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Huang W, Zhou P, Zou X, Liu Y, Zhou L, Zhang Y. Emodin ameliorates myocardial fibrosis in mice by inactivating the ROS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2326022. [PMID: 38507311 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2326022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin is a traditional medicine that has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Previous research has indicated that emodin can alleviate myocardial remodeling and inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which emodin affects myocardial fibrosis (MF) has not yet been elucidated. METHODS Fibroblasts were treated with ANGII, and a mouse model of MF was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Cell proliferation was examined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and Masson and Sirius red staining were used to examine changes in collagen fiber levels. PI3K was over-expressed by lentiviral transfection to verify the effect of emodin on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis. Changes in cardiac function in each group were examined by echocardiography. RESULTS Emodin significantly inhibited fibroblast proliferation, decreased intracellular ROS levels, significantly upregulated collagen II expression, downregulated α-SMA expression, and inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation in vitro. Moreover, the in vivo results were consistent with the in vitro. Emodin significantly decreased ROS levels in heart tissue and reduced collagen fibrillogenesis. Emodin could regulate the activity of PI3K to increase the expression of collagen II and downregulate α-SMA expression in part through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and emodin significantly improved cardiac structure and function in mice. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that emodin targeted the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit the development of myocardial fibrosis and may be an antifibrotic agent for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, P.R.China
| | - Peiting Zhou
- Department of biomedical engineer, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, P.R.China
| | - Xinyun Zou
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, P.R.China
| | - Yunchuan Liu
- Department of biomedical engineer, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, P.R.China
| | - Longfu Zhou
- Department of biomedical engineer, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, P.R.China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, P.R.China
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Yang Z, Wang J, Zhao T, Wang L, Liang T, Zheng Y. Mitochondrial structure and function: A new direction for the targeted treatment of chronic liver disease with Chinese herbal medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118461. [PMID: 38908494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Excessive fat accumulation, biological clock dysregulation, viral infections, and sustained inflammatory responses can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer, thus promoting the development of chronic liver disease. A comprehensive understanding of the etiological factors leading to chronic liver disease and the intrinsic mechanisms influencing its onset and progression can aid in identifying potential targets for targeted therapy. Mitochondria, as key organelles that maintain the metabolic homeostasis of the liver, provide an important foundation for exploring therapeutic targets for chronic liver disease. Recent studies have shown that active ingredients in herbal medicines and their natural products can modulate chronic liver disease by influencing the structure and function of mitochondria. Therefore, studying how Chinese herbs target mitochondrial structure and function to treat chronic liver diseases is of great significance. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigating the prospects of herbal medicine the Lens of chronic liver disease based on mitochondrial structure and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A computerized search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "botanicals, mitochondria and chronic liver disease".Data from the Web of Science and Science Direct databases were also included. The research findings regarding herbal medicines targeting mitochondrial structure and function for the treatment of chronic liver disease are summarized. RESULTS A computerized search of PubMed using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "phytopharmaceuticals, mitochondria, and chronic liver disease", as well as the Web of Science and Science Direct databases was conducted to summarize information on studies of mitochondrial structure- and function-based Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic liver disease and to suggest that the effects of herbal medicines on mitochondrial division and fusion.The study suggested that there is much room for research on the influence of Chinese herbs on mitochondrial division and fusion. CONCLUSIONS Targeting mitochondrial structure and function is crucial for herbal medicine to combat chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Tiejian Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Tianjian Liang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China.
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Chen M, Ji T, Liu YY, Liu WL, Yan XT, Jiang HX, Zhang ZZ, He XH. Emodin alleviates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury by upregulating HO-1 expression via PI3K/AkT pathway. Surgery 2024; 176:499-510. [PMID: 38811326 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin, a natural anthraquinone derivative found in various Chinese medicinal herbs, has been proved to be an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases. However, its effect on lung injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unknown. This research was designed to investigate whether emodin protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by occluding the superior mesenteric artery in mice, and mouse lung epithelial-12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to establish an in vitro model. RESULTS Our data indicated that emodin treatment reduced intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in lung tissues and alleviated lung injury. However, the protective effects of emodin on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury were reversed by the protein kinase B inhibitor triciribine or the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX. The protein kinase inhibitor triciribine also downregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data suggest that emodin treatment protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury by enhancing heme oxygenase-1 expression via activation of the PI3K/protein kinase pathway. Emodin may act as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China; Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin-Yin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Tao Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Zong-Ze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-Hu He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
