallmarks include dysregulated vasculature, an altered microenvironment, and changes in the immune system. We discuss several nanomaterial strategies that can be engineered to exploit these disease hallmarks, for example, passive accumulation, active targeting of disease-associated signals, bioresponsive designs that are "smart", and immune interactions.
Collapse
|
31
|
Weaver SR, Skinner BD, Furlong R, Lucas RAI, Cable NT, Rendeiro C, McGettrick HM, Lucas SJE. Cerebral Hemodynamic and Neurotrophic Factor Responses Are Dependent on the Type of Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 11:609935. [PMID: 33551835 PMCID: PMC7859714 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.609935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined acute cerebral hemodynamic and circulating neurotrophic factor responses to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT), guideline-based high intensity interval exercise (HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (SIT). We hypothesized that the pattern of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) response would differ between interval and continuous exercise, with SIT inducing the smallest increase from rest, while increases in neurotrophic factors would be intensity-dependent. In a randomized crossover design, 24 healthy adults (nine females) performed three exercise protocols: (i) MICT (30 min), (ii) HIIT (4 × 4 min at 85% HRmax), and (iii) SIT (4 × 30 s supramaximal). MCAv significantly increased from rest across MICT (Δ13.1 ± 8.5 cm⋅s–1, p < 0.001) and all bouts of HIIT (Δ15.2 ± 9.8 cm⋅s–1, p < 0.001), but only for the initial bout of SIT (Δ17.3 ± 11.6 cm⋅s–1, p < 0.001). Immediately following each interval bout, MCAv increased (i.e., rebounded) for the SIT (9–14% above rest, p ≤ 0.04), but not HIIT protocol. SIT alone induced significant elevations from rest to end-exercise in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; Δ28 ± 36%, p = 0.017) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, Δ149% ± 162%, p < 0.001) and there were greater increases in lactate than in either other protocol (>5-fold greater in SIT, p < 0.001), alongside a small significant reduction at the end of active recovery in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, Δ22 ± 21%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, while the nature of the response may differ, both guideline-based and sprint-based interval exercise have the potential to induce significant changes in factors linked to improved cerebrovascular and brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany D Skinner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri Furlong
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - N Timothy Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Prakapenka AV, Quihuis AM, Carson CG, Patel S, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Sirianni RW. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanoparticle Encapsulated 17β-Estradiol Improves Spatial Memory and Increases Uterine Stimulation in Middle-Aged Ovariectomized Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:597690. [PMID: 33424559 PMCID: PMC7793758 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.597690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone therapy that contains 17β-estradiol (E2) is used commonly for treatment of symptoms associated with menopause. E2 treatment has been shown to improve cognitive function following the decrease in ovarian hormones that is characteristic of menopause. However, once in circulation, the majority of E2 is bound to serum hormone binding globulin or albumin, becoming biologically inactive. Thus, therapeutic efficacy of E2 stands to benefit from increased bioavailability via sustained release of the hormone. Here, we focus on the encapsulation of E2 within polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). PLGA agent encapsulation offers several delivery advantages, including improved bioavailability and sustained biological activity of encapsulated agents. We hypothesized that delivery of E2 from PLGA nanoparticles would enhance the beneficial cognitive effects of E2 relative to free E2 or non-hormone loaded nanoparticle controls in a rat model of menopause. To test this hypothesis, spatial learning and memory were assessed in middle-aged ovariectomized rats receiving weekly subcutaneous treatment of either oil-control, free (oil-solubilized) E2, blank (non-hormone loaded) PLGA, or E2-loaded PLGA. Unexpectedly, learning and memory differed significantly between the two vehicle control groups. E2-loaded PLGA nanoparticles improved learning and memory relative to its control, while learning and memory were not different between free E2 and its vehicle control. These results suggest that delivery of E2 from PLGA nanoparticles offered cognitive benefit. However, when evaluating peripheral burden, E2-loaded PLGA was found to increase uterine stimulation compared to free E2, which is an undesired outcome, as estrogen exposure increases uterine cancer risk. In sum, a weekly E2 treatment regimen of E2 from PLGA nanoparticles increased cognitive efficacy and was accompanied with an adverse impact on the periphery, effects that may be due to the improved agent bioavailability and sustained biological activity offered by PLGA nanoparticle encapsulation. These findings underscore the risk of non-specific enhancement of E2 delivery and provide a basic framework for the study and development of E2's efficacy as a cognitive therapeutic with the aid of customizable polymeric nano-carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia V Prakapenka
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Catherine G Carson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Shruti Patel
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rachael W Sirianni
