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Kim E, Redwood S, Liu F, Roche DJO, Chen S, Bentley WE, Eaton WW, Čiháková D, Talor MV, Kelly DL, Payne GF. Pilot study indicates that a gluten-free diet lowers oxidative stress for gluten-sensitive persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:71-78. [PMID: 38749320 PMCID: PMC11215979 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
One-third of people with schizophrenia have elevated levels of anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA IgG). A 5-week randomized double-blind pilot study was performed in 2014-2017 in an inpatient setting to test the effect of a gluten-free diet (GFD) on participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who also had elevated AGA IgG (≥ 20 U) but were negative for celiac disease. This earlier pilot study reported that the GFD-group showed improved gastrointestinal and psychiatric symptoms, and also improvements in TNF-α and the inflammatory cytokine IL-23. Here, we performed measurements of these banked plasma samples to detect levels of oxidative stress (OxSt) using a recently developed iridium (Ir)-reducing capacity assay. Triplicate measurements of these samples showed an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.84 which indicates good reproducibility. Further, a comparison of the OxSt measurements at the baseline and 5-week end-point for this small sample size shows that the GFD-group (N = 7) had lowered OxSt levels compared to the gluten-containing diet group (GCD; N = 9; p = 0.05). Finally, we showed that improvements in OxSt over these 5 weeks were correlated to improvements in gastrointestinal (r = +0.64, p = 0.0073) and psychiatric (r = +0.52, p = 0.039) symptoms. Also, we showed a possible association between the decrease in OxSt and the lowered levels of IL-23 (r = +0.44, p = 0.087), although without statistical significance. Thus, the Ir-reducing capacity assay provides a simple, objective measure of OxSt with the results providing further evidence that inflammation, redox dysregulation and OxSt may mediate interactions between the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Sidney Redwood
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, United States
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, United States
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, United States
| | - William E Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Monica V Talor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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Kraft FB, Enns J, Honin I, Engelhardt J, Schöler A, Smith ST, Meiler J, Schäker-Hübner L, Weindl G, Hansen FK. Groebke Blackburn Bienaymé-mediated multi-component synthesis of selective HDAC6 inhibitors with anti-inflammatory properties. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107072. [PMID: 38185013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of enzymes that cleave acyl groups from lysine residues of histone and non-histone proteins. There are 18 human HDAC isoforms with different cellular targets and functions. Among them, HDAC6 was found to be overexpressed in different types of cancer. However, when used in monotherapy, HDAC6 inhibition by selective inhibitors fails to show pronounced anti-cancer effects. The HDAC6 enzyme also addresses non-histone proteins like α-tubulin and cortactin, making it important for cell migration and angiogenesis. Recently, the NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as an important regulator of inflammation and immune responses and, importantly, HDAC6 is critically involved the activation of the inflammasome. We herein report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of selective HDAC6 inhibitors. Starting from the previously published crystal structure of MAIP-032 in complex with CD2 of zHDAC6, we performed docking studies to evaluate additional possible interactions of the cap group with the L1-loop pocket. Based on the results we synthesized 13 novel HDAC6 inhibitors via the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé three component reaction as the key step. Compounds 8k (HDAC1 IC50: 5.87 μM; HDAC6 IC50: 0.024 μM; selectivity factor (SF1/6): 245) and 8m (HDAC1 IC50: 3.07 μM; HDAC6 IC50: 0.026 μM; SF1/6: 118) emerged as the most potent and selective inhibitors of HDAC6 and outperformed the lead structure MAIP-032 (HDAC1 IC50: 2.20 μM; HDAC6 IC50: 0.058 μM; SF1/6: 38) both in terms of inhibitory potency and selectivity. Subsequent immunoblot analysis confirmed the high selectivity of 8k and 8m for HDAC6 in a cellular environment. While neither 8k and 8m nor the selectivity HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A showed antiproliferative effects in the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line, compound 8m attenuated cell migration significantly in wound healing assays in U-87 MG cells. Moreover, in macrophages compounds 8k and 8m demonstrated significant inhibition of LPS-induced IL1B mRNA expression and TNF release. These findings suggest that our imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-capped HDAC6 inhibitors may serve as promising candidates for the development of drugs to effectively treat NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Enns
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Irina Honin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Schöler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medicinal Faculty, University Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shannon T Smith