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Bai Y, Liang S, Zhou Y, Zhou B. Transcriptomic analysis reveals pharmacological mechanisms mediating efficacy of Yangyinghuoxue Decoction in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1364023. [PMID: 38813108 PMCID: PMC11133554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1364023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose As a traditional Chinese medicine formula, Yangyinghuoxue Decoction (YYHXD) is used clinically for therapy of hepatic fibrosis. The pharmacological profile of YYHXD comprises multiple components acting on many targets and pathways, but the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its efficacy have not been thoroughly elucidated. This study aimed at probing the pharmacological mechanisms of YYHXD in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Methods YYHXD aqueous extract was prepared and quality control using HPLC-MS fingerprint analysis was performed. A CCl4-induced rat model of hepatic fibrosis was established, and animals were randomly assigned to six groups: control, low-dose YYHXD (L-YYHXD), medium-dose YYHXD (M-YYHXD), high-dose YYHXD (H-YYHXD), CCl4 model, and colchicine group. Rats in the treatment groups received daily oral administration of YYHXD (5, 10, or 20 g/kg) or colchicine (0.2 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, while the control and model groups received distilled water. Histological analysis, including hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining, was performed to evaluate hepatic fibrosis. Serum biochemical markers, such as AST, ALT, HA, and LN, were measured. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and oxidative stress indicators (SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA) in hepatic tissue were also assessed. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis using RNA-sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control, CCl4 model, and H-YYHXD groups. Bioinformatics analysis, including differential expression analysis, protein-protein interaction analysis, and functional enrichment analysis, were performed to probe the pharmacological mechanisms of YYHXD. The regulatory effects of YYHXD on fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis were further confirmed by Oil Red O staining, enzyme activity assays, qPCR, and Western blotting. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining also validated the involvement of the AMPK signaling pathway in the occurrence and progression of hepatic fibrosis. Results HE and Masson's trichrome staining revealed reduced collagen deposition and improved liver architecture in YYHXD groups compared to the CCl4 model group. Serum biochemical markers, including AST, ALT, HA, and LN, were significantly improved in the YYHXD-treated groups compared to the CCl4 model group. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and oxidative stress indicators (decreased SOD and GSH-Px, increased MDA) in hepatic tissue were significantly ameliorated by YYHXD treatment compared to the CCl4 model group. Moreover, 96 genes implicated in YYHXD therapy of hepatic fibrosis were screened from the transcriptomic data, which were principally enriched in biological pathways such as fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis, and the AMPK signaling pathway. Oil Red O staining showed reduced hepatic lipid accumulation by YYHXD in a dose-dependent manner, along with decreased serum TG, TC, and LDL-C levels. Additionally, qPCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated upregulated mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis, Fasn and Fads2, modulated by YYHXD. YYHXD also dose-dependently enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK as evidenced by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Conclusion YYHXD ameliorated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats through pharmacological mechanisms that involved manifold targets and pathways, including aliphatic acid synthesis and metabolism pathways and the AMPK signaling pathway. This study provided a reference and basis for further research and clinical utilization of YYHXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanhao Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Regional Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Di T, He L, Shi Q, Chen L, Zhu L, Zhao S, Zhang C. Emodin Blocks mPTP Opening and Improves LPS-Induced HMEC-1 Cell Injury by Upregulation of ATP5A1. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301916. [PMID: 38511277 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Our study aimed to identify a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of emodin. METHODS An LPS-induced model of microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC-1) injury was constructed. Cell proliferation was examined using a CCK-8 assay. The effects of emodin on reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell migration, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) were evaluated. Actin-Tracker Green was used to examine the relationship between cell microfilament reconstruction and ATP5A1 expression. The effects of emodin on the expression of ATP5A1, NALP3, and TNF-α were determined. After treatment with emodin, ATP5A1 and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-18) were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Emodin significantly increased HMEC-1 cell proliferation and migration, inhibited the production of ROS, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocked the opening of the mPTP. Moreover, emodin could increase ATP5A1 expression, ameliorate cell microfilament remodeling, and decrease the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, when ATP5A1 was overexpressed, the regulatory effect of emodin on inflammatory factors was not significant. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that emodin can protect HMEC-1 cells against inflammatory injury. This process is modulated by the expression of ATP5A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tietao Di
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Limin He
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Sisi Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
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Tan Q, He Q, Peng Z, Zeng X, Liu Y, Li D, Wang S, Wang J. Topical rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan/silk fibroin sponge scaffold for the repair of diabetic ulcers improves hepatic lipid deposition in db/db mice via the AMPK signalling pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:52. [PMID: 38378566 PMCID: PMC10877747 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, characterised by insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, abnormal lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation. Diabetic ulcers (DUs) comprise consequential complications that arise as a result of T2DM. To investigate, db/db mice were used for the disease model. The findings demonstrated that a scaffold made from a combination of rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan and silk fibroin, designated as RCS/SF, was able to improve the healing process of diabetic wounds in db/db mice. However, previous studies have primarily concentrated on investigating the impacts of the RSC/SF scaffold on wound healing only, while its influence on the entire body has not been fully elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The silk fibroin/chitosan sponge scaffold containing rhubarb charcoal was fabricated in the present study using a freeze-drying approach. Subsequently, an incision with a diameter of 8 mm was made on the dorsal skin of the mice, and the RCS/SF scaffold was applied directly to the wound for 14 days. Subsequently, the impact of RCS/SF scaffold therapy on hepatic lipid metabolism was assessed through analysis of serum and liver biochemistry, histopathology, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS The use of the RCS/SF scaffold led to an enhancement in the conditions associated with serum glucolipid metabolism in db/db mice. An assessment of hepatic histopathology further confirmed this enhancement. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that treatment with RCS/SF scaffold resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid uptake, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and inflammatory factors. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the RCS/SF scaffold on oxidative stress was shown by assessing antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the network pharmacology analysis verified that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway had a vital function in mitigating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by utilizing R. officinale. The measurement of AMPK, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene and protein expression provided support for this discovery. Furthermore, the molecular docking investigations revealed a robust affinity between the active components of rhubarb and the downstream targets of AMPK (SREBP1 and FASN). CONCLUSION By regulating the AMPK signalling pathway, the RCS/SF scaffold applied topically effectively mitigated hepatic lipid accumulation, decreased inflammation, and attenuated oxidative stress. The present study, therefore, emphasises the crucial role of the topical RCS/SF scaffold in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, thereby confirming the concept of "external and internal reshaping".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qifeng He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ze Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China.
