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Mendez Espinoza I, Choos END, Ecelbarger CM, Shepard BD. SGLT2 inhibition leads to a restoration of hepatic and circulating metabolites involved in the folate cycle and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G235-G253. [PMID: 38915277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00029.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) by empagliflozin (EMPA) and other "flozins" can improve glycemic control under conditions of diabetes and kidney disease. Though they act on the kidney, they also offer cardiovascular and liver protection. Previously, we found that EMPA decreased circulating triglycerides and hepatic lipid and cholesterol esters in male TallyHo mice fed a high-milk-fat diet (HMFD). The goal of this study was to determine whether the liver protection is associated with a change in metabolic function by characterizing the hepatic and circulating metabolic and lipidomic profiles using targeted LC-MS. In both male and female mice, HMFD feeding significantly altered the circulating and hepatic metabolome compared with low-fat diet (LFD). Addition of EMPA resulted in the restoration of circulating orotate (intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis) and hepatic dihydrofolate (intermediate in the folate and methionine cycles) levels in males and acylcarnitines in females. These changes were partially explained by altered expression of rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways. This metabolic signature was not detected when EMPA was incorporated into an LFD, suggesting that the restoration requires the metabolic shift that accompanies the HMFD. Notably, the HMFD increased expression of 18 of 20 circulating amino acids in males and 11 of 20 in females, and this pattern was reversed by EMPA. Finally, we confirmed that SGLT2 inhibition upregulates ketone bodies including β-hydroxybutyrate. Collectively, this study highlights the metabolic changes that occur with EMPA treatment, and sheds light on the possible mechanisms by which this drug offers liver and systemic protection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including empagliflozin, have emerged as a new treatment option for individuals with type 2 diabetes that have positive impacts on kidney and cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about their impact on other tissues, including the liver. Here, we report that empagliflozin reduces hepatic steatosis that is associated with restoring metabolic intermediates in the folate and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways. These changes may lead to new approaches to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Mendez Espinoza
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Elijah N D Choos
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Carolyn M Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Blythe D Shepard
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
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Zhao G, Cai Y, Wang Y, Fang Y, Wang S, Li N. Genetically predicted blood metabolites mediate the association between circulating immune cells and pancreatic cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3691. [PMID: 38757222 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is characterized by metabolic dysregulation and unique immunological profiles. Nevertheless, the comprehensive understanding of immune and metabolic dysregulation of pancreatic cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship of circulating immune cells and pancreatic cancer and identify the blood metabolites as potential mediators. METHODS The exposure and outcome genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data used in the present study were obtained from the GWAS open-access database (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk). The study used 731 circulating immune cell features, 1400 types of blood metabolites and pancreatic cancer from GWAS. We then performed bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to explore the causal relationships between the circulating immune cells and pancreatic cancer, and two-step MR to discover potential mediating blood metabolites in this process. All statistical analyses were performed in R software. The STROBE-MR (i.e. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomization) checklist for the reporting of MR studies was also used. RESULTS MR analysis identified seven types of circulating immune cells causally associated with pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, there was no strong evidence that genetically predicted pancreatic cancer had an effect on these seven types of circulating immune cells. Further two-step MR analysis found 10 types of blood metabolites were causally associated with pancreatic cancer and the associations between circulating CD39+CD8+ T cells and pancreatic cancer were mediated by blood orotates with proportions of 5.18% (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence supporting the causal relationships between various circulating immune cells, especially CD39+CD8+ T cells, and pancreatic cancer, with a potential effect mediated by blood orotates. Further research is needed on additional risk factors as potential mediators and establish a comprehensive immunity-metabolism network in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanting Cai
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Khalid N, Abdelrahim DN, Hanach N, AlKurd R, Khan M, Mahrous L, Radwan H, Naja F, Madkour M, Obaideen K, Khraiwesh H, Faris M. Effect of camel milk on lipid profile among patients with diabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:438. [PMID: 38049802 PMCID: PMC10696884 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of camel milk (CM) intake on lipid profile among patients with diabetes remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to calculate the effect size of CM intake on blood lipids among patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We searched nine databases from inception until December 31, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. Effect sizes for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated and expressed using mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). Of 4,054 retrieved articles, 10 RCTs (a total of 347 participants aged 8-70 years, 60.5% male) were eligible for inclusion. The pooled results from a random-effects model showed statistically significant decreases in TC (MD - 21.69, 95% CI: 41.05, - 2.33; p = 0.03; I2=99%), TG (MD - 19.79, 95% CI: -36.16, - 3.42; p=0.02, I2=99%), and LDL (MD -11.92, CI: -20.57, -3.26; p = 0.007, I2=88%), and a significant increase in HDL (MD 10.37, 95% CI, 1.90, 18.84; p=0.02, I2=95%) in patients with diabetes supplemented with CM compared with usual care alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that only long-term interventions (> 6 months) elicited a significant reduction in TC levels and TG levels. Consumption of fresh CM by patients with diabetes resulted in significant reductions in TC, TG, and LDL levels, while showing a significant increase in HDL levels. Patients with T1D elicited a more beneficial effect in lowering TC, LDL, and TG levels and in increasing HDL levels than their corresponding partners with T2D. In conclusion, long-term consumption of CM for patients with diabetes, especially those with T1D, could be a useful adjuvant therapy to improve lipid profile alongside prescribed medications. However, the high heterogeneity in the included studies suggests that more RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are required to improve the robustness of the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Khalid
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahrain Defense Force Royal Medical Services Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Dana N Abdelrahim
- Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Nivine Hanach
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6211 LM, The Netherlands
| | - Refat AlKurd
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Moien Khan
- Nutrition Studies Research Group, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
- Primary Care, NHS Northwest London, TW3 3EB, London, UK
| | - Lana Mahrous
- Department of Health Sciences / Track of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health and Rehabilitation, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Husam Khraiwesh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, College of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa University, Salt, Jordan