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bellotti E, Schilling AL, Little SR, Decuzzi P. Injectable thermoresponsive hydrogels as drug delivery system for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: A review. J Control Release 2021; 329:16-35. [PMID: 33259851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and retina, superintends to the acquisition, integration and processing of peripheral information to properly coordinate the activities of the whole body. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, trauma, stroke, and brain tumors can dramatically affect CNS functions resulting in serious and life-long disabilities. Globally, the societal and economic burden associated with CNS disorders continues to grow with the ageing of the population thus demanding for more effective and definitive treatments. Despite the variety of clinically available therapeutic molecules, medical interventions on CNS disorders are mostly limited to treat symptoms rather than halting or reversing disease progression. This is attributed to the complexity of the underlying disease mechanisms as well as to the unique biological microenvironment. Given its central importance, multiple barriers, including the blood brain barrier and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, protect the CNS from external agents. This limits the access of drug molecules to the CNS thus contributing to the modest therapeutic successes. Loco-regional therapies based on the deposition of thermoresponsive hydrogels loaded with therapeutic agents and cells are receiving much attention as an alternative and potentially more effective approach to manage CNS disorders. In this work, the current understanding and challenges in the design of thermoresponsive hydrogels for CNS therapy are reviewed. First, the biological barriers that hinder mass and drug transport to the CNS are described, highlighting the distinct features of each barrier. Then, the realization, characterization and biomedical application of natural and synthetic thermoresponsive hydrogels are critically presented. Advantages and limitations of each design and application are discussed with the objective of identifying general rules that could enhance the effective translation of thermoresponsive hydrogel-based therapies for the treatment of CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellotti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea L Schilling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 427 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 427 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA; Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Forbes tower, Suite 7057, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Central nervous system delivery of molecules across the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104952. [PMID: 33400964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapies targeting neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases are hampered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). During the last decades, several approaches have been developed to overcome the BBB, such as the use of nanoparticles (NPs) based on biomaterials, or alternative methods to open the BBB. In this review, we briefly highlight these strategies and the most recent advances in this field. Limitations and advantages of each approach are discussed. Combination of several methods such as functionalized NPs targeting the receptor-mediated transcytosis system with the use of magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) might be a promising strategy to develop theranostic tools as well as to safely deliver therapeutic molecules, such as drugs, neurotrophic factors or antibodies within the brain parenchyma.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hartl N, Adams F, Merkel OM. From adsorption to covalent bonding: Apolipoprotein E functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000092. [PMID: 33542947 PMCID: PMC7116687 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, which build a tight cellular barrier. Therapeutic (macro)molecules are not able to transit through the BBB in their free form. This limitation is bypassed by apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that are able to transport drugs (e.g. dalargin, loperamide, doxorubicin, nerve growth factor) across the BBB via low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mediated transcytosis. Coating with polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188 facilitates ApoE adsorption onto polymeric NPs enabling recognition by LDL receptors of brain endothelial cells. This effect is even enhanced when NPs are directly coated with ApoE without surfactant anchor. Similarly, covalent coupling of ApoE to NPs that bear reactive groups on their surface leads to significantly improved brain uptake while avoiding the use of surfactants. Several in vitro BBB models using brain endothelial cells or co-cultures with astrocytes/pericytes/glioma cells are described which provide first insights regarding the ability of a drug delivery system to cross this barrier. In vivo models are employed to simulate central nervous system-relevant diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease and cerebral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kin K, Yasuhara T, Date I. Encapsulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Dissecting the Underlying Mechanism of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Therapy. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520959064. [PMID: 33089215 PMCID: PMC7543158 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520959064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely considered good candidates for cell
transplantation therapy. Various central nervous system disorders have been suggested as
suitable targets for MSC transplantation therapy. In this context, a great deal of basic
and clinical research has been conducted to explore its clinical uses. Although depression
is one of the most common diseases in the world, the response rate to the currently
available treatment is insufficient and new treatments are much needed. Despite the fact
that MSC transplantation therapy has the potential to elicit an antidepressant effect, few
studies have been conducted on this topic to date and the underlying mechanism remains
poorly understood. To address the development of a new treatment for depression, we
evaluated the effect of MSCs using the encapsulation technique and Wistar-Kyoto rats.
