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Houshmand B, Nejad AE, Safari F. Evaluation of bioactivity and biodegradability of a biomimetic soft tissue scaffold for clinical use: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2023; 27:471-478. [PMID: 37781337 PMCID: PMC10538513 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_555_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autogenous soft-tissue graft is the gold-standard approach to augment oral soft tissues. However, tissue engineering is increasingly surveyed to overcome its substantial drawbacks, including the secondary site of operation, patient's pain and discomfort, limited tissue of donor site, and so on. Chitosan and gelatin have been utilized in this field over the years due to their great biological virtues. Zeolite, another remarkable candidate for tissue engineering, possesses outstanding biological and mechanical properties, thanks to its nanostructure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the biodegradability and DNA content of seeded human gingival fibroblasts on a New Chitosan-Gelatin-Zeolite Scaffold for the perspective of oral and mucosal soft tissue augmentation. Materials and Methods DNA contents of the human gingival fibroblast cell line (HGF.1) seeded on the chitosan-gelatin (CG) and CGZ scaffolds were evaluated by propidium iodide staining on days 1, 5, and 8. Scaffolds' biodegradations were investigated on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 60. Results Although both scaffolds provided appropriate substrates for HGF.1 growth, significantly higher DNA contents were recorded for the CGZ scaffold. Among experimental groups, the highest mean value was recorded in the CGZ on day 8. CGZ showed a significantly lower biodegradation percentage at all time points. Conclusions The incorporation of zeolite into the CG scaffold at a ratio of 1:10 improved the cell proliferation and stability of the composite scaffold. CGZ scaffold may offer a promising alternative to soft-tissue grafts due to its suitable biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Houshmand
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Esmaeil Nejad
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Halcrow PW, Kumar N, Hao E, Khan N, Meucci O, Geiger JD. Mu opioid receptor-mediated release of endolysosome iron increases levels of mitochondrial iron, reactive oxygen species, and cell death. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:19-35. [PMID: 37027339 PMCID: PMC10070011 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Opioids including morphine and DAMGO activate mu-opioid receptors (MOR), increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and induce cell death. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) through Fenton-like chemistry increases ROS levels and endolysosomes are "master regulators of iron metabolism" and contain readily-releasable Fe2+ stores. However, mechanisms underlying opioid-induced changes in endolysosome iron homeostasis and downstream-signaling events remain unclear. Methods We used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy to measure Fe2+ and ROS levels and cell death. Results Morphine and DAMGO de-acidified endolysosomes, decreased endolysosome Fe2+ levels, increased cytosol and mitochondria Fe2+ and ROS levels, depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced cell death; effects blocked by the nonselective MOR antagonist naloxone and the selective MOR antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA). Deferoxamine, an endolysosome-iron chelator, inhibited opioid agonist-induced increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS. Opioid-induced efflux of endolysosome Fe2+ and subsequent Fe2+ accumulation in mitochondria were blocked by the endolysosome-resident two-pore channel inhibitor NED-19 and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor TRO. Conclusions Opioid agonist-induced increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS as well as cell death appear downstream of endolysosome de-acidification and Fe2+ efflux from the endolysosome iron pool that is sufficient to affect other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emily Hao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Alharbi K, Al-Osaimi AA, Alghamdi BA. Sodium Chloride (NaCl)-Induced Physiological Alteration and Oxidative Stress Generation in Pisum sativum (L.): A Toxicity Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20819-20832. [PMID: 35755363 PMCID: PMC9219073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress has a deleterious impact on plant development, morphology, physiology, and biochemical characteristics. Considering the NaCl-induced phytotoxicity, current investigation was done to better understand the salt-tolerant mechanisms using Pisum sativum L. (pea) as a model crop. Generally, NaCl resulted in a progressive decrease in germinative attributes and physiological and biochemical parameters of P. sativum (L.). The 400 mM NaCl level had a higher detrimental effect and reduced the germination rate, plumule, radicle length, and seedling vigor index (SVI) by 78, 89, 84, and 77%, respectively, under in vitro. Furthermore, after 400 mM NaCl exposure, physiological and enzymatic profiles like root dry biomass (71%) chl-a (66%), chl-b (54%), total chlorophyll (45%), and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) (59%) of peas were decreased. In addition, a NaCl dose-related increase in soluble protein (SP) and sugar (SS), Na+ and K+ ions, and stressor metabolites was recorded. For instance, at 400 mM NaCl, SP, SS, Na+ ion, K+ ion, root proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly and maximally elevated by 65, 33, 84, 79, 85, and 89%, respectively, compared to the control (0 mM NaCl). Data analysis indicated that greater doses of pesticides dramatically increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induced