1
|
Kim DY, Kim SE, Park TK, Choi KH, Lee JM, Yang JH, Song YB, Choi JH, Gwon HC, Hahn JY, Choi SH, Cho SW. Elevated white blood cell count and long-term clinical outcomes of patients with vasospastic angina. Coron Artery Dis 2024; 35:382-388. [PMID: 38545832 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation is known as one of key pathophysiologic mechanisms of coronary artery disease. We aimed to investigate the relationship between white blood cell (WBC) count and long-term clinical outcomes of patients with vasospastic angina (VA). METHODS A total of 823 patients who were diagnosed as VA without significant coronary lesion by coronary angiography with ergonovine provocation test were enrolled for analysis. Patients were divided according to WBC count tertile at the time of diagnosis: group I, tertile 1 and 2 (n = 546, <7490/ml); group II, tertile 3 (n = 277, ≥7490/ml). Primary outcome was defined as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite outcome of all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), readmission due to cardiac symptoms, and revascularization. RESULTS Median follow-up duration was 4.3 years. No significant difference of primary outcome was observed between group I and group II (14.7% vs. 20.2%, hazard ratio (HR) 1.29, confidence interval (CI) 0.90-1.83, P = 0.162), while incidence of cardiac death and MI was significantly higher in group II (1.5% vs. 4.3%, HR 2.86, CI 1.14-7.17), P = 0.025). In multivariate Cox regression model, elevated WBC count at the time of diagnosis of VA was an independent predictor of MI (HR 3.43, CI 1.02-11.59, P = 0.047). CONCLUSION Elevated WBC count at the time of diagnosis was associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiac death and MI during long-term follow-up in VA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yeon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Kyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ki Hong Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Joo Myung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jeong Hoon Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Young Bin Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Gwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Joo-Yong Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seung-Hyuk Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Woo Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Conklin DJ, Haberzettl P, MacKinlay KG, Murphy D, Jin L, Yuan F, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Aldose Reductase (AR) Mediates and Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) Modulates Endothelial Dysfunction of Short-Term High-Fat Diet Feeding in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:1172. [PMID: 38132854 PMCID: PMC10744918 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased adiposity of both visceral and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) depots is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Under healthy conditions, PVAT modulates vascular tone via the release of PVAT-derived relaxing factors, including adiponectin and leptin. However, when PVAT expands with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, it appears to contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED). Yet, the mechanisms by which PVAT alters vascular health are unclear. Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes glucose reduction in the first step of the polyol pathway and has been long implicated in diabetic complications including neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and vascular diseases. To better understand the roles of both PVAT and AR in HFD-induced ED, we studied structural and functional changes in aortic PVAT induced by short-term HFD (60% kcal fat) feeding in wild type (WT) and aldose reductase-null (AR-null) mice. Although 4 weeks of HFD feeding significantly increased body fat and PVAT mass in both WT and AR-null mice, HFD feeding induced ED in the aortas of WT mice but not of AR-null mice. Moreover, HFD feeding augmented endothelial-dependent relaxation in aortas with intact PVAT only in WT and not in AR-null mice. These data indicate that AR mediates ED associated with short-term HFD feeding and that ED appears to provoke 'compensatory changes' in PVAT induced by HFD. As these data support that the ED of HFD feeding is AR-dependent, vascular-localized AR remains a potential target of temporally selective intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Conklin
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Daniel Murphy
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Lexiao Jin
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (P.H.); (D.M.); (L.J.); (S.S.); (A.B.)
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Isolated systolic hypertension is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Despite being the most common form of hypertension in the elderly, it is also detectable among young and middle-aged subjects. Dietary salt (sodium chloride) intake is an important determinant of blood pressure, and high salt intake is associated with greater risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events. In most countries, habitual salt intake at all age categories largely exceeds the international recommendations. Excess salt intake, often interacting with overweight and insulin resistance, may contribute to the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young individuals by causing endothelial dysfunction and promoting arterial stiffness through a number of mechanisms, namely increase in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, sympathetic tone and salt-sensitivity. This short review focused on the epidemiological and clinical evidence, the mechanistic pathways and the cluster of pathophysiological factors whereby excess salt intake may favor the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Osikoya O, Cushen SC, Ricci CA, Goulopoulou S. Cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanisms mediate in part the anti-dilatory effects of perivascular adipose tissue in uterine arteries from pregnant rats. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105788. [PMID: 34311071 PMCID: PMC8439575 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uterine perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to uterine blood flow regulation in pregnancy, at least in part, due to its effects on uterine artery reactivity. We tested the hypothesis that uterine PVAT modulates the balance between the contribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent pathways to acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation in isolated uterine arteries. Concentration-response curves to ACh (1 nM - 30 µM) were performed on uterine arteries from pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Arteries were exposed to Krebs-Henseleit solution (control) or PVAT-conditioned media (PVATmedia) in the presence of the following inhibitors: L-NAME (NOS inhibitor), indomethacin (COX inhibitor), SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor), NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor), SQ 29,548 (thromboxane receptor (TP) inhibitor). In arteries incubated with PVATmedia, the presence of indomethacin increased ACh-induced relaxation, reversing the anti-dilatory effect of PVATmedia. NOS inhibition reduced ACh-induced relaxation in uterine arteries from pregnant rats, and exposure to PVATmedia did not change this effect. Selective inhibition of COX-1 but not COX-2 suppressed relaxation responses to ACh in control arteries. The presence of PVATmedia abolished the effect of COX-1 inhibition. Incubation of uterine arteries from pregnant rats with PVATmedia increased production of thromboxane B2 (TxB2, p = 0.01) but thromboxane receptor (TP) inhibition did not affect the anti-dilatory properties of PVATmedia. In conclusion, inhibition of COX signaling suppressed the anti-dilatory effects of PVATmedia, while PVATmedia had no effect on the contribution of the NOS/NO pathway to ACh-induced relaxation in uterine arteries from pregnant rats, indicating that the anti-dilatory effects of uterine PVAT are mediated in part by COX-dependent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Contessa A Ricci
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serum leptin is associated with increased pulse pressure and the development of arterial stiffening in adult men: results of an eight-year follow-up study. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1444-1450. [PMID: 34385686 PMCID: PMC8568692 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High leptin levels are associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile. A number of studies found a positive association between leptin and vascular damage, but to date, no observational study has evaluated a potential predictive role of leptin for arterial stiffening. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the role of leptin in the incidence of arterial stiffening (pulse pressure >60 mmHg) and changes in pulse pressure in an 8-year follow-up of a sample of adult men (The Olivetti Heart Study). The analysis included 460 men without baseline arterial stiffening and antihypertensive treatment at baseline and at follow-up (age: 50.0 years, BMI: 26.5 kg/m2). At the end of the follow-up period, the incidence of arterial stiffening was 8%. Baseline leptin was significantly greater in the group that developed arterial stiffening and was significantly correlated with pulse pressure changes over time (p < 0.05). According to the median plasma leptin distribution of the whole population, the sample was stratified into two groups: one with leptin levels above the median and the other with leptin levels below the median. Those who had baseline leptin levels above the median had a greater risk of developing arterial stiffening (odds ratio: 2.5, p < 0.05) and a greater increase in pulse pressure over time (beta: 2.1, p < 0.05), also after adjustment for confounders. The results of this prospective study indicate a predictive role of circulating leptin levels for vascular damage, independent of body weight and blood pressure.
