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Aşikgarip N, Temel E, Örnek K. Assessment of choroidal vascularity index during the menstrual cycle. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 32:2740-2746. [PMID: 34751043 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211057685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effect of menstrual cycle on choroidal vascularity index (CVI). METHODS Thirty six eyes of 36 healthy women were included in this prospective study. The menstrual cycles were regular and ranged from 28 to 30 days in length. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 3 different phases of the menstrual cycle. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and CVI were quantified. RESULTS Mean subfoveal, nasal and temporal CT were significantly changed in mid-luteal phase in comparison to early follicular (p = 0.018, p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.037, p = 0.037, and p = 0.035, respectively). Mean CVI showed a significant change in mid-luteal phase when compared with early follicular (p = 0.001) and ovulatory phases (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION CVI seemed to be affected in mid-luteal phase of menstrual cycle. This should be considered while analyzing choroidal structure in otherwise healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazife Aşikgarip
- Department of Opthalmology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Emine Temel
- Department of Opthalmology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Örnek
- Department of Opthalmology, 187470Kırşehir Ahi Evran University School of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
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2
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The effect of oestrogen supplementation on antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial respiratory function after myocardial infarction of ovariectomized rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:663-669. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Meng Y, Zong L. Estrogen stimulates SREBP2 expression in hepatic cell lines via an estrogen response element in the SREBP2 promoter. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:65. [PMID: 31827541 PMCID: PMC6892134 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypoestrogenism in women is strongly associated with menopause and it can lead to lipid disorder, which predisposes people to premature cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism of lipid disorder remains unclear. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) is the key transcription factor regulating cholesterol metabolism. We hypothesize that estrogen regulates SREBP2 transcription through an estrogen response element (ERE) in the SREBP2 promoter region. Methods Human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2) were treated with dose-dependent concentrations of estradiol (E2) for 24 h. Then, SREBP2 expression was determined via real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. The expressions of the SREBP2 downstream target genes HMGCR and LDLR were determined via real-time PCR. Lipid secretion in the culture media of HepG2 cells was measured using ELISA. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified high-scoring ERE-like sequences in the SREBP2 gene promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was used to confirm the ERE. DNA fragments of the putative or mutated ERE-like sequence were synthesized and ligated into pGL3-basic plasmid to construct the SREBP2 promoter luciferase reporter systems. SREBP2-Luciferase (SREBP2-Luc), SREBP2-Mutation (SREBP2-Mut) and the blank control were transfected into hepatic cell lines. Luciferase activities were measured using the dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and the luciferase reporter assay were repeated in human hepatoma cells (HuH-7). Results We found that E2 dose-dependently increased the expression of SREBP2 in HepG2 cells and that the increased levels were blocked when treated with an estrogen receptor-alpha antagonist. Additionally, E2 increased both HMGCR and LDLR expression and lipid secretion in HepG2 cells. Notably, we identified a functional ERE in the SREBP2 gene promoter, to which E2 could specifically bind and induce transcription. Conclusions An ERE was identified in the SREBP2 gene promoter. It mediates the regulation of SREBP2 expression by estrogen in hepatocytes. This study provides a mechanism to link cardiovascular disease with estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001 People's Republic of China
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Honarpisheh P, McCullough LD. Sex as a biological variable in the pathology and pharmacology of neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4173-4192. [PMID: 30950038 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of dementia, most commonly caused by cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, continues to grow as our population ages. Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are responsible for more than 80% of all cases of dementia. There are few effective, long-term treatments for AD and VCI-related conditions (e.g., stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)). This review focuses on AD (as the most common "neurodegenerative" cause of dementia), CAA (as an "emerging" cause of dementia), and stroke (as the most common cause of "vascular" dementia). We will discuss the available literature on the pharmacological therapies that demonstrate sex differences, which refer to any combination of structural, chromosomal, gonadal, or hormonal differences between males and females. We will emphasize the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in the design of preclinical and clinical studies that investigate underlying pathologies or response to pharmacological interventions in dementia. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Dworatzek E. The Role of 17β-Estradiol and Estrogen Receptors in Regulation of Ca 2+ Channels and Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 31156557 PMCID: PMC6529529 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies showed that cardiac function and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are different between males and females. The underlying reasons for these sex differences are definitely multifactorial, but major evidence points to a causal role of the sex steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) and its receptors (ER) in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. Interestingly, it has been shown that cardiac calcium (Ca2+) ion channels and mitochondrial function are regulated in a sex-specific manner. Accurate mitochondrial function and Ca2+ signaling are of utmost importance for adequate heart function and crucial to maintaining the cardiovascular health. Due to the highly sensitive nature of these processes in the heart, this review article highlights the current knowledge regarding sex dimorphisms in the heart implicating the importance of E2 and ERs in the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial