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Paredes-Rojas A, Palma-Ramos A, Castrillón-Rivera LE, Mendoza-Pérez F, Navarro-González MDC, Arenas-Guzmán R, Castañeda-Sánchez JI, Luna-Herrera J. Keratinocyte Response to Infection with Sporothrix schenckii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050437. [PMID: 35628694 PMCID: PMC9143681 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute, or chronic mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation of material contaminated with the fungus Sporothrix schenckii which is part of the Sporothrix spp. complex. The infection is limited to the skin, although its progression to more severe systemic or disseminated forms remains possible. Skin is the tissue that comes into contact with Sporothrix first, and the role of various cell lines has been described with regard to infection control. However, there is little information on the response of keratinocytes. In this study, we used the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and evaluated different aspects of infection from modifications in the cytoskeleton to the expression of molecules of the innate response during infection with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii. We found that during infection with both phases of the fungus, alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of membrane protuberances, and loss of stress fibers were induced. We also observed an overexpression of the surface receptors MR, TLR6, CR3 and TLR2. Cytokine analysis showed that both phases of the fungus induced the production of elevated levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8, and proinflammatory cytokines IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-6. In contrast, TNF-α production was significant only with conidial infection. In late post-infection, cytokine production was observed with immunoregulatory activity, IL-10, and growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF. In conclusion, infection of keratinocytes with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii induces an inflammatory response and rearrangements of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Paredes-Rojas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.P.-R.); (L.E.C.-R.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - Alejandro Palma-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.P.-R.); (L.E.C.-R.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - Laura Estela Castrillón-Rivera
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.P.-R.); (L.E.C.-R.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - Felipe Mendoza-Pérez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.P.-R.); (L.E.C.-R.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - María del Carmen Navarro-González
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Reumáticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arenas-Guzmán
- Sección de Micología, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Ismael Castañeda-Sánchez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (A.P.-R.); (L.E.C.-R.); (F.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.I.C.-S.); (J.L.-H.); Tel.: +52-55-54-83-70-00 (ext. 2803) (J.I.C.-S.); +52-55-57-29-63-00 (ext. 62371) (J.L.-H.)
| | - Julieta Luna-Herrera
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.I.C.-S.); (J.L.-H.); Tel.: +52-55-54-83-70-00 (ext. 2803) (J.I.C.-S.); +52-55-57-29-63-00 (ext. 62371) (J.L.-H.)
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Nava-Pérez N, Neri-García LG, Romero-González OE, Terrones-Cruz JA, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2067-2090. [PMID: 35498634 PMCID: PMC9041366 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important subcutaneous mycosis with high prevalence and threat to human and animal health worldwide. Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main etiological agents of this disease; and even though many efforts have been made recently to understand the Sporothrix-host interaction, little is known about S. globosa, an underestimated species. This organism shows the lowest virulence among the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and represents an important pathogenic agent due to its global distribution. Here, we offer a review with all the known information about S. globosa, including its genome and proteomic information, and compare it with S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, to explain the differences observed among these species, in terms of virulence, the host immune response, and the antifungal sensitivity. Also, we provide the gene prediction of some S. globosa putative virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Nava-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Lisset G Neri-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Oscar E Romero-González
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Joshua A Terrones-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
- Correspondence: Laura C García-Carnero; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Gto., México
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Vargas-Macías AP, Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Current Models to Study the Sporothrix-Host Interaction. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:833111. [PMID: 37746241 PMCID: PMC10512367 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor, or ex vivo models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host-Sporothrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Clinical and Anatomopathological Evaluation of BALB/c Murine Models Infected with Isolates of Seven Pathogenic Sporothrix Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121647. [PMID: 34959602 PMCID: PMC8705601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with worldwide distribution and caused by seven pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus: S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa and S. luriei (clinical clade), and the species S. mexicana, S. pallida and S. chilensis (environmental clade). Isolates of the same species of Sporothrix may have different pathogenicities; however, few isolates of this fungus have been studied. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the clinical and anatomopathological changes in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice infected with clinical and environmental isolates of seven different species of Sporothrix, from both clades. One human clinical isolate of S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana and S. chilensis species and one environmental isolate of S. pallida were inoculated subcutaneously in immunocompetent mice and the same isolates of S. brasiliensis and S.schenckii sensu stricto were inoculated in immunossupressed mice. Clinical manifestations as external lesions, apathy, and alopecia were observed. At 21, 35, and 49 days after fungal inoculation, four mice from each group were weighed, euthanized and necropsied for evaluation of splenic index, recovery of fungal cells, macroscopic and histopathological analysis of livers, lungs, kidneys, and hearts. The survival assessment was observed for 50 days following inoculation. Our results demonstrated that, clinical S. schenckii isolate, followed by clinical S. mexicana, and environmental S. pallida isolates, the last two, species grouped in the environmental clade, were capable of inducing greater anatomopathological changes in mice, which was reflected in the severity of the clinical signs of these animals. Thus, we reinforce the hypothesis that the pathogenicity of Sporothrix is not only related to the species of this fungus, but also shows variation between different isolates of the same species.