Encapsulation enables dissection of the complicated underlying mechanism of MSC
transplantation therapy. Wistar-Kyoto rats that exhibit treatment-resistant
depressive-like behaviors allow us to compare the effect of MSCs with that of conventional
antidepressant treatment. In this commentary, we briefly summarize our recent published
results and discuss future research prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1759-1778. [PMID: 33028091 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are emphasized.
Collapse
|
38
|
Martins C, Chauhan VM, Araújo M, Abouselo A, Barrias CC, Aylott JW, Sarmento B. Advanced polymeric nanotechnology to augment therapeutic delivery and disease diagnosis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2287-2309. [PMID: 32945230 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic and diagnostic payloads are usually associated with properties that compromise their efficacy, such as poor aqueous solubility, short half-life, low bioavailability, nonspecific accumulation and diverse side effects. Nanotechnological solutions have emerged to circumvent some of these drawbacks, augmenting therapeutic and/or diagnostic outcomes. Nanotechnology has benefited from the rise in polymer science research for the development of novel nanosystems for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Polymers are a widely used class of biomaterials, with a considerable number of regulatory approvals for application in clinics. In addition to their versatility in production and functionalization, several synthetic and natural polymers demonstrate biocompatible properties that dictate their successful biological performance. This article highlights the physicochemical characteristics of a variety of natural and synthetic biocompatible polymers, as well as their role in the manufacture of nanotechnology-based systems, state-of-art applications in disease treatment and diagnosis, and current challenges in finding a way to clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Ruade Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marco Araújo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Amjad Abouselo
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Khalin I, Heimburger D, Melnychuk N, Collot M, Groschup B, Hellal F, Reisch A, Plesnila N, Klymchenko AS. Ultrabright Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles with a Stealth Pluronic Shell for Live Tracking in the Mouse Brain. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9755-9770. [PMID: 32680421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing single organic nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo remains a challenge, which could greatly improve our understanding of the bottlenecks in the field of nanomedicine. To achieve high single-particle fluorescence brightness, we loaded polymer poly(methyl methacrylate)-sulfonate (PMMA-SO3H) NPs with octadecyl rhodamine B together with a bulky hydrophobic counterion (perfluorinated tetraphenylborate) as a fluorophore insulator to prevent aggregation-caused quenching. To create NPs with stealth properties, we used the amphiphilic block copolymers pluronic F-127 and F-68. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) revealed that pluronics remained at the NP surface after dialysis (at one amphiphile per 5.5 nm2) and prevented NPs from nonspecific interactions with serum proteins and surfactants. In primary cultured neurons, pluronics stabilized the NPs, preventing their prompt aggregation and binding to neurons. By increasing dye loading to 20 wt % and optimizing particle size, we obtained 74 nm NPs showing 150-fold higher single-particle brightness with two-photon excitation than commercial Nile Red-loaded FluoSpheres of 39 nm hydrodynamic diameter. The obtained ultrabright pluronic-coated NPs enabled direct single-particle tracking in vessels of mice brains by two-photon intravital microscopy for at least 1 h, whereas noncoated NPs were rapidly eliminated from the circulation. Following brain injury or neuroinflammation, which can open the blood-brain barrier, extravasation of NPs was successfully monitored. Moreover, we demonstrated tracking of individual NPs from meningeal vessels until their uptake by meningeal macrophages. Thus, single NPs can be tracked in animals in real time in vivo in different brain compartments and their dynamics visualized with subcellular resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Doriane Heimburger
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nina Melnychuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Bernhard Groschup
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sim TM, Tarini D, Dheen ST, Bay BH, Srinivasan DK. Nanoparticle-Based Technology Approaches to the Management of Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6070. [PMID: 32842530 PMCID: PMC7503838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the most devastating and challenging diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains homeostasis of the brain and contributes towards the maintenance of a very delicate microenvironment, impairing the transport of many therapeutics into the CNS and making the management of common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), exceptionally complicated. Nanoparticle (NP) technology offers a platform for the design of tissue-specific drug carrying systems owing to its versatile and modifiable nature. The prospect of being able to design NPs capable of successfully crossing the BBB, and maintaining a high drug bioavailability in neural parenchyma, has spurred much interest in the field of nanomedicine. NPs, which also come in an array of forms including polymeric NPs, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), quantum dots and liposomes, have the flexibility of being conjugated with various macromolecules, such as surfactants to confer the physical or chemical property desired. These nanodelivery strategies represent potential novel and minimally invasive approaches to the treatment and diagnosis of these neurological disorders. Most of the strategies revolve around the ability of the NPs to cross the BBB via various influx mechanisms, such as adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) and receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), targeting specific biomarkers or lesions unique to that pathological condition, thereby ensuring high tissue-specific targeting and minimizing off-target side effects. In this article, insights into common neurological disorders and challenges of delivering CNS drugs due to the presence of BBB is provided, before an in-depth review of nanoparticle-based theranostic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ming Sim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Dinesh Tarini
- Government Kilpauk Medical College, The Tamilnadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600032, India;
| | - S. Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.T.D.); (B.H.B.)
