1
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Metro D, Corallo F, Cardile D, Gembillo G, Manasseri L, Santoro D, Buda M, Calabrò RS, Bonanno L. What about the Use of Ice Cream as a Supplementary Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease? A Case-Control Study. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:22. [PMID: 38804378 PMCID: PMC11130937 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can extend life expectancy and improve a person's health status. In addition to physical activity and bad habits related to smoking and alcohol, diet is also a determining factor. Following a healthy diet pattern over time and supporting a healthy body weight contributes to reducing the risk of developing more severe complications associated with very common diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans promote the adoption of fat-free or low-fat diets and discourage the consumption of foods with added sugar and solid fats, such as ice creams and other frozen desserts. On the other hand, ice cream, from a nutritional and healthy point of view, can be considered a possible food choice, due to its greater palatability and high nutritional content, but its consumption must be scheduled in a balanced diet. In this retrospective study, 36 patients with chronic renal failure were enrolled. Two different diets were proposed (A and B). In Diet B, lemon sorbet was added twice a week as an alternative food to replace fruit or snacks making the diet more varied and palatable. Nutritional status and biohumoral, immunological, and blood parameters were evaluated after 6 months. A statistical analysis shows a significant inter-group difference in creatinine and azotemia between T0 and T1. Intra-group significant differences were found in lymphocytes (p = 0.005) and azotemia (p < 0.001) in Diet A, and in azotemia (p < 0.001) and transferrin (p < 0.001) in Diet B. The results indicated that ice cream represented a good alternative food in both groups of patients regarding nutritional values and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the treatment with ice cream allowed for better control of azotemia, maintaining stable levels even in patients with advanced CKD. This study concludes that ice cream could exert beneficial effects in addition to CKD patients' dietary regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Metro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesco Corallo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Davide Cardile
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Guido Gembillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Manasseri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department Oncological D.A.I., UOC of General Surgery—Oncology, 98125 Messina, Italy (M.B.)
| | - Martina Buda
- Department Oncological D.A.I., UOC of General Surgery—Oncology, 98125 Messina, Italy (M.B.)
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (L.B.)
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2
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Naccari C, Cicero N, Vadalà R, Bartolomeo G, Palma E. Toxicological analysis of metals content in agro-food wastes as possible supplement in animal feed. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37708330 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2257361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The agro-food surplus is considered the most abundant renewable resource, interesting for the economic and environmental impact, with a possible employment in different productive fields such as supplement in animal feed. For a safe and effective enhancement of agro-food wastes it is needed a toxicological analysis before of their employment, to avoid potential risks to animals, humans and environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the metals content (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Mn, Se, Zn, Co, Ni, V, Sb, Mo, Cr and Pb, Cd, As, Ba), in agro-food wastes through ICP-MS analysis. The results obtained showed the presence of metals analysed with a significant content of essential micro and macro-elements; with regard to toxic metals, only strawberries and fennel samples showed Pb levels above the MRL. These data confirm, from the toxicological point of view, a possible and safe reuse of the most of all agro-food wastes, as raw material at low cost and rich of essential nutrients and particularly as supplement in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Naccari
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and Morphological and Functional Images - Food Chemistry Section, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Science 4 Life S.r.l., Spin-off of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Vadalà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and Morphological and Functional Images - Food Chemistry Section, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and Morphological and Functional Images - Food Chemistry Section, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Science, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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3
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He L, Zhang J, Shen L, Ji X, Li R. Occurrence of pesticide residues in honey from apiaries with incidents of honeybee poisoning in East China and a corresponding risk assessment for honeybees and Chinese consumers. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37326343 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of 80 pesticide residues in 96 honey samples from apiaries with honeybee poisoning incidences by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and subsequently conducted risk assessments of exposure for in-hive honeybees and Chinese consumers. Six pesticides were detected with residue concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 130.9 µg/kg. The mean concentrations of acetamiprid, dinotefuran, hexythiazox, propargite, semiamitraz, and carbendazim in positive samples were 7.9 ± 9.1, 5.9 ± 1.7, 3.0 ± 1.6, 44.2 ± 50.0, 9.0 ± 9.4, and 5.5 ± 4.1 µg/kg, respectively. Carbendazim, semiamitraz, and acetamiprid were the major contaminants in honey, with incidences of 99.0%, 93.8%, and 49.0%, respectively. The cooccurrence of pesticides (≥2 pesticides) was detected in 95.9% of the samples, with up to six residual pesticides found in one sample. The HQ (hazard quotient) values of the six pesticides to in-hive honeybees were from 4.7 × 10-8 to 0.021, less than 1, indicating their acceptable exposure risk to honeybees. In terms of the representative-case and worst-case scenarios, the sum of separate HQs of each pesticide yielding an HI (hazard index) ranged from 0.012 to 0.016 for in-hive worker honeybees and from 0.015 to 0.021 for in-hive larva honeybees, indicating an overall acceptable potential cumulative risk of multiple pesticides to in-hive honeybees. Both the %ARfD (acute reference dose) value (0.0001-0.075) and %ADI (acceptable daily intake) value (0.00002-0.0046) of risky pesticides were much less than 100, revealing acceptable risk exposure to risky pesticides via honey consumption for human health. Thus, our results showed that multipesticide residual honey from apiaries with honeybee poisoning incidents in East China was safe for humans and in-hive honeybees. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This analytical approach will be used in detecting multiple pesticide residues in honey and risk assessment for dietary exposure to pesticide residues. It can support various surveillance programs about honey safety and in-hive honeybee health evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- Animal Experiment Center; The Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Tongxiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing, P. R. China
| | - Leiding Shen
- Agricultural Economic Service Center, Jiaxing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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4
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Yang H, Xia L, Zheng J, Xie Z, Zhou J, Wu Y. Screening and identification of a DNA aptamer to construct the label-free fluorescent aptasensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of clothianidin residue in agricultural products. Talanta 2023; 262:124712. [PMID: 37244242 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clothianidin pesticide not only pollutes the ecological environment, but also poses a potential threat to human health. Thus, it is of great importance to develop efficient and accurate methods to recognize and detect clothianidin residues in agricultural products. Aptamer has the advantages of easy modification, high affinity and good stability, which is particularly suitable as a recognition biomolecule for pesticide detection. However, the aptamer against clothianidin has not been reported. Herein, the aptamer (named CLO-1) had good selectivity and strong affinity (Kd = 40.66 ± 3.47 nM) to clothianidin pesticide, which was screened for the first time by Capture-SELEX strategy. The binding effect of CLO-1 aptamer to clothianidin was further studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and molecular docking technique. Finally, the CLO-1 aptamer was used as the recognition molecule to construct a label-free fluorescent aptasensor using GeneGreen dye as sensing signal for the highly sensitive detection of clothianidin pesticide. The constructed fluorescent aptasensor had the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 5.527 μg L-1 for clothianidin, and displayed good selectivity against other competitive pesticides. The aptasensor was applied to detect the clothianidin spiked in tomatoes, pears and cabbages, and the recovery rate was good in the range of 81.99%-106.64%. This study provides a good application prospect for the recognition and detection of clothianidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lian Xia
- Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhengmin Xie
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuangen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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5
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Monitoring Moroccan Honeys: Physicochemical Properties and Contamination Pattern. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050969. [PMID: 36900486 PMCID: PMC10000722 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical traits and an array of organic and inorganic contaminants were monitored in monofloral honeys (i.e., jujube [Ziziphus lotus], sweet orange [Citrus sinensis], PGI Euphorbia [Euphorbia resinifera] and Globularia alyphum) from the Moroccan Béni Mellal-Khénifra region (i.e., Khénifra, Beni Méllal, Azlal and Fquih Ben Salah provinces). Moroccan honeys were in line with the physicochemical standards set by the European Union. However, a critical contamination pattern has been outlined. In fact, jujube, sweet orange, and PGI Euphorbia honeys contained pesticides, such as acephate, dimethoate, diazinon, alachlor, carbofuran and fenthion sulfoxide, higher than the relative EU Maximum Residue Levels. The banned 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118) and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180) were detected in all samples and quantified in jujube, sweet orange and PGI Euphorbia honeys; while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as chrysene and fluorene, stood out for their higher contents in jujube and sweet orange honeys. Considering plasticizers, all honeys showed an excessive amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), when (improperly) considering the relative EU Specific Migration Limit. Furthermore, sweet orange, PGI Euphorbia and G. alypum honeys were characterized by Pb exceeding the EU Maximum Level. Overall, data from this study may encourage Moroccan governmental bodies to strengthen their monitoring activity in beekeeping and to find suitable solutions for implementing more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Han M, Wang Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang M, Luo B, Wang H, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Neonicotinoids residues in the honey circulating in Chinese market and health risk on honey bees and human. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120146. [PMID: 36096262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China is the largest beekeeping and honey consumption country globally. Neonicotinoids in honey can pose adverse effects on honey bees and human, but data on neonicotinoids residues in honey and its health risk remain limited in China. A total of 94 honey samples were selected from Chinese market based on production region and sale volume in 2020. Eight neonicotinoids and four metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Health risk of neonicotinoids in honey on honey bees and human was assessed by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). Neonicotinoids and their metabolites were overall detected in 97.9% of honey samples. Acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid were top three dominant neonicotinoids in honey with the detection frequencies of 92.6%, 90.4%, and 73.4%, respectively. For honey bees, 78.7% of honey samples had a HI larger than one based on the safety threshold value of sublethal effects. Top three neonicotinoids with the highest percent proportion of HQ larger than one for honey bees were acetamiprid (43.6%), imidacloprid (31.9%), and thiamethoxam (24.5%) and their maximum HQs were 420, 210, and 41, respectively. Based on oral median lethal doses for honey bees, both HQ and HI were lower than one in all honey samples. For human, both HQ and HI were lower than one based on acceptable daily intakes in all honey samples. Neonicotinoids concentrations and detection frequencies in honey samples and its health risk varied with production region, commercial value of nectariferous plants, number of nectariferous plants, and sale price. The results suggested extensive residues of neonicotinoids in honey in Chinese market with a variation by the characteristics of honey. The residues were likely to affect the health of honey bees, but showed no detectable effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Han
