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Clemmensen PJ, Schullehner J, Brix N, Sigsgaard T, Stayner LT, Kolstad HA, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023; 10:250-263. [PMID: 37453984 PMCID: PMC10504112 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recently, several epidemiological studies have investigated whether prenatal exposure to nitrate from drinking water may be harmful to the fetus, even at nitrate levels below the current World Health Organization drinking water standard. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the newest knowledge on potential health effects of prenatal exposure to nitrate. RECENT FINDINGS We included 13 epidemiological studies conducted since 2017. Nine studies investigated outcomes appearing around birth, and four studies investigated health outcomes appearing in childhood and young adulthood. The reviewed studies showed some indications of higher risk of preterm delivery, lower birth weight, birth defects, and childhood cancer related to prenatal exposure to nitrate. However, the numbers of studies for each outcome were sparse, and some of the results were conflicting. We suggest that there is a need for additional studies and particularly for studies that include information on water consumption patterns, intake of nitrate from diet, and intake of nitrosatable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Cirrau - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Leslie Thomas Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Henrik Albert Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhang W, Jiang J, He Y, Li X, Yin S, Chen F, Li W. Association Between Dietary Nitrite intake and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:910476. [PMID: 35875114 PMCID: PMC9304866 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.910476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNitrite and nitrate intake through food and water may be an important risk factor for many cancers, including glioma. However, the association of nitrite and nitrate with glioma is unclear.ObjectiveThis review aimed to quantitatively assess the effects of nitrite and nitrate on glioma by meta-analysis.MethodsA literature search was conducted for available articles published in English using the databases of Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library up to 24 March 2022. According to heterogeneity, the fixed-effects or random-effects model was selected to obtain the merger’s relative risk (RR). Based on the methods described by Greenland and Longnecker, we explored the dose-response relationship between nitrite/nitrate and the risk of glioma. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias tests were also used.ResultsThis study reviewed 17 articles, including 812,107 participants and 4,574 cases. For glioma in adults, compared with the lowest intakes, the highest intakes of nitrite significantly increased the risk of glioma (RR=1.26, 95% confidence interval (95%CI):1.09-1.47). For brain tumors in children, compared with the lowest intakes, the highest intakes of nitrate significantly increased the risk of brain tumors (RR=1.27, 95%CI:1.06-1.52). The results of subgroup and sensitivity analyses remained unchanged. In the dose-response relationship, per 1 mg/day increase in nitrite intake increased the risk of glioma by 14% (RR=1.14, 95%CI:1.01-1.27).ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that nitrite increases the risk of glioma in adults, while nitrate increases the risk of brain tumors in children. Therefore, the effects of nitrite and nitrate on glioma cannot be ignored.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022320295.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichunbai Zhang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi He
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shuo Yin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Li,
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Picetti R, Deeney M, Pastorino S, Miller MR, Shah A, Leon DA, Dangour AD, Green R. Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk: A systematic review with meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112988. [PMID: 35217009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollution of water sources, largely from wide-scale agricultural fertilizer use has resulted in nitrate and nitrite contamination of drinking water. The effects on human health of raised nitrate and nitrite levels in drinking water are currently unclear. OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on the association of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water with human health with a specific focus on cancer. METHODS We searched eight databases from 1 January 1990 until 28 February 2021. Meta-analyses were conducted when studies had the same exposure metric and outcome. RESULTS Of 9835 studies identified in the literature search, we found 111 studies reporting health outcomes, 60 of which reported cancer outcomes (38 case-control studies; 12 cohort studies; 10 other study designs). Most studies were set in the USA (24), Europe (20) and Taiwan (14), with only 3 studies from low and middle-income countries. Nitrate exposure in water (59 studies) was more commonly investigated than nitrite exposure (4 studies). Colorectal (15 studies) and gastric (13 studies) cancers were the most reported. In meta-analyses (4 studies) we identified a positive association of nitrate exposure with gastric cancer, OR = 1.91 (95%CI = 1.09-3.33) per 10 mg/L increment in nitrate ion. We found no association of nitrate exposure with colorectal cancer (10 studies; OR = 1.02 [95%CI = 0.96-1.08]) or cancers at any other site. CONCLUSIONS We identified an association of nitrate in drinking water with gastric cancer but with no other cancer site. There is currently a paucity of robust studies from settings with high levels nitrate pollution in drinking water. Research into this area will be valuable to ascertain the true health burden of nitrate contamination of water and the need for public policies to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Picetti