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medicinal Faculty, University Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Linda Schäker-Hübner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Hopp MT, Holze J, Lauber F, Holtkamp L, Rathod DC, Miteva MA, Prestes EB, Geyer M, Manoury B, Merle NS, Roumenina LT, Bozza MT, Weindl G, Imhof D. Insights into the molecular basis and mechanism of heme-triggered TLR4 signalling: The role of heme-binding motifs in TLR4 and MD2. Immunology 2024; 171:181-197. [PMID: 37885279 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemolytic disorders, such as sickle cell disease, are accompanied by the release of high amounts of labile heme into the intravascular compartment resulting in the induction of proinflammatory and prothrombotic complications in affected patients. In addition to the relevance of heme-regulated proteins from the complement and blood coagulation systems, activation of the TLR4 signalling pathway by heme was ascribed a crucial role in the progression of these pathological processes. Heme binding to the TLR4-MD2 complex has been proposed recently, however, essential mechanistic information of the processes at the molecular level, such as heme-binding kinetics, the heme-binding capacity and the respective heme-binding sites (HBMs) is still missing. We report the interaction of TLR4, MD2 and the TLR4-MD2 complex with heme and the consequences thereof by employing biochemical, spectroscopic, bioinformatic and physiologically relevant approaches. Heme binding occurs transiently through interaction with up to four HBMs in TLR4, two HBMs in MD2 and at least four HBMs in their complex. Functional studies highlight that mutations of individual HBMs in TLR4 preserve full receptor activation by heme, suggesting that heme interacts with TLR4 through different binding sites independently of MD2. Furthermore, we confirm and extend the major role of TLR4 for heme-mediated cytokine responses in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-T Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Janine Holze
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lauber
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Holtkamp
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dhruv C Rathod
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria A Miteva
- CNRS UMR 8038 CiTCoM, Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM U 1268 Medicinal Chemistry and Translational Research, Paris, France
| | - Elisa B Prestes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR8253, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine Necker, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas S Merle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR_S 1138, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMR_S 1138, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Günther Weindl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Kuczyńska M, Moskot M, Gabig-Cimińska M. Insights into Autophagic Machinery and Lysosomal Function in Cells Involved in the Psoriatic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Cascade. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2024; 72:aite-2024-0005. [PMID: 38409665 DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy, due to the dysfunction of lysosomal organelles, contributes to maladaptive responses by pathways central to the immune system. Deciphering the immune-inflammatory ecosystem is essential, but remains a major challenge in terms of understanding the mechanisms responsible for autoimmune diseases. Accumulating evidence implicates a role that is played by a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and an immune niche in psoriasis (Ps), one of the most common chronic skin diseases, characterized by the co-existence of autoimmune and autoinflammatory responses. The dysregulated autophagy associated with the defective lysosomal system is only one aspect of Ps pathogenesis. It probably cannot fully explain the pathomechanism involved in Ps, but it is likely important and should be seriously considered in Ps research. This review provides a recent update on discoveries in the field. Also, it sheds light on how the dysregulation of intracellular pathways, coming from modulated autophagy and endolysosomal trafficking, characteristic of key players of the disease, i.e., skin-resident cells, as well as circulating immune cells, may be responsible for immune impairment and the development of Ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Kuczyńska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Moskot
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Bockstiegel J, Engelhardt J, Weindl G. P2X7 receptor activation leads to NLRP3-independent IL-1β release by human macrophages. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:335. [PMID: 37996864 PMCID: PMC10666422 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purinergic receptor P2X7 plays a crucial role in infection, inflammation, and cell death. It is thought that P2X7 receptor stimulation triggers processing and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Modulation of IL-1β secretion was studied in THP-1 macrophages. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), BzATP, nigericin and pharmacological inhibitors of P2X receptors, inflammatory caspases and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were used to characterize signaling. RESULTS In primed macrophages, IL-1β release was increased after P2X7 receptor activation by ATP and 2,3-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockout of NLRP3 does not completely inhibit IL-1β release in TLR2/1-primed macrophages. Increase in extracellular K+ as well as inhibition of caspase-1 or serine proteases maintained IL-1β release in macrophages stimulated with P2X7 receptor agonists at 50%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism of P2X7 receptor mediated IL-1β release and highlight the existence of an NLRP3-independent pathway in human macrophages. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bockstiegel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Engelhardt
