Kaempferol-induced GPER upregulation attenuates atherosclerosis via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway

HuoXueTongFu formula induces M2c macrophages via the MerTK/PI3K/AKT pathway to eliminate NETs in intraperitoneal adhesion in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

HuoXueTongFu Formula (HXTF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula that has been used as a supplement and alternative therapy for intraperitoneal adhesion (IA). However, its specific mechanism of action has not been fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In surgery, IA presents an inevitable challenge, significantly impacting patients' physical and mental well-being and increasing the financial burden. Our previous research has confirmed the preventive effects of HXTF on IA formation. However, the precise mechanism of its action still needs to be understood.

METHODS

In this study, the IA model was successfully established by using the Ischemic buttons and treated with HXTF for one week with or without Mer Tyrosine Kinase (MerTK) inhibitor. We evaluated the pharmacodynamic effect of HXTF on IA mice. The MerTK/phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway-associated proteins were detected by Western blotting. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were detected by immunofluorescence. Macrophage phenotype was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by Real Time Quantitative PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

HXTF reduced inflammatory response and alleviated IA. HXTF significantly enhanced MerTK expression, increased the number of M2c macrophages, and decreased the formation of NETs. In addition, the MerTK/PI3K/AKT pathway was significantly activated by HXTF. However, after using MerTK inhibitors, the role of HXTF in inducing M2c macrophage through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway was suppressed and there was no inhibitory effect on NETs formation and inflammatory responses, resulting in diminished inhibition of adhesion.

CONCLUSION

HXTF may improve IA by activating the MerTK/PI3K/AKT pathway to induce M2c polarization, which removes excess NETs and attenuates the inflammatory response.

Exploring the physiological role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and its associations with human diseases

Estrogen is a group of hormones that collaborate with the nervous system to impact the overall well-being of all genders. It influences many processes, including those occurring in the central nervous system, affecting learning and memory, and playing roles in neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. The hormone's action is mediated by specific receptors. Significant roles of classical estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, in various diseases were known since many years, but after identifying a structurally and locationally distinct receptor, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), its role in human physiology and pathophysiology was investigated. This review compiles GPER-related information, highlighting its impact on homeostasis and diseases, while putting special attention on functions and dysfunctions of this receptor in neurobiology and biobehavioral processes. Understanding the receptor modulation possibilities is essential for therapy, as disruptions in receptors can lead to diseases or disorders, irrespective of correct estrogen levels. We conclude that studies on the GPER receptor have the potential to develop therapies that regulate estrogen and positively impact human health.

Bioactive Flavonoids in Protecting Against Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease closely associated with factors such as hyperlipidaemia and chronic inflammation. Among them, endothelial dysfunction serves as a major predisposing factor. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is manifested by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, enhanced oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and hyperpermeability, endothelial senescence, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant activity, eliminating oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, reducing platelet aggregation, alleviating ischemic damage, and improving vascular function. Flavonoids have also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and to protect the cardiovascular system. This review focuses on the protective effects of these naturally-occuring bioactive flavonoids against the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis through their effects on endothelial cells including, but not limited to, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and lipid-lowering properties. However, more clinical evidences are still needed to determine the exact role and optimal dosage of these compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Flavonoids, gut microbiota, and host lipid metabolism

Flavonoids are widely distributed in nature and have a variety of beneficial biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. All of these are related to gut microbiota, and flavonoids also serve as a bridge between the host and gut microbiota. Flavonoids are commonly used to modify the composition of the gut microbiota by promoting or inhibiting specific microbial species within the gut, as well as modifying their metabolites. In turn, the gut microbiota extensively metabolizes flavonoids. Hence, this reciprocal relationship between flavonoids and the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functionality of the metabolism system. In this review, we mainly highlighted the biological effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiobesity, and discussed the interaction between flavonoids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism, and elaborated the potential mechanisms on host lipid metabolism.

Fisetin Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis-Related Oxidative Stress in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice

INTRODUCTION

Fisetin has been demonstrated to inhibit the occurrence of atherosclerosis; however, the mechanism of fisetin suppressing atherosclerosis remains elusive.

METHODS

The function of fisetin in the inhibition of atherosclerosis was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining in ApoE-/- mice. Molecular biomarkers of atherosclerosis progression were detected by Western blot and qPCR. Moreover, the inhibition of atherosclerosis on oxidative stress and ferroptosis was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, qPCR, and Western blot assays.

RESULTS

The obtained results showed that serum lipid was attenuated and consequentially the formation of atherosclerosis was also suppressed by fisetin in ApoE-/- mice. Exploration of the mechanism revealed that molecular biomarkers of atherosclerosis were decreased under fisetin treatment. The level of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde declined, while the activity of superoxide dismutases and glutathione peroxidase was increased under the fisetin treatment. Additionally, the suppressor of ferroptosis, glutathione peroxidase 4 proteins, was elevated. The ferritin was decreased in the aortic tissues treated with fisetin.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, fisetin attenuated the formation of atherosclerosis through the inhibition of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the aortic tissues of ApoE-/- mice.

The bone-protective benefits of kaempferol combined with metformin by regulation of osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling in OVX rats

This study was to investigate the potential mechanisms of treatment with metformin (Met) combined with kaempferol (Kae) against postmenopausal osteoporosis. Experiments were conducted in both ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis rats and in vitro using RAW264.7 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and HUVECs. Results demonstrated the therapeutic effect of Met combined with Kae on osteoporosis. In vivo, Kae alone and in combination with Met treatments enhanced tibial trabecular microstructure, bone mineral density (BMD), and mechanical properties in OVX rats without causing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. It also reduced bone resorption markers (CTX-1 and TRAP) and increased the bone formation marker (PINP) level in the serum of OVX rats. The expression of bone resorption marker TRAP was reduced, while bone formation markers Runx2 and ALP were enhanced in the bone tissue of OVX rats. Furthermore, Met combined with Kae also promoted the expression of angiogenesis-related markers CD31 and VEGF in OVX rats. In vitro, MC3T3-E1s cells treated with Met combined with Kae showed higher expression of ALP, Runx2, and VEGF. Interestingly, the treatment did not directly promote HUVECs migration and angiogenesis, but enhanced osteoblast-mediated angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF levels. Additionally, Met combined with Kae treatment promoted VEGF secretion in MC3T3-E1, and activated the Notch intracelluar pathway by upregulating HES1 and HEY1 in HUVECs. Meantime, their stimulation on CD31 expression were inhibited by DAPT, a Notch signaling inhibitor. Overall, this study demonstrates the positive effects of Met combined with Kae on osteoporotic rats by promoting osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling, suggesting their potential application in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Astragali Radix: comprehensive review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical application

Astragali Radix (A. Radix) is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bge) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., belonging to the family Leguminosae, which is mainly distributed in China. A. Radix has been consumed as a tonic in China for more than 2000 years because of its medicinal effects of invigorating the spleen and replenishing qi. Currently, more than 400 natural compounds have been isolated and identified from A. Radix, mainly including saponins, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and others. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that A. Radix has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective, anti-hypertensive, and anti-aging effects. It has been clinically used in the treatment of tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrovascular complications associated with diabetes with few side effects and high safety. This paper reviewed the progress of research on its chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, developing applications, and toxicology, which provides a basis for the better development and utilization of A. Radix.