| | - MoezAlIslam Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Sharjah Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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Phua CZJ, Zhao X, Turcios-Hernandez L, McKernan M, Abyadeh M, Ma S, Promislow D, Kaeberlein M, Kaya A. Genetic perturbation of mitochondrial function reveals functional role for specific mitonuclear genes, metabolites, and pathways that regulate lifespan. GeroScience 2023; 45:2161-2178. [PMID: 37086368 PMCID: PMC10651825 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial function is tightly linked to lifespan regulation, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report the chronological and replicative lifespan variation across 167 yeast knock-out strains, each lacking a single nuclear-coded mitochondrial gene, including 144 genes with human homologs, many associated with diseases. We dissected the signatures of observed lifespan differences by analyzing profiles of each strain's proteome, lipidome, and metabolome under fermentative and respiratory culture conditions, which correspond to the metabolic states of replicative and chronologically aging cells, respectively. Examination of the relationships among extended longevity phenotypes, protein, and metabolite levels revealed that although many of these nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes carry out different functions, their inhibition attenuates a common mechanism that controls cytosolic ribosomal protein abundance, actin dynamics, and proteasome function to regulate lifespan. The principles of lifespan control learned through this work may be applicable to the regulation of lifespan in more complex organisms, since many aspects of mitochondrial function are highly conserved among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Zi Jin Phua
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaqing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lesly Turcios-Hernandez
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Room 126, 1000 West Cary St. , Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Morrigan McKernan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Room 126, 1000 West Cary St. , Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Morteza Abyadeh
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Room 126, 1000 West Cary St. , Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A* STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alaattin Kaya
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Room 126, 1000 West Cary St. , Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
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Wangchuk P, Yeshi K, Loukas A. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies of parasitic helminths: molecular diversity and identification levels achieved by using different characterisation tools. Metabolomics 2023; 19:63. [PMID: 37356029 PMCID: PMC10290966 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helminths are parasitic worms that infect millions of people worldwide and secrete a variety of excretory-secretory products (ESPs), including proteins, peptides, and small molecules. Despite this, there is currently no comprehensive review article on cataloging small molecules from helminths, particularly focusing on the different classes of metabolites (polar and lipid molecules) identified from the ESP and somatic tissue extracts of helminths that were studied in isolation from their hosts. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the metabolomics and lipidomics studies of parasitic helminths using all available analytical platforms. METHOD To achieve this objective, we conducted a meta-analysis of the identification and characterization tools, metabolomics approaches, metabolomics standard initiative (MSI) levels, software, and databases commonly applied in helminth metabolomics studies published until November 2021. RESULT This review analyzed 29 studies reporting the metabolomic assessment of ESPs and somatic tissue extracts of 17 helminth species grown under ex vivo/in vitro culture conditions. Of these 29 studies, 19 achieved the highest level of metabolite identification (MSI level-1), while the remaining studies reported MSI level-2 identification. Only 155 small molecule metabolites, including polar and lipids, were identified using MSI level-1 characterization protocols from various helminth species. Despite the significant advances made possible by the 'omics' technology, standardized software and helminth-specific metabolomics databases remain significant challenges in this field. Overall, this review highlights the potential for future studies to better understand the diverse range of small molecules that helminths produce and leverage their unique metabolomic features to develop novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878 Australia
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Vitetta L, Bambling M, Strodl E. Probiotics and Commensal Bacteria Metabolites Trigger Epigenetic Changes in the Gut and Influence Beneficial Mood Dispositions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1334. [PMID: 37317308 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the intestinal microbiome on the gut-brain axis has received considerable attention, strengthening the evidence that intestinal bacteria influence emotions and behavior. The colonic microbiome is important to health and the pattern of composition and concentration varies extensively in complexity from birth to adulthood. That is, host genetics and environmental factors are complicit in shaping the development of the intestinal microbiome to achieve immunological tolerance and metabolic homeostasis from birth. Given that the intestinal microbiome perseveres to maintain gut homeostasis throughout the life cycle, epigenetic actions may determine the effect on the gut-brain axis and the beneficial outcomes on mood. Probiotics are postulated to exhibit a range of positive health benefits including immunomodulating capabilities. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are genera of bacteria found in the intestines and so far, the benefits afforded by ingesting bacteria such as these as probiotics to people with mood disorders have varied in efficacy. Most likely, the efficacy of probiotic bacteria at improving mood has a multifactorial dependency, relying namely on several factors that include the agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, the pharmacotherapy used, the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment (e.g., gut dysbiosis). Clarifying the pathways linking probiotics with improvements in mood may help identify the factors that efficacy is dependent upon. Adjunctive therapies with probiotics for mood disorders could, through DNA methylation molecular mechanisms, augment the intestinal microbial active cohort and endow its mammalian host with important and critical co-evolutionary redox signaling metabolic interactions, that are embedded in bacterial genomes, and that in turn can enhance beneficial mood dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2005, Australia
| | - Matthew Bambling
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Esben Strodl
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4058, Australia
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Efficacy and Safety of Epidermidibacterium Keratini EPI-7 Derived Postbiotics in Skin Aging: A Prospective Clinical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054634. [PMID: 36902064 PMCID: PMC10003698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of topical application of Epidermidibacterium Keratini (EPI-7) ferment filtrate, which is a postbiotic product of a novel actinobacteria, on skin aging, by performing a prospective randomized split-face clinical study on Asian woman participants. The investigators measured skin biophysical parameters, including skin barrier function, elasticity, and dermal density, and revealed that the application of the EPI-7 ferment filtrate-including test product resulted in significantly higher improvements in barrier function, skin elasticity, and dermal density compared to the placebo group. This study also investigated the influence of EPI-7 ferment filtrate on skin microbiome diversity to access its potential beneficial effects and safety. EPI-7 ferment filtrate increased the abundance of commensal microbes belonging to Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Lawsonella, Clostridium, Rothia, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella. The abundance of Cutibacterium was significantly increased along with significant changes in Clostridium and Prevotella abundance. Therefore, EPI-7 postbiotics, which contain the metabolite called orotic acid, ameliorate the skin microbiota linked with the aging phenotype of the skin. This study provides preliminary evidence that postbiotic therapy may affect the signs of skin aging and microbial diversity. To confirm the positive effect of EPI-7 postbiotics and microbial interaction, additional clinical investigations and functional analyses are required.
