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Frau L, Jonaitis E, Langhough RE, Zuelsdorff M, Okonkwo O, Bruno D. The role of cognitive reserve and depression on executive function in older adults: A 10-year study from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39180168 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2388904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The current study examined the longitudinal relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), depression, and executive function (EF) in a cohort of older adults. Methods: 416 participants were selected from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. They were native English speakers, aged ≥50+, and cognitively unimpaired at baseline, with no history of neurological or other psychiatric disorders aside from depression. Depression was assessed with the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A composite score, based on the premorbid IQ (WRAT-3 Reading subtest) and years of education was used to estimate CR. Another composite score from four cognitive tests was used to estimate EF. A moderation analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of CR and Depression on EF at follow-up after controlling for age, gender, and APOE risk score. Moreover, a multinomial logistic regression was used to predict conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) from the healthy baseline. Results: The negative relationship between depression and EF was stronger in individuals with higher CR levels, suggesting a possible floor effect at lower CR levels. In the multinomial regression, the interaction between CR and depression predicted conversion to MCI status, indicating that lower CR paired with more severe depression at baseline was associated with a higher risk of subsequent impairment. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between depression and EF over time, suggesting that the association may be influenced by varying levels of CR. Further studies may replicate these findings in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Frau
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca E Langhough
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Nursing (MZ), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Davide Bruno
- School of Psychology, Liverpool, John Moores University, United Kingdom
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2
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Greenaway AM, Hwang F, Nasuto S, Ho AK. Rumination in dementia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and attentional biases. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38461459 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2327679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Rumination (self-referential and repetitive thinking), attentional biases (AB), and impaired cognitive control are theorized as being integral factors in depression and anxiety. Yet, research examining the relationship between rumination, mood, and AB for populations with reduced cognitive control, e.g., people living with dementia (PwD), is lacking. To explore whether literature-based relationships are demonstrated in dementia, PwD (n = 64) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 75) completed an online self-report survey measuring rumination and mood (twice), and a telephone cognitive status interview (once). Rumination was measured as an emotion-regulation style, thinking style, and response to depression. We examined the test-retest reliability of PwD's (n = 50) ruminative-scale responses, ruminative-scale internal consistency, and correlations between rumination, age, cognitive ability, and mood scores. Also, nine participants (PwD = 6, HC = 3) completed an AB measure via eye-tracking. Participants fixated on a cross, naturally viewed pairs of facial images conveying sad, angry, happy, and neutral emotions, and then fixated on a dot. Exploratory analyses of emotional-face dwell-times versus rumination and mood scores were conducted. Except for the HC group's reflective response to depression measure, rumination measures were reliable, and correlation strengths between rumination and mood scores (.29 to .79) were in line with literature for both groups. For the AB measure subgroup, ruminative thinking style scores and angry-face metrics were negatively correlated. The results of this study show that literature-based relationships between rumination, depression, and anxiety are demonstrated in dementia, but the relationship between rumination and AB requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Greenaway
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Faustina Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Slawomir Nasuto
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Aileen K Ho
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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3
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Fusi G, Giannì J, Borsa VM, Colautti L, Crepaldi M, Palmiero M, Garau F, Bonfiglio SN, Cao Y, Antonietti A, Penna MP, Rozzini L, Rusconi ML. Can Creativity and Cognitive Reserve Predict Psychological Well-Being in Older Adults? The Role of Divergent Thinking in Healthy Aging. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:303. [PMID: 38338188 PMCID: PMC10855052 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of psychological well-being (PWB) in the older adult population is a pivotal goal for our rapidly aging society. PWB is a multicomponent construct that can be influenced by several factors in the lifespan. The beneficial role of divergent thinking (DT) and cognitive reserve (CR) in sustaining older subjects' PWB has been scarcely investigated so far. The present study aims to investigate the relationships between DT, CR, and PWB in a sample of 121 healthy older adults (61 females; M age: 73.39 ± 6.66 years; M education: 11.33 ± 4.81 years). The results highlight that better DT performance predicts higher CR, which mediates an indirect positive effect of DT on emotional competence, one of the PWB factors. It follows that DT and CR can be considered protective factors in aging, and their effects go beyond cognitive functioning, revealing a positive effect even on some PWB components. The practical implications regarding targeted health interventions for prevention in the older adult population to support well-being and promote healthy aging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fusi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (J.G.); (V.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Jessica Giannì
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (J.G.); (V.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Virginia Maria Borsa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (J.G.); (V.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Laura Colautti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy; (L.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Maura Crepaldi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (J.G.); (V.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.R.)
