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Bruyneel AV, Reinmann A, Gafner SC, Sandoz JD, Duclos NC. Does texting while walking affect spatiotemporal gait parameters in healthy adults, older people, and persons with motor or cognitive disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 100:284-301. [PMID: 36696854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone use during postural-locomotor tasks is an everyday activity for individuals of all ages in diverse environmental situations and with various health conditions. Nevertheless, the use of smartphones during walking is responsible for many accidents. RESEARCH QUESTION This systematic review and meta-analysis examined spatiotemporal gait parameters during the dual-task situation "texting + gait" versus isolated gait task (single task) in adult persons (>18 years). METHODS Electronic database searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, and LISSA. Two examiners assessed the eligibility and quality of appraisal with the Downs and Black checklist. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals was calculated to compare single- and dual-task situations. The pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random or fixed effects method, and forest plots were generated. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE A total of 25 studies were included. All studies included healthy adults, with four studies including older persons and three including people with pathological conditions. The walking task was with (N = 4) and without (N = 21) obstacles and in laboratory (N = 21) or ecological conditions (N = 7). The quality scores were 6-8/16 for eight studies, 9-12/16 for seven studies, and more than 12/16 for three studies. During the "texting + gait" tasks, the meta-analysis highlighted a significant impairment of gait speed, step and stride length, cadence, and double and single support (p < 0.05). The spatiotemporal parameters of gait were systematically altered during the texting task regardless of the population and test conditions. However, the quality of the studies is moderate, and few studies have been conducted for people with motor deficiencies. The impact of texting on walking should be better considered to develop prevention actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Violette Bruyneel
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Aline Reinmann
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Simone C Gafner
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-David Sandoz
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Noémie C Duclos
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Team ACTIVE, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Univ.Bordeaux, Collège Sciences de la santé, Institut Universitaire des Sciences de la Réadaptation, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Kaye SA, Rodwell D, Watson-Brown N, Rose C, Buckley L. Road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviors: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 82:342-351. [PMID: 36031262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors is a new area of research with potential safety benefits for road users. This paper systematically reviewed studies on road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic behaviors to provide guidance regarding the next steps in this area of research, particularly to inform targeted interventions. The objective was to identify the types of on-road prosocial and altruistic behaviors that have been studied, and the factors associated with these behaviors. Road users were defined as drivers, passengers, or vulnerable road users (e.g., pedestrian, motorcyclists, and bicyclists). METHOD The database search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines and was conducted in June 2021. A total of 23,090 articles were identified in four databases including APA PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and the Transportation Research Information Database. Eleven articles (13 studies) published between 2004 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS Six studies focused on intervening behaviors, specifically relating to passengers' willingness or intentions to speak up to a driver engaging in unsafe driving behaviors, four studies focused on drivers' yielding behaviors at crosswalks, and one study each focused on altruistic driving behaviors, prosocial driving behavior at long-wait stops, and prosocial behavior towards cyclists. Studies typically examined characteristics of the prosocial road user, including self-esteem, efficacy, and subjective norms, as well as contextual factors, such as other road users' behaviors and on-road messaging. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights specific factors that may predict road users' engagement in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The outcomes from this review may be used to guide the development of future road safety public education messages designed to encourage greater participation in prosocial and altruistic on-road behaviors that act to benefit all road users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrie-Anne Kaye
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David Rodwell
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Centre for Health Services and Innovation (AusHSI), School of Public Health and Social Work, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Natalie Watson-Brown
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Chae Rose
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Lisa Buckley
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia.
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Gazder U, Assi KJ. Determining driver perceptions about distractions and modeling their effects on driving behavior at different age groups. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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“Just One Short Voice Message”—Comparing the Effects of Text- vs. Voice-Based Answering to Text Messages via Smartphone on Young Drivers’ Driving Performances. SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/safety7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known distracting effects, many drivers still engage in phone use, especially texting and especially among young drivers, with new emerging messaging modes. The present study aims to examine the effects of different answering modes on driving performance. Twenty-four students (12 females), aged between 19 and 25 years (M = 20.83, SD = 1.53), volunteered for the study. They accomplished the Lane Change Task (LCT) with baseline and dual-task runs in a driving simulator. In dual-task runs, participants answered text messages on a smartphone by voice or text message with varying task complexity. Driving performance was measured by lane deviation (LCT) and subjective measures (NASA-TLX). Across all trials, driving performance deteriorated during dual-task runs compared with the baseline runs, and subjective demand increased. Analysis of dual-task runs showed a benefit for voice-based answering to received text messages that leveled off in the complex task. All in all, the benefits of using voice-based answering in comparison with text-based answering were found regarding driving performance and subjective measures. Nevertheless, this benefit was mostly lost in the complex task, and both the driving performance and the demand measured in the baseline conditions could not be reached.