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Metabolomic and transcriptomic response to imatinib treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour in xenograft-bearing mice. Transl Oncol 2023; 30:101632. [PMID: 36774883 PMCID: PMC9945753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although imatinib is a well-established first-line drug for treating a vast majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST), GISTs acquire secondary resistance during therapy. Multi-omics approaches provide an integrated perspective to empower the development of personalised therapies through a better understanding of functional biology underlying the disease and molecular-driven selection of the best-targeted individualised therapy. In this study, we applied integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate tumour biochemical processes affected by imatinib treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A GIST xenograft mouse model was used in the study, including 10 mice treated with imatinib and 10 non-treated controls. Metabolites in tumour extracts were analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RNA sequencing was also performed on the samples subset (n=6). RESULTS Metabolomic analysis revealed 21 differentiating metabolites, whereas next-generation RNA sequencing data analysis resulted in 531 differentially expressed genes. Imatinib significantly changed the profile of metabolites associated mainly with purine and pyrimidine metabolism, butanoate metabolism, as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. The related changes in transcriptomic profiles included genes involved in kinase activity and immune responses, as well as supported its impact on the purine biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics study confirmed previously known pathways involved in imatinib anticancer activity as well as correlated imatinib-relevant downregulation of expression of purine biosynthesis pathway genes with the reduction of respectful metabolites. Furthermore, considering the importance of the purine biosynthesis pathway for cancer proliferation, we identified a potentially novel mechanism for the anti-tumour activity of imatinib. Based on the results, we hypothesise metabolic modulations aiming at the reduction in purine and pyrimidine pool may ensure higher imatinib efficacy or re-sensitise imatinib-resistant tumours.
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Li X, Li N, Zhao M, Zhou Z, Li W, Shen X, Wang J, Yan Y, Sun X, Yuan Q. Engineering Escherichia coli native metabolism for efficient biosynthesis of orotate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:503-510. [PMID: 36319206 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Orotate (OA) is a precursor of pyrimidine nucleotides and is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Although various microorganisms have been used for OA production, the production efficiency needs to be further improved for industrial application. In this study, we engineered Escherichia coli native metabolism for efficient OA production. The entire pathway was divided into the downstream OA synthesis, the midstream aspartate/glutamine supply, and the upstream glycolysis modules. First, the downstream module was optimized by disrupting pyrE to block OA consumption and release the feedback inhibition, and tuning expression of the biosynthetic genes. Second, the midstream pathway was enhanced by increasing the supply of the precursors and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). More importantly, we observed that pyrE disruption may lead to metabolic disorder as indicated by the accumulation of large amount of acetate. This problem was solved by reducing the flux of glycolysis. With these efforts, the final strain produced 80.3 g/L OA with a yield of 0.56 g/g glucose in fed-batch fermentation, which are the highest titer and yield reported so far. This work paves the way for industrial production of OA and represents as a good example of modulating cell metabolism for efficient chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Li X, Zhang C, Wu E, Han L, Deng X, Shi Z. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Approach Reveals Osthole Intervention in Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021168. [PMID: 36674685 PMCID: PMC9861432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osthole (OST) is a simple coumarin derivative with pharmacological effects in many types of cancer cells. However, its role and its mechanism of action in breast cancer 4T1 cells remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects and potential mechanisms of action of OST in 4T1 cells. The MTT, PI, and Annexin V-FITC/PI methods were used to evaluate the effects of OST-treated and untreated 4T1 cells on viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis, respectively. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with multivariate data analysis was used to screen potential biomarkers relevant to the therapeutic mechanisms of OST. Additionally, mTOR, SREBP1, and FASN protein levels were detected using western blotting in OST-treated and untreated 4T1 cells. OST inhibited 4T1 cell proliferation, blocked the cells from remaining in S-phase, and induced apoptosis. In 4T1 cells, OST mainly affected the phospholipid biosynthesis, methyl histidine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acid pathways, suggesting that metabolic changes related to lipid metabolism-mediated signaling systems were the most influential pathways, possibly via inhibition of mTOR/SREBP1/FASN signaling. Our findings reveal biomarkers with potential therapeutic effects in breast cancer and provide insight into the therapeutic and metabolic mechanisms of OST in 4T1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenglun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Enhui Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang Han
- School of Health, Guangdong Light and Health Engineering R&D Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangliang Deng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhongfeng Shi
- School of Pharmacy, The Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Z.S.)
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Nechipadappu SK, Swain D. Combined synthetic and solubility aspects of orotate salt of bilastine. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Building the uracil skeleton in primitive ponds at the origins of life: carbamoylation of aspartic acid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19178. [PMID: 36357418 PMCID: PMC9649776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large set of nucleobases and amino acids is found in meteorites, implying that several chemical reservoirs are present in the solar system. The "geochemical continuity" hypothesis explores how protometabolic paths developed from so-called "bricks" in an enzyme-free prebiotic world and how they affected the origins of life. In the living cell, the second step of synthesizing uridine and cytidine RNA monomers is a carbamoyl transfer from a carbamoyl donor to aspartic acid. Here we compare two enzyme-free scenarios: aqueous and mineral surface scenarios in a thermal range up to 250 °C. Both processes could have happened in ponds under open atmosphere on the primeval Earth. Carbamoylation of aspartic acid with cyanate in aqueous solutions at 25 °C gives high N-carbamoyl aspartic acid yields within 16 h. It is important to stress that, while various molecules could be efficient carbamoylating agents according to thermodynamics, kinetics plays a determining role in selecting prebiotically possible pathways.