function and Ca2+ ion channels, thus the contractility. In particular, we provide an overview of in-vitro and in-vivo studies using either E2 deficiency; ER deficiency or selective ER activation, which suggest that E2 and ERs are strongly involved in these processes. In this context, this review also discusses the divergent E2-responses resulting from the activation of different ER subtypes in these processes. Detailed understanding of the E2 and ER-mediated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the heart under physiological and pathological conditions may help to design more specifically targeted drugs for the management of CVDs in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Department of Molecular Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Nayak Y, Nagamma T, Konuri A, Maheshwari R, Padmanabha Udupa EG. Efficacy of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract on ovariectomy-induced hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kim JG, Leem YE, Kwon I, Kang JS, Bae YM, Cho H. Estrogen modulates serotonin effects on vasoconstriction through Src inhibition. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30559345 PMCID: PMC6297153 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has diverse effects on cardiovascular function, including regulation of the contractile response to vasoactive substances such as serotonin. The serotonin system recently emerged as an important player in the regulation of vascular tone in humans. However, hyperreactivity to serotonin appears to be a critical factor for the pathophysiology of hypertension. In this study, we examined the modulatory mechanisms of estrogen in serotonin-induced vasoconstriction by using a combinatory approach of isometric tension measurements, molecular biology, and patch-clamp techniques. 17β-Estradiol (E2) elicited a significant and concentration-dependent relaxation of serotonin-induced contraction in deendothelialized aortic strips isolated from male rats. E2 triggered a relaxation of serotonin-induced contraction even in the presence of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, suggesting that E2-induced changes are not mediated by estrogen receptor. Patch-clamp studies in rat arterial myocytes showed that E2 prevented Kv channel inhibition induced by serotonin. Serotonin increased Src activation in arterial smooth muscle required for contraction, which was significantly inhibited by E2. The estrogen receptor-independent inhibition of Src by E2 was confirmed in HEK293T cells that do not express estrogen receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that estrogen exerts vasodilatory effects on serotonin-precontracted arteries via Src, implying a critical role for estrogen in the prevention of vascular hyperreactivity to serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gon Kim
- Department of Physiology, KU Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Leem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ilmin Kwon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Department of Physiology, KU Open Innovation Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea.
| | - Hana Cho
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Zafirovic S, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Obradovic M, Djordjevic J, Jasnic N, Borovic ML, Isenovic ER. Involvement of PI3K, Akt and RhoA in Oestradiol Regulation of Cardiac iNOS Expression. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 17:307-318. [PMID: 29437011 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180212142414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oestradiol is an important regulatory factor with several positive effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. We evaluated the molecular mechanism of the in vivo effects of oestradiol on the regulation of cardiac inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) expression and activity. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with oestradiol (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and after 24 h the animals were sacrificed. The concentrations of NO and L-Arginine (L-Arg) were determined spectrophotometrically. For protein expressions of iNOS, p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB-p65), Ras homolog gene family-member A (RhoA), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), p85, p110 and protein kinase B (Akt), Western blot method was used. Coimmunoprecipitation was used for measuring the association of IRS-1 with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase (PI3K). The expression of iNOS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was measured with the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue was used to detect localization and expression of iNOS in heart tissue. RESULTS Oestradiol treatment reduced L-Arg concentration (p<0.01), iNOS mRNA (p<0.01) and protein (p<0.001) expression, level of RhoA (p<0.05) and AT1R (p<0.001) protein. In contrast, plasma NO (p<0.05), Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 (p<0.05) and protein level of p85 (p<0.001) increased after oestradiol treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oestradiol in vivo regulates cardiac iNOS expression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, through attenuation of RhoA and AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Zafirovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Jasnic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Labudovic Borovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar D. Kostic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Stomatology, Pancevo, University Business Academy, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Dworatzek E, Mahmoodzadeh S. Targeted basic research to highlight the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:27-35. [PMID: 28119050 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical and animal studies revealed that sex differences exist in the manifestation and outcome of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in these sex differences are not fully understood. The reasons for sex differences in CVD are definitely multifactorial, but major evidence points to the contribution of sex steroid hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2), and its receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). In this review, we summarize past and present studies that implicate E2 and ER as important determinants of sexual dimorphism in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. In particular, we give an overview of studies aimed to reveal the role of E2 and ER in the physiology of the observed sex differences in CVD using ER knock-out mice. Finally, we discuss recent findings from novel transgenic mouse models, which have provided new information on the sexual dimorphic roles of ER specifically in cardiomyocytes under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dworatzek
- Institut of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charitè-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin), Berlin, Germany.