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Pope CN, Nwosu A, Rudisill TM, Zhu M. Support for distracted driving laws: An analysis of adolescent drivers from the Traffic Safety Culture Index from 2011 to 2017. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART F, TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021; 78:424-432. [PMID: 34616221 PMCID: PMC8489580 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent drivers are often the focus of traffic safety legislation as they are at increased risk for crash-related injury and death. However, the degree to which adolescents support distracted driving laws and factors contributing to their support are relatively unknown. Using a large, nationally weighted sample of adolescent drivers in the United States, we assessed if perceived threat from other road users' engagement in distracted driving, personal engagement in distracted driving behaviors, and the presence of state distracted driving laws was associated with support for distracted driving laws. METHODS The sample included 3565 adolescents (aged 16-18) who participated in the Traffic Safety Culture Index survey from 2011 to 2017. A modified Poisson regression model with robust errors was fit to the weighted data to examine support for distracted driving laws. Models included age, gender, year, state distracted driving laws, personal engagement in distracted driving behavior, and perceived threat from other road users' engaging in distracted driving. RESULTS Approximately 87% of adolescents supported a law against texting and emailing compared to 66% who supported a universal handheld cellphone law. Support for distracted driving legislation was associated with greater perceived threat of other road users engaging in distracted driving while accounting for personal engagement in distracted driving, state distracted driving laws, and developmental covariates. DISCUSSION Greater understanding of the factors behind legislative support is needed. Public health interventions focused on effectively translating the risks of cellphone use while driving and effective policy will further improve the traffic safety culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N. Pope
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Ann Nwosu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Toni M. Rudisill
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Motao Zhu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
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Advancing our understanding of cognitive development and motor vehicle crash risk: A multiverse representation analysis. Cortex 2021; 138:90-100. [PMID: 33677330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological and cognitive maturational models are the dominant theoretical account of adolescents' risk-taking behavior. Both the protracted development of working memory (WM) through adolescence, as well as individual differences in WM capacity have been theorized to be related to risk-taking behavior, including reckless driving. In a cohort study of 84 adolescent drivers Walshe et al. (2019) found adolescents who crashed had an attenuated trajectory of WM growth compared to adolescent drivers who never reported being in a crash, but observed no difference in WM capacity at baseline. The objectives of this report were to attempt to replicate these associations and to evaluate their robustness using a hybrid multiverse - specification curve analysis approach, henceforth called multiverse representation analysis (MRA). The authors of the original report provided their data: 84 adolescent drivers with annual evaluations of WM and other risk factors from 2005 to 2013, and of driving experiences in 2015. The original analysis was implemented as described in the original report. An MRA approach was used to evaluate the robustness of the association between developmental trajectories of WM and adolescents' risk-taking (indexed by motor vehicle crash involvement) to different reasonable methodological choices. We enumerated 6 reasonable choice points in data processing-analysis configurations: (1) model type: latent growth or multi-level regression, (2) treatment of WM data; (3) which waves are included; (4) covariate treatment; (5) how time is coded; and (6) link function/estimation method: weighted least squares means and variance estimation (WLSMV) with a linear link versus logistic regression with maximum likelihood estimation. This multiverse consists of 96 latent growth models and 18 multi-level regression models.
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Foreman AM, Friedel JE, Hayashi Y, Wirth O. Texting while driving: A discrete choice experiment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 149:105823. [PMID: 33197793 PMCID: PMC8190565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Texting while driving is one of the most dangerous types of distracted driving and contributes to a large number of transportation incidents and fatalities each year. Drivers text while driving despite being aware of the risks. Although some factors related to the decision to text while driving have been elucidated, more remains to be investigated in order to better predict and prevent texting while driving. To study decision making involved in reading a text message while driving, we conducted a discrete choice experiment with 345 adult participants recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants were presented with multiple choice sets, each involving two different scenarios, and asked to choose the scenario in which they would be more likely to text while driving. The attributes of the scenarios were the relationship to the text-message sender, the road conditions, and the importance of the message. The attributes varied systematically across the choice sets. Participants were more likely to read a text message while driving if the sender of the message was a significant other, the message was perceived to be very important, and the participant was driving on rural roads. Discrete choice experiments offer a promising approach to studying decision making in drivers and other populations because they allow for an analysis of multiple factors simultaneously and the trade-offs among different choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Foreman
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States.
