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Karlsson P, Ekendahl M, Raninen J. Is there a gender paradox in the association between conduct problems and cannabis use? A cohort-study among Swedish adolescents. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:294-303. [PMID: 37867405 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conduct problems (CP) predict cannabis use prospectively but the research is mixed as to whether this association is stronger among girls. A stronger association among girls would suggest a 'gender paradox' as both CP and cannabis use is less common in this group. This study aimed to assess whether the longitudinal association between CP and cannabis use in Swedish adolescents is stronger among girls. METHODS Data from two waves of a nationally representative cohort study of Swedish adolescents born in 2001 were used. Baseline measurements were collected in 9th grade (at age 15-16) and follow-up measures at 11th grade (at age 17-18). RESULTS CP at baseline were significantly associated with cannabis use at follow-up adjusted for hyperactivity problems, emotional problems, socio-demographics, parental monitoring, school grades and truancy at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.24) but not when also adjusting for substance use at baseline. Boys were more likely to have used cannabis during the past year, even when controlling for prior substance use (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.76-2.98). The association between CP and cannabis use was significantly weaker for boys (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.95 in the fully adjusted model). The predicted probability of cannabis use was stable at 0.13 for boys across levels of CP, but ranged from 0.05 to 0.16 for girls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The longitudinal association between CP and cannabis use was stronger among girls. The findings are indicative of a 'gender paradox' in the association between CP and cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Karlsson
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ekendahl
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Raninen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Rossi R, Reda F, Federico I, Jannini TB, Socci V, D'Aurizio G, Pettorruso M, Pacitti F, Rossi A, Martinotti G, Di Lorenzo G. The association between traumatic experiences and substance and behavioral addictions in late adolescence: A role for PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:82-90. [PMID: 37897840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Traumatic experiences (TEs) are a risk factor for behavioral and substance addictions (SBAs). However, the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (cPTSD) deserves further elucidation. The present study assesses the association between different types of TEs on cannabis, alcohol, gambling, and problematic internet use in late adolescents. Furthermore, this study aims at evaluating the role of PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on one thousand ten late adolescents (510 males, 498 females; age: mean = 18.7, SD = 0.65). Data regarding intentional (iTEs) and unintentional TEs (uTEs), cannabis, alcohol, gambling and problematic use of the internet (PIU), PTSD, and cPTSD were collected. Association between TEs, SBAs, and PTSD/cPTSD symptoms were explored by means of logistic regressions. Mediation was assessed using a path analysis. RESULTS uTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.34 [1.13,1.59]) and alcohol use (OR = 1.21 [1.10,1.35]), iTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.15 [1.06,1.25]), alcohol use (OR = 1.08 [1.02,1.13]), and PIU (OR = 1.17 [1.10,1.24]). PTSD was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59 [1.03,2.46]) and PIU (OR = 1.92 [1.18,3.13]). cPTSD was associated with cannabis use (OR = 3.54 [1.56,8.04]) and PIU (OR = 5.13 [2.71,9.70]). cPTSD mediated 58.75% of the total effect of iTEs on cannabis. Regarding PIU, PTSD mediated 68.18% of the effect of uTEs; the effect of iTEs on PIU was mediated by 65.5% via cPTSD and 34.45% via PTSD. CONCLUSION cPTSD and SBAs show a complex pattern of association. A thorough assessment of stress-related conditions, including cPTSD, is of pivotal importance in treating SBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Reda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Isabella Federico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Tommaso B Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia D'Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Lehinger EA, Graupensperger S, Song F, Hultgren BA, Jackson D, Larimer ME. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and substance use among college students: Exploring interactions with sleep quality and assigned sex. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107482. [PMID: 36152382 PMCID: PMC9760355 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is widely recognized as a negative outcome following traumatic events and is tied to symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS). Sleep quality may influence the PTS and substance use association, particularly among college students who are at risk for poor sleep. The purpose of the present study was to examine the moderating effect of sleep quality on the relationship between PTS and substance use in a cohort of college students, with an exploratory aim of examining potential differences by assigned sex. A screening survey was completed by 2,767 students enrolled in a larger RCT examining various brief college student alcohol reduction strategies. Results found a significant two-way interaction between PTS symptoms and subjective sleep quality on weekly number of drinks and peak drinking occasion, where the significant positive association between PTS symptoms to weekly drinks and peak drinking occasion was only found for those who reported poor sleep quality. A similar pattern emerged for the significant two-way interaction between PTS symptoms and subjective sleep quality on cannabis use frequency. A significant three-way interaction (i.e., PTS Symptoms × Poor Subjective Sleep Quality × Assigned Sex) indicated the two-way interaction between PTS symptoms and sleep quality for both weekly drinks and cannabis use frequency was stronger among male compared to female participants. Study findings suggest sleep quality is an important factor contributing to the relation between PTS symptom severity and substance use among college students. Strategies for assessing and improving sleep quality and PTS symptoms can be incorporated into prevention and intervention efforts targeting substance use related harm for college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lehinger
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA.