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Megan Deeney
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Silvia Pastorino
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Anoop Shah
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David A Leon
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alan D Dangour
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rosemary Green
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Stayner LT, Schullehner J, Semark BD, Jensen AS, Trabjerg BB, Pedersen M, Olsen J, Hansen B, Ward MH, Jones RR, Coffman VR, Pedersen CB, Sigsgaard T. Exposure to nitrate from drinking water and the risk of childhood cancer in Denmark. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106613. [PMID: 33965769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence that nitrate, a common contaminant in drinking water, increases the risk of childhood cancers. Our objective was to examine this association in Denmark. METHODS We conducted a nationwide case-control study based on all singletons liveborn to Danish-born parents from 1991 to 2015 (N = 1,219,140) that included 596 leukemias, 180 lymphomas, and 310 central nervous system cancers (CNC) who were ≤15 years of age at diagnosis and were identified from the Danish Cancer Registry. Approximately 100 controls were randomly selected and matched to each case on date of birth and sex. Nitrate measurements in public water systems were linked with an address registry to estimate individual average nitrate concentrations during preconception, prenatal, and postnatal periods. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression controlling for the matching variables, and birth order, birthweight, urbanicity, maternal education, employment, income and smoking, and parental age. RESULTS There was no evidence of an association of nitrate with leukemia or lymphoma. An association between CNC and the highest category of nitrate exposure (>25 mg/L nitrate) was observed for preconception (OR = 1.82, 95%CI:1.09 to 3.04), prenatal (OR = 1.65, 95%CI:0.97 to 2.81), and postnatal exposure (OR = 1.48, 95%CI:0.82 to 2.68) in fully adjusted models. There was also some evidence of an exposure-response in models of continuous nitrate exposure and CNC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide some evidence that exposure to nitrate from drinking water may increase the risk of childhood CNC cancer, but not leukemia or lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie T Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Department of Groundwater and Quaternary Geology Mapping, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Dige Semark
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research (NCRR), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Betina B Trabjerg
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research (NCRR), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Pedersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Department of Groundwater and Quaternary Geology Mapping, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary H Ward
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rena R Jones
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Vanessa R Coffman
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carsten B Pedersen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research (NCRR), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zumel-Marne A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Alguacil J, Villanueva CM, Maule M, Gracia-Lavedan E, Momoli F, Krewski D, Mohipp C, Petridou E, Bouka E, Merletti F, Migliore E, Piro S, Ha M, Mannetje A', Eng A, Aragones N, Cardis E. Exposure to drinking water trihalomethanes and nitrate and the risk of brain tumours in young people. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111392. [PMID: 34087188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumours (BTs) are one of the most frequent tumour types in young people. We explored the association between tap water, exposure to trihalomethanes (THM) and nitrate and neuroepithelial BT risk in young people. Analysis of tap water consumption were based on 321 cases and 919 appendicitis controls (10-24 years old) from 6 of the 14 participating countries in the international MOBI-Kids case-control study (2010-2016). Available historical residential tap water concentrations of THMs and nitrate, available from 3 countries for 86 cases and 352 controls and 85 cases and 343 for nitrate, respectively, were modelled and combined with the study subjects' personal consumption patterns to estimate ingestion and residential exposure levels in the study population (both pre- and postnatal). The mean age of participants was 16.6 years old and 56% were male. The highest levels and widest ranges for THMs were found in Spain (residential and ingested) and Italy and in Korea for nitrate. There was no association between BT and the amount of tap water consumed and the showering/bathing frequency. Odds Ratios (ORs) for BT in relation to both pre- and postnatal residential and ingestion levels of THMs were systematically below 1 (OR = 0.37 (0.08-1.73)) for postnatal average residential THMs higher than 66 μg/L. For nitrate, all ORs were above 1 (OR = 1.80 (0.91-3.55)) for postnatal average residential nitrate levels higher than 8.5 mg/L, with a suggestion of a trend of increased risk of neuroepithelial BTs with increasing residential nitrate levels in tap water, which appeared stronger in early in life. This, to our knowledge, is the first study on this topic in young people. Further research is required to clarify the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zumel-Marne
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Alguacil
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Milena Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy.