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activates PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to suppress ferroptosis via SREBP1/SCD1-mediated lipogenesis

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The sex differences in the occurrence and fatality rates of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), along with its association with estrogen dependence, suggest that estrogen receptors (ERs) contribute to the development of NSCLC. However, the influence of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) on NSCLC remains to be determined. Escape from ferroptosis is one of the hallmarks of tumor discovered in recent years. In this context, the present study evaluated whether GPER1 promotes NSCLC progression by preventing ferroptosis, and the underlying mechanism through which GPER1 protects against ferroptosis was also explored.

METHODS

The effects of GPER1 on the cytotoxicity of H2O2, the ferroptosis inducer RSL3, and Erastin were assessed using the CCK8 assay and plate cloning. Lipid peroxidation levels were measured based on the levels of MDA and BODIPY™581/591C11. GPER1 overexpression and knockdown were performed and G1 was used, and the expression of SCD1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling factors was measured. Immunofluorescence analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed on paired specimens to measure the correlation between the expression of GPER1 and SCD1 in NSCLC tissues. The effect of GPER1 on the cytotoxicity of cisplatin was measured in vitro using the CCK8 assay and in vivo using xenograft tumor models.

RESULTS

GPER1 and G1 alleviated the cytotoxicity of H2O2, reduced sensitivity to RSL3, and impaired lipid peroxidation in NSCLC tissues. In addition, GPER1 and G1 promoted the protein and mRNA expression of SCD1 and the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. GPER1 and SCD1 expression were elevated and positively correlated in NSCLC tissues, and high GPER1 expression predicted a poor prognosis. GPER1 knockdown enhanced the antitumor activity of cisplatin in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSION

GPER1 prevents ferroptosis in NSCLC by promoting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, thereby inducing SCD1 expression. Therefore, treatments targeting GPER1 combined with cisplatin would exhibit better antitumor effects.

Analysis of Polyphenol Extract from Hazel Leaf and Ameliorative Efficacy and Mechanism against Hyperuricemia Zebrafish Model via Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Hazel leaf, a by-product of hazelnuts, is commonly used in traditional folk medicine in Portugal, Sweden, Iran and other regions for properties such as vascular protection, anti-bleeding, anti-edema, anti-infection, and pain relief. Based on our previous studies, the polyphenol extract from hazel leaf was identified and quantified via HPLC fingerprint. The contents of nine compounds including kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, luteolin, gallic acid and ellagic acid in hazel leaf polyphenol extract (ZP) were preliminary calculated, among which kaempferol was the highest with 221.99 mg/g, followed by chlorogenic acid with 8.23 mg/g. The inhibition of ZP on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase activities was determined via the chemical method, and the inhibition on xanthine oxidase was better. Then, the effect of ZP on hyperuricemia zebrafish was investigated. It was found that ZP obviously reduced the levels of uric acid, xanthine oxidase, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and up-regulated the expression ofOAT1 and HPRT genes in hyperuricemia zebrafish. Finally, the targeted network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking of nine polyphenol compounds were performed to search for relevant mechanisms for alleviating hyperuricemia. These results will provide a valuable basis for the development and application of hazel leaf polyphenols as functional ingredients.

Uncovering the mechanism of Naoxintong capsule against hypertension based on network analysis and in vitro experiments

Naoxintong capsule (NXT) is a clinical drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but its pharmacological mechanism against hypertension remains unclear. Data concerning the compounds and targets of NXT were obtained from the TCMSP and DrugBank, whereas data concerning hypertension-related genes were obtained from DisGeNET. The network was analyzed and established by STRING and Cytoscape, and function enrichment was analyzed by GO and KEGG analysis. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interaction between ingredients and targets, cellular activity was evaluated by MTT assay, and RT-qPCR and western blot were used to evaluate the expressions of related genes. The results showed that 146 active therapeutic components can target hypertension-related genes, and we found that core genes were mainly involved in the metabolism of lipids, lipopolysaccharides, the inflammatory signaling pathway, and the oxidative stress pathway. In addition, there was high affinity between the components of NXT and targets of hypertension, where the former can increase cell viability and reduce the expressions of NOX4, MCP-1, BAX, TNF-α and IL-1β. Moreover, NXT inhibited the expressions of IL-6 and Fis1, as well as increased the expression of MCL-1. These results revealed the active compounds, hypertension targets, signaling pathways, and molecular mechanisms of NXT for treating hypertension, offering references for the clinical application of NXT and the treatment of hypertension.

Kaempferol exerts antioxidant effects in age-related diminished ovarian reserve by regulating the HSP90/NRF2 pathway

Kaempferol is the active ingredient of Er-Xian decoction (EXD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula used clinically to treat ovarian dysfunction, but the mechanism of kaempferol relieving age-related diminished ovarian reserve (AR-DOR) is still unclear. In this study, 36 volunteers and 78 DOR patients (37 patients with EXD treatment) were enrolled in the clinical research. Meanwhile, 32-week-old female mice were used to establish the AR-DOR model, and these model mice were intragastrically administered with 100 mg/kg kaempferol in the presence or absence of 200 mg/kg geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) or 1 mg/kg geldanamycin (GDA). The effects of kaempferol on serum hormone levels and oxidative stress-related indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antral follicle count (AFC) was determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The protein levels of HSP90 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) were assayed by Western blot. This study displayed that the serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) level in DOR patients with EXD treatment was higher than that in DOR patients without EXD treatment. Kaempferol treatment reversed the low levels of AMH, estradiol (E2), AFC, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malonaldehyde (MDA). The results showed that HSP90 was predicted to have high affinity with kaempferol, and its expression was inhibited by kaempferol, while the expression of NRF2, the target of HSP90, was up-regulated by kaempferol. However, the above effects of kaempferol were reversed by GGA. On the contrary, GDA enhanced the therapeutic effects of kaempferol on AR-DOR mice. Moreover, the treatment of kaempferol resulted in a reduction in the phosphorylation level of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the transcription factor associated with HSP90, and an increase in the phosphorylation level of Src, a client protein of HSP90. In summary, kaempferol exerts an antioxidant effect on AR-DOR by inhibiting HSP90 expression to up-regulate NRF2 expression. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of kaempferol in AR-DOR.