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Mortazavi M, Zarenezhad M, Gholamzadeh S, Alavian SM, Ghorbani M, Dehghani R, Malekpour A, Meshkibaf M, Fakhrzad A. Bioinformatic Identification of Rare Codon Clusters (RCCs) in HBV Genome and Evaluation of RCCs in Proteins Structure of Hepatitis B Virus. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e39909. [PMID: 27882067 PMCID: PMC5116127 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.39909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) as an infectious disease that has nine genotypes (A - I) and a 'putative' genotype J. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the rare codon clusters (RCC) in the HBV genome and to evaluate these RCCs in the HBV proteins structure. METHODS For detection of protein family accession numbers (Pfam) in HBV proteins, the UniProt database and Pfam search tool were used. Protein family accession numbers is a comprehensive and accurate collection of protein domains and families. It contains annotation of each family in the form of textual descriptions, links to other resources and literature references. Genome projects have used Pfam extensively for large-scale functional annotation of genomic data; Pfam database is a large collection of protein families, each represented by multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models (HMMs). The Pfam search tools are databases that identify Pfam of proteins. These Pfam IDs were analyzed in Sherlocc program and the location of RCCs in HBV genome and proteins were detected and reported as translated EMBL nucleotide sequence data library (TrEMBL) entries. The TrEMBL is a computer-annotated supplement of SWISS-PROT that contains all the translations of European molecular biology laboratory (EMBL) nucleotide sequence entries not yet integrated in SWISS-PROT. Furthermore, the structures of TrEMBL entries proteins were studied in the PDB database and 3D structures of the HBV proteins and locations of RCCs were visualized and studied using Swiss PDB Viewer software®. RESULTS The Pfam search tool found nine protein families in three frames. Results of Pfams studies in the Sherlocc program showed that this program has not identified RCCs in the external core antigen (PF08290) and truncated HBeAg gene (PF08290) of HBV. By contrast, the RCCs were identified in gene of hepatitis core antigen (PF00906 and the residues 224 - 234 and 251 - 255), large envelope protein S (PF00695 and the residues 53-56 and 70 - 84), X protein (PF00739 and the residues 10 - 24, 29 - 83, 95 - 99. 122 - 129, 139 - 143), DNA polymerase (viral) N-terminal domain (PF00242 and the residues 59 - 62, 214 - 217, 407 - 413) and protein P (Pf00336 and the residues 225 - 228). In HBV genome, seven RCCs were identified in the gene area of hepatitis core antigen, large envelope protein S and DNA polymerase, while protein structures of TrEMBL entries sequences found in Sherlocc program outputs were not complete. CONCLUSIONS Based on the location of detected RCCs in the structure of HBV proteins, it was found that these RCCs may have a critical role in correct folding of HBV proteins and can be considered as drug targets. The results of this study provide new and deep perspectives about structure of HBV proteins for further researches and designing new drugs for treatment of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarenezhad
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Saeid Gholamzadeh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, IR Iran
| | - Reza Dehghani
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Abdorrasoul Malekpour
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abdorrasoul Malekpour, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9174109402, +98-7136324100, E-mail:
| | - Mohammadhasan Meshkibaf
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, IR Iran
| | - Ali Fakhrzad