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Bockstiegel J, Wurnig SL, Engelhardt J, Enns J, Hansen FK, Weindl G. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115693. [PMID: 37481141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an important regulator of inflammation and immune responses. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been implicated in the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse cells, however, the role in human immune cells remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of HDAC6 deficiency on NLRP3-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β release using proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) technology. We designed an HDAC6 PROTAC (A6) composed of the pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the E3 ligase ligand thalidomide and a control PROTAC (non-degrading control, nc-A6) that binds to HDAC6 but lacks the ability to induce HDAC6 degradation. A6 but not nc-A6 reduced HDAC6 levels in THP-1 macrophages without affecting cell viability. PROTAC A6 and nc-A6 significantly reduced the release of IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that HDAC6 deficiency is not necessary for inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release. We found that inhibition of the catalytic domain with HDAC inhibitor SAHA or the specific HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A is sufficient to reduce IL-1β release indicating that the enzymatic activity of HDAC6 is critical for NLRP3 inflammasome function. Mechanistically, the observed effects of HDAC6 inhibition on NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses could be attributed to its interaction with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Tubastatin A did not affect IL-1β levels when added after TLR-mediated priming. Collectively, our findings indicate that HDAC6 inhibitors show potent anti-inflammatory activity and suppress IL-1β release by human macrophages, independent of NLRP3 assembly and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bockstiegel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silas L Wurnig
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Engelhardt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Enns
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Cell Biological Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Shahi A, Afzali S, Amirzargar A, Mohaghegh P, Salehi S, Mansoori Y. Potential roles of inflammasomes in the pathophysiology of Psoriasis: A comprehensive review. Mol Immunol 2023; 161:44-60. [PMID: 37481828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease whose pathophysiology is attributed to both innate and adaptive immune cells and molecules. Despite the crucial roles of the immune system in psoriasis, it cannot be categorized as an autoimmune disease because of the lack of main signs of autoimmunity, such as specific antibodies, well-defined antigens, and autoimmune genetic risk factors. The presence of some cellular and molecular properties, such as the presence of neutrophils in skin lesions and the activation of the innate immune system, attributes psoriasis to a group of diseases called autoinflammatory disorders. Autoinflammatory diseases refer to a group of inherited disorders whose main manifestations are recurrent fever, a high level of acute-phase reactant, and a tendency for inflammation of the skin, joints, and other organs like the nervous system. In most autoinflammatory disorders, it has been seen that complexes of the high-molecular-weight protein named inflammasomes have significant roles. The inflammasome complex usually is formed and activated in the stimulated immune cell cytoplasm, and its activation consequently leads to inflammatory events such as producing of active caspase-1, mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18 and can cause an inflammatory programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Since the identification of inflammasomes, it has been shown that there are close links between them and hereditary and acquired autoinflammatory diseases like psoriasis. In this review, we aim to focus on well-defined inflammasome and their role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Seidel M, Rajkumar S, Steffke C, Noeth V, Agarwal S, Roger K, Lipecka J, Ludolph A, Guerrera CI, Boeckers T, Catanese A. Propranolol reduces the accumulation of cytotoxic aggregates in C9orf72-ALS/FTD in vitro models. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100105. [PMID: 37576491 PMCID: PMC10412779 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the C9orf72 gene are the most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The pathogenetic mechanisms linked to this gene are a direct consequence of an aberrant intronic expansion of a GGGGCC hexanucleotide located between the 1a and 1b non-coding exons, which can be transcribed to form cytotoxic RNA foci or even translated into aggregation-prone dipeptide repeat proteins. Importantly, the abnormal length of these repeats affects also the expression levels of C9orf72 itself, which suggests haploinsufficiency as additional pathomechanism. Thus, it appears that both toxic gain of function and loss of function are distinct but still coexistent features contributing to the insurgence of the disease in case of C9orf72 mutations. In this study, we aimed at identifying a strategy to address both aspects of the C9orf72-related pathobiochemistry and provide proof-of-principle information for a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to neuronal loss. By using primary neurons overexpressing toxic poly(GA), the most abundant protein product of the GGGGCC repeats, we found that the antiarrhythmic drug propranolol could efficiently reduce the accumulation of aberrant aggregates and increase the survival of C9orf72-related cultures. Interestingly, the improved catabolism appeared to not depend on major degradative pathways such as autophagy and the proteasome. By analyzing the proteome of poly(GA)-expressing neurons after exposure to propranolol, we found that the drug increased lysosomal degradation through a mechanism directly involving C9orf72 protein, whose levels were increased after treatment. Further confirmation of the beneficial effect of the beta blocker on aggregates' accumulation and survival of hiPSC-derived C9orf72-mutant motoneurons strengthened the finding that addressing both facets of C9orf72 pathology might represent a valid strategy for the treatment of these ALS/FTD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Seidel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandeep Rajkumar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Steffke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vivien Noeth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kevin Roger
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université Paris Cité - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université Paris Cité - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Paris, France