Bioactive compounds from Actinidia arguta fruit as a new strategy to fight glioblastoma

In recent years, there has been a significant demand for natural products as a mean of disease prevention or as an alternative to conventional medications. The driving force for this change is the growing recognition of the abundant presence of valuable bioactive compounds in natural products. On recent years Actinia arguta fruit, also known as kiwiberry, has attracted a lot of attention from scientific community due to its richness in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamins, carotenoids and fiber. These bioactive compounds contribute to the fruit's diverse outstanding biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. Due to these properties, the fruit may have the potential to be used in the treatment/prevention of various types of cancer, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, displaying 90 % of recurrence rate within a span of 2 years. Despite the employment of an aggressive approach, the prognosis remains unfavorable, emphasizing the urgent requirement for the development of new effective treatments. The preclinical evidence suggests that kiwiberry has potential impact on glioblastoma by reducing the cancer self-renewal, modulating the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell phenotype and metabolism, and influencing the consolidation of the tumor microenvironment. Even though, challenges such as the imprecise composition and concentration of bioactive compounds, and its low bioavailability after oral administration may be drawbacks to the development of kiwiberry-based treatments, being urgent to ensure the safety and efficacy of kiwiberry for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma. This review aims to highlight the potential impact of A. arguta bioactive compounds on glioblastoma, providing novel insights into their applicability as complementary or alternative therapies.

Thermoneutral Housing Enables Studies of Vertical Transmission of Obesogenic Diet-Driven Metabolic Diseases

Vertical transmission of obesity is a critical contributor to the unabated obesity pandemic and the associated surge in metabolic diseases. Existing experimental models insufficiently recapitulate "human-like" obesity phenotypes, limiting the discovery of how severe obesity in pregnancy instructs vertical transmission of obesity. Here, via utility of thermoneutral housing and obesogenic diet feeding coupled to syngeneic mating of WT obese female and lean male mice on a C57BL/6 background, we present a tractable, more "human-like" approach to specifically investigate how maternal obesity contributes to offspring health. Using this model, we found that maternal obesity decreased neonatal survival, increased offspring adiposity, and accelerated offspring predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease. We also show that severe maternal obesity was sufficient to skew offspring microbiome and create a proinflammatory gestational environment that correlated with inflammatory changes in the offspring in utero and adulthood. Analysis of a human birth cohort study of mothers with and without obesity and their infants was consistent with mouse study findings of maternal inflammation and offspring weight gain propensity. Together, our results show that dietary induction of obesity in female mice coupled to thermoneutral housing can be used for future mechanistic interrogations of obesity and metabolic disease in pregnancy and vertical transmission of pathogenic traits.

Beneficial effects of flavonoids on animal models of atherosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases that seriously endanger human health. The existing treatment drugs are effective, but they have some side effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have attracted wide attention due to their multiple cardioprotective effects and fewer side effects. PubMed, Web of Science database, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies evaluating the effects of flavonoids against atherosclerosis. 119 studies published from August 1954 to April 2023 were included. Random-effects models were performed for synthesis. Compared with the control group, flavonoids significantly reduced longitudinal and cross-sectional plaque area. The findings indicated that flavonoids significantly reduced the concentrations of serum TC, TG, and LDL-C and increased serum HDL-C concentrations. Besides, flavonoids reduced the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increased the serum IL-10 level. This study provides evidence for the potential cardiovascular benefits of flavonoids.

A Review of the Potential of Nuclear Factor [Erythroid-Derived 2]-like 2 Activation in Autoimmune Diseases

An autoimmune disease is the consequence of the immune system attacking healthy cells, tissues, and organs by mistake instead of protecting them. Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are well-recognized processes occurring in association with acute or chronic impairment of cell homeostasis. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) is of major importance as the defense instrument against OS and alters anti-inflammatory activities related to different pathological states. Researchers have described Nrf2 as a significant regulator of innate immunity. Growing indications suggest that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is deregulated in numerous diseases, including autoimmune disorders. The advantageous outcome of the pharmacological activation of Nrf2 is an essential part of Nrf2-based chemoprevention and intervention in other chronic illnesses, such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, and chronic kidney and liver disease. Nevertheless, a growing number of investigations have indicated that Nrf2 is already elevated in specific cancer and disease steps, suggesting that the pharmacological agents developed to mitigate the potentially destructive or transformative results associated with the protracted activation of Nrf2 should also be evaluated. The activators of Nrf2 have revealed an improvement in the progress of OS-associated diseases, resulting in immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities; by contrast, the depletion of Nrf2 worsens disease progression. These data strengthen the growing attention to the biological properties of Nrf2 and its possible healing power on diseases. The evidence supporting a correlation between Nrf2 signaling and the most common autoimmune diseases is reviewed here. We focus on the aspects related to the possible effect of Nrf2 activation in ameliorating pathologic conditions based on the role of this regulator of antioxidant genes in the control of inflammation and OS, which are processes related to the progression of autoimmune diseases. Finally, the possibility of Nrf2 activation as a new drug development strategy to target pathogenesis is proposed.

Expanding flavone and flavonol production capabilities in Escherichia coli

Flavones and flavonols are important classes of flavonoids with nutraceutical and pharmacological value, and their production by fermentation with recombinant microorganisms promises to be a scalable and economically favorable alternative to extraction from plant sources. Flavones and flavonols have been produced recombinantly in a number of microorganisms, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically being a preferred production host for these compounds due to higher yields and titers of precursor compounds, as well as generally improved ability to functionally express cytochrome P450 enzymes without requiring modification to improve their solubility. Recently, a rapid prototyping platform has been developed for high-value compounds in E. coli, and a number of gatekeeper (2S)-flavanones, from which flavones and flavonols can be derived, have been produced to high titers in E. coli using this platform. In this study, we extended these metabolic pathways using the previously reported platform to produce apigenin, chrysin, luteolin and kaempferol from the gatekeeper flavonoids naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol by the expression of either type-I flavone synthases (FNS-I) or type-II flavone synthases (FNS-II) for flavone biosynthesis, and by the expression of flavanone 3-dioxygenases (F3H) and flavonol synthases (FLS) for the production of the flavonol kaempferol. In our best-performing strains, titers of apigenin and kaempferol reached 128 mg L-1 and 151 mg L-1 in 96-DeepWell plates in cultures supplemented with an additional 3 mM tyrosine, though titers for chrysin (6.8 mg L-1) from phenylalanine, and luteolin (5.0 mg L-1) from caffeic acid were considerably lower. In strains with upregulated tyrosine production, apigenin and kaempferol titers reached 80.2 mg L-1 and 42.4 mg L-1 respectively, without the further supplementation of tyrosine beyond the amount present in the rich medium. Notably, the highest apigenin, chrysin and luteolin titers were achieved with FNS-II enzymes, suggesting that cytochrome P450s can show competitive performance compared with non-cytochrome P450 enzymes in prokaryotes for the production of flavones.

Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development

With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.

The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology

OBJECTIVE

Estrogen is indispensable in health and disease and mainly functions through its receptors. The protection of the cardiovascular system by estrogen and its receptors has been recognized for decades. Numerous studies with a focus on estrogen and its receptor system have been conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Although nuclear estrogen receptors, including estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, have been shown to be classical receptors that mediate genomic effects, studies now show that GPER mainly mediates rapid signaling events as well as transcriptional regulation via binding to estrogen as a membrane receptor. With the discovery of selective synthetic ligands for GPER and the utilization of GPER knockout mice, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of GPER. In this review, the tissue and cellular localizations, endogenous and exogenous ligands, and signaling pathways of GPER are systematically summarized in diverse physiological and diseased conditions. This article further emphasizes the role of GPER in vascular pathology and physiology, focusing on the latest research progress and evidence of GPER as a promising therapeutic target in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Thus, selective regulation of GPER by its agonists and antagonists have the potential to be used in clinical practice for treating such diseases.

A review of how the saffron (Crocus sativus) petal and its main constituents interact with the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways

The primary by-product of saffron (Crocus sativus) processing is saffron petals, which are produced in large quantities but are discarded. The saffron petals contain a variety of substances, including alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, kaempferol, and minerals. Pharmacological investigations revealed the antibacterial, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, antitussive, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and renoprotective properties of saffron petals, which are based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway protects against oxidative stress, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) is a protein complex involved in approximately all animal cells and participates in different biological procedures such as apoptosis, cell growth, development, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transcription, immune response, and inflammation. The pharmacological properties of saffron and its compounds are discussed in this review, along with their associated modes of action, particularly the Nrf2 and NF-ĸB signaling pathways. Without considering a time constraint, our team conducted this review using search engines or electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Saffron petals and their main constituents may have protective effects in numerous organs such as the brain, colon, heart, joints, liver, lung, and pancreas through several mechanisms, including the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling cascade, which would then result in its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and therapeutic effects.

Identification of the key mechanisms of action of Si-Ni-San in uveitis using bioinformatics and network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Uveitis is an eye disease with a high rate of blindness, whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Si-Ni-San (SNS) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat uveitis in China. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study explored the potential mechanisms of SNS in the treatment of uveitis through network pharmacology and bioinformatics.

METHODS

Using R language and Perl software, the active components and predicted targets of SNS, as well as the related gene targets of uveitis, were mined through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, Therapeutic Target, Gene Expression Omnibus, GeneCards, and DrugBank databases. The network diagram of active components and intersection targets was constructed using Cytoscape software and the String database. The CytoNCA plug-in was used to conduct topological analysis on the network diagram and screen out the core compounds and key targets. The genes were analyzed for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. Chemoffice, Pymol, AutoDock, and Vina were used to analyze the molecular docking of key targets and core compounds of diseases through the PubChem database.

RESULTS

JUN, RELA, and MAPK may play important roles in the treatment of uveitis by SNS. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that core genes were mainly concentrated in MAPK, toll-like receptor, tumor necrosis factor, and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathways. In addition, molecular docking results showed that the bioactive compounds (kaempferol, luteolin, naringin, and quercetin) exhibited good binding ability to JUN, RELA, and MAPK.

CONCLUSION

Based on these findings, SNS exhibits multi-component and multi-target synergistic action in the treatment of uveitis, and its mechanism may be related to anti-inflammatory and immune regulation.

Researching the molecular mechanisms of Taohong Siwu Decoction in the treatment of varicocele-associated male infertility using network pharmacology and molecular docking: A review

Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) was widely used for the treatment of varicocele-associated male infertility. However, the pharmacological mechanism of action is not completely clear. Therefore, network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to explore potential mechanism of THSWD in the treatment of varicocele-associated male infertility. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP), Swiss Target Prediction, and GeneCards were used to retrieve candidate compounds, action targets, and disease-related targets. The construction of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the screening of core genes were completed by the STRING and Cytoscape 3.9.1, respectively. The DAVID was used to obtain results of gene ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The Mcule analysis platform was used to perform molecular docking. There were a total of 53 candidate compounds and 782 relevant targets in THSWD. There were 45 common targets between THSWD, varicocele, and male infertility, and 23 core genes were found in the PPI network. Biological processes involved response to hypoxia, regulation of blood pressure, cellular response to hypoxia, and regulation of the nitric oxide biosynthetic process. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the common targets mainly regulated the disease of varicocele-associated male infertility through the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Relaxin signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Finally, the molecular docking showed that luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol had good intercalation with major targets. As predicted by network pharmacology, THSWD regulated varicocele-associated male infertility through multiple compounds and targets, and its mechanism was closely related to inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species damage, and function of blood vessels.

Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Phenolic Compound Nanodelivery for Cancer Therapy

Phenolic compounds are bioactive phytochemicals showing a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Moreover, they are associated with fewer side effects compared to most currently used antitumor drugs. Combinations of phenolic compounds with commonly used drugs have been largely studied as an approach aimed at enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and reducing their deleterious systemic effects. In addition, some of these compounds are reported to reduce tumor cell drug resistance by modulating different signaling pathways. However, often, their application is limited due to their chemical instability, low water solubility, or scarce bioavailability. Nanoformulations, including polyphenols in combination or not with anticancer drugs, represent a suitable strategy to enhance their stability and bioavailability and, thus, improve their therapeutic activity. In recent years, the development of hyaluronic acid-based systems for specific drug delivery to cancer cells has represented a pursued therapeutic strategy. This is related to the fact that this natural polysaccharide binds to the CD44 receptor that is overexpressed in most solid cancers, thus allowing its efficient internalization in tumor cells. Moreover, it is characterized by high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Here, we will focus on and critically analyze the results obtained in recent studies regarding the use of hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of bioactive phenolic compounds to cancer cells of different origins, alone or in combination with drugs.

Network pharmacology-based approach uncovers the pharmacodynamic components and mechanism of Fructus Tribuli for improving endothelial dysfunction in hypertension

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fructus Tribuli (FT), a traditional Chinese medicinal herbal, has been used for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases for many years and affects vascular endothelial dysfunction (ED) in patients with hypertension.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to demonstrate the pharmacodynamic basis and mechanisms of FT for the treatment of ED.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to analyze and identify the chemical components of FT. The active components in blood were determined after the oral administration of FT by comparative analysis to blank plasma. Then, based on the active components in vivo, network pharmacology was performed to predict the potential targets of FT in treating ED. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were also performed, and component-target-pathway networks were constructed. Interactions between the major active components and main targets were verified by molecular docking. Moreover, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were divided into the normal, model, valsartan, low-dose FT, medium-dose FT, and high-dose FT experimental groups. In pharmacodynamic verification studies, treatment effects on blood pressure, serum markers (nitric oxide [NO], endothelin-1 [ET-1,], and angiotensin Ⅱ [Ang Ⅱ)]) of ED, and endothelial morphology of the thoracic aorta were evaluated and compared between groups. Finally, the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot of the thoracic aorta of rats in each group to detect the mRNA expression of PI3K, AKT, and eNOS and the protein expression of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, eNOS, and p-eNOS.