| | | | - Francesca Garau
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (S.N.B.); (Y.C.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Salvatore Natale Bonfiglio
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (S.N.B.); (Y.C.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Ylenia Cao
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (S.N.B.); (Y.C.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy; (L.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Pietronilla Penna
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (F.G.); (S.N.B.); (Y.C.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Luca Rozzini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25136 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (J.G.); (V.M.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.R.)
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4
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Maitreyee R, Varley R, Cowell PE. Verbal ability in postmenopausal women in relation to age, cognitive and reproductive factors. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 238:103963. [PMID: 37364371 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Word-finding difficulties have been associated with age and, in women, lowered sex hormone levels following menopause. However, there is limited understanding of the ways that specific aspects of word-finding are shaped by women's age, reproductive histories, and background factors such as education. The current study investigated the effects of age, cognitive and reproductive factors on word-finding abilities in 53 healthy postmenopausal women aged 48-79. A questionnaire was used to gather demographic information and reproductive history. A battery of verbal fluency, continuous series, and naming tasks was designed to assess word-finding across different sensory modalities and cognitive demands. Category and letter fluency were quantified as total number of correct words produced on each task. For continuous series, switch rates and switch costs were computed. For the naming tasks, accuracy and latency measures were used. There were three key findings. Firstly, there was a consistent positive association between education and all word-finding measures, i.e., verbal fluency, continuous series, and naming. Secondly, age-related declines were seen on tasks heavily dependent on working memory such as the continuous series task. Thirdly, reproductive factors across the lifespan such as age at menarche and reproductive years showed subtle effects on naming abilities, but not on verbal fluency or continuous series. The results highlight that word-finding abilities in healthy postmenopausal women are shaped by factors associated with their early years (education, age at menarche) and later adult life (age, reproductive years). The study also distinguished between the more global effects of education, and the more task-specific associations with age and reproductive variables, on verbal task performance after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Maitreyee
- Division of Human Communication Sciences, Health Sciences School, The University of Sheffield, 362 Mushroom Lane, Sheffield S10 2TS, United Kingdom.
| | - Rosemary Varley
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, UCL, 313, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PF, United Kingdom.
| | - Patricia E Cowell
- Division of Human Communication Sciences, Health Sciences School, The University of Sheffield, 362 Mushroom Lane, Sheffield S10 2TS, United Kingdom.