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Franco Momoli
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Risk Science International, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Eleni Petridou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evdoxia Bouka
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Athens, Greece.
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrica Migliore
- CPO-Piemonte, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
| | - Sara Piro
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research Prevention and Clinical Network-ISPRO, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea.
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wallace St, Mount Cook, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Amanda Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wallace St, Mount Cook, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Nuria Aragones
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division, Department of Health of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rapid economic growth and its huge population are putting tremendous pressure on water sustainability in China. Ensuring clean drinking water is a great challenge for public health due to water shortage and pollution. This article reviews current scientific findings on health-related issues on drinking water and discusses the challenges for safe and healthy drinking water in China. RECENT FINDINGS From literature published since 2010, a variety of emerging contaminants were detected in drinking water, including disinfection byproducts (DBPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogens. Arsenic and fluoride are still the two major contaminants in groundwater. Microcystins, toxins produced by cyanobacteria, were also frequently detected in surface water for drinking. Health effects of exposure to arsenic, fluoride, nitrates, DBPs, and noroviruses in drinking water have been reported in several epidemiological studies. According to literature, water scarcity is still a severe ongoing issue, and regional disparity affects the access to safe and healthy drinking water. In addition, urbanization and climate change have strong influences on drinking water quality and water quantity. Multiple classes of contaminants of emerging concern have been detected in drinking water, while epidemiological studies on their health effects are still inadequate. Water scarcity, regional disparity, urbanization, and climate change are the major challenges for safe and healthy drinking water in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Wu
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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7
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Essien EE, Said Abasse K, Côté A, Mohamed KS, Baig MMFA, Habib M, Naveed M, Yu X, Xie W, Jinfang S, Abbas M. Drinking-water nitrate and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 77:51-67. [PMID: 33138742 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1842313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrate is an inorganic compound that occurs naturally in all surface and groundwater, although higher concentrations tend to occur only where fertilizers are used on the land. The regulatory limit for nitrate in public drinking water supplies was set to protect against infant methemoglobinemia, but other health effects were not considered. Risk of specific cancers and congenital disabilities may be increased when the nitrate is ingested, and nitrate is reduced to nitrite, which can react with amines and amides by nitrosation to form N-nitroso compounds which are known animal carcinogens. This study aims to evaluate the association between nitrate ingested through drinking water and the risk of developing cancers in humans. METHODS We performed a systematic review following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library databases, Web of Science and Google Scholars in the time-frame from their inception to January 2020, for potentially eligible publications. STATA version 12.0 was used to conduct meta-regression and a two-stage meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 48 articles with 13 different cancer sites were used for analysis. The meta-regression analysis showed stomach cancer had an association with the median dosage of nitrate from drinking water (t = 3.98, p = 0.0001, and adjusted R-squared = 50.61%), other types of cancers didn't show any association. The first stage of meta-analysis showed there was an association only between the risk of brain cancer & glioma (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.24) and colon cancer (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17) and nitrate consumption in the analysis comparing the highest ORs versus the lowest. The 2nd stage showed there was an association only between the risk colon cancer (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.23) and nitrate consumption in the analysis comparing all combined higher ORs versus the lowest. CONCLUSION This study showed that there is an association between the intake of nitrate from drinking water and a type of cancer in humans. The effective way of controlling nitrate concentrations in drinking water is the prevention of contamination (water pollution). Further research work on this topic is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eno E Essien
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Global Health, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kassim Said Abasse
- Département de Management, Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Services de Sante, Faculté des sciences de l'administration (FSA), Université Laval (UL), Centre Hospitalière Universitaire (CHU) de Québec UL-IUCPQ-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - André Côté