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da Silva Gomes PS, da Silva WW, de Cássia Gasparoti G, Payolla FB, de Oliveira JA, Barbugli PA, Marin-Dett FH, Cavicchioli M, Massabni AC, Resende FA. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a novel oxovanadium complex with orotate. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 883-884:503558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Wang Y, An M, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Kulyar MFEA, Iqbal M, He Y, Li F, An T, Li H, Luo X, Yang S, Li J. Effects of Milk Replacer-Based Lactobacillus on Growth and Gut Development of Yaks' Calves: a Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0115522. [PMID: 35771011 PMCID: PMC9431445 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01155-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and its metabolic activities are crucial for maintaining host homoeostasis and health, of which the role of probiotics has indeed been emphasized. The current study delves into the performance of probiotics as a beneficial managemental strategy, which further highlights their impact on growth performance, serologic investigation, gut microbiota, and metabolic profiling in yaks' calves. A field experiment was employed consisting of 2 by 3 factorial controls, including two development stages, namely, 21 and 42 days (about one and a half month), with three different feeding treatments. Results showed a positive impact of probiotic supplements on growth performance by approximately 3.16 kg (P < 0.01) compared with the blank control. Moreover, they had the potential to improve serum antioxidants and biochemical properties. We found that microorganisms that threaten health were enriched in the gut of the blank control with the depletion of beneficial bacteria, although all yaks were healthy. Additionally, the gut was colonized by a microbial succession that assembled into a more mature microbiome, driven by the probiotics strategy. The gut metabolic profiling was also changed significantly after the probiotic strategy, i.e., the concentrations of metabolites and the metabolic pattern, including enrichments in protein digestion and absorption, vitamin digestion and absorption, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In summary, probiotics promoted gut microbiota/metabolites, developing precise interventions and achieving physiological benefits based on intestinal microecology. Hence, it is important to understand probiotic dietary changes to the gut microbiome, metabolome, and the host phenotype. IMPORTANCE The host microbiome is a composite of the trillion microorganisms colonizing host bodies. It can be impacted by various factors, including diet, environmental conditions, and physical activities. The yaks' calves have a pre-existing imbalance in the intestinal microbiota with an inadequate feeding strategy, resulting in poor growth performance, diarrhea, and other intestinal diseases. Hence, targeting gut microbiota might provide a new effective feeding strategy for enhancing performance and maintaining a healthy intestinal environment. Based on the current findings, milk replacer-based Lactobacillus feeding may improve growth performance and health in yaks' calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiran Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianwu An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huade Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Yu Z, Zhou M, Liu J, Zhao W. Underlying antihypertensive mechanism of egg white-derived peptide QIGLF using renal metabolomics analysis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111457. [PMID: 35761693 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is an important target organ in the treatment of hypertension, but the effect of peptide QIGLF with antihypertensive activity on kidneys remains unknown. In the work, we aimed to further understand the hypotensive effects of QIGLF in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) using widely targeted metabolomics technology to investigate the kidney metabolic profiling variations. After four weeks of oral administration, the results showed different renal metabolomics profiles between QIGLF and model groups. Besides, a total of 10 potential biomarkers were identified, that is, 3-hydroxybutanoate, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 19(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-oxoETE, L-ornithine, malonate, uridine, uridine 5'-monophosphate, argininosuccinic acid, and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. These metabolites might exhibit antihypertensive activity of QIGLF by regulating synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, arachidonic acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. These findings suggest that QIGLF might alleviate hypertension by inhibiting renal inflammation, promoting natriuresis, and regulating renal nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Mingjie Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, PR China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Lab of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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16
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Schiopu C, Ștefănescu G, Diaconescu S, Bălan GG, Gimiga N, Rusu E, Moldovan CA, Popa B, Tataranu E, Olteanu AV, Boloș A, Ștefănescu C. Magnesium Orotate and the Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches in Psychological Comorbidities of Gastrointestinal Functional Disorders. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081567. [PMID: 35458129 PMCID: PMC9029938 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium orotate has been cited in the medical literature for the past three years as a possible adjuvant in some pediatric and adult gastroenterological disorders associated with dysbiosis. Studies also focus on the possibility of adding magnesium orotate in psychiatric disorders’ treatment, such as major depression and anxiety. The most relevant element in these studies is the efficiency of magnesium orotate therapy in cases with both gastroenterological and psychiatric symptoms. This article proposes a literature review, focused on the studies published in the last three years, targeting magnesium orotate treatment and probiotic supplementation in patients with both digestive and psychiatric symptoms. Moreover, this review will compare the efficiency of magnesium orotate and probiotics within both the pediatric and adult communities, focusing on the possibility of gut–brain axis modulation and its involvement in the clinical evolution of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Schiopu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.Ș.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Ștefănescu
- Department of Gastroentereology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.G.B.); (A.V.O.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (G.Ș.); (S.D.)
| | - Smaranda Diaconescu
- Medical-Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University “Titu Maiorescu”, 040441 București, Romania;
- Correspondence: (G.Ș.); (S.D.)
| | - Gheoghe G. Bălan
- Department of Gastroentereology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.G.B.); (A.V.O.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Gimiga
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of General Surgery, “Dimitrie Castroian” Hospital, 735100 Huși, Romania;
| | - Elena Rusu
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University “Titu Maiorescu”, 040441 București, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Alec Moldovan
- Medical-Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University “Titu Maiorescu”, 040441 București, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Popa
- Department of General Surgery, “Dimitrie Castroian” Hospital, 735100 Huși, Romania;
| | - Elena Tataranu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Sf. Ioan cel Nou” Hospital, 720224 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Andrei Vasile Olteanu
- Department of Gastroentereology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.G.B.); (A.V.O.)
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” University Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Boloș
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.Ș.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristinel Ștefănescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.Ș.)
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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17