RESULTS

A total of 51 chemical components were identified in FT, and 49 active components were identified in rat plasma. Thirteen major active components, 22 main targets, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were screened by network pharmacology. The animal experiment results showed that FT reduced systolic blood pressure and ET-1 and Ang Ⅱ levels and increased NO levels in SHRs to varying degrees. The therapeutic effects were positively correlated with the oral dose of FT. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining confirmed that FT could alleviate the pathological damage of the vascular endothelium. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed that up-regulated expression of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling pathway could improve ED.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the material basis of FT was comprehensively identified, and the protective effect on ED was confirmed. FT had a treatment effect on ED through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathways. It also played a role by up-regulating the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling pathway.

Mechanism of Danggui Sini underlying the treatment of peripheral nerve injury based on network pharmacology and molecular docking: A review

Danggui Sini is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription for treating peripheral nerve injury (PNI). We studied the mechanisms of this decoction through network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking. Using R language and Perl software, the active components and predicted targets of Danggui Sini, as well as the related gene targets of PNI, were mined through TCMSP, GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, and DrugBank. The network diagram of active components and intersection targets was constructed using Cytoscape software and the STRING database. The CytoNCA plug-in was used to screen out the core compounds and key targets. The genes were analyzed for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. AutoDock was used to analyze the molecular docking of key targets and core compounds of diseases. The drug component disease target regulatory network showed that the key components included quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, and licochalcone A, which play key roles in the whole network and may be the primary compounds associated with the action of Danggui Sini against PNI. PPI network topology analysis showed high degree values for RELA, JUN, MAPK1, RB1, and FOS. Enrichment analysis showed that the core targets of Danggui Sini participated in pathways associated with neurogenesis-multiple diseases. Molecular docking showed that the active ingredients in Danggui Sini had a good binding ability with key targets. We conclude that many active components of Danggui Sini play therapeutic roles in PNI treatment by regulating RELA, JUN, MAPK1, RB1, and FOS, and multiple other targets in inflammation, immunity, and lipid metabolism.

Portrayal of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Targets

We are witnessing the globalization of a specific type of arteriosclerosis with rising prevalence, incidence and an overall cardiovascular disease burden. Currently, atherosclerosis increasingly affects the younger generation as compared to previous decades. While early preventive medicine has seen improvements, research advances in laboratory and clinical investigation promise to provide us with novel diagnosis tools. Given the physio-pathological complexity and epigenetic patterns of atherosclerosis and the discovery of new molecules involved, the therapeutic field of atherosclerosis has room for substantial growth. Thus, the scientific community is currently investigating the role of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a crucial component of the innate immune system in different inflammatory disorders. NLRP3 is activated by distinct factors and numerous cellular and molecular events which trigger NLRP3 inflammasome assembly with subsequent cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18 pathways via caspase-1 activation, eliciting endothelial dysfunction, promotion of oxidative stress and the inflammation process of atherosclerosis. In this review, we introduce the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its role in atherosclerosis. We also emphasize its promising therapeutic pharmaceutical potential.

The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Flavonoids are a biodiverse family of dietary compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial cell protective profiles. They have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in biomedicine and have been widely used in traditional complimentary medicine for generations. Such complimentary medical herbal formulations are extremely complex mixtures of many pharmacologically active compounds that provide a therapeutic outcome through a network pharmacological effects of considerable complexity. Methods are emerging to determine the active components used in complimentary medicine and their therapeutic targets and to decipher the complexities of how network pharmacology provides such therapeutic effects. The gut microbiome has important roles to play in the generation of bioactive flavonoid metabolites retaining or exceeding the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the intact flavonoid and, in some cases, new antitumor and antineurodegenerative bioactivities. Certain food items have been identified with high prebiotic profiles suggesting that neutraceutical supplementation may be beneficially employed to preserve a healthy population of bacterial symbiont species and minimize the establishment of harmful pathogenic organisms. Gut health is an important consideration effecting the overall health and wellbeing of linked organ systems. Bioconversion of dietary flavonoid components in the gut generates therapeutic metabolites that can also be transported by the vagus nerve and systemic circulation to brain cell populations to exert a beneficial effect. This is particularly important in a number of neurological disorders (autism, bipolar disorder, AD, PD) characterized by effects on moods, resulting in depression and anxiety, impaired motor function, and long-term cognitive decline. Native flavonoids have many beneficial properties in the alleviation of inflammation in tissues, however, concerns have been raised that therapeutic levels of flavonoids may not be achieved, thus allowing them to display optimal therapeutic effects. Dietary manipulation and vagal stimulation have both yielded beneficial responses in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders, depression, and anxiety, establishing the vagal nerve as a route of communication in the gut-brain axis with established roles in disease intervention. While a number of native flavonoids are beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders and are known to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, microbiome-generated flavonoid metabolites (e.g., protocatechuic acid, urolithins, γ-valerolactones), which retain the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of the native flavonoid in addition to bioactive properties that promote mitochondrial health and cerebrovascular microcapillary function, should also be considered as potential biotherapeutic agents. Studies are warranted to experimentally examine the efficacy of flavonoid metabolites directly, as they emerge as novel therapeutic options.

Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common systemic disease with increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with characteristics of multiple pathways and targets, presents advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

With the modernization of TCM, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of TCM for AS treatment have been gradually revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the existing studies on TCM therapies aimed at regulating AS over the past two decades.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using "atherosclerosis" and "Traditional Chinese medicine" as keywords, all relevant TCM literature published in the last 10 years was collected from electronic databases (such as Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, and Web of Science), books and papers until March 2022, and the critical information was statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

In this review, we highlighted extracts of 8 single herbs, a total of 41 single active ingredients, 20 TCM formulae, and 25 patented drugs, which were described with chemical structure, source, model, efficacy and potential mechanism.

CONCLUSION

We summarized the cytopathological basis for the development of atherosclerosis involving vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, and categorically elaborated the medicinal TCM used for AS, all of which provide the current evidence on the better management of atherosclerosis by TCM.