Collapse
|
6
|
Leptin levels predict the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a sample of adult men: the Olivetti Heart Study. J Hypertens 2020; 39:692-697. [PMID: 33060451 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A higher leptin (LPT) is associated with a greater cardiometabolic risk. Some studies also showed a positive association between LPT and cardiovascular organ damage but no consistent data are available about a predictive role of LPT on cardiac remodelling. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of LPT on the incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a sample of adult men. METHODS The study population was made up of 439 individuals (age: 51 years) without LVH at baseline, participating in The Olivetti Heart Study. The ECG criteria were adopted to exclude LVH at baseline and echocardiogram criteria for diagnosis of LVH at follow-up were considered. RESULTS At baseline, LPT was significantly and positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, ECG indices, SBP and DBP but not with age and renal function. At the end of the 8-year follow-up period, there was an incidence of 23% in LVH by echocardiography. Individuals who developed LVH had higher baseline age, LPT, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and ECG indices (P < 0.05). Furthermore, those that had LPT above the median had greater risk to develop LVH (odds ratio: 1.7; P < 0.05). This association was also confirmed after adjustment for main confounders, among which changes in blood pressure and anthropometric indices. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a predictive role of circulating LPT levels on cardiac remodelling expressed by echocardiographic LVH, independently of body weight and blood pressure changes over the years.
Collapse
|
7
|
D’Elia L, Giaquinto A, De Luca F, Strazzullo P, Galletti F. Relationship between circulating leptin levels and arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:505-513. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sorop O, van de Wouw J, Chandler S, Ohanyan V, Tune JD, Chilian WM, Merkus D, Bender SB, Duncker DJ. Experimental animal models of coronary microvascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:756-770. [PMID: 31926020 PMCID: PMC7061277 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is commonly present in patients with metabolic derangements and is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to myocardial ischaemia, both in the presence and absence of epicardial coronary atherosclerosis. The latter condition is termed 'ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease' (INOCA). Notwithstanding the high prevalence of INOCA, effective treatment remains elusive. Although to date there is no animal model for INOCA, animal models of CMD, one of the hallmarks of INOCA, offer excellent test models for enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of CMD and for investigating novel therapies. This article presents an overview of currently available experimental models of CMD-with an emphasis on metabolic derangements as risk factors-in dogs, swine, rabbits, rats, and mice. In all available animal models, metabolic derangements are most often induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and/or diabetes mellitus via injection of alloxan or streptozotocin, but there is also a wide variety of spontaneous as well as transgenic animal models which develop metabolic derangements. Depending on the number, severity, and duration of exposure to risk factors-all these animal models show perturbations in coronary microvascular (endothelial) function and structure, similar to what has been observed in patients with INOCA and comorbid conditions. The use of these animal models will be instrumental in identifying novel therapeutic targets and for the subsequent development and testing of novel therapeutic interventions to combat ischaemic heart disease, the number one cause of death worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens van de Wouw
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selena Chandler
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Vahagn Ohanyan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Azul L, Leandro A, Boroumand P, Klip A, Seiça R, Sena CM. Increased inflammation, oxidative stress and a reduction in antioxidant defense enzymes in perivascular adipose tissue contribute to vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:264-274. [PMID: 31698080 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds most large blood vessels and plays an important role in vascular homeostasis. The present study was conducted to investigate the contribution of PVAT to vascular dysfunction in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Several in vivo parameters such as lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglyceride systemic levels), fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (through glucose and insulin tolerance tests, respectively) were determined in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats and compared with control Wistar rats. At the vascular level, endothelial dependent and independent relaxation and contraction studies were performed in aortic rings in the absence (PVAT-) or in the presence (PVAT+) of thoracic PVAT. We also evaluated vascular oxidative stress and performed western blots, PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis of cytokines and various enzymes in PVAT. RESULTS Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, assessed by wire myography, was impaired in GK rats and improved by the antioxidant TEMPOL and by the TLR4 inhibitor, CLI-095 suggesting an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, vascular superoxide and peroxynitrite production was increased in the vascular wall of diabetic rats, accompanied by reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. The presence of PVAT had an anticontractile effect in response to phenylephrine in Wistar rats that was lost in GK rats. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that PVAT phenotype shifts, under diabetic conditions, towards a proinflammatory (with increment in CRP, CCL2, CD36), pro-oxidant (increased levels of aldose reductase, and reduced levels of antioxidant deference enzymes) and vasoconstriction state. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that this rat model of type 2 diabetes is associated with perivascular adipose dysfunction that contributes to oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Azul
- Institute of Physiology, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Leandro
- Institute of Physiology, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Sena