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Villalobos-Duno HL, Barreto LA, Alvarez-Aular Á, Mora-Montes HM, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Franco B, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Niño-Vega GA. Comparison of Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition and Structure Between Strains of Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726958. [PMID: 34616384 PMCID: PMC8489378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are the main causative agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Differences in virulence patterns are associated with each species but remain largely uncharacterized. The S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis cell wall composition and virulence are influenced by the culturing media, with little or no influence on S. globosa. By keeping constant the culturing media, we compared the cell wall composition of three S. schenckii and two S. brasiliensis strains, previously described as presenting different virulence levels on a murine model of infection. The cell wall composition of the five Sporothrix spp. strains correlated with the biochemical composition of the cell wall previously reported for the species. However, the rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio exhibits differences among strains, with an increase in cell wall rhamnose-to-β-glucan ratio as their virulence increased. This relationship can be expressed mathematically, which could be an important tool for the determination of virulence in Sporothrix spp. Also, structural differences in rhamnomannan were found, with longer side chains present in strains with lower virulence reported for both species here studied, adding insight to the importance of this polysaccharide in the pathogenic process of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor L Villalobos-Duno
- Laboratorio de Micología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura A Barreto
- Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salome Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Álvaro Alvarez-Aular
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica y Productos Naturales, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Zheng F, Gao W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Hou B, Zhang Z. Map of dimorphic switching‑related signaling pathways in Sporothrix schenckii based on its transcriptome. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:646. [PMID: 34278493 PMCID: PMC8299191 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii) induces sporotrichosis, which has gained attention in recent years due to its worldwide prevalence. The dimorphic switching process is essential for the pathogenesis of S. schenckii. Previously, overexpression of several signal transduction genes, including SsDRK1 and SsSte20, was observed during the mycelium‑to‑yeast transition; these were necessary for asexual development, yeast‑phase cell formation, cell wall integrity and melanin synthesis. However, the mechanisms of the signaling pathways during dimorphic switching of S. schenckii remain unclear. In the present study, transcriptome sequencing of the 48‑h induced yeast forms and mycelium of S. schenckii was performed. In total, 24,904,510 high‑quality clean reads were obtained from mycelium samples and 22,814,406 from 48‑h induced yeast form samples. Following assembly, 31,779 unigene sequences were obtained with 52.98% GC content (The proportion of guanine G and cytosine C to all bases in nucleic acid). The results demonstrated that 12,217 genes, including genes involved in signal transduction and chitin synthesis, were expressed differentially between the two stages. According to these results, a map of the signaling pathways, including two‑component and heterotrimeric G‑protein signaling systems, Ras and MAPK cascades associated with the dimorphic switch, was drawn. Taken together, the transcriptome data and analysis performed in the present study lay the foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms controlling the dimorphic switch of S. schenckii and support the development of anti‑S. schenckii strategies targeting genes associated with signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliang Zheng
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyan Jiang
- Academy of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Hou
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040323. [PMID: 33260702 PMCID: PMC7712150 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate Sporothrix virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis to kill Galleria mellonella larvae, but not S. globosa. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the S.globosa wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of S.globosa or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation.