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5
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Karsazi H, Hatami J, Rostami R, Moghadamzadeh A. The Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Relationships With Memory Function in an Iranian Elderly Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889177. [PMID: 35586406 PMCID: PMC9108157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) and examine the relationship between life experience and memory function. To this end, two studies were conducted. Study one examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity of the Persian version of LEQ with 247 healthy elderly individuals (M age = 70.17, SD = 4.42; 55.9% women). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a five-factor solution, including Knowledge, Physical, Socialization, Artistic, and Leisure dimensions, which accounted for 42.42% of the explained variance. The internal consistency of the LEQ was in the acceptable range (α = 0.703). Also, the LEQ and its subscales (except the Artistic subscale) had a negative relationship with geriatric depression and a positive relationship with a healthy lifestyle, supporting the measure's convergent and discriminant validity. In the second study, we examined the relationship between LEQ (total and subscales score) and memory function using Pearson correlation and moderating analysis with 149 participants (M age = 70.37, SD = 4.29; 55.03% women). The results demonstrated that the LEQ total and subscales scores correlated positively with episodic memory. In the same vein, LEQ total score and Knowledge subscale showed a positive correlation with semantic memory. The results of moderation analysis showed that LEQ subscales have a different role in memory decline. The knowledge subscale as a content component moderates the effect of age on semantic memory (B = 0.005, t = 2.021, p = 0.045), while the mid-life non-specific activities, which are based on life stages, moderate the effect of age on episodic memory (B = 0.007, t = 3.348, p = 0.001). In conclusion, our results indicated that the Persian version of the LEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring experiences and activities throughout life, which can be used in professional clinical and research settings in the aging context with Iranian elderly samples. Furthermore, our findings suggest that various life experiences can be considered cognitive reserves in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karsazi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadamzadeh
- Department of Curriculum Development and Instruction Methods, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Lara E, Martín-María N, Miret M, Olaya B, Haro JM, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Is there a combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve on cognitive function? Findings from a population-based study. Psychol Health 2021; 37:1132-1147. [PMID: 34029134 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1927030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the combined effect of depression and cognitive reserve (CR) on cognition over a three-year follow-up period; and to explore this relationship specifically in individuals aged 65+ years. DESIGN Data from the 'Edad con Salud' project were analysed (n = 1,144; 50+ years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to evaluate depression. CR was assessed with the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire. Episodic memory was assessed with the word list memory and recall. Verbal fluency was measured through the animal naming task. Random coefficient regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Depression was associated with lower scores in episodic memory, whereas increased levels of CR were related with higher scores across all the cognitive tests. Among older-aged individuals, cognition decreased at lower levels of CR regardless of depression, while participants with depression exhibited decreased values in both measures of memory at higher levels of CR. CONCLUSION Depression and CR were related with cognitive performance. Among older individuals, those with low levels of CR may constitute a vulnerable group with poor cognitive prognosis, whilst a harmful effect of depression on memory performance was observed among individuals with greater CR. Further evidence needs to be gathered to understand these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Lara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-María
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miret
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Olaya
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Ayuso-Mateos
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Schoentgen B, Gagliardi G, Défontaines B. Environmental and Cognitive Enrichment in Childhood as Protective Factors in the Adult and Aging Brain. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1814. [PMID: 32793081 PMCID: PMC7385286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some recent studies have highlighted a link between a favorable childhood environment and the strengthening of neuronal resilience against the changes that occur in natural aging neurodegenerative disease. Many works have assessed the factors – both internal and external – that can contribute to delay the phenotype of an ongoing neurodegenerative brain pathology. At the crossroads of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, these relationships are unified by the concept of cognitive reserve (CR). This review focuses on the protective effects of maintaining this CR through the cognitive aging process, and emphasizes the most essential time in life for the development and strengthening of this CR. The in-depth study of this research shows that early stimulation with regard to social and sensory interactions, contributes to the proper development of cognitive, affective and psychosocial capacities. Childhood thus appears to be the most active phase in the development of CR, and as such we hypothesize that this constitutes the first essential period of primary prevention of pathological aging and loss of cognitive capacities. If this hypothesis is correct, early stimulation of the environment would therefore be considered as a true primary prevention and a public health issue. The earlier identification of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can affect personal and professional development across the lifespan, could therefore have longer-term impacts and provide better protection against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Schoentgen