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Wang N, Sun LY, Zhang SC, Wei R, Xie F, Liu J, Yan Y, Duan MJ, Sun LL, Sun YH, Niu HF, Zhang R, Ai J. MicroRNA-23a participates in estrogen deficiency induced gap junction remodeling of rats by targeting GJA1. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:390-403. [PMID: 25798059 PMCID: PMC4366638 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased incidence of arrhythmias in women after menopause has been widely documented, which is considered to be related to estrogen (E2) deficiency induced cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities. However, its molecular mechanism remains incompletely clear. In the present study, we found cardiac conduction blockage in post-menopausal rats. Thereafter, the results showed that cardiac gap junctions were impaired and Connexin43 (Cx43) expression was reduced in the myocardium of post-menopausal rats. The phenomenon was also observed in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, which was attenuated by E2 supplement. Further study displayed that microRNA-23a (miR-23a) level was significantly increased in both post-menopausal and OVX rats, which was reversed by daily E2 treatment after OVX. Importantly, forced overexpression of miR-23a led to gap junction impairment and Cx43 downregulation in cultured cardiomyocytes, which was rescued by suppressing miR-23a by transfection of miR-23a specific inhibitory oligonucleotide (AMO-23a). GJA1 was identified as the target gene of miR-23a by luciferase assay and miRNA-masking antisense ODN (miR-Mask) assay. We also found that E2 supplement could reverse cardiac conduction blockage, Cx43 downregulation, gap junction remodeling and miR-23a upregulation in post-menopausal rats. These findings provide the evidence that miR-23a mediated repression of Cx43 participates in estrogen deficiency induced damages of cardiac gap junction, and highlights a new insight into molecular mechanism of post-menopause related arrhythmia at the microRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Lu-Yao Sun
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Shou-Chen Zhang
- 3. Electron Microscopy Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Ran Wei
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Fang Xie
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081 ; 2. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Jing Liu
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Yan Yan
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Ming-Jing Duan
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Lin-Lin Sun
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Ying-Hui Sun
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Hui-Fang Niu
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Rong Zhang
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Jing Ai
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150081
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MicroRNA-23a mediates mitochondrial compromise in estrogen deficiency-induced concentric remodeling via targeting PGC-1α. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Zhang H, Sairam MR. Sex hormone imbalances and adipose tissue dysfunction impacting on metabolic syndrome; a paradigm for the discovery of novel adipokines. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2014; 17:89-97. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSex hormone imbalance is causally related with visceral adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction and visceral obesity – an etiological component of metabolic syndrome (MetS), associated with high risk of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. In general, premenopausal women appear to be protected from CVD and the dramatic decline in sex steroid hormone occurring during menopausal transitions or other sex-related disorders influence the regional distribution, function, and metabolism of AT and increase the risk of CVD. Visceral AT dysfunction, manifesting as abnormality of fatty acid metabolism, increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and excessive production of adipokines have been proposed in the pathogenesis of MetS. However, direct evidence of molecular mechanisms of depot-specific AT alterations, and dysfunction causally related to MetS is limited in studies on postmenopausal women due to difficulty in collecting discrete AT specimens at different ages and repeated sampling from different fat depots. This can be overcome using animal models that can mimic the cluster of pathology leading to MetS and help establish the molecular basis of links between loss of gonadal function on various AT depots and their contribution to MetS. Our group used sex hormone imbalance FSH receptor knock out (FORKO) female mice to recapitulate different aspects of the MetS and addressed the mechanism of visceral obesity related to MetS and discover two novel sex steroid hormone-regulated deep mesenteric estrogen-dependent adipose (MEDAs) genes. Taken together, such recent studies raise hopes for pharmacologic intervention strategies targeting sex steroid hormone signaling in AT to provide protection against AT dysfunction.