An application of citric acid as a carrier for solid dispersion to improve the dissolution and uric acid-lowering effect of kaempferol

Kaempferol (KPF) is a flavonoid compound, which has a variety of pharmacological activities, and widely exists in daily diet. However, its application is limited due to poor solubility. Citric acid (CA) is a common food additive with high solubility. In this study, solid dispersion (SD) was prepared with CA as the carrier to improve the solubility of KPF. KPF-CA-SD (weight ratio 1:20) was obtained by ultrasonic for 20 min at 40 °C. The in vitro dissolution of KPF in SD was increased from about 50% to more than 80%. The physicochemical characterizations were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. In hyperuricemia mice, KPF-SD (equivalent to 100 mg/kg KPF) can effectively reduce serum uric acid and exert nephroprotective effects. In conclusion, the preparation of SD with CA might provide a safe and effective selection to facilitate application of KPF in food and medicine.

Activation of Nrf2 signaling: A key molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular diseases by natural products

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of cardiac and vascular disorders including myocardial ischemia, congenital heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Despite considerable progress in prophylaxis and treatment options, CVDs remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and impose an extremely high socioeconomic burden. Oxidative stress (OS) caused by disequilibrium in the generation of reactive oxygen species plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CVDs. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor of endogenous antioxidant defense systems against OS, is considered an ideal therapeutic target for management of CVDs. Increasingly, natural products have emerged as a potential source of Nrf2 activators with cardioprotective properties and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic tool for CVD. Here, we present an updated comprehensive summary of naturally occurring products with cardioprotective properties that exert their effects by suppression of OS through activation of Nrf2 signaling, with the aim of providing useful insights for the development of therapeutic strategies exploiting natural products.

Ginsenoside Rc attenuates myocardial ischaemic injury through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects

CONTEXT

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a famous Asian medicine. Ginsenoside Rc is a component isolated from Panax ginseng.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the effect of ginsenoside Rc on myocardial ischaemic injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male Swiss mice were subcutaneously injected with 50 mg/kg isoproterenol once a day for three days. Ginsenoside Rc (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was intragastrically administered 1 h after isoproterenol injection. The mice in the control group were subcutaneously injected with normal saline and intragastrically given 0.5% CMC-Na. CK-MB and troponin T were assayed. Histopathological examination of myocardium was conducted. The expression of Nrf2, GCLC, GCLM and HO-1 in heart tissues was evaluated by Western blot.

RESULTS

In myocardial ischaemic mice, ginsenoside Rc reduced the levels of CK-MB (197.1 ± 15.7, 189.9 ± 19.0, 184.0 ± 14.4 vs. 221.6 ± 27.9) and troponin T (10.3 ± 1.7, 9.5 ± 1.3, 8.7 ± 1.7 vs. 13.4 ± 2.4). Ginsenoside Rc attenuated the necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration in myocardium. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rc not only decreased the contents of MDA, TNF-α but also increased GSH level in the heart tissues. The expression of Nrf2, GCLC, GCLM and HO-1 was significantly increased in the animals treated with ginsenoside Rc. ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, blocked partially the ginsenoside Rc-mediated cardioprotective effect. Ginsenoside Rc attenuated myocardial ischaemic injury in mice, which may be, in part, through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that ginsenoside Rc might be a novel candidate for treatment of myocardial ischaemia.

Through network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the underlying mechanism of Artemisia annua L. treating in abdominal aortic aneurysm

Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease that causes health problems in humans. However, there are no effective drugs for the treatment of AAA. Artemisia annua L. (A. annua) is a traditional herbal that has been widely used in cardiovascular disease. Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, this study predicted the practical components and potential mechanisms of A. annua inhibiting the occurrence and development of AAA.

Methods: The main active ingredients and targets of A. annua were screened through the TCMSP database; the GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGkb, and TTD databases were used to search for the targeted genes of AAA and map them to the targets of the active ingredients to obtain the active ingredient therapy of A. annua. The targets of AAA were to construct a protein interaction network through the STRING platform. R software was used to carry out the enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG for relevant targets, and Cytoscape was used to construct the active ingredient-target network prediction model of A. annua. Finally, AutoDock Vina was used to verify the results of the active ingredients and critical targets.

Results: The main active ingredients obtained from A. annua for the treatment of AAA include quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and artemetin, as well as 117 effective targets, including RELA, MAPK14, CCND1, MAPK1, AKT1, MYC, MAPK8, TP53, ESR1, FOS, and JUN. The 11 targeted genes might play a key role in disease treatment. Enriched in 2115 GO biological processes, 159 molecular functions, 56 cellular components, and 156 KEGG pathways, inferred that its mechanism of action might be related to PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, fluid shear stress, atherosclerosis, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the top five active components of A. annua had a good affinity for core disease targets and played a central role in treating AAA. The low binding energy molecular docking results provided valuable information for the development of drugs to treat AAA.

Conclusion: Therefore, A. annua may have multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple signaling pathways to play a role in treating AAA. A. annua may have the potential to treat AAA.

Natural products of traditional Chinese medicine treat atherosclerosis by regulating inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a prevalent arteriosclerotic vascular disease that forms a pathological basis for coronary heart disease, stroke, and other diseases. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses occur throughout the development of AS. Treatment for AS over the past few decades has focused on administering high-intensity statins to reduce blood lipid levels, but these inevitably damage liver and kidney function over the long term. Natural medicines are widely used to prevent and treat AS in China because of their wide range of beneficial effects, low toxicity, and minimal side effects. We searched for relevant literature over the past 5 years in databases such as PubMed using the keywords, “atherosclerosis,” “traditional Chinese medicine,” “natural medicines,” “inflammation,” and “oxidative stress.” We found that the PI3K/AKT, TLR4, JAK/STAT, Nrf2, MAPK, and NF-κB are the most relevant inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in AS. This review summarizes studies of the natural alkaloid, flavonoid, polyphenol, saponin, and quinone pathways through which natural medicines used to treat AS. This study aimed to update and summarize progress in understanding how natural medicines treat AS via inflammatory and oxidative stress-related signaling pathways. We also planned to create an information base for the development of novel drugs for future AS treatment.

Nrf2-Mediated Dichotomy in the Vascular System: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Perspective

Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, controls the expression of more than 1000 genes that can be clustered into different categories with distinct functions ranging from redox balance and metabolism to protein quality control in the cell. The biological consequence of Nrf2 activation can be either protective or detrimental in a context-dependent manner. In the cardiovascular system, most studies have focused on the protective properties of Nrf2, mainly as a key transcription factor of antioxidant defense. However, emerging evidence revealed an unexpected role of Nrf2 in mediating cardiovascular maladaptive remodeling and dysfunction in certain disease settings. Herein we review the role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular diseases with a focus on vascular disease. We discuss the negative effect of Nrf2 on the vasculature as well as the potential underlying mechanisms. We also discuss the clinical relevance of targeting Nrf2 pathways for the treatment of cardiovascular and other diseases.

