1
|
Pandey JP, Baglio F, Mancuso R, Guerini FR, Cabinio M, Isernia S, Clerici M, Agostini S. Biomarkers of neural integrity and immunoglobulin genes influence neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2024; 464:123167. [PMID: 39142084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has been presented in favor of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) being one of the causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The success of HSV1 as a pathogen relates to its sophisticated strategies to evade host immunosurveillance. One strategy involves encoding a decoy Fcγ receptor (FcγR) that thwarts the Fcγ-mediated effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a potent host immunosurveillance mechanism against virally infected cells. The decoy FcγR binds to antibodies of all IgG subclasses, except IgG3; therefore, IgG3 would be expected to play an important role in viral clearance by neutralization and ADCC, and thus contribute to protection from HSV1-spurred diseases. Previous studies have shown significant association between anti-HSV1 IgG3 antibodies and cortical thinning of the areas of the brain typically altered in AD and also targeted by HSV1. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether GM (γ marker) 5 and GM 21 allotypes, hereditary allelic determinants expressed on IgG3, together with brain biomarkers of neural integrity, contributed to neurodegeneration-as measured by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score-in patients with AD. Multiple regression analyses showed that the homozygous GM 5/5 genotype, preserved right hippocampus, and right insula thickness were associated with higher MMSE scores (p < 0.001), whereas the opposite pattern and GM 5/21 genotype were associated with worse clinical profiles. Influence of GM 5/21-expressing IgG3 antibodies on the ADCC of HSV1-infected neurons could, at least partially, explain these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Monia Cabinio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Isernia
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teng S, Han C, Zhou J, He Z, Qian W. m 5C RNA methylation: a potential mechanism for infectious Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1440143. [PMID: 39175875 PMCID: PMC11338875 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1440143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetic susceptibility, cardiovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of AD is largely associated with the overproduction and accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the brain. Recent studies have identified the presence of diverse pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, in the tissues of AD patients, underscoring the critical role of central nervous system infections in inducing pathological changes associated with AD. Nevertheless, it remains unestablished about the specific mechanism by which infections lead to the occurrence of AD. As an important post-transcriptional RNA modification, RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) methylation regulates a wide range of biological processes, including RNA splicing, nuclear export, stability, and translation, therefore affecting cellular function. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that multiple pathogenic microbial infections are associated with the m5C methylation of the host. However, the role of m5C methylation in infectious AD is still uncertain. Therefore, this review discusses the mechanisms of pathogen-induced AD and summarizes research on the molecular mechanisms of m5C methylation in infectious AD, thereby providing new insight into exploring the mechanism underlying infectious AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shangjinnanfu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cunqiao Han
- Department of Emergency, Shangjinnanfu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Qian
- Department of Emergency, Shangjinnanfu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, and Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song X, Wang Y, Zou W, Wang Z, Cao W, Liang M, Li F, Zeng Q, Ren Z, Wang Y, Zheng K. Inhibition of mitophagy via the EIF2S1-ATF4-PRKN pathway contributes to viral encephalitis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00326-6. [PMID: 39103048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy responsible for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, regulates the antiviral immune response and acts as viral replication platforms to facilitate infection with various viruses. However, its precise role in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the regulation of mitophagy by HSV-1 neurotropic infection and its role in viral encephalitis, and to identify small compounds that regulate mitophagy to affect HSV-1 infection. METHODS The antiviral effects of compounds were investigated by Western blot, RT-PCR and plaque assay. The changes of Parkin (PRKN)-mediated mitophagy and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFKB)-mediated neuroinflammation were examined by TEM, RT-qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. The therapeutic effect of taurine or PRKN-overexpression was confirmed in the HSE mouse model by evaluating survival rate, eye damage, neurodegenerative symptoms, immunohistochemistry analysis and histopathology. RESULTS HSV-1 infection caused the accumulation of damaged mitochondria in neuronal cells and in the brain tissue of HSE mice. Early HSV-1 infection led to mitophagy activation, followed by inhibition in the later viral infection. The HSV-1 proteins ICP34.5 or US11 deregulated the EIF2S1-ATF4 axis to suppress PRKN/Parkin mRNA expression, thereby impeding PRKN-dependent mitophagy. Consequently, inhibition of mitophagy by specific inhibitor midiv-1 promoted HSV-1 infection, whereas mitophagy activation by PRKN overexpression or agonists (CCCP and rotenone) attenuated HSV-1 infection and reduced the NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation. Moreover, PRKN-overexpressing mice showed enhanced resistance to HSV-1 infection and ameliorated HSE pathogenesis. Furthermore, taurine, a differentially regulated gut microbial metabolite upon HSV-1 infection, acted as a mitophagy activator that transcriptionally promotes PRKN expression to stimulate mitophagy and to limit HSV-1 infection both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These results reveal the protective function of mitophagy in HSE pathogenesis and highlight mitophagy activation as a potential antiviral therapeutic strategy for HSV-1-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Center for Mitochondrial Genetics and Health, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Weixiangmin Zou
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zexu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minting Liang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Li
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Qiongzhen Zeng