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Yao L, Song Y, Cui Y, Zhou JF, Zhong SX, Zhao DY, Li SS. Pediatric Sporotrichosis in Jilin Province of China (2010-2016): a Retrospective Study of 704 Cases. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:342-348. [PMID: 31356658 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric patients make a substantial contribution to the epidemiologic profile of sporotrichosis in Jilin Province, a region of China in which the disease is strongly endemic. However, the exact epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of childhood sporotrichosis in China are unclear. METHODS The medical records of 704 pediatric patients aged <15 years with sporotrichosis diagnosed by fungus culture at the Department of Dermatology at the First Hospital of Jilin University in a 7-year period (January 2010 to December 2016) were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were from rural areas of Jilin Province, located in northeast China. RESULTS Among the 704 pediatric patients, the male/female ratio was 1.41:1, and the highest incidence of sporotrichosis (63%) occurred in those aged 0 to 6 years; 561 patients (80%) contracted sporotrichosis in a colder month. Overall, 655 (93%) patients had lesions in the facial region, whereas 602 (86%) patients had fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis. The incidence of the fixed cutaneous form in the 0- to 6-year age group was significantly higher than that in the 7- to 14-year age group (P = .009). Patients were treated with 10% potassium iodide solution, itraconazole, or terbinafine. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of pediatric sporotrichosis in Jilin Provence include the following: (1) a more frequent occurrence in the colder months; (2) the facial region is affected predominantly, in most cases manifesting in the fixed cutaneous form; and (3) significantly more cases occur in younger children than in older ones. Decaying cornstalks used as fire materials might be the source of infection in this population; however, additional research is needed to explore the exact mechanism of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Xia Zhong
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Yao L, Song Y, Zhou J, Cui Y, Li S. Epidemiological and clinical comparisons of paediatric and adult sporotrichosis in Jilin Province, China. Mycoses 2019; 63:308-313. [PMID: 31829465 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Jun‐feng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Shan‐Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology the First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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García Carnero LC, Lozoya Pérez NE, González Hernández SE, Martínez Álvarez JA. Immunity and Treatment of Sporotrichosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030100. [PMID: 30127270 PMCID: PMC6162376 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Sporothrix complex are the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, an important subcutaneous mycosis with several clinical forms and an increasing incidence around the world that affects humans and other mammals. The immunological mechanisms involved in the prevention and control of this mycosis are not entirely understood. Many reports have suggested that cell-mediated immunity has an essential role in the development of the disease, being the primary response controlling it, while only recent data supports that the humoral response is essential for the appropriate control. This mycosis is a challenge for diagnosis since the culture and isolation of the organism are time-consuming and complicated; reasons that have led to the study of fungus antigenic molecules capable of generating a detectable humoral response. The treatment for this disease includes the use of several antifungal drugs like itraconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and the combination between them among others such as the extract of Vismia guianensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristina García Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Edith Lozoya Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Elizabeth González Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
| | - José Ascención Martínez Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico.