membrane damage through production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as increased cell injury. To deal with NaCl-induced oxidative stress, plants subjected to higher salinity stress showed a considerable build-up in antioxidant levels. As an example, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were maximally and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by 68, 80, 74, and 58%, respectively, after 400 mM NaCl exposure. The propidium iodide (PI)-stained and NaCl-treated plant roots corroborated the damaging effect of salinity-induced stress on the cell membrane, which was observed under a confocal laser microscope (CLSM). The cells exposed to 400 mM NaCl had maximum fluorescence intensity, indicating that higher level of salts can cause pronounced cell damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The increases in superoxide ion (O2 -) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in NaCl-treated plant tissues indicated the elevation of ROS with increasing salt levels. This finding revealed that salt stress can cause toxicity in plants by causing alteration in metabolic activity, oxidative injury, and damage to cell membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Alharbi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Ahmed Al-Osaimi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman
Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Budour A. Alghamdi
- Genome
Department, Ministry of Environment, Water
and Agriculture, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
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Zou J, Han J, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Han B, Wu K, Wang B, Wu Y, Fan X. Cytological and physiological tolerance of transgenic tobacco to Cd stress is enhanced by the ectopic expression of SmZIP8. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111252. [PMID: 35487660 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zrt and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are responsible for transporting various divalent metal cations. However, information about the characteristics of the cellular and physiological tolerance of plant ZIPs to Cd stress is still limited. The expression levels of SmZIP8 in Salix matsudana Koidz were upregulated by Cd stress. The complete length of SmZIP8 from S. matsudana was cloned, and transgenic tobacco was obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Then, the tolerance to Cd stress of wild-type (WT) and transgenic tobacco seedlings was analyzed and compared by studying the cytotoxicity of the root tip cells, photosynthetic parameters, histochemical staining of O2- and H2O2, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde content under Cd stress. In comparison with WT tobacco, the ectopic expression of SmZIP8 in tobacco promoted the cytological tolerance of the transgenic tobacco to Cd stress by reducing cell damage, raising the mitotic indexes, and reducing the rate of chromosome aberration of the root cells. Meanwhile, the results of increased photosynthetic capacity, decreased oxidative damage, and activated antioxidant enzymes showed that the physiological tolerance of transgenic tobacco to Cd was enhanced. The principal component analysis for the above physiological parameters explained 96.08% of the total variance (PC1, 77.77%; PC2, 18.31%), indicating a significant difference in Cd tolerance abilities between the tobacco expressing SmZIP8 and WT tobacco. Therefore, SmZIP8 may be considered as an important genetic resource for the phytoremediation of Cd or other heavy metal pollution via the use of transgenic plants obtained through genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China.
| | - Jiahui Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yuerui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Bowen Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Kongfen Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
| | - Xiaotan Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, China
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Ortiz JA, Sepúlveda FA, Panadero-Medianero C, Murgas P, Ahumada M, Palza H, Matsuhiro B, Zapata PA. Cytocompatible drug delivery hydrogels based on carboxymethylagarose/chitosan pH-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:96-107. [PMID: 34973264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs are chemically unstable in the gastric environment and have low bioavailability restricted by intestinal absorption, which motivates the development of alternative routes for drug release, such as transdermal drug carriers for drug delivery to specific areas of the skin. Herein, novel polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) consisting of carboxymethylagarose (CMA) and chitosan (CS) were prepared. pH-responsive CMA/CS hydrogels were obtained by mixing CMA and CS at various weight ratios. Swelling ratio was modulated by varying the CMA and CS weight ratio, and the highest swelling values were achieved for 2:1 wt% hydrogels at 25 °C and pH 6.0. PEC films were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Results indicated that CMA and CS were successfully crosslinked by ionic complexation. As a model drug, diclofenac sodium (DS) was loaded in CMA/CS PECs. Association efficiency and loading capacity were ca. 69% and 79%, respectively, exhibiting 67% cumulative release after 72 h at 37 °C and pH 6.0 through Fickian diffusion mechanism. Viability assay of immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCat) cells showed ca. 100% survival in the presence of hydrogels and DS. Therefore, this work suggests that CMA/CS PECs can be applied as pH-responsive carriers for dermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrés Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beaucheff 851, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile.