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm site, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Ida Guerrera
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université Paris Cité - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm site, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alberto Catanese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm site, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Sohn R, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Mild Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Osteoarthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:143-166. [PMID: 37429263 PMCID: PMC10428144 DOI: 10.1159/000531798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a major regulatory mediator connecting the brain and the immune system that influences accordingly inflammatory processes within the entire body. In the periphery, the SNS exerts its effects mainly via its neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), which are released by peripheral nerve endings in lymphatic organs and other tissues. Depending on their concentration, NE and E bind to specific α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes and can cause both pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The co-transmitter neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate, or its metabolite adenosine are also mediators of the SNS. Local pro-inflammatory processes due to injury or pathogens lead to an activation of the SNS, which in turn induces several immunoregulatory mechanisms with either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects depending on neurotransmitter concentration or pathological context. In chronic inflammatory diseases, the activity of the SNS is persistently elevated and can trigger detrimental pathological processes. Recently, the sympathetic contribution to mild chronic inflammatory diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) has attracted growing interest. OA is a whole-joint disease and is characterized by mild chronic inflammation in the joint. In this narrative article, we summarize the underlying mechanisms behind the sympathetic influence on inflammation during OA pathogenesis. In addition, OA comorbidities also accompanied by mild chronic inflammation, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression, will be reviewed. Finally, the potential of SNS-based therapeutic options for the treatment of OA will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sohn
- Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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10
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Chi CC, Wu YW, Chao TH, Chen CC, Chen YJ, Cheng HM, Chiu HY, Chiu YW, Chung WH, Hsieh TY, Huang PH, Huang YH, Lin SH, Lin TH, Ueng KC, Wang CC, Wang YC, Wu NL, Jia-Yin Hou C, Tsai TF. 2022 Taiwanese Dermatological Association (TDA), Taiwanese Association for Psoriasis and Skin Immunology (TAPSI), and Taiwan Society of cardiology (TSOC) joint consensus recommendations for the management of psoriatic disease with attention to cardiovascular comorbidities. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:442-457. [PMID: 36347733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder with skin and joint manifestations. Due to the persistent inflammatory state exhibited by patients with psoriasis, multiple systemic comorbidities occur more frequently in patients with psoriasis than in the general population, and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) diseases is significantly increased. As the pathophysiology of psoriatic disease is becoming better understood, the sharing of underlying pathogenic mechanisms between psoriatic and CV diseases is becoming increasingly apparent. Consequently, careful attention to CV comorbidities that already exist or may potentially develop is needed in the management of patients with psoriasis, particularly in the screening and primary prevention of CV disease and in treatment selection due to potential drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Furthermore, as the use of effective biologic therapy and more aggressive oral systemic treatment for psoriatic disease is increasing, consideration of the potential positive and negative effects of oral and biologic treatment on CV disease is warranted. To improve outcomes and quality of care for patients with psoriasis, the Taiwanese Dermatological Association, the Taiwanese Association for Psoriasis and Skin Immunology, and the Taiwan Society of Cardiology established a Task Force of 20 clinicians from the fields of dermatology, cardiology, and rheumatology to jointly develop consensus expert recommendations for the management of patients with psoriatic disease with attention to CV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chi
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Hsieh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kwo-Chang Ueng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Charles Jia-Yin Hou
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Lu Y, Chen X, Liu X, Shi Y, Wei Z, Feng L, Jiang Q, Ye W, Sasaki T, Fukunaga K, Ji Y, Han F, Lu YM. Endothelial TFEB signaling-mediated autophagic disturbance initiates microglial activation and cognitive dysfunction. Autophagy 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36588318 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2162244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment caused by systemic chemotherapy is a critical question that perplexes the effective implementation of clinical treatment, but related molecular events are poorly understood. Herein, we show that bortezomib exposure leads to microglia activation and cognitive impairment, this occurs along with decreased nuclear translocation of TFEB (transcription factor EB), which is linked to macroautophagy/autophagy disorder, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation and IL23A (interleukin 23 subunit alpha) expression. Pharmacological enhancement of TFEB nuclear translocation by digoxin restores lysosomal function and reduces STAT3-dependent endothelial IL23A secretion. As a consequence, we found that brain endothelial-specific ablation of Il23a ameliorated both microglia activation and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, the endothelial TFEB-STAT3-IL23A axis in the brain represents a critical cellular event for initiating bortezomib-mediated aberrant microglial activation and synapse engulfment. Our results suggest the reversal of TFEB nuclear translocation may provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent symptoms of cognitive dysfunction during clinical use of bortezomib.