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Stanczyk FZ, Hapgood JP, Winer S, Mishell DR. Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:171-208. [PMID: 23238854 PMCID: PMC3610676 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The safety of progestogens as a class has come under increased scrutiny after the publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative trial, particularly with respect to breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, despite the fact that only one progestogen, medroxyprogesterone acetate, was used in this study. Inconsistency in nomenclature has also caused confusion between synthetic progestogens, defined here by the term progestin, and natural progesterone. Although all progestogens by definition have progestational activity, they also have a divergent range of other properties that can translate to very different clinical effects. Endometrial protection is the primary reason for prescribing a progestogen concomitantly with postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women with a uterus, but several progestogens are known to have a range of other potentially beneficial effects, for example on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Because women remain suspicious of the progestogen component of postmenopausal hormone therapy in the light of the Women's Health Initiative trial, practitioners should not ignore the potential benefits to their patients of some progestogens by considering them to be a single pharmacological class. There is a lack of understanding of the differences between progestins and progesterone and between individual progestins differing in their effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, the breast, and bone. This review elucidates the differences between the substantial number of individual progestogens employed in postmenopausal hormone therapy, including both progestins and progesterone. We conclude that these differences in chemical structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, affinity, potency, and efficacy via steroid receptors, intracellular action, and biological and clinical effects confirm the absence of a class effect of progestogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Livingston Research Building, 1321 North Mission Road, Room 201, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Estrogen decrease coronary artery disease risk in patients with cervical cancer after treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 127:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang H, Chen X, Sairam MR. Novel genes of visceral adiposity: identification of mouse and human mesenteric estrogen-dependent adipose (MEDA)-4 gene and its adipogenic function. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2665-76. [PMID: 22510272 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adiposity represents a high risk factor for type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease as well as various cancers. While studying sex hormone imbalance-induced early obesity and late onset of insulin resistance in FSH receptor knock out female mice, we identified a novel mesenteric estrogen-dependent adipose gene (MEDA-4) selectively up-regulated in a depot-specific manner in mesenteric adipose tissue. Meda-4 cloned from both mouse and human adipose tissue codes for a 34-kDa cytosolic protein with 91% homology. Mouse Meda-4 mRNA is expressed highest in visceral adipose tissue and localizes predominantly in the adipocyte fraction. Human MEDA-4 is also more abundant in omental fat than sc depot in obese patients. In 3T3-L1 cells endogenous Meda-4 expression increases early during differentiation, and its overexpression promotes differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes and enhances glucose uptake. Conversely, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Meda-4 reduces both adipogenic and glucose uptake potential. In promoting adipogenesis, Meda-4 up-regulates transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2. Meda-4 promotes lipid accumulation in adipocytes, regulating adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2, CD36, lipoprotein lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase-1, perilipin-1, and fatty acid synthase expression. 17β-Estradiol reduced Meda-4 expression in mesenteric adipose tissue of ovariectomized mice and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus our study identifies Meda-4 as a novel adipogenic gene, capable of promoting differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, increasing lipid content and glucose uptake in adipocytes. Therefore it might play an important role in adipose tissue expansion in normal and aberrant hormonal conditions and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
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Pompei LM, Steiner ML, Theodoro TR, Souza PZ, Romanini ACA, Coulson-Thomas V, Pinhal MAS, Fernandes CE. Effect of estrogen therapy on vascular perlecan and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in castrated rats. Climacteric 2012; 16:147-53. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2012.667173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Pompei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
| | - M. L. Steiner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
| | - T. R. Theodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
| | - P. Z. Souza
- Graduate Student, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
| | | | - V. Coulson-Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. A. S. Pinhal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
| | - C. E. Fernandes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André
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Baron YM, Brincat M, Galea R. Iliac vessel wall thickness in menstrual and hormone treated and untreated postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:409-12. [PMID: 22103925 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.632790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess iliac vessel wall thickness in different groups of women. METHOD Three groups of women were menopausal and were classified by hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (n = 32), atherosclerotic risk factors (n = 14) and an untreated group of postmenopausal women (n = 29), two groups of menstrual women, above 35 years (N = 35) and below 35 years (n = 16). In these groups of women, a 3.5 MHz ultrasound was used to assess the combined vessel wall thickness of the right iliac artery inner wall and vein outer wall. RESULTS The iliac vessel wall thickness was found significantly high in the menopausal group of women possessing high risk factors for atherosclerosis (4.3 ± 0.08 mm) and the untreated menopausal group of women (3.9 ± 0.08 mm) compared to the other three groups (p < 0.0001) (Mann-Whitney U test). The vessel wall thickness of the HRT group was 2.96 ± 0.09 mm, the older menstrual group 2.61 ± 0.07 mm, and 2.0 ± 0.06 mm in the young menstrual group. The HRT group had a significantly thicker iliac vessel wall compared to the young menstrual group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results confirm the significant impact of high risk factors, such as smoking, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes, on the vessel wall thickness due to accelerated atherosclerosis. This study also suggests that the oestrogenaemic state of a woman may affect the health of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Muscat Baron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.