- Réseau Aloïs Pôle Enfant (Pediatric Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Gagliardi
- Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Défontaines
- Réseau Aloïs Pôle Enfant (Pediatric Aloïs Network), Paris, France.,Réseau Aloïs (Aloïs Network), Paris, France
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Kartschmit N, Mikolajczyk R, Schubert T, Lacruz ME. Measuring Cognitive Reserve (CR) - A systematic review of measurement properties of CR questionnaires for the adult population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219851. [PMID: 31390344 PMCID: PMC6685632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and critically appraise the quality of published literature on measurement properties of questionnaires assessing Cognitive Reserve (CR) in adults (>18 years). Methods We systematically searched for published studies on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science through August 2018. We evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies and the results on measurement properties based on a consensus-based standard checklist. Results The search strategy identified 991 publications, of which 37 were selected evaluating the measurement properties of six different questionnaires. Construct validity of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was most extensively evaluated, while evaluation of the remaining measurement properties of this questionnaire was scarce. Measurement properties of the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire and the Cognitive Reserve Scale were assessed more completely. While the Lifetime of Experience Questionnaire seems to be the most thorough instrument, a finale recommendation for one specific questionnaire cannot be drawn, since about half of the measurement properties for each questionnaire were poorly or not assessed at all. Conclusions There is a need of high quality methodological studies assessing measurement properties of CR questionnaires, especially regarding content validity, structural validity, and responsiveness. Trial registration PROSPERO Registration number CRD42018107766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kartschmit
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Torsten Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Elena Lacruz
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical Faculty of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Cognitive Functioning in Late-life Depression: A Critical Review of Sociodemographic, Neurobiological, and Treatment Correlates. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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LaMonica HM, Biddle DJ, Naismith SL, Hickie IB, Maruff P, Glozier N. The relationship between depression and cognitive function in adults with cardiovascular risk: Evidence from a randomised attention-controlled trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203343. [PMID: 30183779 PMCID: PMC6124758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim This study assessed the association between depressive symptom severity and cognition in middle-to-older aged adults with mild-to-moderate depression and cardiovascular risk factors using an online test battery (CogState) and whether changes in depressive symptoms over 3 months were associated with changes in cognition. Methods Participants (mean age = 57.8) with cardiovascular risk and mild–to-moderate depressive symptoms completed measures of psychomotor speed, learning, and executive function prior to (n = 445)_and after (n = 334) online depression or attention control interventions. The symptom severity-cognition relationship was examined both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Results Participants exhibited significantly reduced psychomotor speed and variable impairments on measures of learning and executive functioning relative to normative data. However, there was no association of depression severity with cognition at baseline or of change in depressive symptoms with change in cognitive performance. Limitations Participants were well-educated, which may have protected against cognitive decline. Attrition may limit generalisability, though is unlikely to explain the lack of association between depression symptoms and cognition. Conclusions Adults with comorbid mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risks performed less well than age-matched normative data on three online cognitive tests; however, we were unable to show any symptom-cognition association cross-sectionally or longitudinally, despite significant improvements in depressive symptoms. This challenges the generalisability of such associations found in more severely unwell clinical samples to those with a broader depressive symptom profile, or suggests that underlying cardiovascular disease may account for the association seen in some clinical studies. This has implications for scaling up selective prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M. LaMonica
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel J. Biddle
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Naismith
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas Glozier
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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11