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated virus; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BTZ: bortezomib; DG: digoxin; DGs: dentate gyrus; DLG4/PSD95: discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4; HBMECs: human brain microvascular endothelial cells; HP: hippocampus; IL23A: interleukin 23 subunit alpha; MBVECs: mouse brain vascular endothelial cells; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; NORT: novel object recognition test; OLT: object location test; PLX5622: 6-fluoro-N-([5-fluoro-2-methoxypyridin-3-yl]methyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3- yl)methyl; PPP3/calcineurin: protein phosphatase 3; SBEs: STAT3 binding elements; shRNA: small hairpin RNA; SLC17A7/VGLUT1: solute carrier family 17 member 7; SLC32A1/VGAT: solute carrier family 32 member 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, TFEB: transcription factor EB; Ub: ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaocong Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Xu J, Chen H, Qian H, Wang F, Xu Y. Advances in the modulation of ROS and transdermal administration for anti-psoriatic nanotherapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:448. [PMID: 36242051 PMCID: PMC9569062 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at supraphysiological concentration have a determinate role in contributing to immuno-metabolic disorders in the epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) of psoriatic lesions. With an exclusive focus on the gene-oxidative stress environment interaction in the EIME, a comprehensive strategy based on ROS-regulating nanomedicines is greatly anticipated to become the mainstay of anti-psoriasis treatment. This potential therapeutic modality could inhibit the acceleration of psoriasis via remodeling the redox equilibrium and reshaping the EIME. Herein, we present a marked overview of the current progress in the pathomechanisms of psoriasis, with particular concerns on the potential pathogenic role of ROS, which significantly dysregulates redox metabolism of keratinocytes (KCs) and skin-resident or -infiltrating cells. Meanwhile, the emergence of versatile nanomaterial-guided evolution for transdermal drug delivery has been attractive for the percutaneous administration of antipsoriatic therapies in recent years. We emphasize the underlying molecular mechanism of ROS-based nanoreactors for improved therapeutic outcomes against psoriasis and summarize up-to-date progress relating to the advantages and limitations of nanotherapeutic application for transdermal administration, as well as update an insight into potential future directions for nanotherapies in ROS-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Xu
- Department of Dermatovenerology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology and Rheumatology Immunology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Digestive Disease, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatovenerology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Allen LB, Mirnics K. Metoprolol Inhibits Developmental Brain Sterol Biosynthesis in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36139049 PMCID: PMC9496459 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sterol synthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism in the brain that begins during early embryonic development and continues throughout life. Multiple medications have sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting side effects, with potentially detrimental effects on brain health. Using LC-MS/MS, we investigated the effects of six commonly used beta-blockers on brain sterol biosynthesis in vitro using cell lines. Two beta-blockers, metoprolol (MTP) and nebivolol, showed extreme elevations of the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in vitro across multiple cell lines. We followed up on the MTP findings using a maternal exposure model in mice. We found that 7-DHC was significantly elevated in all maternal brain regions analyzed as well as in the heart, liver and brain of the maternally exposed offspring. Since DHCR7-inhibiting/7-DHC elevating compounds can be considered teratogens, these findings suggest that MTP utilization during pregnancy might be detrimental for the development of offspring, and alternative beta-blockers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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14
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Medovic MV, Jakovljevic VL, Zivkovic VI, Jeremic NS, Jeremic JN, Bolevich SB, Ravic Nikolic AB, Milicic VM, Srejovic IM. Psoriasis between Autoimmunity and Oxidative Stress: Changes Induced by Different Therapeutic Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2249834. [PMID: 35313642 PMCID: PMC8934232 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2249834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is defined as chronic, immune-mediated disease. Regardless of the development of new therapeutic approaches, the precise etiology of psoriasis remains unknown and speculative. The aim of this review was to systematize the results of previous research on the role of oxidative stress and aberrant immune response in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, as well as the impact of certain therapeutic modalities on the oxidative status in patients with psoriasis. Complex immune pathways of both the innate and adaptive immune systems appear to be major pathomechanisms in the development of psoriasis. Oxidative stress represents another important contributor to the pathophysiology of disease, and the redox imbalance in psoriasis has been reported in skin cells and, systemically, in plasma and blood cells, and more