- Département de Management, Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Services de Sante, Faculté des sciences de l'administration (FSA), Université Laval (UL), Centre Hospitalière Universitaire (CHU) de Québec UL-IUCPQ-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Kassim Said Mohamed
- Département de Management, Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Services de Sante, Faculté des sciences de l'administration (FSA), Université Laval (UL), Centre Hospitalière Universitaire (CHU) de Québec UL-IUCPQ-UL, Québec, Canada
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Murad Habib
- Ayub Department of Surgery, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Global Health, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Global Health, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sun Jinfang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Global Health, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Blaisdell J, Turyk ME, Almberg KS, Jones RM, Stayner LT. Prenatal exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108553. [PMID: 31325834 PMCID: PMC6710151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrate is a common water contaminant that has been associated with birth defects, although the evidence is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine whether maternal consumption of nitrate through drinking water is associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies. METHODS The study included a total of 348,250 singletons births from the state of Missouri between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2008. Individual-level birth defect data and maternal and child characteristics were obtained from the Missouri birth defects registry and state vital statistics records. Outcomes were linked with county-specific monthly estimates of the nitrate concentration in finished water, based on data collected for compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Standard. Poisson models were fit to examine the association between nitrate exposure and birth defects. Average nitrate exposure during the first trimester and over 12 months prior to birth were modeled as continuous variables. Sensitivity analyses included restriction of the sample to counties with <20% and <10% private well usage to reduce exposure misclassification as well as limiting the analyses to residents of rural counties only to account for potential confounding by urbanicity. RESULTS Estimated water concentrations of nitrate were generally low and below the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. Nitrate exposure was associated with a significantly increased risk of limb deficiencies (RR for 1 mg/L (RR1) = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.51) in models without well restriction. Nitrate was also weakly associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects (RR1 = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.93, 1.51) and neural tube defects (RR1 = 1.18, 95%CI = 0.93, 1.51) in models with well restriction (<10%). CONCLUSION The positive associations found between nitrate exposure via drinking water and congenital abnormalities are largely consistent with some previous epidemiologic studies. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution given limitations in our ability to estimate exposures and the lack information on some risk factors for congenital abnormalities. Our findings may have serious policy implications given that exposure levels in our study were well below current EPA standards for nitrate in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Blaisdell
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary E Turyk
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kirsten S Almberg
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachael M Jones
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leslie T Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Khan ST, Malik A. Engineered nanomaterials for water decontamination and purification: From lab to products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:295-308. [PMID: 30312926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clean water is vital for life; it is required not only for drinking but also for the preparation of food and proper hygiene. Unfortunately, more than fifty percent of the world population mainly in China and India face a severe scarcity of water. Around 1.8 billion people inevitably drink water from sources having fecal contamination resulting in the death of about a million children every year. Scientists are developing various economic technologies to decontaminate and purify water. Nanomaterials-based technology offers an economic and effective alternative for water purification and decontamination. As nanomaterials are available globally, have remarkable antimicrobial activity and the ability to effectively remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water. This review discusses the potential role of nanomaterials in the purification of drinking water. As nanomaterials exhibit remarkable antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities against waterborne pathogens and parasites of primary concern like Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholera, and Entamoeba histolytica. Nanomaterials also demonstrate the ability to absorb toxic chemicals like mercury and dyes from polluted water. However, for successful commercialization of the technology, some inherent bottlenecks need to be addressed adequately. These include nanoparticles aggregation, their seepage into drinking water and adverse effects on human health and the environment. Nanocomposites are being developed to overcome these problems and to combine two or more desirable properties for water purification. Widespread and large-scale use of nanomaterials for water purification soon may become a reality. Products containing nanomaterials such as Karofi, Lifestraw, and Tupperware for water purification are already available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India.