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Zhao L, Zheng L. A Review on Bioactive Anthraquinone and Derivatives as the Regulators for ROS. Molecules 2023; 28:8139. [PMID: 38138627 PMCID: PMC10745977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, which are often found in medicinal herbs. These compounds exert antioxidant-related pharmacological actions including neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotective effects and anti-aging, etc. Considering the benefits from their pharmacological use, recently, there was an upsurge in the development and utilization of anthraquinones as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators. In this review, a deep discussion was carried out on their antioxidant activities and the structure-activity relationships. The antioxidant mechanisms and the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds were furtherly explored and demonstrated. Due to the specific chemical activity of ROS, antioxidants are essential for human health. Therefore, the development of reagents that regulate the imbalance between ROS formation and elimination should be more extensive and rational, and the exploration of antioxidant mechanisms of anthraquinones may provide new therapeutic tools and ideas for various diseases mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin 301636, China;
| | - Lin Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Li JZ, Chen N, Ma N, Li MR. Mechanism and Progress of Natural Products in the Treatment of NAFLD-Related Fibrosis. Molecules 2023; 28:7936. [PMID: 38067665 PMCID: PMC10707854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disorder worldwide, with liver fibrosis (LF) serving as a pivotal juncture in NAFLD progression. Natural products have demonstrated substantial antifibrotic properties, ushering in novel avenues for NAFLD treatment. This study provides a comprehensive review of the potential of natural products as antifibrotic agents, including flavonoids, polyphenol compounds, and terpenoids, with specific emphasis on the role of Baicalin in NAFLD-associated fibrosis. Mechanistically, these natural products have exhibited the capacity to target a multitude of signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β1, and NF-κB. Moreover, they can augment the activities of antioxidant enzymes, inhibit pro-fibrotic factors, and diminish fibrosis markers. In conclusion, this review underscores the considerable potential of natural products in addressing NAFLD-related liver fibrosis through multifaceted mechanisms. Nonetheless, it underscores the imperative need for further clinical investigation to authenticate their effectiveness, offering invaluable insights for future therapeutic advancements in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhong Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ning Chen
- General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min-Ran Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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9
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Advances in the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1240820. [PMID: 38027005 PMCID: PMC10644045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1240820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. are traditional Chinese medicines that have been used for thousands of years. They are formulated into various preparations and are widely used. Emodin is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and the main active ingredient in Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. Modern research shows that it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including promoting lipid and glucose metabolism, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagy effects. Research on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin can promote its clinical application. This review aims to provide a basis for further development and clinical research of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. We performed a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of emodin in treating metabolic diseases by searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI up to 2023. In addition, this review also analyzes the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin. The results show that emodin mainly regulates AMPK, PPAR, and inflammation-related signaling pathways, and has a good therapeutic effect on obesity, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes and its complications, and osteoporosis. In addition, controlling toxic factors and improving bioavailability are of great significance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
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10
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Shan D, Dai S, Chen Q, Xie Y, Hu Y. Hepatoprotective agents in the management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: current knowledge and prospects. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218432. [PMID: 37719856 PMCID: PMC10500604 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is characterized by unexplained distressing pruritus in the mother and poses significant risk to the fetus of perinatal mortality. Occurring in the second and third trimester, the serum bile acid and aminotransferase are usually elevated in ICP patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the first line drug for ICP but the effectiveness for hepatoprotection is to a certain extent. In ICP patients with severe liver damage, combination use of hepatoprotective agents with UDCA is not uncommon. Herein, we reviewed the current clinical evidence on application of hepatoprotective agents in ICP patients. The underlying physiological mechanisms and their therapeutic effect in clinical practice are summarized. The basic pharmacologic functions of these hepatoprotective medications include detoxification, anti-inflammation, antioxidation and hepatocyte membrane protection. These hepatoprotective agents have versatile therapeutic effects including anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, elimination of free radicals, anti-steatohepatitis, anti-fibrosis and anti-cirrhosis. They are widely used in hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, drug induced liver injury and cholestasis. Evidence from limited clinical data in ICP patients demonstrate reliable effectiveness and safety of these medications. Currently there is still no consensus on the application of hepatoprotective agents in ICP pregnancies. Dynamic monitoring of liver biochemical parameters and fetal condition is still the key recommendation in the management of ICP pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupei Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yayi Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xia L, Shen Y, Liu S, Du J. Iron overload triggering ECM-mediated Hippo/YAP pathway in follicle development: a hypothetical model endowed with therapeutic implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1174817. [PMID: 37223010 PMCID: PMC10200985 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1174817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of iron homeostasis plays a negative role in follicle development. The dynamic changes in follicle growth are dependent on Hippo/YAP signaling and mechanical forces. However, little is known about the liaison between iron overload and the Hippo/YAP signalling pathway in term of folliculogenesis. Here, based on the available evidence, we established a hypothesized model linking excessive iron, extracellular matrix (ECM), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signal regarding follicle development. Hypothetically, the TGF-β signal and iron overload may play a synergistic role in ECM production via YAP. We speculate that the dynamic homeostasis of follicular iron interacts with YAP, increasing the risk of ovarian reserve loss and may enhance the sensitivity of follicles to accumulated iron. Hence, therapeutic interventions targeting iron metabolism disorders, and Hippo/YAP signal may alter the consequences of the impaired developmental process based on our hypothesis, which provides potential targets and inspiration for further drug discovery and development applied to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjin Xia
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupei Shen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suying Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Du
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Bak SB, Song YR, Bae SJ, Lee WY, Kim YW. Integrative approach to uncover antioxidant properties of Bupleuri Radix and its active compounds: Multiscale interactome-level analysis with experimental validation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 199:141-153. [PMID: 36841364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver disease are global problems with high morbidity and mortality. Bupleuri Radix (BR) is an herbal medicine that has been prescribed empirically in traditional Asian medicine to modulate liver metabolism. However, its active compounds and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we integrated a network-based approach and experimental validation to elucidate BR's therapeutic potential in treating oxidative liver injury. Our approach incorporated data collection and network construction utilizing bioinformatics tools, and identified active compounds and key mechanisms based on the multiscale interactome. The proposed mechanisms were validated using an in vitro oxidative stress model and an in vivo carbon tetrachloride-induced model. We found that BR ameliorated the oxidative hepatic damage by acting on multiple proteins (STAT3, TNF, and BCL2) and signaling pathways (AMPK and Hippo signaling pathways). Subsequent in vitro experiments confirmed that BR significantly inhibited oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. We further validated the effect of BR on the AMPK and Hippo-YAP pathways; a key mechanism for the antioxidant properties of BR. We prioritized the active compounds in BR based on a multiscale interactome-based approach, and further experiments revealed that saikosaponin A was a key active compound involved in hepatocyte protection (EC50 = 50 μM), similar to the result using metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. Histochemistry and blood biochemistry established that BR significantly inhibited carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage in mice. Thus, BR can be used to develop novel therapeutics for oxidative liver injury. Moreover, we suggest a novel strategy to prioritize and validate the active compounds and key mechanisms of herbal medicine based on the multiscale interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Been Bak
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Yu Rim Song
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Bae
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea
| | - Won-Yung Lee
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea.
| | - Young Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeonju, 38066, South Korea; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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13
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A comprehensive review of emodin in fibrosis treatment. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105358. [PMID: 36436587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is the main pharmacodynamic components of rhubarb, with significant pharmacological effects and clinical efficacy.Emodin has a variety of therapy effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects, and is widely used to treat encephalitis, diabetic cataract and organ fibrosis. Several studies have shown that emodin has a good treatment effect on organ fibrosis, but the mechanism is complex. Moreover, the evidence of some studies is conflicting and confusing. This paper reviewed the mechanism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of emodin in fibrosis treatment, and briefly discussed relevant cutting-edge new formulations to improve the efficacy, the result can provide some reference for future study.