- Institute of Physiology, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The microcirculation maintains tissue homeostasis through local regulation of blood flow and oxygen delivery. Perturbations in microvascular function are characteristic of several diseases and may be early indicators of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system and in parenchymal tissue function. These changes are often mediated by various reactive oxygen species and linked to disruptions in pathways such as vasodilation or angiogenesis. This overview compiles recent advances relating to redox regulation of the microcirculation by adopting both cellular and functional perspectives. Findings from a variety of vascular beds and models are integrated to describe common effects of different reactive species on microvascular function. Gaps in understanding and areas for further research are outlined. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:229-260, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Costa RM, Neves KB, Tostes RC, Lobato NS. Perivascular Adipose Tissue as a Relevant Fat Depot for Cardiovascular Risk in Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29618983 PMCID: PMC5871983 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of premature death, morbidity, and mortality from several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. However, this is not a straightforward relationship. Although several studies have substantiated that obesity confers an independent and additive risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death, there is significant variability in these associations, with some lean individuals developing diseases and others remaining healthy despite severe obesity, the so-called metabolically healthy obese. Part of this variability has been attributed to the heterogeneity in both the distribution of body fat and the intrinsic properties of adipose tissue depots, including developmental origin, adipogenic and proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, hormonal control, thermogenic ability, and vascularization. In obesity, these depot-specific differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. The adventitial fat layer, also known as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), is of major importance. Similar to the visceral adipose tissue, PVAT has a pathophysiological role in CVDs. PVAT influences vascular homeostasis by releasing numerous vasoactive factors, cytokines, and adipokines, which can readily target the underlying smooth muscle cell layers, regulating the vascular tone, distribution of blood flow, as well as angiogenesis, inflammatory processes, and redox status. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and discuss the role of PVAT within the scope of adipose tissue as a major contributing factor to obesity-associated cardiovascular risk. Relevant clinical studies documenting the relationship between PVAT dysfunction and CVD with a focus on potential mechanisms by which PVAT contributes to obesity-related CVDs are pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Núbia S Lobato
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernández-Alfonso MS, Somoza B, Tsvetkov D, Kuczmanski A, Dashwood M, Gil-Ortega M. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:23-59. [PMID: 29357124 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is cushion of fat tissue surrounding blood vessels, which is phenotypically different from other adipose tissue depots. PVAT is composed of adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction, constituted by different populations of immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipose-derived stromal cells. It expresses and releases an important number of vasoactive factors with paracrine effects on vascular structure and function. In healthy individuals, these factors elicit a net anticontractile and anti-inflammatory paracrine effect aimed at meeting hemodynamic and metabolic demands of specific organs and regions of the body. Pathophysiological situations, such as obesity, diabetes or hypertension, induce changes in its amount and in the expression pattern of vasoactive factors leading to a PVAT dysfunction in which the beneficial paracrine influence of PVAT is shifted to a pro-oxidant, proinflammatory, contractile, and trophic environment leading to functional and structural cardiovascular alterations and cardiovascular disease. Many different PVATs surrounding a variety of blood vessels have been described and exhibit regional differences. Both protective and deleterious influence of PVAT differs regionally depending on the specific vascular bed contributing to variations in the susceptibility of arteries and veins to vascular disease. PVAT therefore, might represent a novel target for pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:23-59, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kuczmanski
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Mick Dashwood
- Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rafique Y, AlBader M, Oriowo M. Attenuation of the anti-contractile effect of cooling in the rat aorta by perivascular adipose tissue. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 37:52-60. [PMID: 28869322 DOI: 10.1111/aap.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to providing mechanical support for blood vessels, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) secretes a number of vasoactive substances and exerts an anticontractile effect. The main objective of this study was to find out whether the anticontractile effect of cooling in the rat aorta is affected by PVAT. Our hypothesis was that PVAT would enhance the anticontractile effect of cooling in the rat aorta. Aorta segments, with or without PVAT, were used in this investigation. Cumulative concentration-response curves were established for phenylephrine at 37°C or 24°C. Phenylephrine (10-9 M - 10-5 M) induced concentration-dependent contractions of aorta segments with or without PVAT at 37°C. The maximum response, but not pD2 value, was reduced in aorta segments with PVAT. Cooling the tissues to 24 °C resulted in a significant reduction in the maximum response in aorta segments without PVAT with no change in pD2 values. However, the anticontractile effect of cooling was attenuated in the presence of PVAT with no significant (p > 0.05) change in either the maximum response or pD2 value. L-NAME potentiated PE-induced contractions and this was greater in aorta segments without PVAT at both temperatures. The expression of eNOS protein and basal tissue level of nitric oxide (NO) were greater in aorta segments with PVAT at both temperatures. However, PE significantly increased tissue levels of NO only in aorta segments without PVAT. We concluded that PVAT-induced loss of anticontractile effect of cooling against PE-induced contractions could be due to impaired generation of NO in aorta segments with PVAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Rafique
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - M AlBader
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - M Oriowo
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramirez JG, O'Malley EJ, Ho WSV. Pro-contractile effects of perivascular fat in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3482-3495. [PMID: 28257140 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is now recognized as an active player in vascular homeostasis. The expansion of PVAT in obesity and its possible role in vascular dysfunction have attracted much interest. In terms of the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure, PVAT has been shown to release vasoactive mediators, for instance, angiotensin peptides, reactive oxygen species, chemokines and cytokines. The secretory profile of PVAT is altered by obesity, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, leading to an imbalance between its pro-contractile and anti-contractile effects. PVAT adipocytes represent an important source of the mediators, but infiltrating immune cells may become more important under conditions of hypoxia and inflammation. This review describes recent advances in the effects of PVAT on the regulation of vascular tone, highlighting the evidence for a pro-contractile action in health and disease. The role of the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, immune cells and probably perivascular nerves in PVAT function is also discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramirez
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - E J O'Malley
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - W S V Ho
