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Daniel J, Schönberger Alvarez AA, te Heesen P, Lehrheuer B, Pischinger S, Hollert H, Roß-Nickoll M, Du M. Air-liquid interface exposure of A549 human lung cells to characterize the hazard potential of a gaseous bio-hybrid fuel blend. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300772. [PMID: 38913629 PMCID: PMC11195957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaseous and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted by the transport sector contribute to air pollution and have adverse effects on human health. To reduce harmful effects to the environment as well as to humans, renewable and sustainable bio-hybrid fuels are explored and investigated in the cluster of excellence "The Fuel Science Center" at RWTH Aachen University. However, data on the effects of bio-hybrid fuels on human health is scarce, leaving a data gap regarding their hazard potential. To help close this data gap, this study investigates potential toxic effects of a Ketone-Ester-Alcohol-Alkane (KEAA) fuel blend on A549 human lung cells. Experiments were performed using a commercially available air-liquid interface exposure system which was optimized beforehand. Then, cells were exposed at the air-liquid interface to 50-2000 ppm C3.7 of gaseous KEAA for 1 h. After a 24 h recovery period in the incubator, cells treated with 500 ppm C3.7 KEAA showed significant lower metabolic activity and cells treated with 50, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm C3.7 KEAA showed significant higher cytotoxicity compared to controls. Our data support the international occupational exposure limits of the single KEAA constituents. This finding applies only to the exposure scenario tested in this study and is difficult to extrapolate to the complex in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Daniel
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pia te Heesen
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bastian Lehrheuer
- TME—Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- TME—Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology & Environmental Toxicology (E3T), Faculty Biological Sciences (FB15), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miaomiao Du
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Nikkilä R, Tolonen S, Salo T, Carpén T, Pukkala E, Mäkitie A. Occupational Etiology of Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7020. [PMID: 37947576 PMCID: PMC10647348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20217020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
While abundant evidence exists linking alcohol, tobacco, and HPV infection to a carcinogenic impact on the oropharynx, the contribution of inhalational workplace hazards remains ill-defined. We aim to determine whether the literature reveals occupational environments at a higher-than-average risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and summarize the available data. To identify studies assessing the relationship between occupational exposure and risk of OPC, a search of the literature through the PubMed-NCBI database was carried out and, ultimately, 15 original articles meeting eligibility criteria were selected. Only original articles in English focusing on the association between occupational exposure and risk or death of specifically OPC were included. The available data are supportive of a potentially increased risk of OPC in waiters, cooks and stewards, artistic workers, poultry and meat workers, mechanics, and World Trade Center responders exposed to dust. However, the available literature on occupation-related OPC is limited. To identify occupational categories at risk, large cohorts with long follow-ups are needed. Identification of causal associations with occupation-related factors would require dose-response analyses adequately adjusted for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Nikkilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer and Research, FI-00139 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Tolonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Carpén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer and Research, FI-00139 Helsinki, Finland
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Auto repair workers exposed to PM2.5 particulate matter in Barranquilla, Colombia: telomere length and hematological parameters. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 887:503597. [PMID: 37003649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5) in automotive repair shops is associated with risks to health. We evaluated the effects of occupational exposure to PM2.5 among auto repair-shop workers. Blood and urine samples were collected from 110 volunteers from Barranquilla, Colombia: 55 active workers and 55 controls. PM2.5 concentrations were assessed at each of the sampling sites and chemical content was analyzed by SEM-EDS electron microscopy. The biological samples obtained were peripheral blood (hematological profiling, DNA extraction) and urine (malondialdehyde concentration). Telomere length was assessed by qPCR and polymorphisms in the glutathione transferase genes GSTT1 and GSTM1 by PCR-RFLP, with confirmation by allelic exclusion. White blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM%) and platelet (PLT) counts and the malondialdehyde concentration were higher (4.10 ± 0.93) in the exposed group compared to the control group (1.56 ± 0.96). TL was shorter (5071 ± 891) in the exposed individuals compared to the control group (6271 ± 805). White blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts were positively associated with exposure. Age and TBARS were correlated with TL in exposed individuals. The GSTT1 gene alleles were not in Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The GSTM1 gene alleles were in H-W equilibrium and allelic exclusion analysis confirmed the presence of heterozygous GSTM1 genotypes. SEM-EDS analysis showed the presence of potentially toxic elements, including Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Rh, Zn, and Cu. Auto repair shop workers showed effects that may be associated with exposure to mixtures of pollutants present in PM2.5. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes had independent modulatory effects.