| | | | - Yusuke Hayashi
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazelton, United States of America
| | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States
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McDonald CC, Fargo JD, Swope J, Metzger KB, Sommers MS. Initial Testing of a Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Driver Inattention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Emerg Nurs 2020; 47:88-100.e3. [PMID: 33023788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of adolescent death. Inattention to the roadway contributes to crash risk. The objective of this study was to deploy an initial study of a web-based intervention (Let's Choose Ourselves) designed to improve adolescent driver attention to the roadway. METHODS We used a randomized controlled trial design in a sample of adolescent drivers to test if a web-based intervention decreased cell phone engagement in driving simulation at 3 months as compared with controls. As secondary hypotheses, we tested if the intervention increased the use of peer passengers to manage distractions and decreased eyes off the forward roadway in driving simulation and decreased self-reported risky driving behaviors. Adolescents, aged 16-17 years, licensed for ≤90 days were randomized to Let's Choose Ourselves with distractions in the simulator protocol at baseline, Let's Choose Ourselves with no distractions, an attention control intervention on healthy eating with distractions, or attention control with no distractions. We used Poisson regression modeling to test the primary and secondary hypotheses. RESULTS The trial included 60 adolescents (66.7% female, 78.3% non-Hispanic white subjects, mean age 16.8 years, licensed 50.8 days). In Poisson regression, controlling for sex, we found no significant effects of Let's Choose Ourselves on primary or secondary outcomes. However, there was a significant effect of visit on self-report outcomes, with self-reported distracted driving behaviors increasing over time. DISCUSSION Although there were no significant effects of Let's Choose Ourselves, self-reported risky driving behaviors increased over time. Further investigation of the relationship between driving experience and increasing inattention to the road in adolescents is warranted.
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Stavrinos D, McManus B, Beck H. Demographic, driving experience, and psychosocial predictors of adolescent distracted driving beliefs. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 144:105678. [PMID: 32659492 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study had three aims: 1) describe distracted driving beliefs among adolescents by various distraction types (i.e., talking on a hands-free/hands-held cell phone, texting or emailing, taking "selfies," and updating/checking social media); 2) examine the factor structure of distracted driving beliefs; and 3) test whether individual difference factors, shown in prior work to be related to distracted driving behavior, significantly predicted factors of distracted driving beliefs. METHODS Three hundred seventy-nine high school students enrolled in non-mandatory Driver's Education courses completed surveys of distracted driving beliefs, sensation seeking, and demographics. RESULTS A factor analysis revealed four factors of distracted driving beliefs: 1) self-acceptance of interacting with a cell phone while driving; 2) perceived peer acceptance of interacting with a cell phone while driving; 3) perceived threat of distracted driving to personal safety; and 4) self- and peer- acceptance of talking on a cell phone while driving. Adolescents perceived a greater threat to safety and less self- and peer-acceptance of interacting with cell phones while driving (i.e., texting/emailing, updating/posting to social media, taking selfies) than talking on a cell phone while driving. In general, men, those with more driving experience, higher in sensation seeking, and those placing more importance on checking notifications on a phone had riskier beliefs about distracted driving. CONCLUSION Findings suggest adolescent distracted driving beliefs are influenced by individual difference factors, providing some knowledge about the motivations for distracted driving. Future work should consider novel strategies for intervening to reduce this common yet extremely dangerous behavior among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Stavrinos
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, United States.