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The heart is uniquely responsible for providing its own blood supply through the coronary circulation. Regulation of coronary blood flow is quite complex and, after over 100 years of dedicated research, is understood to be dictated through multiple mechanisms that include extravascular compressive forces (tissue pressure), coronary perfusion pressure, myogenic, local metabolic, endothelial as well as neural and hormonal influences. While each of these determinants can have profound influence over myocardial perfusion, largely through effects on end-effector ion channels, these mechanisms collectively modulate coronary vascular resistance and act to ensure that the myocardial requirements for oxygen and substrates are adequately provided by the coronary circulation. The purpose of this series of Comprehensive Physiology is to highlight current knowledge regarding the physiologic regulation of coronary blood flow, with emphasis on functional anatomy and the interplay between the physical and biological determinants of myocardial oxygen delivery. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:321-382, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gregory M Dick
- California Medical Innovations Institute, 872 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Drive, Lafayette, IN
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Noblet JN, Goodwill AG, Sassoon DJ, Kiel AM, Tune JD. Leptin augments coronary vasoconstriction and smooth muscle proliferation via a Rho-kinase-dependent pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:25. [PMID: 26975316 PMCID: PMC5126981 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin has been implicated as a key upstream mediator of pathways associated with coronary vascular dysfunction and disease. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that leptin modifies the coronary artery proteome and promotes increases in coronary smooth muscle contraction and proliferation via influences on Rho kinase signaling. Global proteomic assessment of coronary arteries from lean swine cultured with obese concentrations of leptin (30 ng/mL) for 3 days revealed significant alterations in the coronary artery proteome (68 proteins) and identified an association between leptin treatment and calcium signaling/contraction (four proteins) and cellular growth and proliferation (35 proteins). Isometric tension studies demonstrated that both acute (30 min) and chronic (3 days, serum-free media) exposure to obese concentrations of leptin potentiated depolarization-induced contraction of coronary arteries. Inhibition of Rho kinase significantly reduced leptin-mediated increases in coronary artery contractions. The effects of leptin on the functional expression of Rho kinase were time-dependent, as acute treatment increased Rho kinase activity while chronic (3 day) exposure was associated with increases in Rho kinase protein abundance. Proliferation assays following chronic leptin administration (8 day, serum-containing media) demonstrated that leptin augmented coronary vascular smooth muscle proliferation and increased Rho kinase activity. Inhibition of Rho kinase significantly reduced these effects of leptin. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that leptin promotes increases in coronary vasoconstriction and smooth muscle proliferation and indicate that these phenotypic effects are associated with alterations in the coronary artery proteome and dynamic effects on the Rho kinase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Noblet
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel J Sassoon
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Even SEL, Dulak-Lis MG, Touyz RM, Nguyen Dinh Cat A. Crosstalk between adipose tissue and blood vessels in cardiometabolic syndrome: implication of steroid hormone receptors (MR/GR). Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:89-101. [PMID: 25390018 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between adipose tissue and blood vessels is vital to vascular homeostasis and is disturbed in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) refers to the clustering of obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, glucose and lipid profile alterations, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Adipose tissue associated with the vasculature [known as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)] has been shown to produce myriads of adipose tissue-derived substances called adipokines, including hormones, cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which actively participate in the regulation of vascular function and local inflammation by endocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. As a result, the signaling from PVAT to the vasculature is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes-related vascular dysfunction. Accumulating evidence supports a shift in our understanding of the crucial role of elevated plasma levels of aldosterone in obesity, promoting insulin resistance and hypertension. In obesity, aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling induces an abnormal secretion of adipokines, ROS production and systemic inflammation, which in turn contribute to impaired insulin signaling, reduced endothelial-mediated vasorelaxation, and associated cardiovascular abnormalities. Thus, aldosterone excess exerts detrimental metabolic and vascular effects that participate to the development of the CMS and its associated cardiovascular abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the physiopathological roles of corticosteroid receptors in the interplay between PVAT and the vasculature, which underlies their potential as key regulators of vascular function.
Collapse
|
18
|
Noblet JN, Owen MK, Goodwill AG, Sassoon DJ, Tune JD. Lean and Obese Coronary Perivascular Adipose Tissue Impairs Vasodilation via Differential Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle K+ Channels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1393-400. [PMID: 25838427 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of coronary perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) on vasomotor tone are influenced by an obese phenotype and are distinct from other adipose tissue depots. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of lean and obese coronary PVAT on end-effector mechanisms of coronary vasodilation and to identify potential factors involved. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed similarities in coronary perivascular adipocyte size between lean and obese Ossabaw swine. Isometric tension studies of isolated coronary arteries from Ossabaw swine revealed that factors derived from lean and obese coronary PVAT attenuated vasodilation to adenosine. Lean coronary PVAT inhibited K(Ca) and KV7, but not KATP channel-mediated dilation in lean arteries. In the absence of PVAT, vasodilation to K(Ca) and KV7 channel activation was impaired in obese arteries relative to lean arteries. Obese PVAT had no effect on K(Ca) or KV7 channel-mediated dilation in obese arteries. In contrast, obese PVAT inhibited KATP channel-mediated dilation in both lean and obese arteries. The differential effects of obese versus lean PVAT were not associated with changes in either coronary KV7 or K(ATP) channel expression. Incubation with calpastatin attenuated coronary vasodilation to adenosine in lean but not in obese arteries. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that lean and obese coronary PVAT attenuates vasodilation via inhibitory effects on vascular smooth muscle K(+) channels and that alterations in specific factors such as calpastatin are capable of contributing to the initiation or progression of smooth muscle dysfunction in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Noblet
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., A.G.G., D.J.S., J.D.T.); and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.)
| | - Meredith K Owen
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., A.G.G., D.J.S., J.D.T.); and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.)