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Huang
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province, 325400, China
| | - Baozhang Luo
- Department of Food Safety, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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Vella A, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Galluzzo F, Randisi B, Giangrosso G, Macaluso A, Gennaro S, Ciaccio G, Cicero N, Ferrantelli V. High hydroxycinnamic acids contents in fennel honey produced in Southern Italy. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4104-4109. [PMID: 32019359 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1723090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 122 honey samples (Apis mellifera ssp. Ligustica) collected from Southern Italy were examined for floral identification by melissopalynological examination and for polyphenols detection by an LC-ESI-OrbitrapTM -MS/MS method. The melissopalynological examination confirmed all the samples examined as fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) unifloral variety. The analytical method carried out for polyphenols detection showed satisfactory linearity and recovery values, achieved during the validation of the method. Very high amounts of flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid), were found in all the samples examined. Among the hydroxycinnamic acids group, caffeic acid showed the highest mean contents (865.90 ± 67.07 µg/kg). The results of this work confirmed the high presence of phenolic acids with strong free radical-scavenging activity in fennel products such as honey, suggesting their use to reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Randisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Ciaccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento SASTAS, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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8
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Buszewski B, Bukowska M, Ligor M, Staneczko-Baranowska I. A holistic study of neonicotinoids neuroactive insecticides-properties, applications, occurrence, and analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34723-34740. [PMID: 31520389 PMCID: PMC6900273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Among pesticides and foliar sprays involved in the treatment of seed, soil, and grass, also to crops, an important group is neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid pesticides present similar properties with nicotine, but the mentioned compounds are less harmful for humans. Nevertheless, neonicotinoids are poisonous to insects and some invertebrates, which can act against insects' central nervous system, leading to their death. Moreover, neonicotinoids can affect the reproduction, foraging, and flying ability of honeybee and other insects including pollinators. In the present study, some neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam together with their toxic effects, have been presented. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies these neonicotinoids as II and III class toxicity agents. Due to accumulation of these pesticides into the pollen of treated plants, especially due to their toxic effects against pollinators, the consequences of the occurrence of these insecticides have been discussed. Analytical aspects and methods involved in the isolation and determination of this class of pesticides have been presented in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Bukowska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ligor
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Irena Staneczko-Baranowska
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 7 M. Strzody Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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9
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Lo Dico GM, Ulrici A, Pulvirenti A, Cammilleri G, Macaluso A, Vella A, Giaccone V, Lo Cascio G, Graci S, Scuto M, Trovato Salinaro A, Calabrese V, Lo Dico R, Ferrantelli V. Multivariate statistical analysis of the polyphenols content for the discrimination of honey produced in Sicily (Southern Italy). J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Salvo A, La Torre GL, Rotondo A, Mangano V, Gervasi T, Gervasi C, Vadalà R, Bartolomeo G, Iaria C, Lanteri G, Capparucci F, Dugo G. Accumulation of PCBs, PAHs, plasticizers and inorganic elements in Hexanchus griseus from the strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean sea). Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:172-176. [PMID: 31014105 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1601197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the inorganic elements and the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulated in liver of a sexually mature Hexanchus griseus living in the Mediterranean Sea. The casual finding of a specimen in the Strait of Messina (April 2018) allowed us to carefully analyse its liver which can be considered a very important biological indicator. The determination of inorganic elements was carried out by ICP-MS technique. Quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and poly-chloro-biphenyl compounds (PCB), distinguished in dioxine-like (DL) and not-dioxine-like (NDL) derivates, has been carried out by HRGC/MS and HRGC-MS/MS respectively. Worrying levels of PCB-DL (TEQ = Σ(PCB-DL)*TEF = 5.96 ng g-1), PCB-NDL (Σ(PCB-NDL) = 1390.4 ng g-1) together with the presence of pesticides and plasticizers were found in the shark liver oil. The levels of heavy metals were below the legal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salvo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy.,Science4Life, Spin Off Company, University of Messina, V.le Leonardo Sciascia Coop Fede Pal. B, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Giovanna Loredana La Torre