| | - Benjamin McManus
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Haley Beck
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, United States
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Gance-Cleveland B, McDonald CC, Walker RK. Use of theory to guide development and application of sensor technologies in Nursing. Nurs Outlook 2020; 68:698-710. [PMID: 32620271 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensor technologies for health care, research, and consumers have expanded and evolved rapidly. Many technologies developed in commercial or engineering spaces, lack theoretical grounding and scientific evidence to support their need, safety, and efficacy. Theory is a mechanism for synthesizing and guiding knowledge generation for the discipline of nursing, including the design, implementation, and evaluation of sensors and related technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning. In this paper, three nurse scientists summarize their presentations at the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science 2019 Advanced Methods Conference on Expanding Science of Sensor Technology in Research discussing the theoretical underpinnings of sensor technologies development and use in nursing research and practice. Multiple theories with diverse epistemological roots guide decision-making about whether or not to apply sensors to a given use; development of, components of, and mechanisms by which sensor technologies are expected to work; and possible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine C McDonald
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania Injury Science Center, Center for Injury Research Prevention at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel K Walker
- College of Nursing, IALS Center for Health & Human Performance, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA
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McDonald CC, Delgado MK, Zonfrillo MR. Opportunities to Reduce Distracted Driving and Adolescent Driver Motor Vehicle Crashes. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2020-0419. [PMID: 32414895 PMCID: PMC7263051 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. McDonald
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing and,Departments of Pediatrics,,Penn Injury Science Center and,Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - M. Kit Delgado
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, and,Emergency Medicine and Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, Perelman School of Medicine and,Penn Injury Science Center and,Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Mark R. Zonfrillo
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and,Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Truelove V, Freeman J, Davey J. "I Snapchat and Drive!" A mixed methods approach examining snapchat use while driving and deterrent perceptions among young adults. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 131:146-156. [PMID: 31255800 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research utilised a qualitative and quantitative study to examine a sample of young drivers' perceptions of deterrent forces, both legal and non-legal, for the behaviour of phone use while driving. First, focus groups were conducted with 60 drivers between the ages of 17 and 25 years who resided in Queensland, Australia. This qualitative study utilised an inductive approach to elicit participants' perceptions without omitting important ideas. Legal sanctions were associated with low perceptions of enforcement certainty. Meanwhile, the only non-legal sanction to emerge was the concept of "safety"; many participants were deterred from using their phone while driving for fear of injury or death to themselves or others. The types of social media most likely to be engaged in were explored and sending videos or photos via the application Snapchat emerged as the most common social media application used among the sample. Consequently, the subsequent quantitative study focused on deterrent forces associated with Snapchat use while driving. A survey was utilised with a separate sample of young drivers aged 17-25 years (n = 503). The impact of the threat of legal sanctions on Snapchat use while driving was examined through classical deterrence theory and Stafford and Warr's (1993) reconceptualised deterrence theory. The non-legal factor of perceived safety was also included in the quantitative study. None of the classical deterrence variables (e.g., certainty, severity and swiftness) reached significance while all the reconceptualised deterrence variables (e.g., direct and indirect punishment and punishment avoidance), as well as perceived safety, were significant predictors of Snapchat use while driving. It is suggested that perceptions of certainty of apprehension need to be increased for phone use while driving. The findings show the current impact of deterrent initiatives for phone use while driving as well as provide the first examination of deterrents for the specific mobile phone behaviour of Snapchat use while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Truelove
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia; University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs QLD 4556.
| | - James Freeman
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia; University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs QLD 4556
| | - Jeremy Davey
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia; University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs QLD 4556
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Das S, Minjares-Kyle L, Wu L, Henk RH. Understanding crash potential associated with teen driving: Survey analysis using multivariate graphical method. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 70:213-222. [PMID: 31847998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Teen crash involvement is usually higher than other age groups, and they are typically overrepresented in car crashes. To infer teen drivers' understanding of crash potentials (factors that are associated with crash occurrence), two sources of data are generally used: retrospective data and prospective data. Retrospective data sources contain historical crash data, which have limitations in determining teen drivers' knowledge of crash potentials. Prospective data sources, like surveys, have more potential to minimize the research gap. Prior studies have shown that teen drivers are more likely to be involved in crashes during their early driving years. Thus, there is a benefit in examining how teen drivers' understanding of crash potentials change during their transition through licensing stages (i.e., no licensure to unrestricted licensure). METHOD This study used a large set of teen driver survey data (a dataset from approximately 88,000 respondents) of Texas teens to answer the research question. Researchers provided rankings of the crash potentials by gender and licensure stages using a multivariate graphical method named taxicab correspondence analysis (TCA). RESULTS The findings show that driving behavior and understanding of crash potentials differ among teens based upon various licensing stages. Practical applications: Findings from this study can help government authorities to refine policies of teen driver licensing and implement potential countermeasures for safety improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subasish Das
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | - Lisa Minjares-Kyle
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 701 N. Post Oak Rd. Suite 430, Houston, TX 77024, United States.