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Immunopathogenesis of Human Sporotrichosis: What We Already Know. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030089. [PMID: 30065160 PMCID: PMC6162489 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute/chronic mycosis caused by dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. This mycosis may affect both human and domestic animals and in the last few years, the geographic dispersion and increase of sporotrichosis worldwide has been observed. The occurrence of cases related to scratching/bites of domestic felines have increased, characterizing the disease as predominantly a zoonosis. In humans, sporotrichosis mainly involves the cutaneous tegument of infected patients, but other tissues may also present the infection. The main forms of clinical presentation are lymphocutanous sporotrichosis (LC) and fixed sporotrichosis (F). Although less common, mucosal, cutaneous disseminated, and extracutaneous forms have also been described. Multiple factors from the fungus and host can play a role in driving the clinical evolution of sporotrichosis to benign or severe disease. In this review, we discuss the immunopathological aspects involved in human sporotrichosis. Putting together the two branches of knowledge—host immune response and fungal evading mechanisms—we may perceive new possibilities in understanding the fungus–host interaction in order to be in a position to go further in the control of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 408-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 509-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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An immunoproteomic approach revealing peptides from Sporothrix brasiliensis that induce a cellular immune response in subcutaneous sporotrichosis. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520092 PMCID: PMC5843658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent fungus of the Sporothrix complex and is the main species recovered in the sporotrichosis zoonotic hyperendemic area in Rio de Janeiro. A vaccine against S. brasiliensis could improve the current sporotrichosis situation. Here, we show 3 peptides from S. brasiliensis immunogenic proteins that have a higher likelihood for engaging MHC-class II molecules. We investigated the efficiency of the peptides as vaccines for preventing subcutaneous sporotrichosis. In this study, we observed a decrease in lesion diameters in peptide-immunized mice, showing that the peptides could induce a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis. ZR8 peptide is from the GP70 protein, the main antigen of the Sporothrix complex, and was the best potential vaccine candidate by increasing CD4+ T cells and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-1β characterizing a strong cellular immune response. This immune environment induced a higher number of neutrophils in lesions that are associated with fungus clearance. These results indicated that the ZR8 peptide induces a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis and is a vaccine candidate against S. brasiliensis infection.
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Unbalanced inflammatory reaction could increase tissue destruction and worsen skin infectious diseases - a comparative study of leishmaniasis and sporotrichosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2898. [PMID: 29440688 PMCID: PMC5811542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentations of skin diseases produced by different pathogens, as American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and sporotrichosis can be similar and possibly influenced by the skin immune system (SIS). The aim of the study was to understand the underlying mechanisms of skin inflammation produced by different pathogens. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze 96 patients: a- localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL-ATL); b- sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (SCL-ATL); c-lymphocutaneous (LC-SP); d- fixed (F-SP) sporotrichosis. LCL-ATL and SCL-ATL had a significantly higher percentage of CD8, FasL and NOS2 than sporotrichosis. In contrast, LC-SP had a substantially higher percentage of CD4, BCl2 and neutrophils than ATL lesions. These results indicated some differences in the profile of the in situ immune response suggesting that SIS is a complex, adaptable system capable of different responses to intracellular or extracellular pathogens. However, regardless of the etiological agents, the inflammatory reaction and clinical manifestations can be similar. SCL-ATL and LC-SP presented similarities in both clinical presentation and in situ inflammatory profile (CD3, CD22, neutrophils, macrophages). The clinical presentation of ATL and sporotrichosis could be explained by a combination of factors both of the host SIS and the etiological agent. The unbalanced host parasite relationship could result in atypical manifestations of skin disease.
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Manente FA, Quinello C, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Jellmayer JA, Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Experimental sporotrichosis in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice model. Med Mycol 2017; 56:711-722. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Quinello
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Della Terra PP, Rodrigues AM, Fernandes GF, Nishikaku AS, Burger E, de Camargo ZP. Exploring virulence and immunogenicity in the emerging pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005903. [PMID: 28854184 PMCID: PMC5595342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a polymorphic chronic infection of humans and animals classically acquired after traumatic inoculation with soil and plant material contaminated with Sporothrix spp. propagules. An alternative and successful route of transmission is bites and scratches from diseased cats, through which Sporothrix yeasts are inoculated into mammalian tissue. The development of a murine model of subcutaneous sporotrichosis mimicking the alternative route of transmission is essential to understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To explore the impact of horizontal transmission in animals (e.g., cat-cat) and zoonotic transmission on Sporothrix fitness, the left hind footpads of BALB/c mice were inoculated with 5×106 yeasts (n = 11 S. brasiliensis, n = 2 S. schenckii, or n = 1 S. globosa). Twenty days post-infection, our model reproduced both the pathophysiology and symptomology of sporotrichosis with suppurating subcutaneous nodules that progressed proximally along lymphatic channels. Across the main pathogenic members of the S. schenckii clade, S. brasiliensis was usually more