Kaempferol and atherosclerosis: From mechanism to medicine

Natural products possess pleiotropic cardiovascular protective effects owing to their anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-thrombotic properties. Kaempferol, (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), is a kind of naturally occurring flavonoid existing in many common fruits and vegetables (e.g., onions, broccoli, strawberries and grapes) and particularly in traditional Chinese medicine as exemplified by Ginkgo biloba. Epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies have revealed an inverse association between the consumption of kaempferol-containing foods and medicines and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Numerous translational studies in experimental animal models and cultured cells have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities of kaempferol. In this article, we reviewed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective activities of kaempferol and elucidated the potential molecular basis of the therapeutic capacity of kaempferol by focusing on its anti-atherosclerotic effects. Overall, the review presents the health benefits of kaempferol-containing plants and medicines and reflects on the potential of kaempferol as a possible drug candidate to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of most cardiovascular diseases.

Study on the Mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in Treating Dyslipidemia Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective. This study aimed to determine the active ingredients of Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) and the targets for treating dyslipidemia through network pharmacology to facilitate further application of HJJDD in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Methods. Potential drug targets for dyslipidemia were identified with a protein-protein interaction network. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to elucidate the biological function and major pathways involved in the HLJDD-mediated treatment of dyslipidemia. Results. This approach revealed 22 components, 234 targets of HLJDD, and 221 targets of dyslipidemia. There were 14 components and 31 common targets between HLJDD and dyslipidemia treatment. GO enrichment analysis showed that these targets were mainly associated with the response to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, lipid localization and storage, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, and inflammatory response. The results of KEGG analysis indicated that the AGE-RAGE, NF-κB, HIF-1, IL-17, TNF, FoxO, and PPAR signalling pathways were enriched in the antidyslipidemic action of HLJDD. Conclusion. This study expounded the pharmacological actions and molecular mechanisms of HLJDD in treating dyslipidemia from a holistic perspective, which may provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of HLJDD.

Potential active compounds and molecular mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction for atherosclerosis, based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

To explore the potential active compounds and molecular mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The effective components and action targets of XFZYD were screened by using TCMSP database. And then, the action targets of AS were collected by GeneCards database. The intersection targets between the effective components' targets of XFZYD and AS-related action targets were used to construct PPI networks. GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were performed on these intersection targets. Finally, molecular docking software was used to excavate the active compounds of the core targets VEGFA and AKT1. We detected 225 active components of XFZYD, and found that quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, β-sitosterol, isorhamnetin, stigmasterol, baicalein, nobiletin, and β-carotene are the potential active compounds of XFZYD; STAT3, IL6, JUN, VEGFA, MAPK14, and AKT1 are the core target proteins of the active compounds, among which VEGFA and AKT1 are the key target proteins. PPI network results showed that β-carotene, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and naringenin had higher degree values and more corresponding targets than other 5 active compounds and had the stable binding ability to regulatory proteins VEGFA and AKT1. The core components β-carotene, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin exerted their therapeutic effects on AS by acting on the key target proteins VEGFA and AKT1 to regulate fluid shear stress and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway of diabetic complications of AS. The molecular docking results showed that VEGFA and AKT1 had great docking ability with the targeted active compounds, and β-carotene is the best. The active components of XFZYD, including β -carotene, quercetin, kamanol, and luteolin, can act on VEGFA and AKT1. These active ingredients play a role in alleviating and treating AS by regulating fluid shear stress and participating in signaling pathways such AS AGE-RAGE of atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus complicated with AS. β-carotene is a potential inhibitor of VEGFA and AKT1 and treats AS through antioxidant action.

Decoding the Mechanism of Shixiao Powder in Treating Coronary Heart Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Shixiao powder comes from the Formularies of the Bureau of People's Welfare Pharmacies in the Song Dynasty and consists of two herbs, Puhuang (PH) and Wulingzhi (WLZ). PH-WLZ is a commonly used drug pair for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), and its clinical effect is remarkable. However, our understanding of the mechanism of treatment of CHD is still unclear. In this study, the method of network pharmacology was used to explore the mechanism of PH-WLZ in the treatment of CHD. A total of 56 active ingredients were identified from PH-WLZ, of which 93 targets of 41 active ingredients overlapped with those of CHD. By performing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, we obtained the main pathways associated with CHD and those associated with the mechanism of PH-WLZ in the treatment of CHD. By constructing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common targets, 10 hub genes were identified. Based on the number of hub genes contained in the enrichment analysis, we obtained the key pathways of PH-WLZ in the treatment of CHD. The key KEGG pathway in the treatment of CHD by PH-WLZ is mainly enriched in atherosclerosis, inflammation, immunity, oxidative stress, and infection-related pathways. Moreover, the results of molecular docking showed that the active ingredients of PH-WLZ had a good affinity with the hub genes. The results indicate that the mechanism of PH-WLZ in the treatment of CHD may be related to regulation of lipid metabolism, regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, regulation of downstream genes of fluid shear stress, antiaging and oxidative stress, and virus inhibition.

Hyaluronic Acid Modified Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Targeting Delivery of Kaempferol to NSCLC: Preparation, Optimization, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation In Vitro

Lung cancer seriously threatens the health of human beings, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 80%. Nowadays, the potential position of nano-delivery in treating cancer has been the subject of continuous research. The present research aimed to prepare two molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified kaempferol (KA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (HA-KA-NLCs) by the method of melting ultrasonic and electrostatic adsorption, and to assess the antitumor effect of the preparations on A549 cells. The characterization and safety evaluation of the preparations illustrated that they are acceptable for drug delivery for cancer. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that the drug was adequately incorporated in the carrier, and the particle appeared as a sphere. Moreover, HA-KA-NLC showed predominant in vitro antitumor effects, inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion, promoting apoptosis and increasing cellular uptake of A549 cells. Otherwise, the Western blot assay revealed that preparations could activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signaling pathways and modulate the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in A549 cells. Our present findings demonstrated that HA-KA-NLC could be considered as a secure and effective carrier for targeted tumor delivery and may have potential application prospects in future clinic therapy of NSCLC.

The Therapeutic Potential of Kaemferol and Other Naturally Occurring Polyphenols Might Be Modulated by Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway: Current Status and Future Direction

Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid, which has been widely investigated in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic complications, and neurological disorders. Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor involved in mediating carcinogenesis and other ailments, playing an important role in regulating oxidative stress. The activation of Nrf2 results in the expression of proteins and cytoprotective enzymes, which provide cellular protection against reactive oxygen species. Phytochemicals, either alone or in combination, have been used to modulate Nrf2 in cancer and other ailments. Among them, kaempferol has been recently explored for its anti-cancer and other anti-disease therapeutic efficacy, targeting Nrf2 modulation. In combating cancer, diabetic complications, metabolic disorders, and neurological disorders, kaempferol has been shown to regulate Nrf2 and reduce redox homeostasis. In this context, this review article highlights the current status of the therapeutic potential of kaempferol by targeting Nrf2 modulation in cancer, diabetic complications, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, we provide future perspectives on kaempferol targeting Nrf2 modulation as a potential therapeutic approach.