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Thomsen RW, Riis AH, Flachs EM, Garabrant DH, Bonde JPE, Toft Sørensen H. Risk of asbestosis, mesothelioma, other lung disease or death among motor vehicle mechanics: a 45-year Danish cohort study. Thorax 2021; 77:477-485. [PMID: 34244457 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The risk of asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer among motor vehicle mechanics is of concern because of potential exposure to chrysotile asbestos during brake, clutch and gasket repair and maintenance. Asbestos has also been used in insulation and exhaust systems. METHODS We examined the long-term risk of incident mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis and other lung diseases and mortality due to mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis and other lung diseases in a nationwide cohort of all men registered as motor vehicle mechanics since 1970 in Denmark. This was compared with the corresponding risk in a cohort of male workers matched 10:1 by age and calendar year, with similar socioeconomic status (instrument makers, dairymen, upholsterers, glaziers, butchers, bakers, drivers, farmers and workers in the food industry, trade or public services). RESULTS Our study included 138 559 motor vehicle mechanics (median age 24 years; median follow-up 20 years (maximum 45 years)) and 1 385 590 comparison workers (median age 25 years; median follow-up 19 years (maximum 45 years)). Compared with other workers, vehicle mechanics had a lower risk of morbidity due to mesothelioma/pleural cancer (n=47 cases) (age-adjusted and calendar-year-adjusted HR=0.74 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.99)), a slightly increased risk of lung cancer (HR=1.09 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.14)), increased risk of asbestosis (HR=1.50 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.03)) and a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk close to unity (HR=1.02 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.05)). Corresponding HRs for mortality were 0.86 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.15) for mesothelioma/pleural cancer, 1.06 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.12) for lung cancer, 1.79 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.92) for asbestosis, 1.06 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.30) for other lung diseases caused by external agents and 1.00 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.01) for death due to all causes. CONCLUSIONS We found that the risk of asbestosis was increased among vehicle mechanics. The risk of malignant mesothelioma/pleural cancers was not increased among vehicle mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David H Garabrant
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Koshko L, Debarba LK, Sacla M, de Lima JBM, Didyuk O, Fakhoury P, Sadagurski M. In Utero Maternal Benzene Exposure Predisposes to the Metabolic Imbalance in the Offspring. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:252-261. [PMID: 33502539 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals play a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders, especially when exposure occurs early in life. We have recently demonstrated that benzene exposure, at concentrations relevant to cigarette smoke, induces a severe metabolic imbalance in a sex-specific manner affecting male but not female mice. However, the roles of benzene in the development of aberrant metabolic outcomes following gestational exposure, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we exposed pregnant C57BL/6JB dams to benzene at 50 ppm or filtered air for 6 h/day from gestational day 0.5 (GD0.5) through GD21 and studied male and female offspring metabolic phenotypes in their adult life. While no changes in body weight or body composition were observed between groups, 4-month-old male and female offspring exhibited reduced parameters of energy homeostasis (VO2, VCO2, and heat production). However, only male offspring from benzene-exposed dams were glucose intolerant and insulin resistant at this age. By 6 months of age, both male and female offspring exhibited marked glucose intolerance however, only male offspring developed severe insulin resistance. This effect was accompanied by elevated insulin secretion and increased beta-cell mass only in male offspring. In support, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, the index of insulin resistance was elevated only in male but not in female offspring. Regardless, both male and female offspring exhibited a considerable increase in hepatic gene expression associated with inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thus, gestational benzene exposure can predispose offspring to increased susceptibility to the metabolic imbalance in adulthood with differential sensitivity between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Koshko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Lucas K Debarba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Mikaela Sacla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Juliana B M de Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Olesya Didyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Patrick Fakhoury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Owumi SE, Elebiyo TC, Oladimeji BN. Oxido-inflammatory responses and histological alterations in rat lungs exposed to petroleum product fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:132-143. [PMID: 32894650 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum products-petrol, kerosene, and diesel-composed of volatile organic constituents contribute to air pollution. Exposure of gas station attendants (GSAs) to petroleum products fumes (PPFs) may account for occupation-related predisposition to respiratory toxicity and disease pathogenesis. We simulated GSA exposure to PPF inhalation and examined their effect on oxido-inflammatory responses, toxicity, and histopathological alterations in rat lungs, following 8-hours daily exposure for 60 and 90 days. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, namely: superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), TNF-α, IL-1β, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide (NO) activity were evaluated. Besides, histopathological examination of the lungs and trachea of exposed rats, PPF exposure resulted in significant (P < .05) increases in RONS, biomarkers of oxidative stress, pro-inflammation cytokines, and reduced (P < .05) GSH levels in rats, secondary to histopathological alteration in lungs and trachea cytoarchitecture examined in an exposure-duration-dependent manner. We conclude, therefore, that the observed biochemical and histological changes create a microenvironment that is permissive to diseases pathogenesis of the respiratory system via oxido-inflammatory mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tobiloba C Elebiyo
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bidemi Noah Oladimeji