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., A.G.G., D.J.S., J.D.T.); and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.)
| | - Daniel J Sassoon
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., A.G.G., D.J.S., J.D.T.); and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.)
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., A.G.G., D.J.S., J.D.T.); and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.).
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Lee MHH, Chen SJ, Tsao CM, Wu CC. Perivascular adipose tissue inhibits endothelial function of rat aortas via caveolin-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99947. [PMID: 24926683 PMCID: PMC4057398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-derived factors have been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), occupying the calcium/calmodulin binding site of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and then inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production, is also involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, we investigated whether PVAT regulated vascular tone via Cav-1 and/or endothelial NO pathways. Isometric tension studies were carried out in isolated thoracic aortas from Wistar rats in the presence and absence of PVAT. Concentration-response curves of phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were illustrated to examine the vascular reactivity and endothelial function. The protein expressions of eNOS and Cav-1 were also examined in aortic homogenates. Our results demonstrated that PVAT significantly enhanced vasoconstriction and inhibited vasodilatation via endothelium-dependent mechanism. The aortic NO production was diminished after PVAT treatment, whereas protein expression and activity of eNOS were not significantly affected. In addition, Cav-1 protein expression was significantly increased in aortas with PVAT transfer. Furthermore, a caveolae depleter methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished the effect of PVAT on the enhancement of vasoconstriction, and reversed the impairment of aortic NO production. In conclusion, unknown factor(s) released from PVAT may inhibit endothelial NO production and induce vasocontraction via an increase of Cav-1 protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hui-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Jen Chen
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Tsao
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-MT); (C-CW)
| | - Chin-Chen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-MT); (C-CW)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brown NK, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zeng R, Wu J, Eitzman DT, Chen YE, Chang L. Perivascular adipose tissue in vascular function and disease: a review of current research and animal models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1621-30. [PMID: 24833795 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), long assumed to be nothing more than vessel-supporting connective tissue, is now understood to be an important, active component of the vasculature, with integral roles in vascular health and disease. PVAT is an adipose tissue with similarities to both brown and white adipose tissue, although recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own precursors. Like other adipose tissue depots, PVAT secretes numerous biologically active substances that can act in both autocrine and paracrine fashion. PVAT has also proven to be involved in vascular inflammation. Although PVAT can support inflammation during atherosclerosis via macrophage accumulation, emerging evidence suggests that PVAT also has antiatherosclerotic properties related to its abilities to induce nonshivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. We here discuss the accumulated knowledge of PVAT biology and related research on models of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Brown
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Zhou Zhou
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Rong Zeng
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Jiarui Wu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.).
| | - Lin Chang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (N.K.B., Z.Z., J.Z., D.T.E., Y.E.C., L.C.); Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (N.K.B.); and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China (R.Z., J.W.).
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Owen MK, Noblet JN, Sassoon DJ, Conteh AM, Goodwill AG, Tune JD. Perivascular adipose tissue and coronary vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1643-9. [PMID: 24790142 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary perivascular adipose tissue is a naturally occurring adipose tissue depot that normally surrounds the major coronary arteries on the surface of the heart. Although originally thought to promote vascular health and integrity, there is a growing body of evidence to support that coronary perivascular adipose tissue displays a distinct phenotype relative to other adipose depots and is capable of producing local factors with the potential to augment coronary vascular tone, inflammation, and the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease. The purpose of the present review is to outline previous findings about the cardiovascular effects of coronary perivascular adipose tissue and the potential mechanisms by which adipose-derived factors may influence coronary vascular function and the progression of atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Kohr Owen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Jillian N Noblet
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Daniel J Sassoon
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Abass M Conteh
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.)
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.K.O.); and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.N.N., D.J.S., A.M.C., A.G.G., J.D.T.).
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Durand MJ, Gutterman DD. Diversity in mechanisms of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in health and disease. Microcirculation 2013; 20:239-47. [PMID: 23311975 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small arterioles (40-150 μm) contribute to the majority of vascular resistance within organs and tissues. Under resting conditions, the basal tone of these vessels is determined by a delicate balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor influences. Cardiovascular homeostasis and regional tissue perfusion is largely a function of the ability of these small blood vessels to constrict or dilate in response to the changing metabolic demands of specific tissues. The endothelial cell layer of these microvessels is a key modulator of vasodilation through the synthesis and release of vasoactive substances. Beyond their vasomotor properties, these compounds importantly modulate vascular cell proliferation, inflammation, and thrombosis. Thus, the balance between local regulation of vascular tone and vascular pathophysiology can vary depending upon which factors are released from the endothelium. This review will focus on the dynamic nature of the endothelial released dilator factors depending on species, anatomic site, and presence of disease, with a focus on the human coronary microcirculation. Knowledge how endothelial signaling changes with disease may provide insights into the early stages of developing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, or related vascular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Durand