recently, also in saliva. Current immune model of psoriasis begins with activation of immune system in susceptible person by some environmental factor and loss of immune tolerance to psoriasis autoantigens. Increased production of IL-17 appears to be the most prominent role in psoriasis pathogenesis, while IL-23 is recognized as master regulator in psoriasis having a specific role in cross bridging the production of IL-17 by innate and acquired immunity. Other proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-22, IL-26, IL-29, or IL-36, have also been reported to play important roles in the development of psoriasis. Oxidative stress can promote inflammation through several signaling pathways. The most noticeable and most powerful antioxidative effects exert various biologics compared to more convenient therapeutic modalities, such as methotrexate or phototherapy. The complex interaction of redox, immune, and inflammatory signaling pathways should be focused on further researches tackling the pathophysiology of psoriasis, while antioxidative supplementation could be the solution in some refractory cases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija V. Medovic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Lj. Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Human Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena S. Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana N. Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergey B. Bolevich
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Human Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation, Trubetskaya Str. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana B. Ravic Nikolic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vesna M. Milicic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan M. Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Zhang X, Qi W, Shi Y, Li X, Yin J, Huo C, Zhang R, Zhao W, Ye J, Zhou L, Ye L. Role of miR-145-5p/ CD40 in the inflammation and apoptosis of HUVECs induced by PM 2.5. Toxicology 2021; 464:152993. [PMID: 34678319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure can cause the injury of vascular endothelial cells by inflammatory response. CD40 works in inflammation of endothelial cells and it may be regulated by the miRNAs. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of CD40 and miR-145-5p in PM2.5-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of PM2.5 exposure (0, 100, 200, 400 μg/mL) for 24 h. The si-RNA was used for CD40 gene silencing (0, 200 μg/mL PM2.5, siRNA-CD40 and siRNA-CD40 + 200 μg/mL PM2.5). Mimics was used for overexpression of miR-145-5p (0, 200 μg/mL PM2.5, mimics and mimics+200 μg/mL PM2.5). The cell viability of HUVECs was detected with Cell Counting Kit8 (CCK8) kit. The level of cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The inflammation-related factor including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and C1q complement/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-associated proteins9 (CTRP9) were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CD40, CD40L, caspase1, NLRP3 (Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3) and IKKB were detected with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and Immunofluorescence. Compared with the control group, the cell viability of HUVECs exposed to PM2.5 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05); the levels of IL-Iβ and TNF-α were significantly increased, while the level of CTRP9 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The proportion of apoptotic cells was increased after being treated with PM2.5 (p < 0.05). Besides, the mRNA and protein levels of CD40, CD40L, IKKB, NLRP3 and caspase1 were increased comparing with the control group (p < 0.05). After CD40 silencing, the condition of inflammation and apoptosis in HUVECs exposed to PM2.5 was alleviated, and the expression levels of CD40L, IKKB, NLRP3 and caspase1 were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, miR-145-5p was significantly down-regulated after exposure to 200μg/mL PM2.5 (p < 0.05). After over-expression of miR-145-5p, the expression level of CD40 was decreased (p < 0.05). Taken together, PM2.5 can cause inflammation and apoptosis of HUVECs via the activation of CD40, which can be regulated by miR-145-5p. Over-expression of miR-145-5p can down-regulate CD40, further inhibiting the inflammation and apoptosis of HUVECs induced by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianli Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanyi Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruxuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weisen Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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16
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Hatscher L, Amon L, Heger L, Dudziak D. Inflammasomes in dendritic cells: Friend or foe? Immunol Lett 2021; 234:16-32. [PMID: 33848562 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that crucially contribute to host defense against pathogens but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasome formation leads to activation of effector caspases (caspase-1, 4, 5, or 11), the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D. Dendritic cells are major regulators of immune responses as they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We here summarize the current knowledge on inflammasome expression and formation in murine bone marrow-, human monocyte-derived as well as murine and human primary dendritic cells. Further, we discuss both, the beneficial and detrimental, involvement of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells in cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. As inflammasome activation is typically accompanied by Gasdermin d-mediated pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, inflammasome formation in dendritic cells seems ill-advised. Therefore, we propose that hyperactivation, which is inflammasome activation without the induction of pyroptosis, may be a general model of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells to enhance Th1, Th17 as well as cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Germany.