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Raw Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ripa I, Andreu S, Josa-Prado F, Fernández Gómez B, de Castro F, Arribas M, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 inhibits autophagy in glial cells but requires ATG5 for the success of viral replication. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1411655. [PMID: 38915300 PMCID: PMC11194409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1411655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) 1 is a neurotropic virus that has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. The dysregulation of autophagy by HSV-1 has been proposed as a potential cause of neurodegeneration. While studies have extensively tackled the interaction between autophagy and HSV-1 in neurons, research in glial cells is currently limited. Our studies demonstrate that HSV-1 inhibits, but not completely blocks, the formation of autophagosomes in human oligodendroglioma- and astrocytoma- derived cell lines. These findings have been confirmed in murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Finally, this study investigates the impact of autophagy on HSV-1 infection in glial cells. While the lack of basal autophagy in LC3B knockout glial cells does not have a significant effect on viral infection, cells without the autophagy-related protein ATG5 exhibit reduced viral production. The absence of ATG5 leads to a decrease in the transcription and replication of viral genes, as well as a delay in the initial stages of the formation of HSV-1 replication compartments. These findings indicate that while autophagy may not play a significant role in antiviral defense in glial cells, HSV-1 may be inhibiting autophagy to exploit non-canonical functions of certain components of the autophagic machinery, such as ATG5, to benefit its lifecycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Josa-Prado
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arribas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abu-Elfotuh K, Hamdan AME, Mohamed SA, Bakr RO, Ahmed AH, Atwa AM, Hamdan AM, Alanzai AG, Alnahhas RK, Gowifel AMH, Salem MA. The potential anti-Alzheimer's activity of Oxalis corniculata Linn. Methanolic extract in experimental rats: Role of APOE4/LRP1, TLR4/NF-κβ/NLRP3, Wnt 3/β-catenin/GSK-3β, autophagy and apoptotic cues. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117731. [PMID: 38218505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oxalis corniculata (O. corniculata) is a member of Oxalidaceae family, widely distributed in Asia, Europe, America, and Africa, used extensively as food and its traditional folkloric uses include management of epilepsy, gastric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, together with its use in enhancing health. Numerous pharmacological benefits of O. corniculata are linked to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. One of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders is Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are its main pathogenic processes. AIM OF THE STUDY Our research aimed to study the neuroprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata Linn. (O. corniculata ME), compared to selenium (Se) against AlCl3-induced AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male albino rats were allocated into four groups (Gps). Gp I a control group, the rest of the animals received AlCl3 (Gp II-Gp IV). Rats in Gp III and IV were treated with Se and O. corniculata ME, respectively. RESULTS The chemical profile of O. corniculata ME was studied using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, allowing the tentative identification of sixty-six compounds, including organic acids, phenolics and others, cinnamic acid and its derivatives, fatty acids, and flavonoids. AlCl3 showed deterioration in short-term memory and brain histological pictures. Our findings showed that O. corniculata ME and selenium helped to combat oxidative stress produced by accumulation of AlCl3 in the brain and in prophylaxis against AD. Thus, Selenium (Se) and O. corniculata ME restored antioxidant defense, via enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 hub, hampered neuroinflammation, via TLR4/NF-κβ/NLRP3, along with dampening apoptosis, Aβ generation, tau hyperphosphorylation, BACE1, ApoE4 and LRP1 levels. Treatments also promoted autophagy and modulated Wnt 3/β-catenin/GSK3β cue. CONCLUSIONS It was noted that O. corniculata ME showed a notable ameliorative effect compared to Se on Nrf2/HO-1, TLR4/NF-κβ/NLRP3, APOE4/LRP1, Wnt 3/β-catenin/GSK-3β and PERK axes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed M E Hamdan
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 74191, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaza A Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
| | - Riham O Bakr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) University, Giza 11787, Egypt.
| | - Amal H Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo-Suez Road, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Amira M Hamdan
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Ayah M H Gowifel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo 11571, Egypt.
| | - Maha A Salem
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo 11571, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu S, Wang S, Lin X, Yang S, Ba X, Xiong D, Xiao L, Li R. Lanatoside C inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 replication by regulating NRF2 distribution within cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155308. [PMID: 38185069 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify new drug targets for the treatment of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. However, the emergence of drug-resistant HSV-1 strains remains a major challenge. This necessitates the identification of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Lanatoside C (LanC), a cardiac glycoside (CG) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has demonstrated anticancer and antiviral properties. Nevertheless, its potential as an agent against HSV-1 infections and the underlying mechanism of action are currently unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of LanC against HSV-1 and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. METHODS The in vitro antiviral activity of LanC was assessed by examining the levels of viral genes, proteins, and virus titers in HSV-1-infected ARPE-19 and Vero cells. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was performed to determine the intracellular distribution of NRF2. Additionally, an in vivo mouse model of HSV-1 infection was developed to evaluate the antiviral activity of LanC, using indicators such as intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) loss and viral gene inhibition. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that LanC significantly inhibits HSV-1 replication both in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral effect of LanC is mediated by the perinuclear translocation of NRF2. CONCLUSIONS LanC exhibits anti-HSV-1 effects in viral infections, which are associated with the intracellular translocation of NRF2. These findings suggest that LanC has the potential to serve as a novel NRF2 modulator in the treatment of viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sashuang Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaomian Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiyuan Ba
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Rongzhen Li