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Santos ASE, Martins AAF, Simões Gonçalves E, Meyer A. Mortality from Selected Cancers among Brazilian Mechanics. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1779-1786. [PMID: 32592378 PMCID: PMC7568884 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mechanics are exposed to known human carcinogens. This study aimed to compare mortality from selected cancers between male mechanics and the general population of the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Methods: Data on deaths, occurred between 2006-2017, among male mechanics and the general population, were obtained from the Mortality Information System. Occupations were classified using the Brazilian Classification of Occupations. Mortality Odds Ratio (MOR) and confidence intervals (95%) for selected cancers among mechanics, stratified by age (30-49, 50-69 years), race, and education compared to the general population, were estimated using logistic regression models. Results: In general, mechanics showed higher mortality from oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, lung and bladder cancers, but lower mortality for all leukemias. Oropharynx and larynx cancer mortality risk was slightly higher among older mechanics, while hypopharynx cancer mortality was more noticeable among the youngest. Lower mortality from all leukemias was observed only among younger mechanics. Mortality by oropharynx and larynx cancers were higher among white mechanics. They were also the only ones to experience higher mortality by hypopharynx cancer, while lung cancer mortality were increased only among non-white ones. Mechanics of all educational levels were more likely to die by the oropharynx cancer. Those with 1-7 and 8 or more years of schooling also showed excess of death by the cancers of larynx and all leukemias. Significantly higher mortality by pancreas cancer was only observed among mechanics with no education, while those with 1-7 years of schooling showed higher risk to die by lung and bladder cancers. Those with 8 or more years of schooling show increased mortality risk for hypopharynx cancer. Increased mortality risk for myeloid leukemia was only observed when stratified by region of residence. Conclusion: Results of our study suggest a positive association between mechanic occupation and some specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Souza Espindola Santos
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alzira Friaes Martins
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fries M, Williams PRD, Ovesen J, Maier A. Airborne exposures associated with the typical use of an aerosol brake cleaner during vehicle repair work. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:531-540. [PMID: 29672233 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1467017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many petroleum-based products are used for degreasing and cleaning purposes during vehicle maintenance and repairs. Although prior studies have evaluated chemical exposures associated with this type of work, most of these have focused on gasoline and exhaust emissions, with few samples collected solely during the use of an aerosol cleaning product. In this case study, we assess the type of airborne exposures that would be expected from the typical use of an aerosol brake cleaner during vehicle repair work. Eight exposure scenarios were evaluated over a 2-day study in which the benzene content of the brake cleaner and potential for dilution ventilation and air flow varied. Both short-term (15 min) and task-based (≥1 hr) charcoal tube samples were collected in the breathing zone and adjacent work area and analyzed for total hydrocarbons (THCs), toluene, and benzene. The majority of personal (N = 48) and area (N = 47) samples had detectable levels of THC and toluene, but no detections of benzene were found. For the personal short-term samples, average airborne concentrations ranged from 3.1-61.5 ppm (13.8-217.5 mg/m3) for THC and 2.2-44.0 ppm (8.2-162.5 mg/m3) for toluene, depending on the scenario. Compared to the personal short-term samples, average concentrations were generally 2-3 times lower for the personal task-based samples and 2-5 times lower for the area short-term samples. The highest exposures occurred when the garage bay doors were closed, floor fan was turned off, or greatest amount of brake cleaner was used. These findings add to the limited dataset on this topic and can be used to bound or approximate worker or consumer exposures from use of aerosol cleaning products with similar compositions and use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fries
- a Department of Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | | | - Jerald Ovesen
- a Department of Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Andrew Maier
- a Department of Environmental Health , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio
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Grung M, Vikan H, Hertel-Aas T, Meland S, Thomas KV, Ranneklev S. Roads and motorized transport as major sources of priority substances? A data register study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1031-1047. [PMID: 28841380 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A data register study was performed in order to identify the amounts of hazardous substances in products related to motorized transport in Norway during 2012. The hazardous substances were selected from legislative investigations performed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), European Union (EU), and Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA). Information regarding hazardous substances in 52 selected product categories associated with traffic-related activities was obtained from the Norwegian Product Register administrated by the NEA. Substances present on ECHA list of substances of very high concern (SVHC), NEA national priority list, and priority substances under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) were given most attention, with substances from ECHA community rolling action plan (CoRAP) also included. Results showed that selected products contained a diverse range of substances that were classified as hazardous to either human or environmental health. The quantities of hazardous substances in the selected products were 120 tons (SVHC), 280 tons (Norway priority list), and 2,400 tons (WFD). It proved difficult to pinpoint these quantities only to traffic-related operations since product categories included compounds used for other activities. However, data illustrate that large quantities of hazardous substances are employed concurrent with being prioritized for reduction/elimination by national and international authorities. A list of substances with annual use in 2012 >1 ton was prepared to aid a prioritization for further actions such as substitution, phasing out, or environmental monitoring. The list contains substances that are toxic to humans, especially as adverse reproductive/carcinogenic agents, and/or pose a threat to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- a NIVA - Norwegian institute for Water Research , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hedda Vikan
- b Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Tunneling and Materials Technology , Oslo , Norway
| | - Turid Hertel-Aas
- c Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sondre Meland
- c Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section , Oslo , Norway
- d Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Aas , Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- a NIVA - Norwegian institute for Water Research , Oslo , Norway
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