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17
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Ahmari N, Hayward LF, Zubcevic J. The importance of bone marrow and the immune system in driving increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1815-1826. [PMID: 32964557 DOI: 10.1113/ep088247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This manuscript provides a review of the current understanding of the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of bone marrow-derived immune cells and the effect that the infiltrating bone marrow cells may have on perpetuation of the sympathetic over-activation in hypertension. What advances does it highlight? We highlight the recent advances in understanding of the neuroimmune interactions both peripherally and centrally as they relate to blood pressure control. ABSTRACT The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, in part by regulating, integrating and orchestrating processes between many physiological systems, including the immune system. Sympathetic nerves innervate all primary and secondary immune organs, and all cells of the immune system express β-adrenoreceptors. In turn, immune cells can produce cytokines, chemokines and neurotransmitters capable of modulating neuronal activity and, ultimately, SNS activity. Thus, the essential role of the SNS in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune functions is mediated, in part, via β-adrenoreceptor-induced activation of bone marrow cells by noradrenaline. Interestingly, both central and systemic inflammation are well-established hallmarks of hypertension and its co-morbidities, including an inflammatory process involving the transmigration and infiltration of immune cells into tissues. We propose that physiological states that prolong β-adrenoreceptor activation in bone marrow can disrupt neuroimmune homeostasis and impair communication between the immune system and SNS, leading to immune dysregulation, which, in turn, is sustained via a central mechanism involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niousha Ahmari
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda F Hayward
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ying S, Tan M, Feng G, Kuang Y, Chen D, Li J, Song J. Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound regulates alveolar bone homeostasis in experimental Periodontitis by diminishing Oxidative Stress. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9789-9807. [PMID: 32863960 PMCID: PMC7449900 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread oral disease that results in the loss of alveolar bone. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which is a new therapeutic option, promotes alveolar bone regeneration in periodontal bone injury models. This study investigated the protective effect of LIPUS on oxidative stress in periodontitis and the mechanism underlying this process. Methods: An experimental periodontitis model was induced by administering a ligature. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression levels of oxidative stress, osteogenic, and osteoclastogenic markers in vivo. Cell viability and osteogenic differentiation were analyzed using the Cell Counting Kit-8, alkaline phosphatase, and Alizarin Red staining assays. A reactive oxygen species assay kit, lipid peroxidation MDA assay kit, and western blotting were used to determine oxidative stress status in vitro. To verify the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidative regulator, during LIPUS treatment, the siRNA technique and Nrf2-/- mice were used. The PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 was utilized to identify the effects of the PI3K-Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Results: Alveolar bone resorption, which was experimentally induced by periodontitis in vivo, was alleviated by LIPUS via activation of Nrf2. Oxidative stress, induced via H2O2 treatment in vitro, inhibited cell viability and suppressed osteogenic differentiation. These effects were also alleviated by LIPUS treatment via Nrf2 activation. Nrf2 silencing blocked the antioxidant effect of LIPUS by diminishing heme oxygenase-1 expression. Nrf2-/- mice were susceptible to ligature-induced periodontitis, and the protective effect of LIPUS on alveolar bone dysfunction was weaker in these mice. Activation of Nrf2 by LIPUS was accompanied by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The oxidative defense function of LIPUS was inhibited by exposure to LY294002 in vitro. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that LIPUS regulates alveolar bone homeostasis in periodontitis by attenuating oxidative stress via the regulation of PI3K-Akt/Nrf2 signaling. Thus, Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in the protective effect exerted by LIPUS against ligature-induced experimental periodontitis.