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, National Key Clinic of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 PMCID: PMC11071949 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diana L, Regazzoni R, Sozzi M, Piconi S, Borghesi L, Lazzaroni E, Basilico P, Aliprandi A, Bolognini N, Bonardi DR, Colombo D, Salmaggi A. Monitoring cognitive and psychological alterations in COVID-19 patients: A longitudinal neuropsychological study. J Neurol Sci 2023; 444:120511. [PMID: 36473347 PMCID: PMC9707027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-COV-2 infection has been associated to long-lasting neuropsychiatric sequelae, including cognitive deficits, that persist after one year. However, longitudinal monitoring has been scarcely performed. Here, in a sample of COVID-19 patients, we monitor cognitive, psychological and quality of life-related profiles up to 22 months from resolution of respiratory disease. METHODS Out of 657 COVID-19 patients screened at Manzoni Hospital (Lecco, Italy), 22 underwent neuropsychological testing because of subjective cognitive disturbances at 6 months, 16 months, and 22 months. Tests of memory, attention, and executive functions were administered, along with questionnaires for depressive and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, psychological well-being and quality of life. Cross-sectional descriptives, correlational, as well as longitudinal analyses considering COVID19-severity were carried out. A preliminary comparison with a sample of obstructive sleep apneas patients was also performed. RESULTS Around 50% of COVID-19 patients presented with cognitive deficits at t0. The most affected domain was verbal memory. Pathological scores diminished over time, but a high rate of borderline scores was still observable. Longitudinal analyses highlighted improvements in verbal and non-verbal long term memory, as well as attention, and executive functioning. Depression and PTSD-related symptoms were present in 30% of patients. The latter decreased over time and were associated to attentional-executive performance. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients may extend over 1 year, yet showing a significant recovery in several cases. Cognitive alterations are accompanied by a significant psychological distress. Many patients displaying borderline scores, especially those at higher risk of dementia, deserve clinical monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Diana
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale "A. Manzoni", Lecco, Italy; Neuropsychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Sozzi
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale "A. Manzoni", Lecco, Italy
| | - Stefania Piconi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale "A. Manzoni", Lecco, Italy
| | - Luca Borghesi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale "A. Manzoni", Lecco, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzaroni
- Department of Mental Health, Ospedale "A. Manzoni", Lecco, Italy
| | | | | | - Nadia Bolognini
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology and NeuroMI, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela R Bonardi
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS INRCA (Italian National Research Centre On Aging), Casatenovo, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Respiratory Unit, IRCCS INRCA (Italian National Research Centre On Aging), Casatenovo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou S, Zhu G, Xu Y, Gao R, Zhang M, Zeng Q, Su W, Wang R. Mendelian randomization study on the causal effect of chickenpox on dementia. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28420. [PMID: 36546403 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some viruses, such as varicella zoster virus, are associated with severe dementia. The present study aims to identify the causal link between chickenpox and dementia. To date, the largest publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) for chickenpox (710 cases and 211 856 controls from European individuals) and for dementia (5933 cases and 212 859 controls from European individuals) were used to performed this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. We found no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity in all seven selected chickenpox genetic instrumental variants in dementia GWAS. Of seven chickenpox genetic variants, two are located in the intergenic region and five are located in intron. We found that as chickenpox genetically increased, dementia risk increased based on an inverse-variance weighted analysis (β = 0.070, 95% confidence interval [CI] for β: 0.014-0.126; odds ratio [OR] = 1.073, 95% CI for OR: 1.015-1.134; p = 0.014) and weighted median (β = 0.071, 95% CI for β: 0.002-0.141; OR = 1.074, 95% CI for OR: 1.002-1.152; p = 0.045). Reverse MR analysis showed no causal effect of dementia on chickenpox. Our analysis suggests a causal effect of genetically increased chickenpox on dementia risk. Thus, chickenpox may be a potential risk factor for dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gaizhi Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Su
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koberskaya NN, Roshchin FA. Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-89-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Koberskaya
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - F. A. Roshchin
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Interplay between Autophagy and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1: ICP34.5, One of the Main Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113643. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally may spread to the central nervous system (CNS), being the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. One of the main neurovirulence factors of HSV-1 is the protein ICP34.5, which although it initially seems to be relevant only in neuronal infections, it can also promote viral replication in non-neuronal cells. New ICP34.5 functions have been discovered during recent years, and some of them have been questioned. This review describes the mechanisms of ICP34.5 to control cellular antiviral responses and debates its most controversial functions. One of the most discussed roles of ICP34.5 is autophagy inhibition. Although autophagy is considered a defense mechanism against viral infections, current evidence suggests that this antiviral function is only one side of the coin. Different types of autophagic pathways interact with HSV-1 impairing or enhancing the infection, and both the virus and the host cell modulate these pathways to tip the scales in its favor. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the interplay between autophagy and HSV-1, focusing on the intricate role of ICP34.5 in the modulation of this pathway to fight the battle against cellular defenses.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mancuso R, Agostini S, Appelt DM, Balin BJ. Editorial: Infection, inflammation, and neurodegeneration: A critical path to Alzheimer's disease, Volume II. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1044047. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1044047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