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14
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Park SY, Kim YW, Song YR, Bak SB, Jang YP, Kim IK, Kim JH, Kim CE. Compound-level identification of sasang constitution type-specific personalized herbal medicine using data science approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13692. [PMID: 36852049 PMCID: PMC9957892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is a type of traditional Korean medicine where patients are classified as one of four Sasang constitution types (Sasang type) and medications consisting of medicinal herbs are prescribed according to the Sasang type. Despite the importance of personalized medicine, the operation mechanism is largely unknown. To gain a better understanding, we investigated the compound information that composes Sasang type-specific personalized herbal medicines on both multivariate and univariate levels. Methods Five machine learning classifiers including extremely randomized trees (ERT) were trained to investigate whether the Sasang type can be explained by compound information at the multivariate level. Hierarchical clustering was conducted to determine whether compounds are processed distributedly or specifically. Taxonomic and biosynthetic analyses were conducted on these compounds. A univariate level statistical test was conducted to provide more robust Sasang type-specific compound information. Results Using the trained ERT classifier, sixty important compounds were extracted. The sixty compounds were clustered into three groups, corresponding to each Sasang type-prominent compounds, suggesting that most compounds have specific preference for the Sasang type. Structural and biosynthetic characteristics of these Sasang type-prominent compounds were determined based on taxonomy and pathway analyses. Fourteen compounds showed statistically significant relevance with the Sasang type. Additionally, we predicted the Sasang type of unknown herbs, which were confirmed by their biological effects in functional assays. Conclusion This study investigated the personalized herbal medicines of the SCM using compound information. This study provided information on the chemical characteristics of the compounds that are essential for classifying the Sasang type of medicinal herbs, as well as predictions regarding the Sasang type of the commonly used but unidentified medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Rim Song
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Been Bak
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Il-Kon Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Gil Hospital of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
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Zhu X, Guo S, Zhang M, Bai X. Emodin protects against apoptosis and inflammation by regulating reactive oxygen species-mediated NF- κB signaling in interleukin-1 β-stimulated human nucleus pulposus cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271221138552. [PMID: 36598795 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221138552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a complex degradative disorder associated with inflammation. Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity. This study focused on the in vitro therapeutic action of emodin in a cellular model of IDD. Human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to induce inflammation. Cell Counting Kit-8 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining assays were performed to evaluate the viability and apoptosis of NPCs, respectively. Caspase-3 activity was measured to indirectly assess cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein expression levels. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of relative mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze TNF-α and IL-6 secretion. Our results showed that emodin treatment mitigated IL-1β-induced reduction of cell viability in NPCs. Moreover, the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptotic rate, and caspase-3 activity in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs was reduced by emodin treatment. Treatment with emodin also abolished IL-1β-induced inflammation in NPCs, as indicated by reduced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, the increase in expression levels of phosphorylated p65 and nuclear p65 in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs was suppressed by emodin treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate aggravated the protective effects of emodin. These results suggested that emodin protected NPCs against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation via inhibiting ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuqin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laishui County TCM Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 074199, China
| | - Xiaoliang Bai
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
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Cheng DW, Yue YF, Chen CX, Hu YD, Tang Q, Xie M, Liu L, Li D, Zhu HL, Cheng ML. Emodin alleviates arthritis pain through reducing spinal inflammation and oxidative stress. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221146398. [PMID: 36474308 PMCID: PMC9772972 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221146398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is the predominant problem for rheumatoid arthritis patients, and negatively affects quality of life. Arthritis pain management remains largely inadequate, and developing new treatment strategies are urgently needed. Spinal inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to arthritis pain and represent ideal targets for the treatment of arthritis pain. In the present study, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was established by intradermally injection of type II collagen (CII) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) solution, and exhibited as paw and ankle swelling, pain hypersensitivity and motor disability. In spinal cord, CIA inducement triggered spinal inflammatory reaction presenting with inflammatory cells infiltration, increased Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression, and up-regulated NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) and cleaved caspase-1 levels, elevated spinal oxidative level presenting as decreased nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. To explore potential therapeutic options for arthritis pain, emodin was intraperitoneally injected for 3 days on CIA mice. Emodin treatment statistically elevated mechanical pain sensitivity, suppressed spontaneous pain, recovered motor coordination, decreased spinal inflammation score and IL-1β expression, increased spinal Nrf2 expression and SOD activity. Further, AutoDock data showed that emodin bind to Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through two electrovalent bonds. And emodin treatment increased the phosphorylated AMPK at threonine 172. In summary, emodin treatment activates AMPK, suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome response, elevates antioxidant response, inhibits spinal inflammatory reaction and alleviates arthritis pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yuan-Fen Yue
- Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chun-Xi Chen
- Xishui Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Huanggang, China
| | - Yin-Di Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Dai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China,Hai-Li Zhu, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, No. 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
| | - Meng-Lin Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China,Meng-Lin Cheng, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, No. 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
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17