| | - Lingtao Wu
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 3135 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | - Russell H Henk
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 1100 NW Loop 410, Suite 605, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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Foreman AM, Hayashi Y, Friedel JE, Wirth O. Social distance and texting while driving: A behavioral economic analysis of social discounting. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:702-707. [PMID: 31356123 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1636233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Texting while driving is a dangerous behavior. Drivers continue to engage in the behavior despite knowing its risks, and the factors responsible for the decision to text while driving are poorly understood. This study examined how the relationship of the sender to the driver, in addition to the delay to the destination, may affect the decision to text while driving with the use of a social- and delay-discounting paradigm. Methods: Ninety-four (N = 94) undergraduate students completed a hypothetical social- and delay-discounting task in which they rated their likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply until arriving at a destination. The social distance of the sender and the delay to the destination were varied across trials. Results: For both social and delay discounting, the likelihood of replying and waiting, respectively, decreased as a function of social distance and delay to the destination. Participants were more likely to text while driving as the social distance of the sender decreased and the delay to the destination increased. Social discounting varied inversely as a function of delay to the destination: The shorter the delay to the destination, the greater the social discounting. Conclusion: The findings indicate that social distance of the sender is an important factor involved in the decision to text while driving. Participants were more likely to reply to a text while driving if the sender was less socially distant. When they were closer to their destination, they were less likely to reply to socially distant people than those closer to them. The roles that social consequences play in drivers' decision making to text while driving are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Foreman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
| | | | - Jonathan E Friedel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
| | - Oliver Wirth
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
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Brennan TM, Jesson JE, Furlanetto PGA. Quantifying driver cell phone use at signalized intersections using software-defined radio. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:359-364. [PMID: 31039051 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1592167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This article outlines a data collection process that quantifies driver cell phone use using a software-defined radio (SDR) at a signalized intersection. Cell phone use while driving has been shown to be factor that increases the risk of a crash incident. Both operational and enforcement strategies can be applied at locations where high driver cell phone use is identified. Methods: A baseline driver cell phone use observation was made at the intersection, where 9,699 vehicles were observed at the intersection of Carlton Road and State Route 31 (Pennington Road) in Ewing, New Jersey. An SDR cell phone detection device created as part of this study was then deployed at the same intersection to determine whether the SDR device could detect an active cell phone signal. The identification of vehicle cell phone activity using the SDR was conducted a sample of 4,000 vehicles. A visual observation, along with a motion detection camera, was made alongside the SDR to visually confirm cell phones use. Results: Of the 4,000 vehicles sampled using the SDR cell phone detection device, 6.1% of the a.m. peak travel time and 7.6% of the p.m. peak travel time had an active cellular device. A concurrent visual field verification of driver cell phone use showed that approximately 57% (a.m. peak) and 67% (p.m. peak) of the SDR-detected cell phones were visually confirmed to be associated with distracted cell phone use. Conclusions: Once characterized, the frequency of driver cell phone use can be used to justify changes to signal timing protocols. These adjustments could include extending the signal's "all-red time" or holding "yellow time" longer in order to properly clear the intersection. These data can also be used to identify locations that may require more enforcement measures to dissuade driver cell phone use. Furthermore, the impact of anti-cell phone campaigns or new laws can be quantified by measuring before and after cell phone use in the near term rather than waiting for crash studies at intersections to be completed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Brennan
- a Civil Engineering , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey
| | - Joseph E Jesson
- b Electrical Engineering , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey
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McDonald CC, Ward K, Huang Y, Wiebe DJ, Delgado MK. Novel Smartphone-Based Measures of Cell Phone Use While Driving in a Sample of Newly Licensed Adolescent Drivers. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:10-14. [PMID: 30041576 PMCID: PMC6345599 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118788612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of adolescent death. Cell phone use while driving is a contributor to adolescent motor vehicle crash risk. Objective and directly observable measures of cell phone use while driving are needed to implement interventions aimed at reducing cell phone-related crash risk. AIMS To describe novel smartphone-based measures of cell phone use while driving in a sample of newly licensed male and female adolescent drivers. METHODS Newly licensed adolescents in Pennsylvania installed a windshield-mounted device that pairs with a smartphone application to collect data on cell phone use while driving over 2 weeks during June 2016-October 2016. Descriptive statistics, independent t tests, and Wilcoxin Mann-Whitney U test were used to characterize handheld cell phone use ("unlock") and call time while accounting for driving exposure. RESULTS Data from 16 adolescents (50% male) resulted in 5,624 miles in 705 trips, 964 cell phone unlocks, and 146.22 minutes of call time. Participants had a mean of 23.96 unlocks/100 miles ( SD = 22.97), 1.23 unlocks/trip ( SD = 0.96), and 4.87 unlocks/hour driven ( SD = 3.93). Males had significantly more unlocks/100 miles, unlocks at speed >25 mph/100 miles, unlocks/hour driven, and unlocks at speed > 25 mph/hour driven ( p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based applications are an innovative means by which to collect continuous data on cell phone use while driving that can be used to better understand and intervene on this frequent behavior in newly licensed adolescent drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. McDonald