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Helios K, Bednarchuk TJ, Wysokiński R, Duczmal M, Wojciechowska A, Łukowiak A, Kędziora A, Małaszczuk M, Michalska D. New isomorphous complexes of Co(II) and Zn(II) with the 5-nitroorotate ligand: Crystal and molecular structures, spectroscopic and DFT studies, magnetic properties and antimicrobial activities. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Nicolov M, Cocora M, Buda V, Danciu C, Duse AO, Watz C, Borcan F. Hydrosoluble and Liposoluble Vitamins: New Perspectives through ADMET Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:1204. [PMID: 34833423 PMCID: PMC8622797 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present study demonstrates that apart from the well-known toxicity of liposoluble vitamins, some hydrosoluble vitamins may also exert toxicity; thus, routine supplementation with vitamins or ingestion of fortified foods should not be considered harmless. The study addresses the possible correlations between the physico-chemical properties and the side effects of vitamins when taken in high doses or for a too long a period. Materials and Methods: The FAFDrugs4.0 computational tool was used for computational assessment of the ADMET profile of several hydro- and liposoluble vitamins. Results: ADMET analysis revealed the following major data: vitamin B3 and B13 showed reduced structural complexity; thus, a relative toxicological potential may be exerted. Vitamins B1 and B7 were found to have good oral absorption and thus good bioavailability, while Vitamin B3 was found to have decreased oral absorption. In addition, all of the liposoluble vitamins reflected higher complexity, much greater than most of the potentially therapeutically-proven compounds. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance between the physico-chemical properties of vitamins and their possible toxicological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Nicolov
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Mioara Cocora
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timișoara, 13A Gh Adam Street, 300310 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Communication in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Adina Octavia Duse
- Department of Balneology, Medical Recovery and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Claudia Watz
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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19
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Yi HS. The Role of Carnitine Orotate Complex in Fatty Liver. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:866-867. [PMID: 34847643 PMCID: PMC8640160 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon-Seung Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hyon-Seung Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3767-1954 Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea E-mail:
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20
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Pacholko AG, Bekar LK. Lithium orotate: A superior option for lithium therapy? Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2262. [PMID: 34196467 PMCID: PMC8413749 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) poses a significant public health concern, with roughly one-quarter of sufferers attempting suicide. BD is characterized by manic and depressive mood cycles, the recurrence of which can be effectively curtailed through lithium therapy. Unfortunately, the most frequently employed lithium salt, lithium carbonate (Li2 CO3 ), is associated with a host of adverse health outcomes following chronic use: these unwanted effects range from relatively minor inconveniences (e.g., polydipsia and polyuria) to potentially major complications (e.g., hypothyroidism and/or renal impairment). As these undesirable effects can limit patient compliance, an alternative lithium compound with a lesser toxicity profile would dramatically improve treatment efficacy and outcomes. Lithium orotate (LiC5 H3 N2 O4 ; henceforth referred to as LiOr), a compound largely abandoned since the late 1970s, may represent such an alternative. LiOr is proposed to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter cells more readily than Li2 CO3 , which will theoretically allow for reduced dosage requirements and ameliorated toxicity concerns. This review addresses the controversial history of LiOr, complete with discussions of experimental and clinical efficacy, putative mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and its potential future in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Pacholko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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21
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Wang C, Li X, Ning W, Gong S, Yang F, Fang C, Gong Y, Wu D, Huang M, Gou Y, Fu S, Ren Y, Yang R, Qiu Y, Xue Y, Xu Y, Zhou X. Multi-omic profiling of plasma reveals molecular alterations in children with COVID-19. Theranostics 2021; 11:8008-8026. [PMID: 34335977 PMCID: PMC8315065 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Children usually develop less severe symptoms responding to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) than adults. However, little is known about the molecular alterations and pathogenesis of COVID-19 in children. Methods: We conducted plasma proteomic and metabolomic profilings of the blood samples of a cohort containing 18 COVID-19-children with mild symptoms and 12 healthy children, which were enrolled from hospital admissions and outpatients, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed to identify molecules specifically altered in COVID-19-children. We also developed a machine learning-based pipeline named inference of biomolecular combinations with minimal bias (iBM) to prioritize proteins and metabolites strongly altered in COVID-19-children, and experimentally validated the predictions. Results: By comparing to the multi-omic data in adults, we identified 44 proteins and 249 metabolites differentially altered in COVID-19-children against healthy children or COVID-19-adults. Further analyses demonstrated that both deteriorative immune response/inflammation processes and protective antioxidant or anti-inflammatory processes were markedly induced in COVID-19-children. Using iBM, we prioritized two combinations that contained 5 proteins and 5 metabolites, respectively, each exhibiting a total area under curve (AUC) value of 100% to accurately distinguish COVID-19-children from healthy children or COVID-19-adults. Further experiments validated that all the 5 proteins were up-regulated upon coronavirus infection. Interestingly, we found that the prioritized metabolites inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and two of them, methylmalonic acid (MMA) and mannitol, also suppressed coronaviral replication, implying a protective role of these metabolites in COVID-19-children. Conclusion: The finding of a strong antagonism of deteriorative and protective effects provided new insights on the mechanism and pathogenesis of COVID-19 in children that mostly underwent mild symptoms. The identified metabolites strongly altered in COVID-19-children could serve as potential therapeutic agents of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xufang Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wanshan Ning
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chunxiao Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Muhan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yujie Gou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yujie Ren
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Ruyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yu Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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22
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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Endres JR, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Szakonyiné IP. A toxicological evaluation of lithium orotate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104973. [PMID: 34146638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lithium orotate, the salt of lithium and orotic acid, has been marketed for decades as a supplemental source of lithium with few recorded adverse events. Nonetheless, there have been some concerns in the scientific literature regarding orotic acid, and pharmaceutical lithium salts are known to have a narrow therapeutic window, albeit, at lithium equivalent therapeutic doses 5.5-67 times greater than typically recommended for supplemental lithium orotate. To our knowledge, the potential toxicity of lithium orotate has not been investigated in preclinical studies; thus, we conducted a battery of genetic toxicity tests and an oral repeated-dose toxicity test in order to further explore its safety. Lithium orotate was not mutagenic or clastogenic in bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration tests, respectively, and did not exhibit in vivo genotoxicity in a micronucleus test in mice. In a 28-day, repeated-dose oral toxicity study, rats were administered 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg body weight/day of lithium orotate by gavage. No toxicity or target organs were identified; therefore, a no observed adverse effect level was determined as 400 mg/kg body weight/day. These results are supportive of the lack of a postmarket safety signal from several decades of human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045, Budapest, Hungary; Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary.