| | - Francesca Antonella Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
| | - Concepción Panadero-Medianero
- Immunology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Immunology Laboratory, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ahumada
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beaucheff 851, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betty Matsuhiro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula A Zapata
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Grupo Polímeros, Chile
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Vazquez N, Lopez A, Cuello V, Persans M, Schuenzel E, Innis-Whitehouse W, Keniry M. NVP-BEZ235 or JAKi Treatment leads to decreased survival of examined GBM and BBC cells. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100340. [PMID: 33636591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells almost universally harbor constitutively active Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase (PI3K) Pathway activity via mutation of key signaling components and/or epigenetic mechanisms. Scores of PI3K Pathway inhibitors are currently under investigation as putative chemotherapeutics. However, feedback and stem cell mechanisms induced by PI3K Pathway inhibition can lead to reduced treatment efficacy. To address therapeutic barriers, we examined whether JAKi would reduce stem gene expression in a setting of PI3K Pathway inhibition in order to improve treatment efficacy. We targeted the PI3K Pathway with NVP-BEZ235 (dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor) in combination with the Janus Kinase inhibitor JAKi in glioblastoma (GBM) and basal-like breast cancer (BBC) cell lines. We examined growth, gene expression, and apoptosis in cells treated with NVP-BEZ235 and/or JAKi. Growth and recovery assays showed no significant impact of dual treatment with NVP-BEZ235/JAKi compared to NVP-BEZ235 treatment alone. Gene expression and flow cytometry revealed that single and dual treatments induced apoptosis. Stem gene expression was retained in dual NVP-BEZ235/JAKi treatment samples. Future in vivo studies may give further insight into the impact of combined NVP-BEZ235/JAKi treatment in GBM and BBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali Vazquez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Alma Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Victoria Cuello
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Michael Persans
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Erin Schuenzel
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- School of Medicine, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Biology, University of Texas- Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W. University Dr., Edinburg, TX 78539, United States.
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Xue W, Jiang Y, Shang X, Zou J. Characterisation of early responses in lead accumulation and localization of Salix babylonica L. roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:296. [PMID: 32600254 PMCID: PMC7325040 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a harmful pollutant that disrupts normal functions from the cell to organ levels. Salix babylonica is characterized by high biomass productivity, high transpiration rates, and species specific Pb. Better understanding the accumulating and transporting Pb capability in shoots and roots of S. babylonica, the toxic effects of Pb and the subcellular distribution of Pb is very important. RESULTS Pb exerted inhibitory effects on the roots and shoots growth at all Pb concentrations. According to the results utilizing inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), S. babylonica can be considered as a plant with great phytoextraction potentials as translocation factor (TF) value > 1 is observed in all treatment groups throughout the experiment. The Leadmium™ Green AM dye test results indicated that Pb ions initially entered elongation zone cells and accumulated in this area. Then, ions were gradually accumulated in the meristem zone. After 24 h of Pb exposure, Pb accumulated in the meristem zone. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDXA) results confirmed the fluorescent probe observations and indicated that Pb was localized to the cell wall and cytoplasm. In transverse sections of the mature zone, Pb levels in the cell wall and cytoplasm of epidermal cells was the lowest compared to cortical and vessel cells, and an increasing trend in Pb content was detected in cortical cells from the epidermis to vascular cylinder. Similar results were shown in the Pb content in the cell wall and cytoplasm of the transverse sections of the meristem. Cell damage in the roots exposed to Pb was detected by propidium iodide (PI) staining, which was in agreement with the findings of Pb absorption in different zones of S. babylonica roots under Pb stress. CONCLUSION S. babylonica L. is observed as a plant with great potential of Pb-accumulation and Pb-tolerance. The information obtained here of Pb accumulation and localization in S. babylonica roots can furthers our understanding of Pb-induced toxicity and its tolerance mechanisms, which will provide valuable and scientific information to phytoremediation investigations of other woody plants under Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Xiaoshuo Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Jinhua Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387 China