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen Ward
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yanlan Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J. Wiebe
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - M. Kit Delgado
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Behavioral Science & Analytics For Injury Reduction (BeSAFIR) Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania
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Li L, Shults RA, Andridge RR, Yellman MA, Xiang H, Zhu M. Texting/Emailing While Driving Among High School Students in 35 States, United States, 2015. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:701-708. [PMID: 30139720 PMCID: PMC6309970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the prevalence and explore individual- and state-level factors associated with texting/emailing while driving (TWD) among adolescent drivers in the United States. METHODS Data from 35 states that administered the 2015 state Youth Risk Behavior Survey were analyzed. We used Poisson regression models with robust error variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for TWD. RESULTS Among the 101,397 high school students aged ≥ 14 years who had driven a vehicle during the past 30 days, 38% reported TWD at least once. TWD prevalence ranged from 26% in Maryland to 64% in South Dakota. TWD prevalence was higher in states with a lower minimum learner's permit age and in states where a larger percentage of students drove. Multivariable analyses revealed that the likelihood of TWD increased substantially with age, and white students were more likely to engage in TWD than students of all other races/ethnicities. Infrequent seatbelt users were 21% more likely to engage in TWD compared with frequent seatbelt users (adjusted PR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-1.26), and students who reported drinking and driving were almost twice as likely to TWD as compared to students who did not (adjusted PR = 1.91, 95% confidence interval: 1.79-2.04). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of TWD among US high school students varied by more than two-fold across states. TWD prevalence was higher in states with lower minimum learner's permit ages and in states where a larger percentage of students drove. Older age, white race/ethnicity, and other risky driving behaviors were associated with TWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ruth A. Shults
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca R. Andridge
- Division of Biostatistics, Public Health Honors Program, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Merissa A. Yellman
- Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Synergy America, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry Xiang
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motao Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Hannan C, Palumbo AJ, Fisher Thiel MC, Weiss E, Seacrist T. Advanced driver assistance systems for teen drivers: A national survey of teen and parent perceptions. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:S84-S90. [PMID: 30335514 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1494383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently developed advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to compensate for teen driving errors and reduce overall crash risk. To date, very limited research has been conducted on the suitability of ADAS for teen drivers-the population most likely to benefit from such systems. The opportunity for ADAS to reduce the frequency and severity of crashes involving teen drivers is hindered when there is a lack of trust, acceptance, and use of those technologies. Therefore, there is a need to study teen and parent perceptions of ADAS to help identify and overcome any potential barriers to ADAS use. METHODS A U.S. national survey was developed based on themes from previously conducted teen and parent ADAS focus groups. Survey topics included trust in ADAS, effect of ADAS on teen driver safety and driving behavior, effect of ADAS on skill development, data privacy, and cybersecurity. Responses included 5-point Likert scales and open-ended questions. The survey was managed through an online respondent panel by ResearchNow. Eligibility criteria included licensed teens (16-19 years) and parents of licensed teens. Teen and parent responses were compared using chi-square statistics in SAS 9.4. RESULTS Two thousand and three (teens = 1,000; parents = 1,003) respondents qualified for and completed the survey between September 1 and September 20, 2017. Overall, teens (72%) and parents (61%) felt that ADAS would have a positive impact on transportation. However, teens were more likely to exhibit a positive outlook on ADAS, whereas parents were more likely to have a negative outlook (P < .01). Teens felt that ADAS would be useful during bad weather or drowsy driving but were less concerned than parents about ADAS intervention during their own risky driving (P < .01). The majority of teens (65%) and parents (71%) agreed that teens should learn to drive on vehicles without ADAS, with parents being more likely to agree than teens (P < .01). Parents (55%) were more likely than teens (47%) to be concerned about insurance companies keeping track of teen driving data (P < .01). Most respondents exhibited some concern of ADAS being susceptible to hacking (57%). CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first effort to quantify ADAS perceptions among teen drivers and their parents at the U.S. national level. These data highlight potential barriers to ADAS use among teen drivers, including a relative disinterest among teens for ADAS intervention during risky driving as well as concerns among both teens and parents that ADAS will inhibit skill development. These survey findings will help inform educational programs to accelerate fleet turnover and provide the foundation for ADAS optimization and evaluation studies among sociodemographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Hannan
- a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- b Department of Public Health , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Aimee J Palumbo
- a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- c Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Megan C Fisher Thiel
- a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Eve Weiss
- a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- d Equal Measure, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Seacrist
- a Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