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Archimede Rotondo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Valentina Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Claudio Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Rossella Vadalà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Stagno d'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le Stagno d'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina (Italy), V.le Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy.,Science4Life, Spin Off Company, University of Messina, V.le Leonardo Sciascia Coop Fede Pal. B, Messina, 98168, Italy
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11
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Potortì AG, Tropea A, Lo Turco V, Pellizzeri V, Belfita A, Dugo G, Di Bella G. Mycotoxins in spices and culinary herbs from Italy and Tunisia. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:167-171. [PMID: 30957566 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1598995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spices and aromatic herbs can be contaminated with mycotoxins, since of their preharvest, postharvest, and storage conditions. In this study, 112 samples of different spices and aromatic herbs were evaluated for their mycotoxins content by HPLC-MS/MS in order to highlight their possible risk linked with human use. The results showed that mycotoxins were occasionally detected only in samples of coriander, laurel, mint, rosemary, and verbena. In both geographical origins a different contamination was detected. Among the investigated mycotoxins, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T2 and HT2 were detected, whereas none of the samples contained AFB1 and FB1. The co-occurrence of two toxins were observed for some samples of rosemary and verbena. This study indicates that it is essential minimize the toxins in agriculture, industry, and food-product manufacturing for the consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Tropea
- Ufficio di Trasferimento Tecnologico, Unità Speciale Ricerca Scientifica ed Internazionalizzazione, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Asma Belfita
- APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Monastir, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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12
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Lo Turco V, Potortì AG, Ben Mansour H, Dugo G, Di Bella G. Plasticizers and BPA in spices and aromatic herbs of Mediterranean areas. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:87-92. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1591403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lo Turco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental –APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali of the University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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13
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Aghraz A, Albergamo A, Benameur Q, Salvo A, Larhsini M, Markouk M, Gervasi T, Cicero N. Polyphenols contents, heavy metals analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Cladanthus arabicus and Bubonium imbricatum of Moroccan Origin. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:63-70. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1573424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Aghraz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Ressources (URAC35 Association Unit), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Ambrogina Albergamo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Qada Benameur
- Nursing Department Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d’El-Harrach, Laboratoire de Recherche «Santé et Production Animale», Algiers, Algeria
| | - Andrea Salvo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mustapha Larhsini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Ressources (URAC35 Association Unit), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Markouk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Ressources (URAC35 Association Unit), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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von Eyken A, Furlong D, Arooni S, Butterworth F, Roy JF, Zweigenbaum J, Bayen S. Direct injection high performance liquid chromatography coupled to data independent acquisition mass spectrometry for the screening of antibiotics in honey. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:679-691. [PMID: 31324284 PMCID: PMC9307035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted analysis of veterinary drug residues in honey traditionally involves a series of extraction and purification steps prior to quantification with high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution or tandem mass spectrometry. These steps, designed to separate the target analytes from interferences, are generally time-consuming and costly. In addition, traditional cleanup steps are likely to eliminate other compounds whose analysis could prove decisive in current or future assessment of the honey sample. Alternatively, direct injection without complex sample preparation steps has been introduced for the fast analysis of trace compounds in environmental and food matrices. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid method for the targeted analysis of 7 key veterinary drug residues in honey based on direct injection high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight, while simultaneously recording data-independent MS/MS (e.g. All Ions MS/MS data) for future re-examination of the data for other purposes. The new method allowed for the detection of the target residues at levels approximately 20-100 times lower than current regulatory limits, for a total analysis time of about 45 min. The recoveries (103-119%), the linearity (R ≥ 0.996) and the repeatability (RSD ≤ 7%) were satisfactory. The method was then applied to 35 honey samples from the Canadian market. Residues of tylosin A, tylosin B, sulfamethazine and sulfadimethoxine were detected in 6, 9, 6 and 23% of the samples respectively, at levels below the regulatory limits in Canada. The possibility of adding a hydrolysis step to study sulfonamides in honey was tested, which provided good results for this family of compounds but lead to degradation of some of the other analytes. Finally, the non-targeted identification of several compounds was demonstrated as a proof of concept of future re-examination of All Ions MS/MS data. This paper illustrates the capacity of this novel method to combine targeted and non-targeted screening of chemical residues in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie von Eyken
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Daniel Furlong
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Samareh Arooni
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Fred Butterworth
- Calgary Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada.