Mechanisms of Oxidized LDL-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Consequences for the Development of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an immuno-metabolic disease involving chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, epigenetics, and metabolic dysfunction. There is compelling evidence suggesting numerous modifications including the change of the size, density, and biochemical properties in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) within the vascular wall. These modifications of LDL, in addition to LDL transcytosis and retention, contribute to the initiation, development and clinical consequences of atherosclerosis. Among different atherogenic modifications of LDL, oxidation represents a primary modification. A series of pathophysiological changes caused by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) enhance the formation of foam cells and atherosclerotic plaques. OxLDL also promotes the development of fatty streaks and atherogenesis through induction of endothelial dysfunction, formation of foam cells, monocyte chemotaxis, proliferation and migration of SMCs, and platelet activation, which culminate in plaque instability and ultimately rupture. This article provides a concise review of the formation of oxLDL, enzymes mediating LDL oxidation, and the receptors and pro-atherogenic signaling pathways of oxLDL in vascular cells. The review also explores how oxLDL functions in different stages of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Future targeted pathways and therapies aiming at reducing LDL oxidation and/or lowering oxLDL levels and oxLDL-mediated pro-inflammatory responses are also discussed.

G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in Rat Uterine Artery Is Increased by Pregnancy and Induces Dilation in a Ca2+ and ERK1/2 Dependent Manner

Increasing levels of estrogens across gestation are partly responsible for the physiological adaptations of the maternal vasculature to pregnancy. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates acute vasorelaxing effects in the uterine vasculature, which may contribute to the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate whether GPER expression and vasorelaxation may occur following pregnancy. Elucidation of the functional signalling involved was also investigated. Radial uterine and third-order mesenteric arteries were isolated from non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant rats (P). GPER mRNA levels were determined and—concentration–response curve to the GPER-specific agonist, G1 (10−10–10−6 M), was assessed in arteries pre-constricted with phenylephrine. In uterine arteries, GPER mRNA expression was significantly increased and vasorelaxation to G1 was significantly enhanced in P compared with NP rats. Meanwhile, in mesenteric arteries, there was a similar order of magnitude in NP and P rats. Inhibition of L-type calcium channels and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 significantly reduced vasorelaxation triggered by G1 in uterine arteries. Increased GPER expression and GPER-mediated vasorelaxation are associated with the advancement of gestation in uterine arteries. The modulation of GPER is exclusive to uterine arteries, thus suggesting a physiological contribution of GPER toward the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy.

A Network Pharmacology Study to Explore the Underlying Mechanism of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease

Safflower has long been used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The goal of this study was to predict the therapeutic effect of safflower against CHD using a network pharmacology and to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Firstly, we obtained relative compounds of safflower based on the TCMSP database. The TCMSP and PubChem databases were used to predict targets of these active compounds. Then, we built CHD-related targets by the DisGeNET database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network graph of overlapping genes was obtained after supplying the common targets of safflower and CHD into the STRING database. The PPI network was then used to determine the top ten most significant hub genes. Furthermore, the DAVID database was utilized for the enrichment analysis on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). To validate these results, a cell model of CHD was established in EAhy926 cells using oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Safflower was determined to have 189 active compounds. The TCMSP and PubChem databases were used to predict 573 targets of these active compounds. The DisGeNET database was used to identify 1576 genes involved in the progression of CHD. The top ten hub genes were ALB, IL6, IL1B, VEGFA, STAT3, MMP9, TLR4, CCL2, CXCL8, and IL10. GO functional enrichment analysis yielded 92 entries for biological process (BP), 47 entries for cellular component (CC), 31 entries for molecular function (MF), and 20 signaling pathways, which were obtained from KEGG pathway enrichment screening. Based on these findings, the FoxO signaling pathway is critical in the treatment of CHD by safflower. The in vitro results showed that safflower had an ameliorating effect on ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. The western blot results showed that safflower decreased Bax expression and acetylation of FoxO1 proteins while increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and SIRT1 proteins. Safflower can be used in multiple pathways during CHD treatment and can exert anti-apoptotic effects by regulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and SIRT1/FoxO1 signaling pathway-related proteins.

Natural Flavonoids Derived From Fruits Are Potential Agents Against Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, as a chronic inflammatory response, is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is induced by endothelial cell dysfunction, migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, accumulation of foam cells and inflammatory response, resulting in plaque accumulation, narrowing and hardening of the artery wall, and ultimately leading to myocardial infarction or sudden death and other serious consequences. Flavonoid is a kind of natural polyphenol compound widely existing in fruits with various structures, mainly including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, and chalcone, etc. Because of its potential health benefits, it is now used in supplements, cosmetics and medicines, and researchers are increasingly paying attention to its role in atherosclerosis. In this paper, we will focus on several important nodes in the development of atherosclerotic disease, including endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, foam cell accumulation and inflammatory response. At the same time, through the classification of flavonoids from fruits, the role and potential mechanism of flavonoids in atherosclerosis were reviewed, providing a certain direction for the development of fruit flavonoids in the treatment of atherosclerosis drugs.

Theaflavin Attenuates TBHP-Induced Endothelial Cells Oxidative Stress by Activating PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 and Accelerates Wound Healing in Rats

The treatment of wounds remains a clinical challenge because of poor angiogenesis under the wound bed, and increasingly, the patients’ need for functional and aesthetically pleasing scars. Previous reports have shown that Theaflavin can induce angiogenesis and terminate the progression of ischemic cardiovascular disease, but limited therapy is available for the management of cutaneous wounds. In this study, our in vitro work discovered that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to Theaflavin can alleviate apoptosis and cell dysfunction induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The cellular activity of HUVECs were assessed by cell tube formation, migration and adhesion. Mechanistically, Theaflavin protected HUVECs from TBHP-stimulated cell apoptosis through the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) axis, so Nrf2 silencing can partly eliminate the cytoprotective effect of Theaflavin treatment. In in vivo experiments, administering Theaflavin orally can enhance vascularization in regenerated tissues and accelerate wound healing. In summary, our data served as a novel evidence for the wound healing treatment with Theaflavin, and certified the potential mechanism of Theaflavin, which can be used as a potential agent for cutaneous wound therapy.

Mechanisms of Kaempferol in the treatment of diabetes: A comprehensive and latest review

Obesity-insulin resistance-β-cells apoptosis" is an important trilogy of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. With the global pandemic of obesity and diabetes, continuous research and development of new drugs focuses on the prevention of the pathological progress of these diseases. According to a recent study, the natural product kaempferol has excellent antidiabetic effects. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarized the frontier studies and pharmacological mechanisms of kaempferol in the treatment of diabetes. The successful research and development of kaempferol may yield a significant leap in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.