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Farioli Vecchioli S, Sacchetti S, Nicolis di Robilant V, Cutuli D. The Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depressive Illness in the Elderly. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:308-326. [PMID: 28901279 PMCID: PMC5843982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170912113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In adulthood, depression is the most common type of mental illness and will be the second leading cause of disease by 2020. Major depression dramatically affects the function of the central nervous system and degrades the quality of life, especially in old age. Several mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of depressive illness, since it has a multifactorial etiology. Human and an-imal studies have demonstrated that depression is mainly associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alterations, brain volume changes, neurogenesis dysfunction, and dysregulation of in-flammatory pathways. Also the gut microbiota may influence mental health outcomes. Although depression is not a consequence of normal aging, depressive disorders are common in later life, even if often undi-agnosed or mis-diagnosed in old age. When untreated, depression reduces life expectancy, worsens medical illnesses, en-hances health care costs and is the primary cause of suicide among older people. To date, the underpinnings of depression in the elderly are still to be understood, and the pharmacological treatment is the most commonly used therapy. Objective: Since a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits have recently emerged as crucial contributors to the genesis and course of depression, in the present review, we have focused on the effects of physical activity and omega-3 fatty acids on depressive illness in the elderly. Results: A growing literature indicates that both exercise and dietary interventions can promote mental health throughout one’s lifespan. Conclusion: There thus emerges the awareness that an active lifestyle and a balanced diet may constitute valid low-cost pre-vention strategies to counteract depressive illness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Nicolis di Robilant
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Opdebeeck C, Matthews FE, Wu YT, Woods RT, Brayne C, Clare L. Cognitive reserve as a moderator of the negative association between mood and cognition: evidence from a population-representative cohort. Psychol Med 2018; 48:61-71. [PMID: 28521844 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171700126x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) has been associated with better cognitive function and lower risk of depression in older people, yet it remains unclear whether CR moderates the association between mood and cognition. This study aimed to investigate whether a comprehensive indicator of CR, including education, occupation and engagement in cognitive and social activities, acts as a moderator of this association. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study utilising baseline data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (CFAS II), a large population-based cohort of people aged 65+ in England. Complete data on the measures of CR, mood and cognition were available for 6565 dementia-free individuals. Linear regression models were used to investigate the potential modifying effect of CR on the association between cognition and mood with adjustment for age, sex and missing data. RESULTS Levels of CR did moderate the negative association between mood and cognition; the difference in cognition between those with and without a clinical level mood disorder was significantly smaller in the middle (-2.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.65 to -0.90) and higher (-1.30; 95% CI -2.46 to -0.15) CR groups compared with the lower CR group (-4.01; 95% CI -5.53 to -2.49). The individual components of CR did not significantly moderate the negative association between mood and cognition. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CR, indexed by a composite score based on multiple indicators, can moderate the negative association between lowered mood and cognition, emphasising the importance of continuing to build CR across the lifespan in order to maintain cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Opdebeeck
- Department of Psychology,Manchester Metropolitan University,Manchester,UK
| | - F E Matthews
- Institute for Health and Society,Newcastle University,Newcastle,UK
| | - Y-T Wu
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health,School of Psychology,University of Exeter,Exeter,UK
| | - R T Woods
- DSDC Wales,Bangor University,Bangor,UK
| | - C Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care,Cambridge Institute of Public Health,School of Clinical Medicine,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
| | - L Clare
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health,School of Psychology,University of Exeter,Exeter,UK
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Philippot P, Agrigoroaei S. Repetitive thinking, executive functioning, and depressive mood in the elderly. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:1192-1196. [PMID: 27484965 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1211619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous findings and the depressive-executive dysfunction hypothesis suggest that the established association between executive functioning and depression is accounted for by repetitive thinking. Investigating the association between executive functioning, repetitive thinking, and depressive mood, the present study empirically tested this mediational model in a sample of older adults, while focusing on both concrete and abstract repetitive thinking. This latter distinction is important given the potential protective role of concrete repetitive thinking, in contrast to the depletive effect of abstract repetitive thinking. METHOD A sample of 43 elderly volunteers, between 75 and 95 years of age, completed tests of executive functioning (the Stroop test, the Trail Making test, and the Fluency test), and questionnaires of repetitive thinking and depression. RESULTS Positive correlations were observed between abstract repetitive thinking and depressive mood, and between concrete repetitive thinking and executive functioning; a negative correlation was observed between depressive mood and executive functioning. Further, mediational analysis evidenced that the relation between executive functioning and depressive mood was mediated by abstract repetitive thinking. CONCLUSION The present data provide, for the first time, empirical support to the depressive-executive dysfunction hypothesis: the lack of executive resources would favor a mode of abstract repetitive thinking, which in turn would deplete mood. It suggests that clinical intervention targeting depression in the elderly should take into consideration repetitive thinking modes and the executive resources needed to disengage from rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Philippot
- a Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.,b Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Stefan Agrigoroaei