de Erausquin GA, Snyder H, Brugha TS, Seshadri S, Carrillo M, Sagar R, Huang Y, Newton C, Tartaglia C, Teunissen C, Håkanson K, Akinyemi R, Prasad K, D'Avossa G, Gonzalez‐Aleman G, Hosseini A, Vavougios GD, Sachdev P, Bankart J, Mors NPO, Lipton R, Katz M, Fox PT, Katshu MZ, Iyengar MS, Weinstein G, Sohrabi HR, Jenkins R, Stein DJ, Hugon J, Mavreas V, Blangero J, Cruchaga C, Krishna M, Wadoo O, Becerra R, Zwir I, Longstreth WT, Kroenenberg G, Edison P, Mukaetova‐Ladinska E, Staufenberg E, Figueredo‐Aguiar M, Yécora A, Vaca F, Zamponi HP, Re VL, Majid A, Sundarakumar J, Gonzalez HM, Geerlings MI, Skoog I, Salmoiraghi A, Boneschi FM, Patel VN, Santos JM, Arroyo GR, Moreno AC, Felix P, Gallo C, Arai H, Yamada M, Iwatsubo T, Sharma M, Chakraborty N, Ferreccio C, Akena D, Brayne C, Maestre G, Blangero SW, Brusco LI, Siddarth P, Hughes TM, Zuñiga AR, Kambeitz J, Laza AR, Allen N, Panos S, Merrill D, Ibáñez A, Tsuang D, Valishvili N, Shrestha S, Wang S, Padma V, Anstey KJ, Ravindrdanath V, Blennow K, Mullins P, Łojek E, Pria A, Mosley TH, Gowland P, Girard TD, Bowtell R, Vahidy FS. Chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: Protocol and methods from the Alzheimer's Association Global Consortium. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12348. [PMID: 36185993 PMCID: PMC9494609 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and affected >160 million people. At least twice as many have been infected but remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. COVID-19 includes central nervous system manifestations mediated by inflammation and cerebrovascular, anoxic, and/or viral neurotoxicity mechanisms. More than one third of patients with COVID-19 develop neurologic problems during the acute phase of the illness, including loss of sense of smell or taste, seizures, and stroke. Damage or functional changes to the brain may result in chronic sequelae. The risk of incident cognitive and neuropsychiatric complications appears independent from the severity of the original pulmonary illness. It behooves the scientific and medical community to attempt to understand the molecular and/or systemic factors linking COVID-19 to neurologic illness, both short and long term. Methods This article describes what is known so far in terms of links among COVID-19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. We focus on risk factors and possible molecular, inflammatory, and viral mechanisms underlying neurological injury. We also provide a comprehensive description of the Alzheimer's Association Consortium on Chronic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (CNS SC2) harmonized methodology to address these questions using a worldwide network of researchers and institutions. Results Successful harmonization of designs and methods was achieved through a consensus process initially fragmented by specific interest groups (epidemiology, clinical assessments, cognitive evaluation, biomarkers, and neuroimaging). Conclusions from subcommittees were presented to the whole group and discussed extensively. Presently data collection is ongoing at 19 sites in 12 countries representing Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Discussion The Alzheimer's Association Global Consortium harmonized methodology is proposed as a model to study long-term neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Key Points The following review describes what is known so far in terms of molecular and epidemiological links among COVID-19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and AD and related dementias (ADRD)The primary objective of this large-scale collaboration is to clarify the pathogenesis of ADRD and to advance our understanding of the impact of a neurotropic virus on the long-term risk of cognitive decline and other CNS sequelae. No available evidence supports the notion that cognitive impairment after SARS-CoV-2 infection is a form of dementia (ADRD or otherwise). The longitudinal methodologies espoused by the consortium are intended to provide data to answer this question as clearly as possible controlling for possible confounders. Our specific hypothesis is that SARS-CoV-2 triggers ADRD-like pathology following the extended olfactory cortical network (EOCN) in older individuals with specific genetic susceptibility.The proposed harmonization strategies and flexible study designs offer the possibility to include large samples of under-represented racial and ethnic groups, creating a rich set of harmonized cohorts for future studies of the pathophysiology, determinants, long-term consequences, and trends in cognitive aging, ADRD, and vascular disease.We provide a framework for current and future studies to be carried out within the Consortium. and offers a "green paper" to the research community with a very broad, global base of support, on tools suitable for low- and middle-income countries aimed to compare and combine future longitudinal data on the topic.The Consortium proposes a combination of design and statistical methods as a means of approaching causal inference of the COVID-19 neuropsychiatric sequelae. We expect that deep phenotyping of neuropsychiatric sequelae may provide a series of candidate syndromes with phenomenological and biological characterization that can be further explored. By generating high-quality harmonized data across sites we aim to capture both descriptive and, where possible, causal associations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng J, Wang Q, Hu Y, Mou T, Wang J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li Q. Understanding global changes of the mouse brain proteome after vaginal infection with HSV-2 using a label-free shotgun approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:942334. [PMID: 36061859 PMCID: PMC9433710 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.942334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in neurons of the nervous system. The number of severe central nervous system infections caused by the virus has increased recently. However, the pathogenesis of HSV-2 infection in the nervous system is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated global proteomic changes in the brain tissue in BALB/c mice vaginally infected with HSV-2. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034186. A total of 249 differentially expressed proteins were identified in infected brain tissue. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of these proteins indicated that they were mainly involved in the regulation of synapse formation and synaptic excitability. In addition, genes affecting autophagy, the development of other neurodegenerative diseases, and signaling pathways relevant to other neurologic diseases were identified. Additional experiments, comparing the brain tissue of asymptomatic and symptomatic mice showed a differential expression of proteins involved in synapse formation and synaptic transmission. Others were involved in autophagy, addiction, and signaling pathways of other neurologic diseases. These results suggest that changes in synaptic structure and function, as well as autophagy, may be related to the development of neurologic abnormalities that follow HSV-2 infection. We also identified a protein GluN2A encoded by Grin2a was continuously expressed at high levels after infection. We propose that GluN2A may be a key molecule in the pathogenesis of HSV-2-induced neurologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishuai Cheng
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qingzhen Wang
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tangwei Mou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Tinghua Wang, ; Qihan Li,