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23
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Flis Z, Molik E. Importance of Bioactive Substances in Sheep's Milk in Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4364. [PMID: 33921992 PMCID: PMC8122369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep's milk is an important source of bioactive substances that have health-promoting functions for the body. The valuable composition of sheep's milk is due to the high content of fatty acids, immunoglobulins, proteins, hormones, vitamins and minerals. Many biopeptides found in milk have antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive substances of sheep's milk also show anticancer properties. Sheep's milk, thanks to its content of CLA and orotic acid, prevents the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Sheep's milk, as a product rich in bioactive substances, can be used as a medical aid to support the body in the fight against neurological and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyta Molik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-059 Krakow, Poland;
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O'Callaghan TF, O'Donovan M, Murphy JP, Sugrue K, Tobin JT, McNamara AE, Yin X, Sundaramoorthy G, Brennan L. The bovine colostrum and milk metabolome at the onset of lactation as determined by 1H-NMR. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Largeau B, Béra F, Vannier J, Jonville-Béra AP. Teriflunomide-associated urolithiasis: a new adverse reaction explained by its uricosuric effect. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:930-932. [PMID: 33458875 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In clinical trials, few investigations have been conducted to determine the mechanism involved in teriflunomide-associated kidney stone formation. We report the first case of recurrent teriflunomide-induced uric acid urolithiasis. A 55-year-old man with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis experienced three occurrences of urolithiasis several months after the initiation of teriflunomide. While serum uric acid remained stable at 280 mmol/L, 24-h urine uric acid was increased to 2195 mmol/24 h. For the third episode, computed tomography showed three bladder stones and one stone in the right calyceal group. Endovesical lithotripsy was used to extract four orange-colored stones of more than 20 mm. Stone analysis exhibited morphology subtype IIIb with 100% of anhydrous uric acid. Given the disease control, teriflunomide was continued. After urinary alkalinization by potassium citrate, the patient remained asymptomatic at 18 months follow-up. An inhibitory effect of dihydroorotate and/or teriflunomide on urate tubular reabsorption could explain teriflunomide-associated uric acid urolithiasis. This case in a patient without risk factors suggests that multiple sclerosis patients may be at greater risk of forming uric acid urinary stones when taking teriflunomide. Alkalinization of the urine may reduce the risk of recurrence, allowing further treatment with teriflunomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérenger Largeau
- CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance Centre-Val de Loire, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Béra
- Cabinet de Médecine générale, Saint-Martin-Le-Beau, France
| | - Jacques Vannier
- Pôle Santé Léonard de Vinci, Service d'Urologie, Chambray les Tours, France
| | - Annie-Pierre Jonville-Béra
- Université de Tours, Université de Nantes, INSERM, methodS in Patients-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch (SPHERE) - UMR 1246, CHRU de Tours, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance Centre-Val de Loire, Tours, France
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Abdel-Magid AF. Use of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2072-2074. [PMID: 33214811 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid
- Therachem Research Medilab, LLC, 100 Jade Park, Chelsea, Alabama 35043, United States
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Yeshi K, Creek DJ, Anderson D, Ritmejerytė E, Becker L, Loukas A, Wangchuk P. Metabolomes and Lipidomes of the Infective Stages of the Gastrointestinal nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110446. [PMID: 33171998 PMCID: PMC7694664 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms and whipworms, infect billions of people worldwide. Their capacity to penetrate and migrate through their hosts’ tissues is influenced by the suite of molecules produced by the infective developmental stages. To facilitate a better understanding of the immunobiology and pathogenicity of human hookworms and whipworms, we investigated the metabolomes of the infective stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis third-stage larvae (L3) which penetrate the skin and Trichuris muris eggs which are orally ingested, using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We identified 55 polar metabolites through Metabolomics Standard Initiative level-1 (MSI-I) identification from N. brasiliensis and T. muris infective stages, out of which seven were unique to excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of N. brasiliensis L3. Amino acids were a principal constituent (33 amino acids). Additionally, we identified 350 putative lipids, out of which 28 (all known lipids) were unique to N. brasiliensis L3 somatic extract and four to T. muris embryonated egg somatic extract. Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups. The catalogue of metabolites identified in this study shed light on the biology, and possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment of these critical infectious pathogens. Moreover, with the growing body of literature on the therapeutic utility of helminth ESPs for treating inflammatory diseases, a role for metabolites is likely but has received little attention thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Edita Ritmejerytė
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Building E4, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (E.R.); (L.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (P.W.)
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de Mori RM, Aleixo MAA, Zapata LCC, Calil FA, Emery FS, Nonato MC. Structural basis for the function and inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Schistosoma mansoni. FEBS J 2020; 288:930-944. [PMID: 32428996 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Transmission has been reported in 78 countries, and its control depends on a single drug, praziquantel, which has been used over the past 30 years. Our work is focused on exploiting target-based drug discovery strategies to develop new therapeutics to treat schistosomiasis. In particular, we are interested in evaluating the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) as a drug target. DHODH is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of (S)-dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate during the fourth and only redox step of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. Previously, we identified atovaquone, used in the treatment of malaria, and its analogues, as potent and selective inhibitors against Schistosoma mansoni DHODH (SmDHODH). In the present article, we report the first crystal structure of SmDHODH in complex with the atovaquone analogue inhibitor 2-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (QLA). We discuss three major findings: (a) the open conformation of the active site loop and the unveiling of a novel transient druggable pocket for class 2 DHODHs; (b) the presence of a protuberant domain, only present in Schistosoma spp DHODHs, that was found to control and modulate the dynamics of the inhibitor binding site; (c) a detailed description of an unexpected binding mode for the atovaquone analogue to SmDHODH. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the catalytic mechanism performed by class 2 DHODHs and provide the molecular basis for structure-guided design of SmDHODH inhibitors. DATABASE: The structural data are available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) database under the accession code number 6UY4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan M de Mori
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana A A Aleixo
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana C C Zapata
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Calil
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio S Emery
- Laboratório de Química Heterocíclica e Medicinal, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Jordheim LP, Peters GJ. Recent updates on purine and pyrimidine metabolism in physiological and pathological settings. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1273-1280. [PMID: 32182157 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1730891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn June 2019, the Purine and Pyrimidine Society (PPS) organized the 18th biennial symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism at the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France. This meeting went over 3 days and gathered students and researchers working in various specialties such as inborn errors, hyper- and hypouricemia and gout, cancer, enzymology, and cardiovascular diseases to exchange and discuss recent advances in the field of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Here, we give an overview of oral presentations given during the symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Petter Jordheim