- a Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
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Farina M, Paloski LH, de Oliveira CR, de Lima Argimon II, Irigaray TQ. Cognitive Reserve in Elderly and Its Connection with Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-017-9295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chiao C, Weng LJ. Mid-life socioeconomic status, depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status among older adults: inter-relationships and temporal effects. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27099153 PMCID: PMC4839082 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few longitudinal studies have analyzed how socioeconomic status (SES) influences both depressive and cognitive development over an individual’s life course. This study investigates the change trajectories of both depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status, as well as their associations over time, focusing on the effects of mid-life SES. Methods Data were obtained from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (1993–2007), a nationally representative cohort study of older adults in Taiwan. The short form of the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale that measures depressive symptomatology in two domains (negative affect and lack of positive affect) was used. General cognitive status was assessed using the brief Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire scale. Assessments of the subjects’ mid-life SES included measurement of the participant’s education and occupation. Analyses were conducted by the parallel latent growth curve modeling. Results The participants’ initial levels of depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status were significantly and negatively correlated; furthermore, any changes in these two outcomes were also correlated over time. The initial assessment of general cognitive status significantly contributed to any advancement towards more severe depressive symptomatology over time, particularly when this occurred in a negative manner. Furthermore, a mid-life SES advantage resulted in a significant reduction in late-life depressive symptomatology and also produced a slower decline in general cognitive status during later life. In contrast, lower mid-life SES exacerbated depressive symptomatology during old age, both at the initial assessment and in terms of the change over time. In addition, female gender was significantly associated with lower general cognitive status and more severe depressive symptomatology in negative affect. Conclusions These findings suggest a complex and longitudinal association between depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status in later life and this complicated relationship seems to be affected by mid-life SES over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiao
- Insitute of Health and Welfare Policy, Research Center for Health and Welfare Policy, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Li-Jen Weng
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Does cognitive reserve moderate the association between mood and cognition? A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0959259815000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe evidence regarding the association between mood and cognitive function is conflicting, suggesting the involvement of moderating factors. This systematic review aimed to assess whether cognitive reserve moderates the association between mood and cognition in older people. Cognitive reserve was considered in terms of the three key proxy measures – educational level, occupation, and engagement in cognitively stimulating leisure activities – individually and in combination. Sixteen studies representing 37,101 participants were included in the review. Of these, 13 used a measure of education, one used a measure of occupation, two used a measure of participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and one used a combination of these. In general, cognitive reserve moderated the association between mood and cognition, with a larger negative association between mood and cognition in those with low cognitive reserve than in those with high cognitive reserve. Further research utilizing multiple proxy measures of cognitive reserve is required to elucidate the associations.
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Opdebeeck C, Martyr A, Clare L. Cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy older people: a meta-analysis. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 23:40-60. [PMID: 25929288 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1041450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The associations between proxy measures of cognitive reserve (CR) and cognition vary across studies and cognitive domains. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between CR and cognition in multiple domains (memory, executive function, visuospatial ability, and language). CR was considered in terms of three key proxy measures - educational level, occupational status, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities - individually and in combination. One-hundred and thirty-five studies representing 128,328 participants were included. Of these, 109 used a measure of education, 19 used a measure of occupation, 31 used a measure of participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and 6 used a combination of these. All three proxy measures had a modest positive association with cognition; occupational status and cognitive activities showed the most variation across cognitive domains. This supports the view that the commonly used proxy measures of CR share an underlying process but that each additionally provides a unique contribution to CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Opdebeeck
- a Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, School of Psychology , Bangor University , Bangor , UK
| | - Anthony Martyr
- b Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, School of Psychology , University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QG , UK
| | - Linda Clare
- b Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, School of Psychology , University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QG , UK
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