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Tinghua Wang, ; Qihan Li,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sicurella M, Sguizzato M, Mariani P, Pepe A, Baldisserotto A, Buzzi R, Huang N, Simelière F, Burholt S, Marconi P, Esposito E. Natural Polyphenol-Containing Gels against HSV-1 Infection: A Comparative Study. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020227. [PMID: 35055245 PMCID: PMC8780422 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection commonly affects many people, causing perioral sores, as well as severe complications including encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. The main pharmacological approach involves synthetic antiviral drugs, among which acyclovir is the golden standard, often leading to resistant virus strains under long-term use. An alternative approach based on antiviral plant-derived compounds, such as quercetin and mangiferin, demonstrated an antiviral potential. In the present study, semisolid forms for cutaneous application of quercetin and mangiferin were designed and evaluated to treat HSV-1 infection. Phosphatidylcholine- and poloxamer-based gels were produced and characterized. Gel physical–chemical aspects were evaluated by rheological measurements and X-ray diffraction, evidencing the different thermoresponsive behaviors and supramolecular organizations of semisolid forms. Quercetin and mangiferin diffusion kinetics were compared in vitro by a Franz cell system, demonstrating the different gel efficacies to restrain the polyphenol diffusion. The capability of gels to control polyphenol antioxidant potential and stability was evaluated, indicating a higher stability and antioxidant activity in the case of quercetin loaded in poloxamer-based gel. Furthermore, a plaque reduction assay, conducted to compare the virucidal effect of quercetin and mangiferin loaded in gels against the HSV-1 KOS strain, demonstrated the suitability of poloxamer-based gel to prolong the polyphenol activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Sicurella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Paolo Mariani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessia Pepe
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Nicolas Huang
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Fanny Simelière
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (N.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Sam Burholt
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK;
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.); Tel.: +39-0532-455230 (E.E.)
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.E.); Tel.: +39-0532-455230 (E.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu S, Hossinger A, Heumüller SE, Hornberger A, Buravlova O, Konstantoulea K, Müller SA, Paulsen L, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J, Lichtenthaler SF, Neumann M, Denner P, Vorberg IM. Highly efficient intercellular spreading of protein misfolding mediated by viral ligand-receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5739. [PMID: 34667166 PMCID: PMC8526834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases have the ability to transmit to unaffected cells, thereby templating their own aberrant conformation onto soluble homotypic proteins. Proteopathic seeds can be released into the extracellular space, secreted in association with extracellular vesicles (EV) or exchanged by direct cell-to-cell contact. The extent to which each of these pathways contribute to the prion-like spreading of protein misfolding is unclear. Exchange of cellular cargo by both direct cell contact or via EV depends on receptor-ligand interactions. We hypothesized that enabling these interactions through viral ligands enhances intercellular proteopathic seed transmission. Using different cellular models propagating prions or pathogenic Tau aggregates, we demonstrate that vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein and SARS-CoV-2 spike S increase aggregate induction by cell contact or ligand-decorated EV. Thus, receptor-ligand interactions are important determinants of intercellular aggregate dissemination. Our data raise the possibility that viral infections contribute to proteopathic seed spreading by facilitating intercellular cargo transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,grid.417830.90000 0000 8852 3623Present Address: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Hossinger
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie-Elisabeth Heumüller
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Hornberger
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Buravlova
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katerina Konstantoulea
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan A. Müller
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Paulsen
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- grid.511015.1VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany ,grid.452617.3Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Neumann
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip Denner
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ina M. Vorberg
- grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1/ 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hemmat N, Asadzadeh H, Asadzadeh Z, Shadbad MA, Baradaran B. The Analysis of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)-Encoded MicroRNAs Targets: A Likely Relationship of Alzheimer's Disease and HSV-1 Infection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2849-2861. [PMID: 34661780 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequently diagnosed dementia, is a senile neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amnesia and cognitive dysfunction. Unfortunately, there are still no successful strategies to prevent AD progression. Thus, the vast majority of research focuses on recognizing risk factors for developing and progressing this disease. Human spirochetes, fungi, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have all been implicated in the development and progression of AD. Identifying microRNAs (miRs) encoded by DNA viruses has indicated that viruses can be evolved to exploit RNA silencing to regulate host and viral genes. Similar to host miR, v-miR can interact with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the target mRNA to regulate gene expression. Although HSV-1 can also encode various miRs, their significance in the development and progression of AD is still unclear. In the present study, utilizing the bioinformatics approach (R software and related packages), we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AD samples (grey matter) of GSE37263 dataset obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, the sequences of HSV-1-encoded-miRs were retrieved from miRbase, and their targets were predicted by miRDB. Afterward, the common genes between downregulated DEGs in AD and targets of HSV-1-encoded miRs were identified to shed new light on the relationship between HSV-1 infection and AD development. Our results have indicated that HSV-1-encoded-miRs can target the downregulated DEGs in AD, and these aberrant interactions can offer valuable diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Asadzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goldstein MR, Cheslock M. On the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Control the promoters and look beyond the brain. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110645. [PMID: 34315048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive incurable neurodegenerative disease of the brain afflicting a third of the population aged 85 and older. Pathologic hallmarks include extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta (Aß), intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, synaptic destruction, neuronal death, and brain atrophy. Neuroinflammation, mediated by microglia, is a central component of the disease, and is intricately connected with peripheral inflammation. The clinical manifestations include progressive memory loss and eventual death. The present treatment of AD is largely ineffective. Nearly all AD is late-onset and presents age 65 or older, and the most common genetic risk factor is carriage of an apolipoprotein (APO) E4 allele, seen in about 25% of the general population. Individuals carrying an APOE4 allele produce more Aß and clear it less efficiently from the brain throughout life. There has been accumulating pathologic and clinical evidence that microbes, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HSV), is a causative factor for AD, most notable in carriers of the APOE4 allele. Eighty percent of the adult population harbors HSV and it resides in the trigeminal ganglion in latent state throughout life, but periodically reactivates, traveling antegrade resulting in herpes labialis and traveling retrograde into the brain leading to neuroinflammation. Functioning as an antimicrobial peptide, Aß inactivates HSV and the recurring process culminates in a buildup of Aß plaque and other hallmarks of AD over time. Periodontal disease exists in 20-50% of the adult population and is also a causative factor for AD. Accordingly, bacteria causing periodontal disease and their byproducts can enter the brain directly via the trigeminal nerve or indirectly through the bloodstream, resulting in AD pathology over time. There are many other promoters of AD, particularly inflammatory conditions outside of the brain, that can be mitigated. Small trials are finally in progress testing antimicrobial drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD. In the meantime, a more proactive approach to the prevention and treatment of AD is posited, with an emphasis on prevention, since the pathologic underpinnings of the disease start decades before the clinical manifestations. Individuals can be stratified in risk categories using family history, periodontal disease presence, APOE4 carriage, and HSV IgG positivity. Moderate- and high-risk individuals can be treated safely with various preventive measures and appropriate antimicrobial agents as discussed. Importantly, the proposed treatments are concordant with the accepted practice of medicine, and if utilized, could significantly decrease AD prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Cheslock
- Harvard Medical School Multi-Campus Geriatric Fellowship, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lotz SK, Blackhurst BM, Reagin KL, Funk KE. Microbial Infections Are a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:691136. [PMID: 34305533 PMCID: PMC8292681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.691136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, comprise a family of disorders characterized by progressive loss of nervous system function. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases but whether it is a cause or consequence of the disease process is unclear. Of growing interest is the role of microbial infections in inciting degenerative neuroinflammatory responses and genetic factors that may regulate those responses. Microbial infections cause inflammation within the central nervous system through activation of brain-resident immune cells and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. These responses are necessary to protect the brain from lethal infections but may also induce neuropathological changes that lead to neurodegeneration. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which microbial infections may increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Elucidating these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristen E. Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng J. COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease: how one crisis worsens the other. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:15. [PMID: 33941272 PMCID: PMC8090526 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged as a key comorbidity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 are elevated in AD due to multiple pathological changes in AD patients such as the excessive expression of viral receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and pro-inflammatory molecules, various AD complications including diabetes, lifestyle alterations in AD, and drug-drug interactions. Meanwhile, COVID-19 has also been reported to cause various neurologic symptoms including cognitive impairment that may ultimately result in AD, probably through the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into the central nervous system, COVID-19-induced inflammation, long-term hospitalization and delirium, and post-COVID-19 syndrome. In addition, the COVID-19 crisis also worsens behavioral symptoms in uninfected AD patients and poses new challenges for AD prevention. In this review, we first introduce the symptoms and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and AD. Next, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the aggravating effects of AD on COVID-19 and the underlying mechanisms from molecular to social levels. We also highlight the influence of COVID-19 on cognitive function, and propose possible routes of viral invasion into the brain and potential mechanisms underlying the COVID-19-induced cognitive impairment. Last, we summarize the negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on uninfected AD patients and dementia prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sait A, Angeli C, Doig AJ, Day PJR. Viral Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1049-1060. [PMID: 33687205 PMCID: PMC8033564 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The prevalence of the disease is increasing and is expected to reach 141 million cases by 2050. Despite the risk factors associated with the disease, there is no known causative agent for AD. Clinical trials with many drugs have failed over the years, and no therapeutic has been approved for AD. There is increasing evidence that pathogens are found in the brains of AD patients and controls, such as human herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Given the lack of a human model, the route for pathogen entry into the brain remains open for scrutiny and may include entry via a disturbed blood-brain barrier or the olfactory nasal route. Many factors can contribute to the pathogenicity of HSV-1, such as the ability of HSV-1 to remain latent, tau protein phosphorylation, increased accumulation of Aβ invivo and in vitro, and repeated cycle of reactivation if immunocompromised. Intriguingly, valacyclovir, a widely used drug for the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, has shown patient improvement in cognition compared to controls in AD clinical studies. We discuss the potential role of HSV-1 in AD pathogenesis and argue for further studies to investigate this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sait
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Faculty
of Applied Medical Science, Medical Laboratory Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristian Angeli
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Doig
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Philip J. R. Day
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caputo A, Marconi P. Vaccine Development for Herpes Simplex Viruses: A Commentary of Special Issue Editors. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020158. [PMID: 33669413 PMCID: PMC7920455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
|
24
|
Proshkina EN, Solovev IA, Shaposhnikov MV, Moskalev AA. Key Molecular Mechanisms of Aging, Biomarkers, and Potential Interventions. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