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8
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Afzal S, Sirohi P, Yadav AK, Singh MP, Kumar A, Singh NK. A comparative screening of abiotic stress tolerance in early flowering rice mutants. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:112-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cell-Based Methods for Determination of Efficacy for Candidate Therapeutics in the Clinical Management of Cancer. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6040085. [PMID: 30249005 PMCID: PMC6313784 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of therapeutic efficacy is a major challenge in developing treatment options for cancer. Prior to in vivo studies, candidate therapeutics are evaluated using cell-based in vitro methods to assess their anti-cancer potential. This review describes the utility and limitations of evaluating therapeutic efficacy using human tumor-derived cell lines. Indicators for therapeutic efficacy using tumor-derived cell lines include cell viability, cell proliferation, colony formation, cytotoxicity, cytostasis, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Cell panel screens, 3D tumor spheroid models, drug-drug/drug-radiation combinatorial analysis, and invasion/migration assays reveal analogous in vitro information. In animal models, cellular assays can assess tumor micro-environment and therapeutic delivery. The utility of tumor-derived cell lines for efficacy determination is manifest in numerous commercially approved drugs that have been applied in clinical management of cancer. Studies reveal most tumor-derived cell lines preserve the genomic signature of the primary tumor source and cell line-based data is highly predictive of subsequent clinical studies. However, cell-based data often disregards natural system components, resulting in cell autonomous outcomes. While 3D cell culture platforms can counter such limitations, they require additional time and cost. Despite the limitations, cell-based methods remain essential in early stages of anti-cancer drug development.
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Álvarez Touron GI. Bioguided Design of Trypanosomicidal Compounds: A Successful Strategy in Drug Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1824:139-163. [PMID: 30039405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8630-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a long and expensive process that takes about 15 years and is mostly carried out by the pharmaceutical industry. In the case of the diseases produced by trypanosomatids, this development is poorly performed by the pharmaceutical industry. As a result the academia is the one that take a leading role with the drug development process. More effective and economic methodologies to obtain safe compounds and with strong trypanosomicidal activity are urgently needed. In this work, a series of methods are described to obtain bioactive molecules with antiparasitic activity and good pharmacological profiles.
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11
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Paradells-Navarro S, Benlloch-Navarro MS, Almansa Frias MI, Garcia-Esparza MA, Broccoli V, Miranda M, Soria JM. Neuroprotection of Brain Cells by Lipoic Acid Treatment after Cellular Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:569-577. [PMID: 27935686 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously observed that in vivo lipoic acid (LA) treatment induced a protective effect onto primary cortical neurons after brain injury. In an effort to better understand LA action mechanism in the brain, in the present study, we stressed brain cells in vitro and ex vivo and then analyzed by inmmunocytochemistry and biochemical assays, the changes induced by LA on cell survival and on the concentration of oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The stressors used were lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dopamine, and l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO). Our results showed that LA decreased cell death and increased GSH/GSSG ratio in cells stressed by LPS + dopamine, suggesting that the mechanism underlying LA action is regeneration of GSSG to GSH. When cells were stressed by BSO, LA diminished cell death and decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. In this case, it could be concluded that, due to the low GSH basal levels, GSSG reduction is not possible and therefore it might be thought that cell death prevention might be mediated through other mechanisms. Finally, we induced chemical oxidative damage in brain homogenate. After LA treatment, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio increased and MDA concentration decreased, demonstrating again that LA was not able to increase de novo GSH synthesis but is able to increase GSSG conversion to GSH.