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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Fathmawati F, Fachiroh J, Sutomo AH, Putra DPE. Origin and distribution of nitrate in water well of settlement areas in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:628. [PMID: 30280272 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of nitrate in water wells in Yogyakarta City was reported to increase for two decades. This study aimed to describe nitrate contamination in the water wells of colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, previously described elsewhere. Nitrate and chloride content of 150 water samples from the wells of patients with CRC and IBD who were residing in Yogyakarta, Sleman, or Bantul districts were examined. Description of nitrate contamination was presented in the form of box plot charts and map. Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used to measure the difference of nitrate concentration in three areas of study. Comparisons of nitrate and chloride concentrations were used to determine the source of nitrate contamination in water well. Fisher's exact test was used to describe the relationship of well distance with the septic tank to nitrate concentration in water well. The wells in Yogyakarta City had the highest median nitrate content compared to Sleman and Bantul (P = 0.001) with the median of 56.6, 13.1, and 7.7 for Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul, respectively, and most tested samples exceed WHO safe drinking water standards. The spread of nitrate contamination has occurred in areas adjacent to Yogyakarta City compared to the previous report. The ratio of nitrate to chloride (1-8:1) suggested that the source of nitrate contamination in water wells in the study area came from feces due to inadequate on-site sanitation. The mapping showed nitrate contamination in water wells in Yogyakarta City, Sleman, and Bantul districts had spread according to urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathmawati Fathmawati
- Department of Environmental Health, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Pontianak, Jl. 28 Oktober, Pontianak, 78241, Indonesia.
| | - Jajah Fachiroh
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Adi Heru Sutomo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Doni Prakasa Eka Putra
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No. 2 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, van den Brandt P, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldrà F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D, Younes M. Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04787. [PMID: 32625505 PMCID: PMC7010087 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) when used as food additives. The current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for nitrate of 3.7 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were established by the SCF (1997) and JECFA (2002). The available data did not indicate genotoxic potential for sodium and potassium nitrate. The carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were negative. The Panel considered the derivation of an ADI for nitrate based on the formation of methaemoglobin, following the conversion of nitrate, excreted in the saliva, to nitrite. However, there were large variations in the data on the nitrate-to-nitrite conversion in the saliva in humans. Therefore, the Panel considered that it was not possible to derive a single value of the ADI from the available data. The Panel noticed that even using the highest nitrate-to-nitrite conversion factor the methaemoglobin levels produced due to nitrite obtained from this conversion would not be clinically significant and would result to a theoretically estimated endogenous N-nitroso compounds (ENOC) production at levels which would be of low concern. Hence, and despite the uncertainty associated with the ADI established by the SCF, the Panel concluded that currently there was insufficient evidence to withdraw this ADI. The exposure to nitrate solely from its use as a food additive was estimated to be less than 5% of the overall exposure to nitrate in food based on a refined estimated exposure scenario. This exposure did not exceed the current ADI (SCF, 1997). However, if all sources of exposure to dietary nitrate are considered (food additive, natural presence and contamination), the ADI would be exceeded for all age groups at the mean and the highest exposure.