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Tang L, Bai X, Xie X, Chen G, Jia X, Lei M, Li C, Lai S. Negative effects of heat stress on ovarian tissue in female rabbit. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1009182. [PMID: 36452142 PMCID: PMC9704112 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1009182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted the role of miRNA in the deformation and necrosis of cells of ovarian tissue caused by heat stress (HS), which ultimately affects ovarian function. Although the role of small RNAs has been investigated in alterations in ovarian tissue functioning in response to HS, the expression profile of ovarian miRNA has been explored to a lesser extent. In this study, female rabbits were subject to HS treatment by using electrical heater. The current work demonstrated that HS could significantly change physiological performance of female rabbits including body weight, rectal temperature and relative ovary weight, and significantly reduce serum IL-2, IL-8, CAT, and GSH-Px concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. As a result, an increase in apoptosis in ovarian cells, as well as unhealthy follicles, were observed by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and TUNEL staining. Additionally, small RNA-seq revealed changes in the miRNA expression profile of rabbit ovaries under HS. Five hundred fourteen miRNAs were obtained including known miRNAs 442 and novel miRNAs 72. Among these miRNAs, 23 miRNAs were significantly expressed under HS. Eleven differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and 9 their predicted targets were confirmed by qPCR, which were expected miRNA-mRNA negative regulation pattern. Among the DE miRNAs and targets, miR-141-39 may target COQ6, miR-449a-5p and miR-34c-5p may control RFC5 and RTN2 together, miR-449a-5p may target ACADVL, miR-34c-5p potentially targets Bcl-2 and miR-196b-5p potentially regulates CASK and HOXB6. Thus, the current work suggested the negative effects of HS on the ovarian tissue of female rabbits, and in conclusion these changes could be caused by decreased serum IL-2, IL-8, CAT and GSH-Px levels, increased ovarian apoptosis, and changed the expression of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanhe Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Congyan Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Songjia Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Bae SJ, Bak SB, Kim YW. Coordination of AMPK and YAP by Spatholobi Caulis and Procyanidin B2 Provides Antioxidant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213730. [PMID: 36430207 PMCID: PMC9694094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is vulnerable to oxidative attacks from heavy metals, such as iron, as well as some drugs, including acetaminophen. It has been shown that enhanced oxidative stress in the liver leads to excessive ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in organ injury. The beneficial effects of Spatholobi Caulis (SC), a natural herbal medicine, include treating ischemic stroke, inhibiting tumor cell invasion, pro-angiogenic activities, and anti-inflammatory properties. Scientific studies on its effects against hepatotoxic reagents (e.g., iron and acetaminophen), as well as their underlying mechanisms, are insufficient. This study examined the antioxidant effects and mechanisms of SC in vitro and in vivo. In cells, the proinflammatory mediator, arachidonic acid (AA), plus iron, significantly induced an increase in ROS generation, the damage in mitochondrial membrane potential, and the resulting apoptosis, which were markedly blocked by SC. More importantly, SC affected the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related proteins, which were vital to regulating oxidative stress in cells. In addition, SC mediated the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP)-related proteins. Among the active compounds in SC, the procyanidin B2, but not liquiritigenin, daidzein, and genistein, significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity induced by AA + iron, and activated the LKB1-AMPK pathway. In mice, the oral administration of SC alleviated the elevations of ALT and histological changes by the acetaminophen-induced liver injury. These results reveal the potential of SC and a key bioactive component, procyanidin B2, as antioxidant candidates for hepatoprotection.
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Kim YW, Bak SB, Baek SY, Kim IK, Lee WY, Yun UJ, Park KI. Mylabris phalerata induces the apoptosis and cell cycle delay in HCC, and potentiates the effect of sorafenib based on the molecular and network pharmacology approach. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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20
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Sharifi-Rad J, Herrera-Bravo J, Kamiloglu S, Petroni K, Mishra AP, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Sureda A, Martorell M, Aidarbekovna DS, Yessimsiitova Z, Ydyrys A, Hano C, Calina D, Cho WC. Recent advances in the therapeutic potential of emodin for human health. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113555. [PMID: 36027610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is a bioactive compound, a natural anthraquinone aglycone, present mainly in herbaceous species of the families Fabaceae, Polygonaceae and Rhamnaceae, with a physiological role in protection against abiotic stress in vegetative tissues. Emodin is mainly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat sore throats, carbuncles, sores, blood stasis, and damp-heat jaundice. Pharmacological research in the last decade has revealed other potential therapeutic applications such as anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The present study aimed to summarize recent studies on bioavailability, preclinical pharmacological effects with evidence of molecular mechanisms, clinical trials and clinical pitfalls, respectively the therapeutic limitations of emodin. For this purpose, extensive searches were performed using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google scholar, TRIP database, Springer link, Wiley and SciFinder databases as a search engines. The in vitro and in vivo studies included in this updated review highlighted the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of emodin. Because its bioavailability is low, there are limitations in clinical therapeutic use. In conclusion, for an increase in pharmacotherapeutic efficacy, future studies with carrier molecules to the target, thus opening up new therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile; Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey; Science and Technology Application and Research Center (BITUAM), Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Katia Petroni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India.
| | - Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Dossymbetova Symbat Aidarbekovna
- Almaty Tecnological University, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty 050012, str. Tole bi 100, Str. Torekulova 71, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zura Yessimsiitova
- Department of Biodiversity and Bioresource, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Orleans, Eure et Loir Campus, 28000 Chartres, France.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Lan D, Yao C, Li X, Liu H, Wang D, Wang Y, Qi S. Tocopherol attenuates the oxidative stress of BMSCs by inhibiting ferroptosis through the PI3k/AKT/mTOR pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:938520. [PMID: 36061427 PMCID: PMC9428255 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.938520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress can induce bone tissue damage and the occurrence of multiple diseases. As a type of traditional medicine, tocopherol has been reported to have a strong antioxidant effect and contributes to osteogenic differentiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of tocopherol on the oxidative stress of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the underlying mechanisms. By establishing an oxidative stress model in vitro, the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, Western blot (WB), real-time PCR (RT-PCR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and Alizarin Red staining (ARS) evaluated the effects of tocopherol on the cell viability, intracellular ROS levels, and osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs. In addition, ferroptosis-related markers were examined via Western blot, RT-PCR, and Mito-FerroGreen. Eventually, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was explored. We found that tocopherol significantly maintained the cell viability, reduced intracellular ROS levels, upregulated the levels of anti-oxidative genes, promoted the levels of osteogenic-related proteins, and the mRNA of BMSCs stimulated by H2O2. More importantly, tocopherol inhibited ferroptosis and upregulated the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR of BMSCs upon H2O2 stimulation. In summary, tocopherol protected BMSCs from oxidative stress damage via the inhibition of ferroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Haijiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Liu, ; Shengcai Qi,