| | | | - Frank Song
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Brittney A Hultgren
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Dara Jackson
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA; University of Washington, Department of Psychology, USA
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Hicks TA, Zaur AJ, Keeley JW, Amstadter AB. The association between recreational cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and methodological critique of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 240:109623. [PMID: 36162309 PMCID: PMC9665003 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given recent changes in the legal status of cannabis, the risks and benefits associated with its use have become an important public health topic. A growing body of research has demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and recreational cannabis use (RCU) frequently co-occur, yet findings are inconsistent (e.g., direction of effect) and methodological variability makes comparison across studies difficult. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of all studies (N = 45) published before May 2020 regarding etiologic models of co-occurring RCU and PTSD, as well as provided a methodological critique to inform suggestions for future research initiatives. RESULTS Findings indicate that a majority of studies (n = 37) demonstrated a significant association between RCU and PTSD. Findings provide evidence for the self-medication and high-risk models posited to explain co-occurring RCU and PTSD despite variability in assessment of RCU, which includes commonly used non-standardized self-report questions. CONCLUSION The association between RCU and PTSD is likely bidirectional. Results inform clinicians and researchers working in the mental health and cannabis use fields how the variability in findings on the association between RCU and PTSD may be attributable, in part, to methodological issues that permeate the extant literature pertaining to RCU and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrell A Hicks
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
| | - Angela J Zaur
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Jared W Keeley
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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Savolainen I, Vuorinen I, Sirola A, Oksanen A. Gambling and gaming during COVID-19: The role of mental health and social motives in gambling and gaming problems. Compr Psychiatry 2022; 117:152331. [PMID: 35772368 PMCID: PMC9188486 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uncertain and stressful global situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to cause anxiety and impact people's mental health. Simultaneously, social distancing policies have isolated people from their normal social interactions. These societal changes have inevitably influenced gambling and gaming practices, and many people may have turned to betting or gaming as a means of social exchange. This study examined the influence of COVID-19 anxiety on increased mental health problems and their relationship to gambling and gaming problems. The mediating role of social motives for gambling and gaming was also investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Finnish adults (N = 1530; Mage = 46.67; 50.33% male) were recruited from a volunteer participant panel to participate in a survey study. COVID-19 anxiety was assessed using a scale adapted from the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Mental health problems were evaluated with the five-item Mental Health Inventory. Gambling problems were measured using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, and gaming problems were measured with the Internet Gaming Disorder Test. Social motives for gaming were evaluated using a single-item measure. Analyses used generalised structural equation modelling. RESULTS COVID-19 anxiety predicted increased mental health problems, which were associated with heightened gambling and gaming problems. Social motives for gambling and gaming were a significant mediator, suggesting that gambling and gaming problems are emphasized markedly among those who are socially motivated by and involved in such games. CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems experienced during the pandemic and the social properties of games might accentuate gambling and gaming problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Savolainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Vuorinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Sirola
- Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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Jiang N, Yi SS, Russo R, Bu DD, Zhang D, Ferket B, Zhang FF, Pagán JA, Wang YC, Li Y. Trends and sociodemographic disparities in sugary drink consumption among adults in New York City, 2009-2017. Prev Med Rep 2020; 19:101162. [PMID: 32714777 PMCID: PMC7369330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to decrease sugary drink consumption, sugary drinks remain the largest single source of added sugars in diets in the United States. This study aimed to examine trends in sugary drink consumption among adults in New York City (NYC) over the past decade by key sociodemographic factors. We used data from the 2009-2017 NYC Community Health Survey to examine trends in sugary drink consumption overall, and across different age, gender, and racial/ethnic subgroups. We conducted a test of trend to examine the significance of change in mean sugary drink consumption over time. We also conducted multiple zero-inflated negative binomial regression to identify the association between different sociodemographic and neighborhood factors and sugary drink consumption. Sugary drink consumption decreased from 2009 to 2014 from 0.97 to 0.69 servings per day (p < 0.001), but then plateaued from 2014 to 2017 (p = 0.01). Although decreases were observed across all age, gender and racial/ethnic subgroups, the largest decreases over this time period were observed among 18-24 year old (1.75 to 1.22 servings per day, p < 0.001); men (1.12 to 0.86 servings per day, p < 0.001); Blacks (1.45 to 1.14 servings per day, p < 0.001); and Hispanics (1.26 to 0.86 servings per day, p < 0.001). Despite these decreases, actual mean consumption remains highest in these same sociodemographic subgroups. Although overall sugary drink consumption has been declining, the decline has slowed in more recent years. Further, certain age, gender and racial/ethnic groups still consume disproportionately more sugary drinks than others. More research is needed to understand and address the root causes of disparities in sugary drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stella S. Yi
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rienna Russo
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel D. Bu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donglan Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bart Ferket
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José A. Pagán
- Department of Public Health Policy and Management, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Y. Claire Wang
- The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Noël PH, Barnard JM, Barry FM, Simon A, Lee ML, Olmos-Ochoa TT, Chawla N, Rose DE, Stockdale SE, Finley EP, Penney LS, Ganz DA. Patient experience of health care system hassles: Dual-system vs single-system users. Health Serv Res 2020; 55:548-555. [PMID: 32380578 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare health care system problems or "hassles" experienced by Veterans receiving VA health care only versus those receiving dual care from both VA and non-VA community providers. DATA SOURCES We collected survey data in 2017-2018 from 2444 randomly selected Veterans with four or more primary care visits in the prior year at one of 12 VA primary care clinics located in four geographically diverse regions of the United States. STUDY DESIGN We used baseline surveys from the Coordination Toolkit and Coaching quality improvement project to explore Veterans' experience of hassles (dependent variable), source of health care, self-rated physical and mental health, and sociodemographics. DATA COLLECTION Participants responded to mailed surveys by mail, telephone, or online. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The number of reported hassles ranged from 0 to 16; 79 percent of Veterans reported experiencing one or more hassles. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and self-rated physical and mental health, zero-inflated negative binominal regression indicated that dual care users experienced more hassles than VA-only users (adjusted predicted average 5.5 [CI: 5.2, 5.8] vs 4.3 [CI: 4.1, 4.6] hassles [P < .0001]). CONCLUSIONS Anticipated increases in Veterans accessing community-based care may require new strategies to help VA primary care teams optimize care coordination for dual care users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly H Noël
- Elizabeth Dole Center of Excellence for Veteran and Caregiver Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jenny M Barnard
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California
| | - Frances M Barry
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alissa Simon
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California
| | - Martin L Lee
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California.,Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tanya T Olmos-Ochoa
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California
| | - Neetu Chawla
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California.,Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Danielle E Rose
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California
| | - Susan E Stockdale
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erin P Finley
- Elizabeth Dole Center of Excellence for Veteran and Caregiver Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lauren S Penney
- Elizabeth Dole Center of Excellence for Veteran and Caregiver Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David A Ganz
- HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy (CSHIIP), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, California.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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