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alam MS, Green R, de Kemp R, Beanlands RS, Chow BJW. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness as a predictor of impaired microvascular function in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2013; 20:804-12. [PMID: 23749262 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-013-9739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) measured by cardiac CT could be associated with impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR) in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Studies have shown that EAT volume is related to epicardial obstructive CAD, myocardial ischemia and major adverse cardiac events. However, the association between EAT with coronary microvascular dysfunction and impaired MFR has not been well clarified. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent Rb-82 positron emission tomography (PET), coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring and non-invasive coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) were screened. PET scans were analysed for standard myocardial perfusion (MPI) and MFR. CCTA results were analysed and only patients with non-obstructive CAD (<50% luminal diameter stenosis) were included. EAT thickness and volumes were measured from CT scans. RESULTS Of 137 patients without obstructive CAD by CCTA and with normal Rb-82 PET relative MPI, 26 (19.0%) patients had impaired MFR < 2 and 87 (64%) patients had CAC. EAT(thickness), EAT(volume) and CAC values were higher in patients with impaired MFR < 2 than those with normal MFR ≥ 2 (6.7 ± 1.6 mm vs 4.4 ± 1.0 mm, P < .0001; 119.0 ± 25.3 cm(3) vs 105.8 ± 30.5 cm(3), P < .04 and 508.9 ± 554.3 vs 167.8 ± 253.9, P < .0001, respectively). However, EAT(thickness) had a stronger negative correlation with MFR than EAT(volume) and CAC (r = -0.78 vs r = -0.25 and ρ = -0.32, P < .0001). With multivariable logistic regression analysis, only EAT(thickness) was independently associated with impaired MFR (OR 20.7, 95% CI 4.9-87.9, P < .0001). Importantly, the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated a superior performance of EAT(thickness) vs EAT(volume) and EAT(thickness) vs CAC in detecting impaired MFR (AUC: 0.945 vs 0.625, difference between AUC: 0.319, P < .0001; AUC: 0.945 vs 0.710, difference between AUC: 0.235, P < .0006, respectively). On ROC curve analysis, an EAT(thickness) cut-off value > 5.6 mm was optimal in detecting impaired MFR with a sensitivity and specificity of 81% and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased EAT appears to be associated with impaired MFR. This parameter may help improve detection of patients at risk of microvascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Owen MK, Witzmann FA, McKenney ML, Lai X, Berwick ZC, Moberly SP, Alloosh M, Sturek M, Tune JD. Perivascular adipose tissue potentiates contraction of coronary vascular smooth muscle: influence of obesity. Circulation 2013; 128:9-18. [PMID: 23685742 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation examined the mechanisms by which coronary perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-derived factors influence vasomotor tone and the PVAT proteome in lean versus obese swine. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary arteries from Ossabaw swine were isolated for isometric tension studies. We found that coronary (P=0.03) and mesenteric (P=0.04) but not subcutaneous adipose tissue augmented coronary contractions to KCl (20 mmol/L). Inhibition of CaV1.2 channels with nifedipine (0.1 µmol/L) or diltiazem (10 µmol/L) abolished this effect. Coronary PVAT increased baseline tension and potentiated constriction of isolated arteries to prostaglandin F2α in proportion to the amount of PVAT present (0.1-1.0 g). These effects were elevated in tissues obtained from obese swine and were observed in intact and endothelium denuded arteries. Coronary PVAT also diminished H2O2-mediated vasodilation in lean and, to a lesser extent, in obese arteries. These effects were associated with alterations in the obese coronary PVAT proteome (detected 186 alterations) and elevated voltage-dependent increases in intracellular [Ca(2+)] in obese smooth muscle cells. Further studies revealed that the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil (1 µmol/L) significantly blunted artery contractions to KCl and PVAT in lean but not obese swine. Calpastatin (10 μmol/L) also augmented contractions to levels similar to that observed in the presence of PVAT. CONCLUSIONS Vascular effects of PVAT vary according to anatomic location and are influenced by an obese phenotype. Augmented contractile effects of obese coronary PVAT are related to alterations in the PVAT proteome (eg, calpastatin), Rho-dependent signaling, and the functional contribution of K(+) and CaV1.2 channels to smooth muscle tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Kohr Owen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Arce-Esquivel AA, Bayless DS, Martin JS, Leidy HJ, Booth FW, Rector RS, Laughlin MH. Effects of endurance exercise training, metformin, and their combination on adipose tissue leptin and IL-10 secretion in OLETF rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1873-83. [PMID: 23019312 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation plays a role in cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic diseases associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The interactive effects of exercise training and metformin, two first-line T2DM treatments, on adipose tissue inflammation are not known. Using the hyperphagic, obese, insulin-resistant Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model, we tested the hypothesis that treadmill training, metformin, or a combination of these reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue. Compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) control rats (L-Sed), sedentary OLETF (O-Sed) animals secreted significantly greater amounts of leptin from retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Conversely, secretion of interleukin (IL)-10 by O-Sed adipose tissue was lower than that in L-Sed animals. Examination of leptin and IL-10 secretion from adipose tissue in OLETF groups treated with endurance exercise training (O-EndEx), metformin treatment (O-Met), and a combination of these (O-E+M) from 20 to 32 wk of age indicated that 1) leptin secretion from adipose tissue was reduced in O-Met and O-E+M, but not O-EndEx animals; 2) adipose tissue IL-10 secretion was increased in O-EndEx and O-E+M but not in O-Met animals; and 3) only the combined treatment (O-E+M) displayed both a reduction in leptin secretion and an increase in IL-10 secretion. Leptin and IL-10 concentrations in adipose tissue-conditioned buffers were correlated with their plasma concentrations, adipocyte diameters, and total adiposity. Overall, this study indicates that exercise training and metformin have additive influences on adipose tissue secretion and plasma concentrations of leptin and IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of 1Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Payne GA, Kohr MC, Tune JD. Epicardial perivascular adipose tissue as a therapeutic target in obesity-related coronary artery disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:659-69. [PMID: 21545577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adipose tissue is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that may influence the development of atherosclerosis and vascular disease. In the setting of obesity, adipose tissue produces a variety of inflammatory cytokines (or adipokines) that are known to modulate key mechanisms of atherogenesis. In particular, adipose tissue located on the surface of the heart surrounding large coronary arteries (i.e. epicardial perivascular adipose tissue) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. The present review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular links between perivascular adipose tissue and atherosclerosis with a focus on potential mechanisms by which epicardial perivascular adipose tissue contributes to obesity-related coronary disease. The pathophysiology of perivascular adipose tissue in obesity and its influence on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular reactivity is addressed. In addition, the contribution of specific epicardial perivascular adipose-derived adipokines (e.g. leptin, adiponectin) to the initiation and expansion of coronary disease is also highlighted. Finally, future investigative goals are discussed with an emphasis on indentifying novel therapeutic targets and disease markers within perivascular adipose tissue. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Payne