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Age- and brain region-dependent α-synuclein oligomerization is attributed to alterations in intrinsic enzymes regulating α-synuclein phosphorylation in aging monkey brains. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8466-80. [PMID: 27032368 PMCID: PMC4890980 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the levels of α-syn oligomers, which play pivotal pathogenic roles in age-related Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies, increase heterogeneously in the aging brain. Here, we show that exogenous α-syn incubated with brain extracts from older cynomolgus monkeys and in Lewy body pathology (LBP)-susceptible brain regions (striatum and hippocampus) forms higher amounts of phosphorylated and oligomeric α-syn than that in extracts from younger monkeys and LBP-insusceptible brain regions (cerebellum and occipital cortex). The increased α-syn phosphorylation and oligomerization in the brain extracts from older monkeys and in LBP-susceptible brain regions were associated with higher levels of polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), an enzyme promoting α-syn phosphorylation, and lower activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), an enzyme inhibiting α-syn phosphorylation, in these brain extracts. Further, the extent of the age- and brain-dependent increase in α-syn phosphorylation and oligomerization was reduced by inhibition of PLK2 and activation of PP2A. Inversely, phosphorylated α-syn oligomers reduced the activity of PP2A and showed potent cytotoxicity. In addition, the activity of GCase and the levels of ceramide, a product of GCase shown to activate PP2A, were lower in brain extracts from older monkeys and in LBP-susceptible brain regions. Our results suggest a role for altered intrinsic metabolic enzymes in age- and brain region-dependent α-syn oligomerization in aging brains.
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Lee JK, Jansson ET, Nam HG, Zare RN. High-Resolution Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis by Laser Desorption/Ionization Droplet Delivery Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5453-61. [PMID: 27110027 PMCID: PMC5446058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new ambient-ionization mass spectrometric technique named laser desorption/ionization droplet delivery mass spectrometry (LDIDD-MS). LDIDD-MS permits high-resolution, high-sensitivity imaging of tissue samples as well as measurements of both single-cell apoptosis and live-cell exocytosis. A pulsed (15 Hz) UV laser beam (266 nm) is focused on a surface covered with target analytes to trigger their desorption and ionization. A spray of liquid droplets is simultaneously directed onto the laser-focused surface region to capture the ionized analytes and deliver them to a mass spectrometer. The approach of rapid and effective capturing of molecules after laser desorption/ionization allows the limit of detection for the amino acid lysine to be as low as 2 amol under ambient ionization conditions. Two-dimensional maps of the desorbed/ionized species are recorded by moving the sample on an XY translational stage. The spatial resolution for imaging with LDIDD-MS was determined to be 2.4 μm for an ink-printed pattern and 3 μm for mouse brain tissue. We applied LDIDD-MS to single-cell analysis of apoptotic HEK cells. Differences were observed in the profiles of fatty acids and lipids between healthy HEK cells and those undergoing apoptosis. We observed upregulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with a relatively shorter carbon chain length and downregulation of PC with a relatively longer carbon chain length. We also applied LDIDD-MS for a real-time direct measurements of live-cell exocytosis. The catecholamine dopamine and trace amines (phenethylamine and tyramine) were detected from live PC12 cells without damaging them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
| | - Erik T. Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 United States
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Wang H, Liu J, Gao G, Wu X, Wang X, Yang H. Protection effect of piperine and piperlonguminine from Piper longum L. alkaloids against rotenone-induced neuronal injury. Brain Res 2016; 1639:214-27. [PMID: 26232071 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently available treatment approaches for Parkinson׳s disease (PD) are limited in terms of variety and efficacy. Piper longum L. (PLL; Piperaceae) is used in traditional medicine in Asia and the Pacific Islands, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in preclinical studies, and alkaloid extracts of PLL have shown protective effects in PD models. The present study investigated the mechanistic basis for the observed protective effects of PLL. Rats treated with PLL-derived alkaloids showed improvement in rotenone-induced motor deficits, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was decreased, mitochondrial membrane potential was stabilized, and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)-which is involved in ROS production-was inhibited. In addition, rotenone-induced apoptosis was abrogated in the presence of these alkaloids, while a pretreatment stimulated autophagy, likely mitigating neuronal injury by the removal of damaged mitochondria. These findings provide novel insight into the neuroprotective function of PLL as well as evidence in favor of its use in PD treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Center of Parkinson׳s Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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15
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Characterization of cell death caused by diplodiatoxin and dipmatol, toxic metabolites of Stenocarpella maydis. Toxicon 2015; 102:14-24. [PMID: 26004494 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis of cattle and sheep grazing on mouldy cobs infected by Stenocarpella maydis, is considered the last major veterinary mycotoxicosis for which the causative mycotoxin is still unknown. The current study was aimed at characterizing the cell death observed in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines exposed to the S. maydis metabolites (i.e. diplodiatoxin and dipmatol) by investigating the roles of necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis was investigated using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry assays and apoptosis was evaluated using the caspase-3/7 and Annexin V flow cytometry assays. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to correlate the cell death pathways observed in this study with their typical morphologies. Both diplodiatoxin and dipmatol (750 μM) induced necrosis and caspase-dependent apoptosis in Neuro-2a, CHO-K1 and MDBK cells. Ultrastructurally, the two mycotoxins induced mitochondrial damage, cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear fragmentation in the three cell lines. These findings have laid a foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating in detail the mechanism of action of the S. maydis metabolites.