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China,*Correspondence: Haijiang Liu, ; Shengcai Qi,
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Huo X, Gu Y, Zhang Y. The discovery of multi-target compounds with anti-inflammation activity from traditional Chinese medicine by TCM-target effects relationship spectrum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115289. [PMID: 35427724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Zingiberis Rhizoma was widely used in the treatment of inflammatory disease. The discovery of new multi-target compounds for new drug from the TCM was a possible direction. AIM OF THE STUDY Multi-target compounds screening based on polypharmacology was an effective method. As an interdisciplinary field, polypharmacology screen multi-target compounds by various methods. So, a flexible screening framework to avoid the disadvantage of single methods is considered to have great significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research propose a common framework called Traditional Chinese medicine target-effect relationship spectrum (TCM-TERS). TCM-TERS was constructed based on the pharmacophore and molecular docking models, which provided predicted activity by compounds screening. TCM-TERS merge the results of different models and visualize the targeted activity of each compounds. Then the TCM-TERS were analyzed by the analytic hierarchy process and active components were chosen by the contributing factors. The activity of components was verified on the RAW264.7 by RT-PCR. RESULTS This article constructed TCM-TERS of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Zingiberis Rhizoma with the COX-2, mPGES-1, 5-LOX and SPLA2-IIA. Seven compounds were chosen with multiple targeted activity based on the TCM-TERS, which showed remarkable activity in RT-PCR. CONCLUSION The TCM-TERS was an efficient interdisciplinary method for drug discovery of the TCM, which provide a flexible method to the researcher that can screen specific compounds with multiple screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Huo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Effects of Anthraquinones on Immune Responses and Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123831. [PMID: 35744949 PMCID: PMC9230691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthraquinones (AQs) and derivatives are widely distributed in nature, including plants, fungi, and insects, with effects of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation, antibacterial and antiviral, anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, etc. Inflammation, including acute and chronic, is a comprehensive response to foreign pathogens under a variety of physiological and pathological processes. AQs could attenuate symptoms and tissue damages through anti-inflammatory or immuno-modulatory effects. The review aims to provide a scientific summary of AQs on immune responses under different pathological conditions, such as digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, central nervous system diseases, etc. It is hoped that the present paper will provide ideas for future studies of the immuno-regulatory effect of AQs and the therapeutic potential for drug development and clinical use of AQs and derivatives.
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Jiang H, Tang W, Song Y, Jin W, Du Q. Induction of Apoptosis by Metabolites of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (Da Huang): A Review of the Potential Mechanism in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806175. [PMID: 35308206 PMCID: PMC8924367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a global disease with a high mortality rate and limited treatment options. Alternations in apoptosis of tumor cells and immune cells have become an important method for detailing the underlying mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bcl-2 family, Caspase family, Fas and other apoptosis-related proteins have also become antagonistic targets of HCC. Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, RR), a traditional Chinese herb, has recently demonstrated antitumor behaviors. Multiple active metabolites of RR, including emodin, rhein, physcion, aloe-emodin, gallic acid, and resveratrol, can successfully induce apoptosis and inhibit HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms of these metabolites inhibiting the occurrence and development of HCC by inducing apoptosis is complicated owing to the multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics of traditional Chinese herbs. Accordingly, this article reviews the pathways of apoptosis, the relationship between HCC and apoptosis, the role and mechanism of apoptosis induced by mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum pathway and death receptor pathway in HCC and the mechanism of six RR metabolites inhibiting HCC by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuyinuo Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanyu Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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25
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Song YR, Jang B, Lee SM, Bae SJ, Bak SB, Kim YW. Angelica gigas NAKAI and Its Active Compound, Decursin, Inhibit Cellular Injury as an Antioxidant by the Regulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and YAP Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061858. [PMID: 35335221 PMCID: PMC8954541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products and medicinal herbs have been used to treat various human diseases by regulating cellular functions and metabolic pathways. Angelica gigas NAKAI (AG) helps regulate pathological processes in some medical fields, including gastroenterology, gynecology, and neuropsychiatry. Although some papers have reported its diverse indications, the effects of AG against arachidonic acid (AA)+ iron and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) have not been reported. In HepG2 cells, AA+ iron induced cellular apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, as assessed by mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. On the other hand, AG markedly inhibited these detrimental phenomena and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by AA+ iron. AG activated the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which affected oxidative stress in the cells. Moreover, AG also regulated the expression of yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling as mediated by the AMPK pathways. In mice, an oral treatment of AG protected against liver toxicity induced by CCl4, as indicated by the plasma and histochemical parameters. Among the compounds in AG, decursin had antioxidant activity and affected the AMPK pathway. In conclusion, AG has antioxidant effects in vivo and in vitro, indicating that natural products such as AG could be potential candidate for the nutraceuticals to treat various disorders by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular metabolic pathways.