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Abstract
Elevated large artery stiffness and pulse pressure have emerged as important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The genders differ in large artery biomechanical properties throughout the lifespan with females displaying higher stiffness than males during the prepubertal years and a dramatic increase after menopause. Males on the other hand experience an increase in arterial stiffness postpuberty and a linear increase thereafter, suggesting that females have intrinsically stiffer large arteries than males, but that such effects are mitigated by sex steroids during the reproductive years. This review discusses anthropometric and sex steroid influences on gender differences in large artery stiffness and pressure dynamics from childhood to senescence. In particular, the sex-specific effects of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on vascular structure and function and how these influence arterial stiffness are explored. These factors may contribute in part to the observed gender differences in the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease.
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Zhang H, Chen X, Sairam MR. Novel hormone-regulated genes in visceral adipose tissue: cloning and identification of proinflammatory cytokine-like mouse and human MEDA-7: implications for obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2368-80. [PMID: 21688198 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to characterise novel genes dysregulated by sex hormonal imbalances that induce obesity and metabolic disorder in a setting of oestrogen deficiency and androgen dominance in follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (For [also known as Fshr]) knockout female mice. METHODS Transcriptome analysis of mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) of mutants revealed novel genes. One novel gene named Meda-7 was selected for study. Meda-7 was cloned from mouse and human adipose tissue; its expression, hormonal regulation and function were characterised. RESULTS Mouse Meda-7 is richly expressed in deep visceral adipose tissue and encodes a 22 kDa secreted protein with 71% homology to human mesenteric oestrogen-dependent adipose gene- 7 (MEDA-7) protein. Both have six conserved cysteines like many cytokines. In obese patients, MEDA-7 is more abundant in omental than subcutaneous fat. Meda-7 is downregulated in For-knockout female MAT at 5 months (obese state) followed by steep upregulation at 9 months (prediabetic condition) when mutants progress towards the metabolic syndrome. Meda-7 is expressed predominantly in the stromal-vascular cell fraction. In this fraction,M1-proinflammatorymacrophages are rich in Meda-7. Meda-7 dysregulation in 5-month-old For-knockout MAT is restored by oestrogen, but treatment has no effect in older mutants. Overabundance of MEDA-7 in HEK-293 cells enhances cell proliferation via p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Secreted MEDA-7 attenuates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, while downregulating glucose transporter-4 and upregulating both monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and suppressor of cytokine signalling-3. Downstream activity of the insulin signalling mediator, phospho-AKT, is also downregulated. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION MEDA-7 is a hormone-regulated adipokine/proinflammatory cytokine that is implicated in causing chronic inflammation, affecting cellular expansion and blunting insulin response in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Premenopausal women have a lower risk and incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to age-matched men and this sex advantage for women gradually disappears after menopause, suggesting that sexual hormones play a cardioprotective role in women. However, randomized prospective primary or secondary prevention trials failed to confirm that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) affords cardioprotection. This review highlights the factors that may contribute to this divergent outcome and could reveal why young or premenopausal women are protected from CVD and yet postmenopausal women do not benefit from HRT. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the two classical estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, a third, G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30, has been identified. New intracellular signaling pathways and actions for the cardiovascular protective properties of estrogen have been proposed. In addition, recent Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies restricted to younger postmenopausal women showed that initiation of HRT closer to menopause reduced the risk of CVD. Moreover, dosage, duration, the type of estrogen and route of administration all merit consideration when determining the outcome of HRT. SUMMARY HRT has become one of the most controversial topics related to women's health. Future studies are necessary if we are to understand the divergent published findings regarding HRT and develop new therapeutic strategies to improve the quality of life for women.
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