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16
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Niu Z, Qi Y, Huang D, Zhang Y. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Cytotoxicity Involves Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:532-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581814557701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity and potential mechanisms of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our results show that 2,4,6-TCP causes morphological changes and reduces cell viability. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species, the upregulation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions, and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein demonstrate that 2,4,6-TCP induces oxidative stress, and the Nrf2/HMOX1 pathway might be involved in 2,4,6-TCP-induced antioxidative response. Simultaneously, our data also demonstrate that 2,4,6-TCP upregulates the expressions of binding immunoglobulin protein, inositol-requiring enzyme/endonuclease 1α, and C/EBP homologous protein; stimulates α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 phosphorylation; and induces the splicing of Xbp1 mRNA, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is triggered. Moreover, 2,4,6-TCP alters the mitochondrial membrane potential and increases the apoptosis rate, the caspase 3 activity, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, demonstrating that the mitochondrial pathway is involved in the 2,4,6-TCP-induced apoptosis. Thus, these results show that 2,4,6-TCP induces oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis, which together contribute to its cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Niu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Bussche JV, Hemeryck LY, Van Hecke T, Kuhnle GGC, Pasmans F, Moore SA, Van de Wiele T, De Smet S, Vanhaecke L. O6-carboxymethylguanine DNA adduct formation and lipid peroxidation upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of haem-rich meat. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1883-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vanden Bussche
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Lieselot Y. Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Hecke
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality; Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University; Melle Belgium
| | - Gunter G. C. Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care; MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention & Survival; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Sharon A. Moore
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology; Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality; Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University; Melle Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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18
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Jagadeesan S, Balasubramanian V, Baumann P, Neuburger M, Häussinger D, Palivan CG. Water-soluble Co(III) complexes of substituted phenanthrolines with cell selective anticancer activity. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12535-44. [PMID: 24127683 DOI: 10.1021/ic4016228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes with substituted phenanthrolines as ligands represent potential anticancer products without the drawbacks of platinum complexes that are currently marketed. Here, we report the synthesis and cell selective anticancer activity of five new water-soluble Co(III) complexes with methyl substituted phenanthroline ligands. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, FAB-mass spectrometry, FTIR, electronic spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Possible interaction of these complexes with DNA was assessed by a combination of circular dichroism, UV-vis spectroscopy titration, and ethidium bromide displacement assay, and the results indicated that DNA interaction is weak for these complexes. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of complexes at low concentrations were assessed by flow cytometry on PC-3 cells, while their effect on intracellular mitochondrial function was measured by MTS assay on HeLa and PC-3 cell lines. These complexes showed selective cytotoxicity with a significantly higher effect on intracellular mitochondrial function in PC-3 cells than in HeLa cells. At low concentrations, complex 2 had the highest cytotoxic effect on PC-3 cells, inducing around 38% cell death, and the correlation of cytotoxicity of these complexes to their hydrophobicity indicates that an appropriate value of the hydrophobicity is essential for high antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Jagadeesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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