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.T.D.); (B.H.B.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar Srinivasan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore; (S.T.D.); (B.H.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gagner C, Tuerk C, De Beaumont L, Bernier A, Beauchamp MH. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism and Internalizing Behaviors after Early Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:102-110. [PMID: 32605421 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to adverse emotional, social, and behavioral consequences. However, outcome is difficult to predict due to significant individual variability, likely reflecting a complex interaction between injury- and child-related variables. Among these variables are genetically determined individual differences, which can modulate TBI outcome through their influence on neuroplasticity mechanisms. In this study, we examined the effect of Val66Met, a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene known to be involved in neuroplasticity mechanisms, on behavioral symptoms of mild TBI (mTBI) sustained in early childhood. This work is part of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of early TBI. The current sample consisted of 145 children between ages 18 and 60 months assigned to one of three participant groups: mild TBI, orthopedic injury, or typically developing children. Participants provided a saliva sample to detect the presence of the Val66Met polymorphism, and the Child Behavior Checklist was used to document the presence of behavioral symptoms at 6- and 18-months post-injury. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, at 6 months post-injury, non-carriers of the Val66Met polymorphism in the mTBI group presented significantly more internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety/depression and somatic complaints) than Val66Met carriers, who were similar to orthopedically injured and typically developing children. However, at 18 months post-injury, all children with mTBI presented more internalizing symptoms, independent of genotype. The results of the study provide evidence for a protective effect of the Val66Met polymorphism on internalizing behavior symptoms 6 months after early childhood mTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carola Tuerk
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiyang YB, Liu R, Wang XY, Li S, Zhao Y, Lu BT, Xiao ZC, Zhang LF, Wang TH, Zhang J. COX5A Plays a Vital Role in Memory Impairment Associated With Brain Aging via the BDNF/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:215. [PMID: 32754029 PMCID: PMC7365906 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va (COX5A) is involved in maintaining normal mitochondrial function. However, little is known on the role of COX5A in the development and progress of Alzheimer’s disease (Martinez-Losa et al., 2018). In this study, we established and characterized the genomic profiles of genes expressed in the hippocampus of Senescence-Accelerated Mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, and revealed differential expression of COX5A among 12-month-aged SAMP8 mice and 2-month-aged SAMP8 mice. Newly established transgenic mice with systemic COX5A overexpression (51% increase) resulted in the improvement of spatial recognition memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, recovery of hippocampal CA1 dendrites, and activation of the BDNF/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vivo. Moreover, mice with both COX5A overexpression and BDNF knockdown showed a poor recovery in spatial recognition memory as well as a decrease in spine density and branching of dendrites in CA1, when compared to mice that only overexpressed COX5A. In vitro studies supported that COX5A affected neuronal growth via BDNF. In summary, this study was the first to show that COX5A in the hippocampus plays a vital role in aging-related cognitive deterioration via BDNF/ERK1/2 regulation, and suggested that COX5A may be a potential target for anti-senescence drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Xiyang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xu-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing-Tuan Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lian-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for traumatic injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are largely limited to the efficiency of drug delivery. Despite the disrupted blood-CNS barrier during the early phase after injury, the drug administration faces a variety of obstacles derived from homeostatic imbalance at the injury site. In the late phase after CNS injury, the restoration of the blood-CNS barrier integrity varies depending on the injury severity resulting in inconsistent delivery of therapeutics. This review intends to characterize those different challenges of the therapeutic delivery in acute and chronic phases after injury and discuss recent advances in various approaches to explore novel strategies for the treatment of traumatic CNS injury.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Dendritic spines are tiny membrane specialization forming the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. They have been suggested to play a crucial role in regulating synaptic transmission during development and in adult learning processes. Changes in their number, size, and shape are correlated with processes of structural synaptic plasticity and learning and memory and also with neurodegenerative diseases, when spines are lost. Thus, their alterations can correlate with neuronal homeostasis, but also with dysfunction in several neurological disorders characterized by cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is important to understand how different stages in the life of a dendritic spine, including formation, maturation, and plasticity, are strictly regulated. In this context, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), belonging to the NGF-neurotrophin family, is among the most intensively investigated molecule. This review would like to report the current knowledge regarding the role of BDNF in regulating dendritic spine number, structure, and plasticity concentrating especially on its signaling via its two often functionally antagonistic receptors, TrkB and p75NTR. In addition, we point out a series of open points in which, while the role of BDNF signaling is extremely likely conclusive, evidence is still missing.