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aghamohammadzadeh R, Withers S, Lynch F, Greenstein A, Malik R, Heagerty A. Perivascular adipose tissue from human systemic and coronary vessels: the emergence of a new pharmacotherapeutic target. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:670-82. [PMID: 21564083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fat cells or adipocytes are distributed ubiquitously throughout the body and are often regarded purely as energy stores. However, recently it has become clear that these adipocytes are engine rooms producing large numbers of metabolically active substances with both endocrine and paracrine actions. White adipocytes surround almost every blood vessel in the human body and are collectively termed perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). It is now well recognized that PVAT not only provides mechanical support for any blood vessels it invests, but also secretes vasoactive and metabolically essential cytokines known as adipokines, which regulate vascular function. The emergence of obesity as a major challenge to our healthcare systems has contributed to the growing interest in adipocyte dysfunction with a view to discovering new pharmacotherapeutic agents to help rescue compromised PVAT function. Very few PVAT studies have been carried out on human tissue. This review will discuss these and the hypotheses generated from such research, as well as highlight the most significant and clinically relevant animal studies showing the most pharmacological promise. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
Collapse
|
29
|
Toda N, Toda H. Coronary hemodynamic regulation by nitric oxide in experimental animals: Recent advances. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
30
|
Ouwens DM, Sell H, Greulich S, Eckel J. The role of epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2223-34. [PMID: 20716126 PMCID: PMC3822561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, are characterized by expansion and inflammation of adipose tissue, including the depots surrounding the heart and the blood vessels. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral thoracic fat depot located along the large coronary arteries and on the surface of the ventricles and the apex of the heart, whereas perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds the arteries. Both fat depots are not separated by a fascia from the underlying tissue. Therefore, factors secreted from epicardial and PVAT, like free fatty acids and adipokines, can directly affect the function of the heart and blood vessels. In this review, we describe the alterations found in EAT and PVAT in pathological states like obesity, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss how changes in adipokine expression and secretion associated with these pathological states could contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac contractile and vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Margriet Ouwens
- The Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Centre, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue is a local deposit of adipose tissue surrounding the vasculature. Perivascular adipose tissue is present throughout the body and has been shown to have a local effect on blood vessels. The influence of perivascular adipose tissue on the vasculature changes with increasing adiposity. This article describes the anatomy and pathophysiology of perivascular adipose tissue and the experimental evidence supporting its local adverse effect on the vasculature. Methods for quantifying perivascular adipose tissue in free-living populations will be described. Finally, the epidemiological literature demonstrating an association between perivascular adipose tissue and cardiometabolic disease will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Britton
- National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute & the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Hypertension, Brigham & Women’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Amin KA, Kamel HH, Abd Eltawab MA. Protective effect of Garcinia against renal oxidative stress and biomarkers induced by high fat and sucrose diet. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:6. [PMID: 21235803 PMCID: PMC3034692 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity became major health problem in the world, the objective of this work was to examine the effect of high sucrose and high fat diet to induce obesity on antioxidant defense system, biochemical changes in blood and tissue of control, non treated and treated groups by administration of Garcinia cambogia, and explore the mechanisms that link obesity with altered renal function. METHODS Rats were fed a standard control diet for 12 week (wk) or a diet containing 65% high sucrose (HSD) or 35% fat (HFD) for 8 wk and then HFD group divided into two groups for the following 4 wks. One group was given Garcinia+HFD, the second only high fat, Also the HSD divided into two groups, 1st HSD+Garcinia and 2nd HSD. Blood and renal, mesenteric, Perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues were collected for biochemical assays. RESULTS HFD and HSD groups of rats showed a significant increase in feed intake, Body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI). Also there were significant increases in weights of mesenteric, Perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues in HFD and HSD groups.HFD and HSD affect the kidney by increasing serum urea and creatinine levels and decreased level of nitric oxide (NO) and increased blood glucose, low density lipoproteins (LDL), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities were significantly decreased in HFD while there were significant increases in HSD and HSD+G groups p ≤ 0.05 compared with control. Moreover, renal catalase activities and MDA levels were significantly increased while NO level was lowered. These changes improved by Garcinia that decreased the oxidative stress biomarkers and increased NO level.There were significant positive correlations among BMI, kidney functions (Creatinine and urea), TG and Oxidative markers (renal MDA and catalase). CONCLUSIONS Rats fed a diet with HFD or HSD showed, hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL production, increased oxidative stress and renal alteration. Moreover, suggesting association between lipid peroxidation, obesity and nephropathy, while Garcinia ameliorated the damaging effects of the HFD or HSD and decreased feed intake, MDA level and decreased oxidative stress in renal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal A Amin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Vete, Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bucci M, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste A, Kajander S, Ukkonen H, Saraste M, Pietilä M, Sipilä HT, Teräs M, Mäki M, Airaksinen KJ, Hartiala J, Knuuti J, Iozzo P. Intrapericardial, But Not Extrapericardial, Fat Is an Independent Predictor of Impaired Hyperemic Coronary Perfusion in Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:211-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bucci
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Joutsiniemi
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Saraste
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Kajander
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Ukkonen
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Saraste
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Pietilä
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu T. Sipilä
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Teräs
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Mäki
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - K.E. Juhani Airaksinen
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hartiala