25
|
Frölich L. Alzheimer's disease - the 'microbial hypothesis' from a clinical and neuroimaging perspective. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 306:111181. [PMID: 32919870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is under debate since its first description in 1906. Extracellular senile plaques composed of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein characterize the histopathology of the disease. The 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' summarizes the molecular mechanisms leading to deposition of these proteins. However, treatments derived from this hypothesis have been unsuccessful. An infectious etiology for AD has been repeatedly proposed. Neurotropic viruses, gut and lung bacteriae, and Bovine Meat and Milk Factors have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including AD. These pathogens may act directly or as a trigger or co-factor for inducing neurodegeneration in AD. The antimicrobial properties of beta-amyloid have shifted the discussion of the etiological origin of AD towards an interaction hypothesis. Neuroimaging studies have added to the understanding of mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Antiviral agents and a bacterial protease inhibitor targeting Porphyromonas gingivalis toxins are currently tested in clinical trials. Further clinical studies are needed to test if strategies directly derived from the 'microbial hypothesis' or combination strategies including antimicrobial agents may be beneficial for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Frölich
- Dept of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moskalev A, Stambler I, Caruso C. Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Aging and Longevity: The Foundation of Resilience. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1363-1373. [PMID: 33269094 PMCID: PMC7673842 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelation of the processes of immunity and senescence now receives an unprecedented emphasis during the COVID-19 pandemic, which brings to the fore the critical need to combat immunosenescence and improve the immune function and resilience of older persons. Here we review the historical origins and the current state of the science of innate and adaptive immunity in aging and longevity. From the modern point of view, innate and adaptive immunity are not only affected by aging but also are important parts of its underlying mechanisms. Excessive levels or activity of antimicrobial peptides, C-reactive protein, complement system, TLR/NF-κB, cGAS/STING/IFN 1,3 and AGEs/RAGE pathways, myeloid cells and NLRP3 inflammasome, declined levels of NK cells in innate immunity, thymus involution and decreased amount of naive T-cells in adaptive immunity, are biomarkers of aging and predisposition factors for cellular senescence and aging-related pathologies. Long-living species, human centenarians, and women are characterized by less inflamm-aging and decelerated immunosenescence. Despite recent progress in understanding, the harmonious theory of immunosenescence is still developing. Geroprotectors targeting these mechanisms are just emerging and are comprehensively discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Moskalev
- Institute of Biology of FRC of Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia.
| | - Ilia Stambler
- Vetek (Seniority), The Movement for Longevity and Quality of Life, Israel.
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khokale R, Kang A, Buchanan-Peart KAR, Nelson ML, Awolumate OJ, Cancarevic I. Alzheimer's Gone Viral: Could Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Be Stealing Your Memories? Cureus 2020; 12:e11726. [PMID: 33403161 PMCID: PMC7772174 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the principal causes of disability and morbidity. It is one of the most expensive illnesses. Despite this, there are no significant data regarding its etiology and optimal treatment. This review concentrates on the viral hypothesis of AD. After a comprehensive PubMed literature search, we analyzed the studies associating herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1) infection to AD from the previous 10 years. Molecular mechanisms whereby HSV1 induces AD-related pathophysiology, including neuronal production and accumulation of amyloid-beta (amyloid-β), abnormal phosphorylation of tau proteins, impaired calcium homeostasis, and autophagy, are addressed. The virus also imitates the disease in other ways, showing increased neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. Serological studies correlate HSV1 infection with AD and cognitive impairment. A causal link between HSV1 and AD raises the concept of a simple, efficient, and preventive treatment alternative. Anti-viral agents impede brain degeneration by preventing HSV1 spread and its replication, decreasing hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β; thus providing an efficacious treatment for AD. We also mention brown algae, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and a synthetic drug, BAY57-1293, with anti-viral properties, as options for treating AD. We want to recommend future researchers to look for more affordable, non-invasive, and swifter techniques to identify HSV1 in the brain and assist in the early detection and prevention of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhutuja Khokale
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ayesha Kang
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Maxine L Nelson
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Oluwatayo J Awolumate
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lehrer S, Rheinstein PH. Alignment of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid-β Peptide and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 pUL15 C-Terminal Nuclease Domain. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:373-377. [PMID: 33163898 PMCID: PMC7592838 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is poorly understood. Neurotropic microbes, particularly herpesviruses, might set off chronic neuroinflammation. Amyloid-β (Aβ) has antimicrobial properties and could represent a brain defense against infection. Objective: We searched for protein sequence alignment between herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) HSV-2, and Aβ. Methods: Protein data bank (pdb) structures for Aβ, HSV-1, and HSV-2 were searched on the RCSB Protein Data Bank. The protein structures were superimposed and aligned on PYMOL v 2.3.4. Results: For HSV-1 and Aβ, amino acid residues ser549 – his569 of HSV-1 aligned closely with residues asp7 - asn27 of Aβ. For HSV-2 and Aβ, amino acid residues of HSV-2 aligned less closely than those of HSV-1 with residues of Aβ. Conclusion: Conjugating and binding to the same alpha helix in the HSV-1 protease, Aβ could be marking HSV-1 for attack by the immune system, providing a rapid inherited immune response to a destructive neurotropic virus that would otherwise require the more time-consuming involvement of T-cells, B-cells, and the adaptive immune system. But older people do not respond to viral infections as well as younger individuals. When HSV-1 infection advances in an old person, more and more amyloid is produced, forming an adhesive web. As the brain tries to hold the pathologic process in check, neuroinflammation increases and spreads. Progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline are the outcome.