Collapse
|
45
|
Seyedebrahimi R, Razavi S, Varshosaz J, Vatankhah E, Kazemi M. Beneficial effects of biodelivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and gold nanoparticles from functionalized electrospun PLGA scaffold for nerve tissue engineering. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
46
|
Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Next Generation of Stem Cell-Based Therapy for TBI. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114051. [PMID: 32516998 PMCID: PMC7312789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as an attractive approach for restorative medicine in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), due to their relatively easy derivation and therapeutic effect following transplantation. However, the long-term survival of the grafted cells and therapeutic efficacy need improvement. Here, we review the recent application of MSCs in TBI treatment in preclinical models. We discuss the genetic modification approaches designed to enhance the therapeutic potency of MSCs for TBI treatment by improving their survival after transplantation, enhancing their homing abilities and overexpressing neuroprotective and neuroregenerative factors. We highlight the latest preclinical studies that have used genetically modified MSCs for TBI treatment. The recent developments in MSCs’ biology and potential TBI therapeutic targets may sufficiently improve the genetic modification strategies for MSCs, potentially bringing effective MSC-based therapies for TBI treatment in humans.
Collapse
|
47
|
Singh T, Robles D, Vazquez M. Neuronal substrates alter the migratory responses of nonmyelinating Schwann cells to controlled brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gradients. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:609-621. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Singh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Denise Robles
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers University, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers University, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang G, Rayner S, Chung R, Shi B, Liang X. Advances in nanotechnology-based strategies for the treatments of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100055. [PMID: 32529183 PMCID: PMC7280770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons, which results in loss of muscle control and eventual paralysis [1]. Currently, there are as yet unresolved challenges regarding efficient drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). These challenges can be attributed to multiple factors including the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), as well as the inherent characteristics of the drugs themselves (e.g. low solubility, insufficient bioavailability/bio-stability, 'off-target' effects) etc. As a result, conventional drug delivery systems may not facilitate adequate dosage of the required drugs for functional recovery in ALS patients. Nanotechnology-based strategies, however, employ engineered nanostructures that show great potential in delivering single or combined therapeutic agents to overcome the biological barriers, enhance interaction with targeted sites, improve drug bioavailability/bio-stability and achieve real-time tracking while minimizing the systemic side-effects. This review provides a concise discussion of recent advances in nanotechnology-based strategies in relation to combating specific pathophysiology relevant to ALS disease progression and investigates the future scope of using nanotechnology to develop innovative treatments for ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G.Y. Wang
- Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S.L. Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - R. Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - B.Y. Shi
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - X.J. Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tosi G, Duskey JT, Kreuter J. Nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 17:23-32. [PMID: 31774000 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1698544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Current therapies of neurodegenerative or neurometabolic diseases are, to a large extent, hampered by the inability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This very tight barrier severely restricts the entrance of molecules from the blood into the brain, especially macromolecular substances (i.e. neurotrophic factors, enzymes, proteins, as well as genetic materials). Due to their size, physicochemical properties, and instability, the delivery of these materials is particularly difficult.Areas covered: Recent research showed that biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles possessing tailored surface properties can enable a delivery of drugs and specifically of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier by using carrier systems of the brain capillary endothelium (Trojan Horse strategy). In the present review, the state-of-art of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery of different macromolecular substances into the brain following intravenous injection is summarized, and different nanomedicines that are used to enable the transport of neurotrophic factors and enzymes across the blood-brain barrier into the CNS are critically analyzed.Expert opinion: Brain delivery of macromolecules by an intravenous application using nanomedicines is now a growing area of interest which could be really translated into clinical application if dedicated effort will be given to industrial scale-up production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italia
| | - J T Duskey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italia
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Exercise factors as potential mediators of cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:808-814. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|