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- From the Turku PET Centre/University of Turku (M.B., A.S., S.K., H.T.S., M.T., J.K., and P.I.), Turku, Finland; the Institute of Clinical Physiology/National Research Council (M.B. and P.I.), Pisa, Italy; the Department of Medicine/University of Turku (E.J., A.S., H.U., M.P., and K.E.J.A.), Turku, Finland; and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine/University of Turku (M.S., M.M., and J.H.), Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Payne GA, Borbouse L, Kumar S, Neeb Z, Alloosh M, Sturek M, Tune JD. Epicardial perivascular adipose-derived leptin exacerbates coronary endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome via a protein kinase C-beta pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1711-7. [PMID: 20576943 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.210070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factors released by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) disrupt coronary endothelial function via phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase by protein kinase C (PKC)-beta. However, our understanding of how PVAT potentially contributes to coronary disease as a complication of obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains limited. The current study investigated whether PVAT-derived leptin impairs coronary vascular function via PKC-beta in MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary arteries with and without PVAT were collected from lean or MetS Ossabaw miniature swine for isometric tension studies. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin was significantly reduced in MetS. PVAT did not affect bradykinin-mediated dilation in arteries from lean swine but significantly exacerbated endothelial dysfunction in arteries from MetS swine. PVAT-induced impairment was reversed by inhibition of either PKC-beta with ruboxistaurin (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind) or leptin receptor signaling with a recombinant, pegylated leptin antagonist. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated increased PVAT-derived leptin and coronary leptin receptor density with MetS. Coronary PKC-beta activity was increased in both MetS arteries exposed to PVAT and lean arteries exposed to leptin. Finally, leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction was reversed by ruboxistaurin. CONCLUSIONS Increases in epicardial PVAT leptin exacerbate coronary endothelial dysfunction in MetS via a PKC-beta-dependent pathway. These findings implicate PVAT-derived leptin as a potential contributor to coronary atherogenesis in MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Payne
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Verhagen SN, Visseren FLJ. Perivascular adipose tissue as a cause of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:3-10. [PMID: 20646709 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue surrounds (coronary) arteries and may be involved in local stimulation of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Epicardial adipose tissue, the adipose tissue within the pericardium, is a frequently used measure of coronary perivascular adipose tissue and can be quantified with echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The quantity of (coronary) perivascular adipose tissue is correlated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome, such as increased waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia, and with coronary atherosclerosis. Coronary artery segments covered by myocardium are not exposed to coronary perivascular adipose tissue and interestingly, atherosclerosis is absent in these intra-myocardial segments. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines are expressed and secreted at a higher level in epicardial adipose tissue of patients with coronary artery disease compared to patients without coronary artery disease. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo perivascular adipose tissue induces inflammation of the artery wall by secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins. Atherogenesis in the vascular wall is thus stimulated from 'outside to inside'. Based on the results of clinical, ex vivo and in vitro studies, it can be argued that perivascular adipose tissue may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Verhagen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rajsheker S, Manka D, Blomkalns AL, Chatterjee TK, Stoll LL, Weintraub NL. Crosstalk between perivascular adipose tissue and blood vessels. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:191-6. [PMID: 20060362 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between cells in the blood vessel wall is vital to normal vascular function and is perturbed in diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Perivascular adipocytes reside at the adventitial border of blood vessels but until recently were virtually ignored in studies of vascular function. However, perivascular adipocytes have been demonstrated to be powerful endocrine cells capable of responding to metabolic cues and transducing signals to adjacent blood vessels. Accordingly, crosstalk between perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and blood vessels is now being intensely examined. Emerging evidence suggests that PVAT regulates vascular function through numerous mechanisms, but evidence to date suggests modulation of three key aspects that are the focus of this review: inflammation, vasoreactivity, and smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Rajsheker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Bunker AK, Laughlin MH. Influence of exercise and perivascular adipose tissue on coronary artery vasomotor function in a familial hypercholesterolemic porcine atherosclerosis model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:490-7. [PMID: 19959766 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00999.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our lab has shown that left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) blunts endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced maximal contractions in normal pigs on low- and high-fat diets. Other studies report that PAT exerts anticontractile effects on agonist-induced arterial contraction via release of a relaxing factor that acts on the underlying vasculature. The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that PAT blunts LCX contraction in familial hypercholesterolemic pigs and that exercise training (Ex) augments this anticontractile effect. Male familial hypercholesterolemic pigs were divided into Ex (n = 13) and sedentary (Sed) (n = 15) groups. LCX reactivity to angiotensin II (ANG II), bradykinin (BK), ET-1, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was evaluated in vitro with intact or removed PAT in Sed and Ex familial hypercholesterolemic pigs. LCX relaxation induced by BK and SNP was not altered by Ex or PAT removal. LCX contractions stimulated by ANG II and ET-1 were not significantly altered by Ex or PAT removal across doses; however, Ex did act to significantly reduce ET-1 maximal contractions in familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX compared with Sed familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX, independent of PAT (P < 0.05). We conclude that LCX PAT in Sed and Ex familial hypercholesterolemic pigs exerts no substantial anticontractile influence over LCX vasomotor responses to endogenous constrictors such as ANG II and ET-1. Our results suggest that exercise training significantly reduces familial hypercholesterolemic pig LCX maximal contractile responses to the endogenous constrictor ET-1, independent of PAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Bunker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Rd., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Payne GA, Bohlen HG, Dincer UD, Borbouse L, Tune JD. Periadventitial adipose tissue impairs coronary endothelial function via PKC-beta-dependent phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H460-5. [PMID: 19482966 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00116.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous periadventitial adipose-derived factors have been shown to contribute to coronary vascular regulation by impairing endothelial function through a direct inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains uncertain. Accordingly, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that periadventitial adipose tissue releases agents that attenuate coronary endothelial nitric oxide production via a protein kinase C (PKC)-beta-dependent mechanism. Isometric tension studies were conducted on isolated canine circumflex coronary arteries with and without natural amounts of periadventitial adipose tissue. Adipose tissue significantly diminished coronary endothelial-dependent vasodilation and nitric oxide production in response to bradykinin and acetylcholine. The selective inhibition of endothelial PKC-beta with ruboxistaurin (1 microM) abolished the adipose-induced impairment of bradykinin-mediated coronary vasodilation and the endothelial production of nitric oxide. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in eNOS phosphorylation at the inhibitory residue Thr(495) in arteries exposed to periadventitial adipose tissue. This site-specific phosphorylation of eNOS was prevented by the inhibition of PKC-beta. These data demonstrate that periadventitial adipose-derived factors impair coronary endothelial nitric oxide production via a PKC-beta-dependent, site-specific phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr(495).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Payne
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|