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15
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Calvaruso E, Cammilleri G, Pulvirenti A, Lo Dico GM, Lo Cascio G, Giaccone V, Vitale Badaco V, Ciprì V, Alessandra MM, Vella A, Macaluso A, Di Bella C, Ferrantelli V. Residues of 165 pesticides in citrus fruits using LC-MS/MS: a study of the pesticides distribution from the peel to the pulp. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:34-38. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1561682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enza Calvaruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Lo Cascio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Giaccone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Ciprì
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Di Bella G, Mottese AF, Potortì AG, Fede MR, Sabatino G, Cicero N, Beltifa A, Dugo G, Lo Turco V. Organic pollution in PGI and non-PGI lemons and related soils from Italy and Turkey. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3089-3094. [PMID: 30470139 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1519818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work 67 organic contaminants in Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and non-PGI Interdonato Lemon pulps, peels, leave and related soils were evaluated by GC/MS-MS. It is possible to highlight that in Italian pulps and peels the residues were under LODs (0.10-10.30 ng·g-1), whereas the leaves showed piperonyl butoxide in 33% of samples (11.76 ± 1.24 ng·g-1) and cypermethrins in 33% of samples (Cypermethrin I, 6.12 ± 0.35 ng·g-1; Cypermethrin II, 8.67 ± 0.48 ng·g-1; Cypermethrin III, 8.90 ± 1.52 ng·g-1; Cypermethrin IV, 12.25 ± 2.46 ng·g-1). Turkish samples were mainly contaminated by piperonyl butoxide: it was revealed in the 33% of pulps (3.35 ± 1.03 ng·g-1), in 100% of peels (23.46 ± 17.69 ng·g-1) and in 100% of leaves (1302.44 ± 527.40 ng·g-1). In both soils a different contamination was detected. This study confirms that the European brand (PGI) of Interdonato Lemon Messina is a valuable instrument for the consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Cicero
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Asma Beltifa
- APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Monastir , Mahdia , Tunisia
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- BioMorf Department, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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17
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Gómez-Ramos MDM, Gómez Ramos MJ, Martínez Galera M, Gil García MD, Fernández-Alba AR. Analysis and evaluation of (neuro)peptides in honey bees exposed to pesticides in field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:750-760. [PMID: 29339344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, declines in honey bee colonies are being registered worldwide. Cholinergic pesticides and their extensive use have been correlated to the decline of pollinators and there is evidence that pesticides act as neuroendocrine disruptors affecting the metabolism of neuropeptides. However, there is a big absence of studies with quantitative results correlating the effect of pesticide exposure with changes on neuropeptides insects, and most of them are conducted under laboratory conditions, typically with individual active ingredients. In this study, we present an analytical workflow to evaluate pesticide effects on honey bees through the analysis of (neuro)peptides. The workflow consists of a rapid extraction method and liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole for preselected neuropeptides. For non-target analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis and automatic identification of discriminated peptides using a specific software and protein sequence databases. The analytical method was applied to the analysis of target and non-target (neuro)peptides in honey bees with low and high content of a wide range of pesticides to which have been exposed in field conditions. Our findings show that the identification frequency of target neuropeptides decreases significantly in honey bees with high concentration of pesticides (pesticide concentrations ≥ 500 μg kg-1) in comparison with the honey bees with low content of pesticides (pesticide concentrations ≤ 20 μg kg-1). Moreover, the principal component analysis in non-target search shows a clear distinction between peptide concentration in honey bees with high level of pesticides and honey bees with low level. The use of high resolution mass spectrometry has allowed the identification of 25 non-redundant peptides responsible for discrimination between the two groups, derived from 18 precursor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Gómez-Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Gómez Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - María Martínez Galera
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gil García
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
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18