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Berillo D, Kozhahmetova M, Lebedeva L. Overview of the Biological Activity of Anthraquinons and Flavanoids of the Plant Rumex Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041204. [PMID: 35208994 PMCID: PMC8880800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rumex confertus belongs to the genus Rumex and is classified as an invasive parasitic plant in agriculture. Despite other Rumex species being widely used in herbal medicine due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects, there are almost no information about the potential of Rumex confertus for the treatment of various diseases. In this review we analyzed scientific articles revealing properties of Rumex plant’s substances against cancer, diabetes, pathogenic bacterial invasions, viruses, inflammation, and oxidative stress for the past 20 years. Compounds dominating in each composition of solvents for extraction were discussed, and common thin layer chromatography(TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) methods for efficient separation of the plant’s extract are included. Physico-chemical properties such as solubility, hydrophobicity (Log P), pKa of flavonoids, anthraquinones, and other derivatives are very important for modeling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. An overview of clinical studies for abounded selected substances of Rumex species is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzhan Kozhahmetova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Lina Lebedeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
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27
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Entezari M, Hashemi D, Taheriazam A, Zabolian A, Mohammadi S, Fakhri F, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Ertas YN, Mirzaei S, Samarghandian S. AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112563. [PMID: 35062059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a main challenge in both developing and developed countries, as lifestyle has changed and its management seems to be vital. Type I and type II diabetes are the main kinds and they result in hyperglycemia in patients and related complications. The gene expression alteration can lead to development of DM and related complications. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor with aberrant expression in various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and DM. The present review focuses on understanding AMPK role in DM. Inducing AMPK signaling promotes glucose in DM that is of importance for ameliorating hyperglycemia. Further investigation reveals the role of AMPK signaling in enhancing insulin sensitivity for treatment of diabetic patients. Furthermore, AMPK upregulation inhibits stress and cell death in β cells that is of importance for preventing type I diabetes development. The clinical studies on diabetic patients have shown the role of AMPK signaling in improving diabetic complications such as brain disorders. Furthermore, AMPK can improve neuropathy, nephropathy, liver diseases and reproductive alterations occurring during DM. For exerting such protective impacts, AMPK signaling interacts with other molecular pathways such as PGC-1α, PI3K/Akt, NOX4 and NF-κB among others. Therefore, providing therapeutics based on AMPK targeting can be beneficial for amelioration of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Hashemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Shima Mohammadi
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Farima Fakhri
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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McDonald SJ, VanderVeen BN, Velazquez KT, Enos RT, Fairman CM, Cardaci TD, Fan D, Murphy EA. Therapeutic Potential of Emodin for Gastrointestinal Cancers. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354211067469. [PMID: 34984952 PMCID: PMC8738880 DOI: 10.1177/15347354211067469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers cause one-third of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. Natural compounds are emerging as alternative or adjuvant cancer therapies given their distinct advantage of manipulating multiple pathways to both suppress tumor growth and alleviate cancer comorbidities; however, concerns regarding efficacy, bioavailability, and safety are barriers to their development for clinical use. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), a Chinese herb-derived anthraquinone, has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects in colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers. While the mechanisms underlying emodin's tumoricidal effects continue to be unearthed, recent evidence highlights a role for mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, modulated stress and inflammatory signaling pathways, and blunted angiogenesis. The goals of this review are to (1) highlight emodin's anti-cancer properties within GI cancers, (2) discuss the known anti-cancer mechanisms of action of emodin, (3) address emodin's potential as a treatment complementary to standard chemotherapeutics, (4) assess the efficacy and bioavailability of emodin derivatives as they relate to cancer, and (5) evaluate the safety of emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daping Fan
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
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29
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Wang C, Li Y, Hou Y, Jin L, Chen M. Effects of Emodin on Alveolar Bone Resorption via the IL-23/Th17 Inflammatory Axis in Rats with Periodontitis. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.31.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine
| | - Yuxian Li
- Teaching and Research Office of Diagnostics, Medical College, Hunan University of Medicine
| | - Yepo Hou
- Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine
| | - Ling Jin
- Teaching and Research Office of Diagnostics, Medical College, Hunan University of Medicine
| | - Minmin Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University & Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research
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30
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Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Zhou H, Li Y. The Potential Application of Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: A New Opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771459. [PMID: 34803712 PMCID: PMC8600187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have been a common challenge for people all over the world, which threatens the quality of life and safety of hundreds of millions of patients. China is a major country with liver diseases. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease are the three most common liver diseases in our country, and the number of patients with liver cancer is increasing. Therefore, finding effective drugs to treat liver disease has become an urgent task. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of low cost, high safety, and various biological activities, which is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This review systematically summarizes the potential of CM in the treatment of liver diseases, showing that CM can alleviate liver diseases by regulating lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota, as well as exerting anti-liver injury, anti-oxidation, and anti-hepatitis virus effects. Among them, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β/SMADS, p38 MAPK, NF-κB/IκBα, NF-κB-NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways are mainly involved. In conclusion, CM is very likely to be a potential candidate for liver disease treatment based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology, and genomeproteomics, which needs more clinical trials to further clarify its importance in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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31
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The Health Benefits of Emodin, a Natural Anthraquinone Derived from Rhubarb-A Summary Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179522. [PMID: 34502424 PMCID: PMC8431459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative found in roots and leaves of various plants, fungi and lichens. For a long time it has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an active ingredient in herbs. Among other sources, it is isolated from the rhubarb Rheum palmatum or tuber fleece-flower Polygonam multiflorum. Emodin has a wide range of biological activities, including diuretic, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antinociceptive. According to the most recent studies, emodin acts as an antimalarial and antiallergic agent, and can also reverse resistance to chemotherapy. In the present work the potential therapeutic role of emodin in treatment of inflammatory diseases, cancers and microbial infections is analysed.
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32
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Shen P, Han L, Chen G, Cheng Z, Liu Q. Emodin Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the cGAS-STING Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 45:74-87. [PMID: 34409550 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emodin is a natural bioactive compound from traditional Chinese herbs that exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects of emodin in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity are not clear. The present study examined the effects of emodin on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with emodin (15 and 30 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days and then given APAP (300 mg/kg) to establish an APAP-induced liver injury model. Mice were sacrificed to detect the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin (ALB) and the liver tissue levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Histological assessment, Western blotting, and ELISA were performed. Emodin pretreatment significantly reduced the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP; increased the levels of ALB; alleviated hepatocellular damage and apoptosis; attenuated the exhaustion of GSH and SOD and the accumulation of MDA; and increased the expression of antioxidative enzymes, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Emodin also inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Emodin inhibited interferon (IFN)-α, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression to protect the liver against APAP-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis. These results suggest that emodin protected hepatocytes from APAP-induced liver injury via the upregulation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidative stress pathway, the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the downregulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Han