virulent than S. schenckii and S. globosa. However, the virulence in S. brasiliensis was strain-dependent, and we demonstrated that highly virulent isolates disseminate from the left hind footpad to the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain of infected animals, inducing significant and chronic weight loss (losing up to 15% of their body weight). The weight loss correlated with host death between 2 and 16 weeks post-infection. Histopathological features included necrosis, suppurative inflammation, and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates. Immunoblot using specific antisera and homologous exoantigen investigated the humoral response. Antigenic profiles were isolate-specific, supporting the hypothesis that different Sporothrix species can elicit a heterogeneous humoral response over time, but cross reaction was observed between S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii proteomes. Despite great diversity in the immunoblot profiles, antibodies were mainly derived against 3-carboxymuconate cyclase, a glycoprotein oscillating between 60 and 70 kDa (gp60-gp70) and a 100-kDa molecule in nearly 100% of the assays. Thus, our data broaden the current view of virulence and immunogenicity in the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system, substantially expanding the possibilities for comparative genomic with isolates bearing divergent virulence traits and helping uncover the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary pressures underpinning the emergence of Sporothrix virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Portella Della Terra
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Satie Nishikaku
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Martínez-Álvarez JA, Pérez-García LA, Mellado-Mojica E, López MG, Martínez-Duncker I, Lópes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis Are Differentially Recognized by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:843. [PMID: 28539922 PMCID: PMC5423980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and S. brasiliensis are usually associated to sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis worldwide distributed. Comparative analyses between these two species indicate they contain genetic and physiological differences that are likely to impact the interaction with host cells. Here, we study the composition of the cell wall from conidia, yeast-like cells and germlings of both species and found they contained the same sugar composition. The carbohydrate proportion in the S. schenckii sensu stricto wall was similar across the three cell morphologies, with exception in the chitin content, which was significantly different in the three morphologies. The cell wall from germlings showed lower rhamnose content and higher glucose levels than other cell morphologies. In S. brasiliensis, the wall sugars were constant in the three morphologies, but glucose was lower in yeast-like cells. In S. schenckii sensu stricto cells most of chitin and β1,3-glucan were underneath wall components, but in S. brasiliensis germlings, chitin was exposed at the cell surface, and β1,3-glucan was found in the outer part of the conidia wall. We also compared the ability of these cells to stimulate cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The three S. schenckii sensu stricto morphologies stimulated increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, when compared to S. brasiliensis cells; while the latter, with exception of conidia, stimulated higher IL-10 levels. Dectin-1 was a key receptor for cytokine production during stimulation with the three morphologies of S. schenckii sensu stricto, but dispensable for cytokine production stimulated by S. brasiliensis germlings. TLR2 and TLR4 were also involved in the sensing of Sporothrix cells, with a major role for the former during cytokine stimulation. Mannose receptor had a minor contribution during cytokine stimulation by S. schenckii sensu stricto yeast-like cells and germlings, but S. schenckii sensu stricto conidia and S. brasiliensis yeast-like cells stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines via this receptor. In conclusion, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, have similar wall composition, which undergoes changes depending on the cell morphology. These differences in the cell wall composition, are likely to influence the contribution of immune receptors during cytokine stimulation by human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leila M Lópes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro StateRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
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Morgado FN, Schubach AO, Pimentel MI, Lyra MR, Vasconcellos ÉCF, Valete-Rosalino CM, Conceição-Silva F. Is There Any Difference between the In Situ and Systemic IL-10 and IFN-γ Production when Clinical Forms of Cutaneous Sporotrichosis Are Compared? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162764. [PMID: 27622513 PMCID: PMC5021344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungus of the Sporothrix schenckii complex can produce skin lesions in humans, commonly lymphocutaneous (LC) and fixed (F) forms of sporotrichosis. Some authors have suggested that clinical forms are influenced by differences in virulence and genetic profile of isolates. But little is known about the role of immune response in determining the clinical outcome of sporotrichosis. To verify the profile of systemic and in situ IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in sporotrichosis patients, and consequently to detect any difference between the two compartments and/or clinical presentation, we quantified the number of IFN-γ and IL-10 producer peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with S. schenckii antigen (Ss-Ag) by Elispot, and quantified cytokines expression by in situ immunohistochemistry in the same patient. Three groups were formed: 1- LC (n = 9); 2- F (n = 10); 3- healthy individuals (n = 14). All sporotrichosis patients produced high amounts of systemic IFN- γ when compared to uninfected individuals. No differences were observed between LC and F groups. Regarding in situ IL-10 expression, a difference between LC and F groups was observed: LC lesions presented higher amounts of IL-10 than F lesions differently from systemic IL-10 which showed similarities. Our data suggests that LC lesions present higher IL-10 expression which could be related to regulatory mechanisms for compensating the tissue injury, however favoring fungal persistence in the lesions. Surprisingly, there were no differences in systemic and in situ IFN- γ expression between CL and F patients, although it was significantly higher expressed in these patients than in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando O. Schubach