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Fachiroh J, Gravitiani E, Husodo AH. Nitrate in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:120-128. [PMID: 28095125 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1260508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate concentration in well water in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and its surroundings tended to increase rapidly from time to time, and it may be associated with an elevated risk for several types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between nitrate in drinking water and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk occurrence. A case-control study was conducted in Yogyakarta Special Province. Pathologically confirmed 75 CRC patients and 75 controls were consulted and their individual well water was sampled and examined for nitrate concentrations. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to establish the association between nitrate and CRC risk development. There was a significant correlation between nitrate in drinking water and CRC occurrence, and this value was relatively stable after being adjusted for protein intake, smoking history, age, and family history of cancer. These findings demonstrated that the risk of CRC development was fourfold among those with >10 years of nitrate exposure from well water compared with those with ≤10 years of nitrate exposure. Consequently, a significant association between nitrate in drinking water and occurrence of CRC in Yogyakarta was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajah Fachiroh
- c Department of Histology and Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia
| | - Evi Gravitiani
- d Faculty of Economics and Business , Universitas Sebelas Maret , Surakarta , Indonesia
| | - Adi Heru Husodo
- f Department of Public Health , Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta , Indonesia
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13
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Ndounla J, Pulgarin C. Evaluation of the efficiency of the photo Fenton disinfection of natural drinking water source during the rainy season in the Sahelian region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:229-238. [PMID: 24950496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photo-disinfection of water from two different wells (W1, pH: 4.6-5.1 ± 0.02) and (W2 pH: 5.6-5.7 ± 0.02) was carried out during the rainy season at Ouagadougou-Burkina Faso, West Africa. The weather variation during the rainy season significantly affects the photo-disinfection processes (solar disinfection and photo-Fenton). The dilution of the water by rainwater highly affected the chemical composition of the wells' water used in this study; very low iron contents Compared to the ones recorded during the dry season were recorded in all water samples. Both photo-disinfection processes were used to treat 25 L of water in a compound parabolic collector (CPC). None of them have shown the total inactivation of both wild enteric bacteria strains (total coliforms/E. coli and Salmonella spp.) involved in the treatment. However, the total coliforms/E. coli strains were totally inactivated during the exposure under most of the photo-Fenton treatment. Also, the remaining strains, especially those of Salmonella spp. were achieved during the subsequent 24h of dark storage under the action of the Fenton process. Under uniquely solar radiation, total inactivation was recorded only in the total coliforms/E. coli strains. The impact of the available irradiance on the efficiency of the photo-Fenton disinfection of natural water was highlighted during the exposure under high intermittent solar radiation. The impact of the HCO3(-) concentration of both wells' water on the evolution of the pH during the photo-disinfection was recorded. Drastic decrease was noticed after the initial fast increase in presence of low HCO3(-) concentration while a steady state was observed after the increase in presence of higher concentration. The redox activities of the nitrogen components of the water during both photo-disinfection processes have led to increased concentration of nitrite in all the cases and variations were noticed in that of nitrate and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ndounla
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Eau, Dépollution, Ecosystème et Santé (LEDES), 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - C Pulgarin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering GPAO, Station 6, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Takahashi M, Matsuo S, Inoue K, Tamura K, Irie K, Kodama Y, Yoshida M. Development of an early induction model of medulloblastoma in Ptch1 heterozygous mice initiated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2051-5. [PMID: 22937732 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice heterozygous for the ptch1 gene (ptch1 mice) are known as a valuable model of medulloblastoma, a common brain tumor in children. To increase the incidence and reduce the time required for tumor development, allowing for evaluation of modifier effects on medulloblastoma in a short time, we attempted to develop an early induction model of medulloblastoma in ptch1 mice initiated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Ptch1 mice and their wild-type littermates received a single intraperitoneal injection of ENU (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg) on postnatal day 1 (d1) or 4 (d4), and histopathological assessment of brains was conducted at 12 weeks of age. The width of the external granular layer (EGL), a possible origin of medulloblastoma, after injection of 100 mg ENU on d1 or d4 was measured in up to 21-day-old mice. Cerebellar size was apparently reduced at the 50 mg dose and higher regardless of genotype. Microscopically, early lesions of medulloblastomas occurred with a high incidence only in ptch1 mice receiving 10 mg on d1 or d4, but a significant increase was not observed in other groups. Persistent EGL cells and misalignment of Purkinje cells were increased dose-dependently. Although EGL was strikingly decreased after ENU injection, strong recovery was observed in mice of the d1-treated group. In summary, neonatal treatment with ENU is available for the induction of medulloblastoma in ptch1 mice, and 10 mg of ENU administered on d1 appeared to be an appropriate dose to induce medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Takahashi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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