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Yu F, Yu N, Peng J, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Xu X, Zhou J, Wang F. Emodin inhibits lipid accumulation and inflammation in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed mice by inducing M2 polarization of adipose tissue macrophages. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21730. [PMID: 34110631 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100157rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) represent the most abundant leukocytes in adipose tissue (AT). An increase in number and a phenotypical switch of ATMs during the development of obesity contribute to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, which have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets to restore AT homeostasis. Emodin has been shown to exert strong anti-inflammatory property via acting on macrophages in a range of disease models. However, whether emodin exerts a beneficial effect on obesity via modulating ATMs has not been reported. In high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, emodin significantly inhibited the increase of body weight and lipid accumulation in ATs. Emodin apparently reduced glucose and insulin levels and ameliorated serum lipid profiles in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, the local and systemic inflammation was dramatically alleviated by emodin. We next discovered that M2 macrophage percentage was greatly increased by emodin although total ATMs was not altered, which resulted in a net increase of M2 macrophages in AT. In vitro studies confirmed that emodin promoted the polarization of macrophages towards M2. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that myeloid leukocyte differentiation and activation were among the most significant biological processes in emodin-treated ATMs. We further identified that TREM2 was the most dramatically upregulated molecule by emodin and emodin-induced M2 macrophage polarization was dependent on TREM2. Furthermore, silencing TREM2 apparently abrogated the effect of emodin on AT inflammation and adipogenesis. We, for the first time, disclosed that emodin inhibited obesity by promoting M2 macrophage polarization via TREM2, suggesting that emodin may be explored as a clinical and translational candidate in preventing obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heping Hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Toxicology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaona Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene & Department of Health Education and Health Management, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Emodin-Induced Oxidative Inhibition of Mitochondrial Function Assists BiP/IRE1 α/CHOP Signaling-Mediated ER-Related Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8865813. [PMID: 33968299 PMCID: PMC8084644 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8865813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cassiae Semen is a widely used herbal medicine and a popular edible variety in many dietary or health beverage. Emerging evidence disclosed that improper administration of Cassiae Semen could induce obvious liver injury, which is possibly attributed to emodin, one of the bioactive anthraquinone compounds in Cassiae Semen, which caused hepatotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Hence, the present study firstly explored the possible role of oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in emodin-cause apoptosis of L02 cells, aiming to elaborate possible toxic mechanisms involved in emodin-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results showed that emodin-induced ROS activated ER stress and the UPR via the BiP/IRE1α/CHOP signaling pathway, followed by ER Ca2+ release and cytoplasmic Ca2+ overloading. At the same time, emodin-caused redox imbalance increased mtROS while decreased MMP and mitochondrial function, resulting in the leaks of mitochondrial-related proapoptotic factors. Interestingly, blocking Ca2+ release from ER by 2-APB could inhibit emodin-induced apoptosis of L02, but the restored mitochondrial function did not reduce the apoptosis rates of emodin-treated cells. Besides, tunicamycin (TM) and doxorubicin (DOX) were used to activate ER stress and mitochondrial injury at a dosage where obvious apoptosis was not observed, respectively. We found that cotreatment with TM and DOX significantly induced apoptosis of L02 cells. Thus, all the results indicated that emodin-induced excessive ROS generation and redox imbalance promoted apoptosis, which was mainly associated with BiP/IRE1α/CHOP signaling-mediated ER stress and would be enhanced by oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Altogether, this finding has implicated that redox imbalance-mediated ER stress could be an alternative target for the treatment of Cassiae Semen or other medicine-food homologous varieties containing emodin-induced liver injury.
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Zheng G, Zheng J, Xiao L, Shang T, Cai Y, Li Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Yang B. Construction of a Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Nano-Prodrug for pH-Responsive Emodin Delivery and Antibacterial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8672-8679. [PMID: 33817529 PMCID: PMC8015135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive nano-prodrug was fabricated by conjugating emodin to the PEGylated polyethyleneimine (mPEG-PEI) with acid-sensitive boronate ester bonds. 1H NMR spectra results showed that emodin was effectively bonded to mPEG-PEI, and acid-sensitive assay further confirmed the formation of boronate ester bonds. The size and morphology of the nano-prodrug were ascertained through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), which showed that the prodrug has a sphere-like shape with hydrodynamic size around 102 nm at pH 7.4. Subsequently, a drug-release behavior assay was carried out to carefully investigate the acid-sensitive drug-delivery property of the prodrug. Moreover, in vitro cell viability assay confirmed the superior cytotoxic effect of the nano-prodrug against HeLa cells compared to free emodin. Furthermore, the antibacterial study showed that the nano-prodrug could inhibit the bacterial (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative) growth more effectively than free emodin. Overall, this study provides a promising paradigm of the multifunctional nano-prodrug for pH-responsive tumor therapy and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zheng
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zheng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical
University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Le Xiao
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
| | - Tongyi Shang
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Li
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Xu
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
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Mitochondrial Protection and Anti-inflammatory Effects Induced by Emodin in the Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide: Involvement of the AMPK/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:482-493. [PMID: 33219897 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin (EM; 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione; C15H10O5) is an anthraquinone and exerts cytoprotective effects, as observed in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by reactive species plays a central role in the onset and progression of different human diseases. Thus, we have tested here whether a pretreatment (for 4 h) with EM (at 40 µM) would be able to promote mitochondrial protection in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the pro-oxidant agent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that the pretreatment with EM suppressed the effects of H2O2 on the activity of the mitochondrial complexes I and V, as well as on the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). EM also prevented the H2O2-induced collapse in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) function. An anti-inflammatory role for EM was also observed in this experimental model, since this anthraquinone decreased the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by the H2O2-challenged cells. Inhibition of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or silencing of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) abolished the protection induced by EM in the H2O2-treated cells. Therefore, EM prevented the H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory state in the SH-SY5Y cells by an AMPK/Nrf2-dependent manner.
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Li Q, Gao J, Pang X, Chen A, Wang Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Emodin: As an Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Drug. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:559607. [PMID: 32973538 PMCID: PMC7481471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.559607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a natural occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from roots and barks of numerous plants, molds, and lichens. It is found to be an active ingredient in different Chinese herbs including Rheum palmatum and Polygonam multiflorum, and it is a pleiotropic molecule with diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Moreover, emodin has also been shown to have a wide activity of anti-cardiovascular diseases. It is mainly involved in multiple molecular targets such as inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-hypertrophy, anti-fibrosis, anti-oxidative damage, abnormal, and excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells in cardiovascular diseases. As a new type of cardiovascular disease treatment drug, emodin has broad application prospects. However, a large amount of evidences detailing the effect of emodin on many signaling pathways and cellular functions in cardiovascular disease, the overall understanding of its mechanisms of action remains elusive. In addition, by describing the evidence of the effects of emodin in detail, the toxicity and poor oral bioavailability of mice have been continuously discovered. This review aims to describe a timely overview of emodin related to the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The emphasis is to summarize the pharmacological effects of emodin as an anti-cardiovascular drug, as well as the targets and its potential mechanisms. Furthermore, the treatment of emodin compared with conventional cardiovascular drugs or target inhibitors, the toxicity, pharmacokinetics and derivatives of emodin were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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