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Pimentel
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R. Lyra
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Érica C. F. Vasconcellos
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. Valete-Rosalino
- VigiLeish-Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia-Oftalmologia/Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zhu M, Xu Y, An L, Jiang J, Zhang X, Jiang R. Lower percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:576-9. [PMID: 27181291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the peripheral immunity and immunity response of patients with sporotrichosis, in this study we determined the lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of Chinese patients with sporotrichosis. METHODS In this retrospective study, peripheral blood was collected from 69 sporotrichosis patients (37, fixed cutaneous form; 32 lymphocutaneous) and 66 healthy controls. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared to controls, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was lower in sporotrichosis patients. The percentage of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood tended to become lower with disease duration and disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either acute, subacute and chronic patients or fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous patients. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the decrease of CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with sporotrichosis is associated with disease severity, although the difference was not statistically significant for either duration or clinical forms of the disease. Combining antifungal agents and immunomodulators in patients with long disease duration and lymphocutaneous may be more beneficial than antifungal monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Changli, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China
| | - Rihua Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital Of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai St, Erdao, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China.
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20
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Analysis of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis virulence in Galleria mellonella. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 122:73-7. [PMID: 26826293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of the host-pathogen interaction is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying adhesion, colonization and tissue damage by pathogens. This is usually achieved by performing in vivo studies using small mammals, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs. Nowadays, the mouse models of systemic or subcutaneous infection are the gold standard assays to analyze the virulence of members of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. There are, however, invertebrates that have been recently used as alternative hosts to assess the virulence of both bacteria and fungi, and among them, larvae of Galleria mellonella are popular because they are easy to breed, and require non-specialized facilities to maintain the colony. Here, we assessed the use of G. mellonella larvae to test the virulence of S. schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis strains, and found that infection with yeast-like cells, but not with conidia or germlings, reproduces the virulence data generated in the mouse model of infection. Furthermore, with this insect model we could classify the virulence of some strains as low, intermediate or high, in line with the observations in the mammalian model. Therefore, G. mellonella is suitable, and a new alternative, to test virulence of both S. schenckii sensu stricto and S. brasiliensis.
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Scheufen S, Strommer S, Weisenborn J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Thom N, Bauer N, Köhler K, Ewers C. Clinical manifestation of an amelanotic Sporothrix schenckii complex isolate in a cat in Germany. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Scheufen
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sellyn Strommer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jascha Weisenborn
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Mycology, J W Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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22
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Ishida K, de Castro RA, Borba Dos Santos LP, Quintella LP, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Rozental S. Amphotericin B, alone or followed by itraconazole therapy, is effective in the control of experimental disseminated sporotrichosis by Sporothrix brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2014; 53:34-41. [PMID: 25306202 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is a highly virulent member of the S. schenckii complex, which is responsible for the emergence of the epidemic sporotrichosis in southeastern Brazil over the last two decades. There are no in vivo studies on the sensitivity of S. brasiliensis to the therapeutic regimens used to treat sporotrichosis. Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of antifungal treatments against S. brasiliensis using a murine model of disseminated sporotrichosis. In vitro, S. brasiliensis yeasts were sensitive to low concentrations of amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AMB-d) and itraconazole (ITZ), the latter having greater selectivity toward the fungus. The following treatment regimens were tested in vivo: intravenous AMB-d for 7 days post-infection (p.i.), oral ITZ for up to 30 days p.i., and AMB-d followed by ITZ (AMB-d/ITZ). AMB-d and AMB-d/ITZ led to 100% survival of infected mice at the end of the 45-day experimental period. Although all treatments extended mice survival, only AMB-d and AMB-d/ITZ significantly reduced fungal load in all organs, but AMB-d/ITZ led to a more consistent decrease in overall fungal burden. No treatment increased the levels of serum toxicity biomarkers. Taken together, our results indicate that AMB-d/ITZ is the best therapeutic option for controlling disseminated sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ishida
- Laboratory of Antifungal Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Alves de Castro