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A multiyear assessment of a hospital-school program to promote teen motor vehicle safety. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:S190-S196. [PMID: 29065064 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among teen drivers. The main goal of this program was to reduce texting while driving among high school teens through a unique peer-generated anti-texting campaign. METHODS The program consisted of two phases. In phase 1, student leaders participated in a half-day, hospital-based experiential program that emphasized safe teen driving. In phase 2, these students conceptualized and implemented an anti-texting while driving campaign during the school year. The program enrolled 32 schools with 137 student participants in phase 1. This study uses a prospective quasi-experimental pre-post design. A presurvey and a follow-up online survey were used. Response rate was 81%. In phase 2, two rounds of observations of drivers were made near the participating schools at the beginning and end of the phase 2 campaign. The results were analyzed using proportion tests. RESULTS There was a strong belief (6.49 on a seven-point scale) that texting while driving could result in a crash. About 58% had texted while driving in the previous 7 days in the pre-survey. This proportion decreased significantly to 44% in the follow-up (p < 0.05). Knowledge of Tennessee Graduated Driver Licensing laws and feeling of empowerment to take action with a teen driver who was texting improved significantly (p < 0.05). In phase 2, 12,309 drivers (adults and teens) were observed in the first round, and 13,153 were observed in the second round of observations. Significant reduction in the proportion of drivers texting while driving (from 13% to 9%; p < 0.0001) was observed. CONCLUSION Results of driver observations support the effectiveness of this program in meeting the key objective of reducing texting while driving. The program also influenced teenagers' willingness to take positive steps when faced with a driver who was texting. Future efforts should aim to influence social and peer norms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level IV.
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Trivedi N, Haynie D, Bible J, Liu D, Simons-Morton B. Cell Phone Use While Driving: Prospective Association with Emerging Adult Use. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 106:450-455. [PMID: 28735180 PMCID: PMC5610622 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Secondary task engagement such as cell phone use while driving is a common behavior among adolescents and emerging adults. Texting and other distracting cell phone use in this population contributes to the high rate of fatal car crashes. Peer engagement in similar risky driving behaviors, such as texting, could socially influence driver phone use behavior. The present study investigates the prospective association between peer and emerging adult texting while driving the first year after high school. Surveys were conducted with a national sample of emerging adults and their nominated peers. Binomial logistic regression analyses, adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and family affluence, showed that participants (n=212) with peers (n=675) who reported frequently texting while driving, were significantly more likely to text while driving the following year (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.19-7.59; P=0.05). The findings are consistent with the idea that peer texting behavior influences the prevalence of texting while driving among emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Trivedi
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Denise Haynie
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joe Bible
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Simons-Morton
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mirman JH, Durbin DR, Lee YC, Seifert SJ. Adolescent and adult drivers' mobile phone use while driving with different interlocutors. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 104:18-23. [PMID: 28458017 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the frequency of adolescents' and their parents' mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) in the context of their peer and parent-child interlocutors (i.e., communication partners), considering individual differences in perceived risk and symptoms of technology addiction. METHODS Ninety-four participants (47 parent-adolescent dyads) completed a survey battery measuring their symptoms of technology addiction, perceived risk of MPUWD, and MPUWD with family members and with their peers as assessed via the proportion of trips when drivers used a mobile phone to communicate. RESULTS For both adolescents and their parents across both types of interlocutors (parent-child, peer), stronger risk perceptions were associated with less MPUWD, and stronger symptoms of technology addiction were associated with more MPUWD. A three-way interaction among technology addiction, interlocutor (parent-child, peer), and driver (parent, adolescent) was observed. For adolescents, the association between technology addiction and MPUWD was significantly stronger for MPUWD with their peers than it was for their MPUWD with their parents; this association was not observed for parents. Parents engaged in MPUWD with their children as frequently as adolescents engaged in MPUWD with their peers. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of technology addiction play a stronger role for adolescents' MPUWD with their peers than it does for adolescents' MPUWD with their parents. These and other driver-by-interlocutor interactions should be considered in future research on distracted driving and in prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis R Durbin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, STE 1486, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
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McDonald CC, Brawner BM, Fargo J, Swope J, Sommers MS. Development of a Theoretically Grounded, Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Driver Inattention. J Sch Nurs 2017; 34:270-280. [PMID: 28553750 DOI: 10.1177/1059840517711157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of adolescent death. Inattention to the roadway contributes to crash risk and often results from distractions, such as cell phone calls, texting, and peer passengers. We report on the development of a web-based intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior that aims to reduce adolescent driver inattention ( Let's Choose Ourselves). In Phase I, we collected qualitative and quantitative data on adolescents' attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms about driver inattention through focus groups with newly licensed adolescent drivers. In Phase II, we developed the content in an e-learning delivery system, performed beta- and pilot testing, and made refinements. In Phase III, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate feasibility. The development of Let's Choose Ourselves provides information for school nurses regarding intervention development strategies as well as promotion of safe adolescent driving by reducing driver inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C McDonald