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zaalberg RM, Buitenhuis AJ, Sundekilde UK, Poulsen NA, Bovenhuis H. Genetic analysis of orotic acid predicted with Fourier transform infrared milk spectra. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3334-3348. [PMID: 32008779 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis is a cheap and fast method to predict milk composition. A not very well studied milk component is orotic acid. Orotic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of pyrimidine nucleotides and is an indicator for the metabolic cattle disorder deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase. The function of orotic acid in milk and its effect on calf health, health of humans consuming milk or milk products, manufacturing properties of milk, and its potential as an indicator trait are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if milk orotic acid can be predicted from infrared milk spectra and to perform a large-scale phenotypic and genetic analysis of infrared-predicted milk orotic acid. An infrared prediction model for orotic acid was built using a training population of 292 Danish Holstein and 299 Danish Jersey cows, and a validation population of 381 Danish Holstein cows. Milk orotic acid concentration was determined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For genetic analysis of infrared orotic acid, 3 study populations were used: 3,210 Danish Holstein cows, 3,360 Danish Jersey cows, and 1,349 Dutch Holstein Friesian cows. Using partial least square regression, a prediction model for orotic acid was built with 18 latent variables. The error of the prediction for the infrared model varied from 1.0 to 3.2 mg/L, and the accuracy varied from 0.68 to 0.86. Heritability of infrared orotic acid predicted with the standardized prediction model was 0.18 for Danish Holstein, 0.09 for Danish Jersey, and 0.37 for Dutch Holstein Friesian. We conclude that milk orotic acid can be predicted with moderate to good accuracy based on infrared milk spectra and that infrared-predicted orotic acid is heritable. The availability of a cheap and fast method to predict milk orotic acid opens up possibilities to study the largely unknown functions of milk orotic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zaalberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - A J Buitenhuis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - U K Sundekilde
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Årslev, Denmark
| | - N A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - H Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ara I, Basdouri Z, Falvello LR, Graia M, Guerra P, Tomás M. Tetra- n-butyl-ammonium orotate monohydrate: knowledge-based comparison of the results of accurate and lower-resolution analyses and a non-routine disorder refinement. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2019; 75:1632-1637. [PMID: 31709081 PMCID: PMC6829738 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989019013380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The title hydrated mol-ecular salt (systematic name: tetra-n-butyl-ammonium 2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydro-pyrimidine-4-carboxyl-ate monohydrate), C16H36N+·C5H3N2O4 -·H2O, crystallizes with N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonded double-stranded anti-parallel ribbons consisting of the hydro-philic orotate monoanions and water mol-ecules, separated by the bulky hydro-phobic cations. The hydro-phobic and hydro-philic regions of the structure are joined by weaker non-classical C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. An accurate structure analysis conducted at T = 100 K is compared to a lower-resolution less accurate determination using data measured at T = 295 K. The results of both analyses are evaluated using a knowledge-based approach, and it is found that the less accurate room-temperature structure analysis provides geometric data that are similar to those derived from the accurate low-temperature analysis, with both sets of results consistent with previously analyzed structures. A minor disorder of one methyl group in the cation at low temperature was found to be slightly more complex at room temperature; while still involving a minor fraction of the structure, the disorder at room temperature was found to require a non-routine treatment, which is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ara
- Instituto de Síntesis Quimica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), C.S.I.C.-University of Zaragoza, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Zeineb Basdouri
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Cristallochimie et Thermodynamique Appliquée, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Larry R. Falvello
- University of Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mohsen Graia
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Cristallochimie et Thermodynamique Appliquée, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
- Université de Sfax, Faculté de Sciences de Sfax, Route de la Soukra Km 4, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Pablo Guerra
- University of Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Milagros Tomás
- Instituto de Síntesis Quimica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), C.S.I.C.-University of Zaragoza, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Pedro Cerbuna 12, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Ravesh Z, Yassaee VR, Tonekaboni SH, Razzaghy-Azar M, Hashemi-Gorji F, Salehpour S, Miryounesi M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Next generation sequencing elucidated a clinically undiagnosed metabolic disorder - An Iranian family with hereditary orotic aciduria. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Selective 4-Thiouracil Labeling of RNA Transcripts within Latently Infected Cells after Infection with Human Cytomegalovirus Expressing Functional Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00880-18. [PMID: 30089702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00880-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are highly prevalent in the general population as the virus has evolved the capacity to undergo distinct replication strategies resulting in lytic, persistent, and latent infections. During the latent life cycle, HCMV resides in subsets of cells within the hematopoietic cell compartment, including hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and peripheral blood monocytes. Since only a small fraction of these cell types harbor viral genomes during natural latency, identification and analysis of distinct changes mediated by viral infection are difficult to assess. In order to characterize latent infections of HPCs, we used an approach that involves complementation of deficiencies within the human pyrimidine salvage pathway, thus allowing for conversion of labeled uracil into rUTP. Here, we report the development of a recombinant HCMV that complements the defective human pyrimidine salvage pathway, allowing incorporation of thiol containing UTP into all RNA species that are synthesized within an infected cell. This virus grows to wild-type kinetics and can establish a latent infection within two distinct culture models of HCMV latency. Using this recombinant HCMV, we report the specific labeling of transcripts only within infected cells. These transcripts reveal a transcriptional landscape during HCMV latency that is distinct from uninfected cells. The utility of this labeling system allows for the identification of distinct changes within host transcripts and will shed light on characterizing how HCMV establishes and maintains latency.IMPORTANCE HCMV is a significant pathogen that accounts for a substantial amount of complications within the immunosuppressed and immunocompromised. Of particular significance is the capacity of HCMV to reactivate within solid tissue and bone marrow transplant recipients. While it is known that HCMV latency resides within a fraction of HPCs and monocytes, the exact subset of cells that harbor latent viral genomes during natural infections remain uncharacterized. The capacity to identify changes within the host transcriptome during latent infections is critical for developing approaches that therapeutically or physically eliminate latent viral genome containing cells and will represent a major breakthrough for reducing complications due to HCMV reactivation posttransplant. In this report, we describe the generation and use of a recombinant HCMV that allows specific and distinct labeling of RNA species that are produced within virally infected cells. This is a critical first step in identifying how HCMV affects the host cell during latency and more importantly, allows one to characterize cells that harbor latent HCMV.