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Borba Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Fungal Cell Biology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Laboratory of Fungal Cell Biology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Wang H, Mu W, Ja Q, Zhang M, Chen R, Lv G, Shen Y, Liu W. Cytokine profile of a self-healing Fonsecaea pedrosoi infection in murine model. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:599-605. [PMID: 23479333 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. However, the host-defence response to this fungal infection has not been investigated thoroughly. This study was carried out to analyse the sequential events and the change of local cytokine release in a murine model infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi in footpad. The anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-10 demonstrated an upward trend up to 7 days post infection followed by a steady decline. The titers of TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokine) increased up to 7 days post infection followed by a relatively steady-state until full recovery. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 showed a similar pattern as TNF-α. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ did not increased until 7 days post infection, while demonstrated an upward trend up to 30 days when the mice reached a full recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing Wu Road, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China,
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24
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Hohl TM. Overview of vertebrate animal models of fungal infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:100-12. [PMID: 24709390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi represent emerging infectious threats to human populations worldwide. Mice and other laboratory animals have proved invaluable in modeling clinical syndromes associated with superficial and life-threatening invasive mycoses. This review outlines salient features of common vertebrate animal model systems to study fungal pathogenesis, host antifungal immune responses, and antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hohl
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 9, New York, NY 10075, United States.
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Romeo O, Criseo G. What lies beyond genetic diversity in Sporothrix schenckii species complex?: New insights into virulence profiles, immunogenicity and protein secretion in S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates. Virulence 2013; 4:203-6. [PMID: 23334066 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Fernandes GF, dos Santos PO, Rodrigues AM, Sasaki AA, Burger E, de Camargo ZP. Characterization of virulence profile, protein secretion and immunogenicity of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates compared with S. globosa and S. brasiliensis species. Virulence 2013; 4:241-9. [PMID: 23324498 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study about protein secretion, immunogenicity and virulence was performed in order to characterize and to compare eight Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates. For virulence characterization, a murine model, based on survival assay and CFU counting was used. S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, a highly virulent and a non-virulent isolates, respectively were used as external controls. Exoantigen profiles showed different secreted molecules; the 46- and 60-kDa molecules were commonly secreted by all three species. The S. schenckii s. str. isolates could be classified as non-virulent or presenting low, medium or high virulence, based on survival times after infection and recovery of viable fungi. The humoral response profiles of mice infected with S. schenckii s. str., S. globosa and S. brasiliensis were heterogeneous; five virulent isolates (S. schenckii s. str., n = 4 and S. brasiliensis, n = 1) had in common the recognition of the 60-kDa molecule by their respective antisera, suggesting that this antigen may be involved in virulence. Furthermore, the 110-kDa molecule was secreted and recognized by antisera from four virulent isolates (S. schenckii s. str., n = 3 and S. brasiliensis, n = 1), so there is a possibility that this molecule is also related to virulence. Our findings reveal different degrees of virulence in S. schenckii s. str. isolates and suggest the correlation of protein secretion and immunogenicity with virulence of S. schenckii complex. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of S. schenckii s. str. and improve the knowledge about immunogenicity and protein profiles in S. schenckii complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Falqueto A, Bravim Maifrede S, Araujo Ribeiro M. Unusual clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in three members of one family. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:434-8. [PMID: 22435433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.5085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp., and the primary mode of transmission is traumatic inoculation of fungus conidia from plants and other organic matter. METHODS Sporotrichosis was established in a cat and in three members of one family from a rural area, by fungal growth in culture. RESULTS The cutaneous lesions developed on the lower buttock and limbs with no report of any injury. CONCLUSION Although sporotrichosis should be considered for differential diagnosis in people working with soil and plants, cases of chronic lesions on skin of cats and in households is probably a new epidemiological approach in a given geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloisio Falqueto
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Evaluación de la técnica PCR anidada para el diagnóstico de la esporotricosis experimental. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 29:120-5. [PMID: 22037113 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sporotrichosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, is currently distributed throughout the world, especially in tropical and subtropical zones. Infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Certain leisure and occupational activities, such as floriculture, agriculture, mining, and wood exploitation, are traditionally associated with the mycosis. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since the end of the 1990s there has been an epidemic of sporotrichosis associated with transmission by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. More than 2,000 human cases and 3,000 animal cases have been reported. In humans, the lesions are usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. In cats, the disease can evolve with severe clinical manifestations and frequent systemic involvement. The gold standard for sporotrichosis diagnosis is culture. However, serological, histopathological, and molecular approaches have been recently adopted as auxiliary tools for the diagnosis of this mycotic infection. The first-choice treatment for both humans and cats is itraconazole.