- 1 School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jamison Fargo
- 4 Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer Swope
- 5 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marilyn S Sommers
- 1 School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Stavrinos D, Pope CN, Shen J, Schwebel DC. Distracted Walking, Bicycling, and Driving: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mobile Technology and Youth Crash Risk. Child Dev 2017; 89:118-128. [PMID: 28504303 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the impact of mobile technology on young pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. A systematic search yielded 41 articles meeting inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed, published before February 1, 2016, behavioral outcome related to pedestrian, bicycling, or driving in the presence of mobile technology use, youth sample. Eleven studies were meta-analyzed to evaluate increased risk for crash/near-crash while distracted. Risk of bias and quality of research were assessed. Across methodologies, developmental stages, and type of distracting task, mobile technology use impairs youth safety on the road. Quality of evidence was low (pedestrian) to moderate (driving). Findings are discussed from the perspective of cognitive and visual distractions. Policy and behavioral efforts should continue to reduce mobile technology use in transportation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiabin Shen
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
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McDonald CC, Sommers MS. "Good Passengers and Not Good Passengers:" Adolescent Drivers' Perceptions About Inattention and Peer Passengers. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:e375-e382. [PMID: 27496828 PMCID: PMC5124382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this qualitative focus group elicitation research study was to explore teen driver perceptions of peer passengers and driver inattention. DESIGN & METHODS We utilized focus groups for data collection and content analysis to analyze the data, both of which were guided by the theory of planned behavior. We conducted 7 focus groups with 30 teens, ages 16-18, licensed for ≤1year to examine attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and norms related to driving inattention and peer passengers. RESULTS The sample was 50% male, mean age 17.39 (SD 0.52) with mean length of licensure 173.7days (SD 109.2). Three themes emerged: 1) "Good and not good" passengers; 2) Passengers and technology as harmful and helpful; and 3) The driver is in charge. CONCLUSIONS While passengers can be a source of distraction, our participants also identified passenger behaviors that reduced risk, such as assistance with technology and guidance for directions. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS An understanding of teens' perceptions of peer passengers can contribute to the development of effective interventions targeting teen driver inattention. Nurses are well-positioned to contribute to these teen crash prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C McDonald
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marilyn S Sommers
- Lillian S. Brunner Professor of Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
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Delgado MK, Wanner KJ, McDonald C. Adolescent Cellphone Use While Driving: An Overview of the Literature and Promising Future Directions for Prevention. MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION 2016; 4:79-89. [PMID: 27695663 PMCID: PMC5041591 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in adolescents, and drivers aged 16-19 are the most likely to die in distracted driving crashes. This paper provides an overview of the literature on adolescent cellphone use while driving, focusing on the crash risk, incidence, risk factors for engagement, and the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies. We conclude by discussing promising future approaches to prevent crashes related to cellphone use in adolescents. Handheld manipulation of the phone while driving has been shown to have a 3 to 4-fold increased risk of a near crash or crash, and eye glance duration greater than 2 seconds increases crash risk exponentially. Nearly half of U.S. high school students admit to texting while driving in the last month, but the frequency of use according to vehicle speed and high-risk situations remains unknown. Several risk factors are associated with cell phone use while driving including: parental cellphone use while driving, social norms for quick responses to text messages, and higher levels of temporal discounting. Given the limited effectiveness of current mitigation strategies such as educational campaigns and legal bans, a multi-pronged behavioral and technological approach addressing the above risk factors will be necessary to reduce this dangerous behavior in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kit Delgado
- Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author (M.D.)
| | - Kathryn J. Wanner
- Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine McDonald
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wu YP, Thompson D, Aroian KJ, McQuaid EL, Deatrick JA. Commentary: Writing and Evaluating Qualitative Research Reports. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:493-505. [PMID: 27118271 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of qualitative methods, particularly for reviewers and authors who may be less familiar with qualitative research. METHODS A question and answer format is used to address considerations for writing and evaluating qualitative research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS When producing qualitative research, individuals are encouraged to address the qualitative research considerations raised and to explicitly identify the systematic strategies used to ensure rigor in study design and methods, analysis, and presentation of findings. Increasing capacity for review and publication of qualitative research within pediatric psychology will advance the field's ability to gain a better understanding of the specific needs of pediatric populations, tailor interventions more effectively, and promote optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena P Wu
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute,
| | - Deborah Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine
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