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Metro D, Papa M, Manasseri L, Gervasi T, Campone L, Pellizzeri V, Tardugno R, Dugo G. Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian student population. Second part: breakfast and its nutritional profile. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:2255-2261. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1452016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Metro
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Mattia Papa
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Manasseri
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Campone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno , Italy
| | - Vito Pellizzeri
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Tardugno
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- SASTAS section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
- Science4Life s.r.l., A Spin-off of the University of Messina , Messina, Italy
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19
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Campone L, Piccinelli AL, Celano R, Pagano I, Di Sanzo R, Carabetta S, Russo M, Rastrelli L. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples from Italy analysed by online-SPE UHPLC-MS/MS. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1803-1808. [PMID: 29149806 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1402327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in 69 milk samples collected in a south region of Italy in 2016 was evaluated. The samples were analysed using an automated method based on online SPE coupled with UHPLC tandem mass spectrometry. After a salt induced liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile to remove protein from milk, the extract was diluted with water and analysed using an automated online SPE MS/MS method. Among the analysed samples no one had AFM1 higher than the legally allowable limits whereas 71.4% of the other analysed samples were above the LOD of the method. The highest contamination level of AFM1 was found in pasteurised milk (44.39 ng kg-1). The results show the worrying and widespread of AFM1 contamination, highlighting the necessity of monitoring studies in order to evaluate the reduction of the maximum legal limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Campone
- a Department of Agricolture , Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria , Italy.,b Department of Pharmacy , Università degli studi di Salerno , Fisciano , Italy
| | | | - Rita Celano
- b Department of Pharmacy , Università degli studi di Salerno , Fisciano , Italy
| | - Imma Pagano
- b Department of Pharmacy , Università degli studi di Salerno , Fisciano , Italy
| | - Rosa Di Sanzo
- a Department of Agricolture , Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria , Italy
| | - Sonia Carabetta
- a Department of Agricolture , Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria , Italy
| | - Mariateresa Russo
- a Department of Agricolture , Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria , Italy
| | - Luca Rastrelli
- b Department of Pharmacy , Università degli studi di Salerno , Fisciano , Italy
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20
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Hakme E, Lozano A, Gómez-Ramos MM, Hernando MD, Fernández-Alba AR. Non-target evaluation of contaminants in honey bees and pollen samples by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1310-1319. [PMID: 28679151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a non-targeted screening approach for the detection and quantitation of contaminants in bees and pollen, collected from the same hive, by GC-EI-ToF-MS. It consists of a spectral library datasets search using a compound database followed by a manual investigation and analytical standard confirmation together with semi-quantitation purposes. Over 20% of the compounds found automatically by the library search could not be confirmed manually. This number of false positive detections was mainly a consequence of an inadequate ion ratio criterion (±30%), not considered in the automatic searching procedure. Eight compounds were detected in bees and pollen. They include insecticides/acaricides (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, fluvalinate-tau, chlorfenvinphos, pyridaben, and propyl cresol) at a concentration range of 1-1207 μg kg-1, herbicides (oxyfluorfen) at a concentration range of 212-1773 μg kg-1 and a growth regulator hormone (methoprene). Some compounds were detected only in pollen; such as herbicides (clomazone), insecticides/acaricides and fungicides used to control Varroa mites as benzylbenzoate, bufencarb, allethrin, permethrin, eugenol and cyprodinil. Additional compounds were detected only in bees: flamprop-methyl, 2-methylphenol (2-49 μg kg-1) and naphthalene (1-23 μg kg-1). The proposed method presents important advantages as it can avoid the use of an unachievable number of analytical standards considered target compounds "a priori" but not present in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hakme
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A Lozano
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M M Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M D Hernando
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain.
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