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Löffler M, Carrey EA, Zameitat E. New perspectives on the roles of pyrimidines in the central nervous system. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:290-306. [PMID: 29693489 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1453076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since 1956, when exogenous uridine and cytidine were found to be necessary for the maintenance of perfused rat brain function, the co-existence of de novo synthesis, salvage pathways and removal of pyrimidine bases in the CNS has been a controversial subject. Here, we review studies on metabolites and enzymes of pyrimidine metabolism through more than 60 years. In view of known and newly-described inherited pyrimidine and purine disorders - some with complex clinical profiles of neurological impairments - we underline the necessity to investigate how the different pathways work together in the developing brain and then sustain plasticity, regeneration and neuro-transmission in the adult CNS. Experimentally, early incorporation studies in animal brain slices and homogenates with radio-labelled nucleosides or precursors demonstrated salvage activity or de novo synthesis. Later, the nucleoside transporters and organic anionic transporters underlying uptake of metabolites and anti-pyrimidine drugs in the CNS were identified. Recently, the expression of de novo enzymes in glial cells and neurons was verified using (immuno) histochemical and in-situ-hybridization techniques. Adult brain was shown to take up or produce all pyrimidine (deoxy) ribonucleosides or, after uptake and phosphorolysis of nucleosides, to make use of ribose for different purposes, including energy. More recently, non-canonical pyrimidine bases (5mC, 5hmC) have been found most notably in brain, pointing to considerable postreplicative DNA metabolism, with the need for pyrimidine-specific enzymes. Even more perspectives are emerging, with advances in genome analysis and in the manipulation of expression from the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Löffler
- a Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - E A Carrey
- b Institute of Child Health, University College London , GB
| | - E Zameitat
- a Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg , Marburg , Germany
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Yang J, Cheng J, Sun B, Li H, Wu S, Dong F, Yan X. Untargeted and stable isotope-assisted metabolomic analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells under hypoxia. Metabolomics 2018; 14:40. [PMID: 30830323 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia commonly occurs in cancers and is highly related with the occurrence, development and metastasis of cancer. Treatment of triple negative breast cancer remains challenge. Knowledge about the metabolic status of triple negative breast cancer cell lines in hypoxia is valuable for the understanding of molecular mechanisms of this tumor subtype to develop effective therapeutics. OBJECTIVES Comprehensively characterize the metabolic profiles of triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in normoxia and hypoxia and the pathways involved in metabolic changes in hypoxia. METHODS Differences in metabolic profiles affected pathways of MDA-MB-231 cells in normoxia and hypoxia were characterized using GC-MS based untargeted and stable isotope assisted metabolomic techniques. RESULTS Thirty-three metabolites were significantly changed in hypoxia and nine pathways were involved. Hypoxia increased glycolysis, inhibited TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and pyruvate carboxylation, while increased glutaminolysis in MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSION The current results provide metabolic differences of MDA-MB-231 cells in normoxia and hypoxia conditions as well as the involved metabolic pathways, demonstrating the power of combined use of untargeted and stable isotope-assisted metabolomic methods in comprehensive metabolomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shengming Wu
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fangting Dong
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Xianzhong Yan
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Effects of extracellular orotic acid on acute contraction-induced adaptation patterns in C2C12 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:251-263. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goldstein ED, Cannistraro R, Atwal PS, Meschia JF. Undiagnosed Partial Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency Presenting Postoperatively as Agitated Delirium. Neurohospitalist 2017; 8:82-85. [PMID: 29623158 DOI: 10.1177/1941874417729983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (pOTCD), an enzymatic defect within the urea cycle, is an increasingly recognized etiology for hyperammonemia of unclear source following a stressor within female adults. Here we present a case of newly diagnosed pOTCD following a systemic stressor and prolonged hospitalization course. From a neurological perspective, prompt recognition provided the patient with a swift and near complete recovery. We briefly review the pertinent literature pertaining to this genetically based condition including historical context and current therapeutic approaches. Given the potential morbidity of prolonged hyperammonemia, neurohospitalists need to be aware of partial ornithine transcarbamylase as an entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - R Cannistraro
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - P S Atwal
- Department of Clinical Genomics Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J F Meschia
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Castro M, Falvello LR, Forcén-Vázquez E, Guerra P, Al-Kenany NA, Martínez G, Tomás M. A phase transition caught in mid-course: independent and concomitant analyses of the monoclinic and triclinic structures of ( nBu 4N)[Co(orotate) 2(bipy)]·3H 2O. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2017; 73:731-742. [PMID: 28872072 PMCID: PMC5601254 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617010841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of the nBu4N+ salts of two bis-orotate(2-) complexes of cobalt, namely bis(tetra-n-butylammonium) diaquabis(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide-6-carboxylato-κ2N1,O6)cobalt(II) 1.8-hydrate, (C16H36N)2[Co(C5H2N2O4)2(H2O)2]·1.8H2O, (1), and tetra-n-butylammonium (2,2'-bipyridine-κ2N,N')bis(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide-6-carboxylato-κ2N1,O6)cobalt(III) trihydrate, (C16H36N)[Co(C5H2N2O4)2(C10H8N2)]·3H2O, (2), are reported. The CoIII complex, (2), which is monoclinic at room temperature, presents a conservative single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition below 200 K, producing a triclinic twin. The transition, which involves a conformational change in one of the nBu groups of the cation, is reversible and can be cycled. Both end phases have been characterized structurally and the system was also characterized structurally in a two-phase intermediate state, using single-crystal diffraction techniques, with both the monoclinic and triclinic phases present. Thermal analysis allows a rough estimate of the small energy content, viz. 0.25 kJ mol-1, for both the monoclinic-to-triclinic transformation and the reverse transition, in agreement with the nature of the structural changes involving only the nBu4N+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castro
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales y Fluidos, Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), University of Zaragoza–CSIC, María de Luna 3, Zaragoza E-50018, Spain
| | - Larry R. Falvello
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
| | - Elena Forcén-Vázquez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
| | - Pablo Guerra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
| | - Nuha A. Al-Kenany
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
| | - Gema Martínez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Aragón Materials Science Institute (ICMA), University of Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
| | - Milagros Tomás
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogenea (ISQCH), University of Zaragoza–CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
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Delaney NF, Sharma R, Tadvalkar L, Clish CB, Haller RG, Mootha VK. Metabolic profiles of exercise in patients with McArdle disease or mitochondrial myopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8402-8407. [PMID: 28716914 PMCID: PMC5547614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703338114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease and mitochondrial myopathy impair muscle oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by distinct mechanisms: the former by restricting oxidative substrate availability caused by blocked glycogen breakdown, the latter because of intrinsic respiratory chain defects. We applied metabolic profiling to systematically interrogate these disorders at rest, when muscle symptoms are typically minimal, and with exercise, when symptoms of premature fatigue and potential muscle injury are unmasked. At rest, patients with mitochondrial disease exhibit elevated lactate and reduced uridine; in McArdle disease purine nucleotide metabolites, including xanthine, hypoxanthine, and inosine are elevated. During exercise, glycolytic intermediates, TCA cycle intermediates, and pantothenate expand dramatically in both mitochondrial disease and control subjects. In contrast, in McArdle disease, these metabolites remain unchanged from rest; but urea cycle intermediates are increased, likely attributable to increased ammonia production as a result of exaggerated purine degradation. Our results establish skeletal muscle glycogen as the source of TCA cycle expansion that normally accompanies exercise and imply that impaired TCA cycle flux is a central mechanism of restricted oxidative capacity in this disorder. Finally, we report that resting levels of long-chain triacylglycerols in mitochondrial myopathy correlate with the severity of OXPHOS dysfunction, as indicated by the level of impaired O2 extraction from arterial blood during peak exercise. Our integrated analysis of exercise and metabolism provides unique insights into the biochemical basis of these muscle oxidative defects, with potential implications for their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel F Delaney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Laura Tadvalkar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Ronald G Haller
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine of Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
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