Collapse
|
29
|
Costa AS, Agostini S, Guerini FR, Mancuso R, Clerici M, Pandey JP. Relation between FCGRIIB rs1050501 and HSV-1 specific IgG antibodies in Alzheimer's disease. J Transl Med 2020; 18:325. [PMID: 32859213 PMCID: PMC7455989 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Pathogens are suspected to have a role in the development of AD; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), in particular, is suggested to be a risk factor for the disease. The gamma receptor for the Fc portion of IgG molecules (FCGRs) plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, and among FCGRs, FCGRIIB is endowed with an inhibitory function. Notably, the rs1050501 polymorphism of FCGRIIB gene associates with autoimmune diseases and with neuronal uptake and interneuronal accumulation of amyloid beta in animal AD models. Methods Genotype and allelic distribution of ApoE4 and FCGRIIB rs1050501 were evaluated in a case–control population of 225 AD patients, 93 MCI individuals and 201 sex and age matched healthy controls (HC). HSV-1 total IgG titers and IgG subclasses were detected and quantified in a subgroup of the main study population by ELISA. Results Genotype and allelic distribution of FCGRIIB was comparable in the study population. HSV-1-specific antibody titers were significantly higher in AD and MCI compared to HC (p < 0.01 for both); IgG3 titers, in particular, were increased in MCI compared to AD (p = 0.04). Analyses of possible correlations between the FCGRIIB rs1050501 genotype polymorphism and IgG subclasses showed that the presence of IgG3 was more frequent in MCI carrying the FCGRIIB TT (94.1%) compared to those carrying the CT genotype (63.6%) (p = 0.03). Conclusion Results herein show an association between humoral immune response against HSV-1 and FCGRIIB rs1050501 genetic variation in the first stage of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020274. [PMID: 32512757 PMCID: PMC7349931 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic strategies to control the reactivation of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is an unaddressed priority. In this study, we evaluated whether Tat, a HIV-1 protein displaying adjuvant functions, could improve previously established HSV-specific memory responses and prevent viral reactivation. To this aim, mice were infected with non-lethal doses of HSV-1 and, 44 days later, injected or not with Tat. Mice were then monitored to check their health status and measure memory HSV-specific cellular and humoral responses. The appearance of symptoms associated with HSV-reactivation was observed at significantly higher frequencies in the control group than in the Tat-treated mice. In addition, the control animals experienced a time-dependent decrease in HSV-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG), while the Tat-treated mice maintained antibody titers over time. IgG levels were directly correlated with the number of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting an effect of Tat on both arms of the adaptive immunity. Consistent with the maintenance of HSV-specific immune memory, Tat-treated mice showed a better control of HSV-1 re-infection. Although further studies are necessary to assess whether similar effects are observed in other models, these results indicate that Tat exerts a therapeutic effect against latent HSV-1 infection and re-infection by favoring the maintenance of adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Mancuso R, Cabinio M, Agostini S, Baglio F, Clerici M. HSV-1-Specific IgG 3 Titers Correlate with Brain Cortical Thinning in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020255. [PMID: 32485994 PMCID: PMC7349921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated reactivations of latent herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS) may contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Immune response is a key element for the control of viral reactivation. HSV-1 uses a number of strategies to evade immune recognition, Immunoglobulin G 3 (IgG3) alone counteracts humoral immunoevasion, as it is the only IgG subclass that is not blocked by the HSV-1 Fc receptor, a protein that protects virion and infected cells from antibody-mediated effector mechanisms. We examined HSV-1-specific IgG3 titers in serum of AD (n = 70) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 61) subjects comparing the results to those of 67 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC); associations between MRI-determined brain cortical health and HSV-1-specific IgG3 were analyzed in a subgroup of AD and MCI subjects. HSV-1-specific IgG3 were more frequently detected in MCI compared to AD and HC subjects. Significant inverse correlations were found between IgG3 titers and brain cortical thickness in areas typically involved in dementia and HSV-1 encephalitis in AD patients; interestingly, this negative correlation was much less important in MCI subjects. All together these results suggest that in AD an inefficient IgG3 humoral immune response, failing to block viral replication, contributes to progressive neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mancuso
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milano, Italy; (M.C.); (S.A.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-020308375; Fax: +39-0250330414
| | - Monia Cabinio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milano, Italy; (M.C.); (S.A.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Simone Agostini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milano, Italy; (M.C.); (S.A.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Baglio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milano, Italy; (M.C.); (S.A.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milano, Italy; (M.C.); (S.A.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20148 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|