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Variation in Genotype and Higher Virulence of a Strain of Sporothrix schenckii Causing Disseminated Cutaneous Sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:439-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brito MMDS, Lima MDS, Morgado FN, Raibolt P, Menezes R, Conceição-Silva F, Borba CDM. Characteristics of Paecilomyces lilacinus infection comparing immunocompetent with immunosuppressed murine model. Mycoses 2011; 54:e513-21. [PMID: 21605179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of Paecilomyces lilacinus infection were evaluated using two murine experimental models: immunocompetent and immunosuppressed. The evaluation criteria for characteristics of infection were clinical signs, weight loss, survival rates, histopathological alterations and the number of viable fungal cells re-isolated from different organs; and those for immunological status were in vitro lymphoproliferative response, cell surface phenotyping and IFN-γ production. Morphological evaluation showed that P. lilacinus isolates presented morphological characteristics consistent with those described in the literature. The immunocompetent mice could be infected by the fungi, but they did not develop the disease, unlike the immunosuppressed mice, which showed clinical signs of mycosis in an environment of suppressed cellular immune response. The hypothesis of latent infection reactivation in mice was not confirmed. The difference observed in the infection rate of the two fungi isolates points to an intrinsic variation between strains of P. lilacinus and led us to hypothesise that even in the presence of immunosuppressed environment, the fungus virulence can play a role in the pathogenesis of hyalohyphomycosis.
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Morgado FN, Schubach AO, Barros MBL, Conceição-Silva F. The in situ inflammatory profile of lymphocutaneous and fixed forms of human sporotrichosis. Med Mycol 2011; 49:612-20. [PMID: 21254963 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.552532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common clinical presentations of sporotrichosis are the lymphocutaneous (LC) and fixed cutaneous (F) forms, but little is known about the immunopathologic differences between them. The aim of this study was to evaluate through immunohistochemistry the composition of the in situ inflammatory reaction so as to correlate the results with the clinical presentation of the disease. The following two groups of patients were involved in the studies, i.e., LC (n=19) and F (n=11) patients. Those with the LC form, in contrast to F patients, were found to have a larger number of lesions (P=0.001), of longer duration (P=0.026) and require a more extended course of treatment (P=0.049). LC patients also presented a greater fungal burden (LC:0-6.5; F:0-1.5; P=0.021), a higher percentage of neutrophils (median LC:24.7%; F:6.7%, P=0.002), CD4(+) cells (median LC:40.9%; F:30.0%, P=0.0024), CD22(+) cells (median LC:15.3%; F:2.9%, P=0.048), and higher intensity of NOS2 expression (P=0.009). Thus, our data identified differences in cell profile and inflammatory activity in lesions of LC and F forms of human sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Arrillaga-Moncrieff I, Capilla J, Mayayo E, Marimon R, Marine M, Genis J, Cano J, Guarro J. Different virulence levels of the species of Sporothrix in a murine model. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:651-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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