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Awad VM, Sakhamuru S, Kambampati S, Wasim S, Malik BH. Mechanisms of Beta-Blocker Induced Psoriasis, and Psoriasis De Novo at the Cellular Level. Cureus 2020; 12:e8964. [PMID: 32766006 PMCID: PMC7398737 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are a commonly prescribed medication, but the increase in use goes hand in hand with increasing side effects; one of particular interest lately has been its dermatological reactions. Although rare, beta-blockers can exacerbate pre-existing psoriasis and also cause de novo psoriasis in patients naïve to the disease. The mechanism by which this occurs is still unclear, although numerous articles have been published throughout the years as to how this unusual effect takes place. The most common mechanism suggests that beta-blockers cause intracellular changes in calcium, affecting both keratinocyte proliferation and granulocyte function via decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Several inflammatory mediators are known to play a role, as well as reduced expression and desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor itself. We discuss these posed pathways in-depth and how each contributes to the worsening or formation of new psoriasis. With this knowledge, future physicians may be more mindful of this side effect should it occur, and why they occur, to better manage our patients on this widely used medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Awad
- Internal Medicine/Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sirisha Sakhamuru
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield , USA
| | - Srikala Kambampati
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shehnaz Wasim
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bilal Haider Malik
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Okumura K, Saito M, Yoshizawa Y, Ito Y, Isogai E, Araki K, Wakabayashi Y. Pak1 maintains epidermal stem cells by regulating Langerhans cells and is required for skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2020; 39:4756-4769. [PMID: 32427988 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pak1 (serine/threonine p21-activated kinases) was previously reported to have oncogenic activity in several cancers. However, its roles in the cancer microenvironment are poorly understood. We demonstrated that Pak1 expression in Langerhans cells (LCs) is essential for the maintenance of epidermal stem cells and skin tumor development. We found that PAK1 is localized in LCs by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the number of LCs significantly decreased in MSM/Ms Pak1 homozygous knockout mice (MSM/Ms-Pak1-/-). F1 hybrid (FVB/N×MSM/Ms) Pak1 heterozygous knockout mice (F1-Pak1+/-) had increased numbers of Th17 cells in the skin. Therefore, Pak1 knockdown cells were prepared using LC-derived XS52 cells (XS52-Pak1KD) and co-cultured with keratinocyte-derived C5N cells. As a result, XS52-Pak1KD cell supernatants promoted C5N cell proliferation. We then carried out DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis experiments using F1-Pak1+/- mice. Of note, F1-Pak1+/- mice exhibited stronger resistance to skin tumors than control mice. F1-Pak1+/- mice had fewer epidermal stem cells in the skin bulge. Our study suggested that Pak1 regulates the epidermal stem cell number by changing the properties of LCs and functions in skin carcinogenesis. We clarified a novel role of Pak1 in regulating LCs as a potential therapeutic target in skin immune disease and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okumura
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Megumi Saito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshizawa
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Eriko Isogai
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, 2-2-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan.
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Lübow C, Bockstiegel J, Weindl G. Lysosomotropic drugs enhance pro-inflammatory responses to IL-1β in macrophages by inhibiting internalization of the IL-1 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113864. [PMID: 32088265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 signaling leads to production of pro-inflammatory mediators and is regulated by receptor endocytosis. Lysosomotropic drugs have been linked to increased pro-inflammatory responses under sterile inflammatory conditions but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that lysosomotropic drugs potentiate pro-inflammatory effects in response to IL-1β via a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and reduced IL-1 receptor internalization. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increased IL-1β-induced CXCL8 secretion in macrophages which was critically dependent on the lysosomotropic character and inhibition of macroautophagy but independent from the NLRP3 inflammasome. Co-stimulation with the autophagy inducer interferon gamma attenuated CXCL8 release. Other lysosomotropic drugs like bafilomycin A1, fluoxetine and chlorpromazine but also the endocytosis inhibitor dynasore showed similar pro-inflammatory responses. Increased cell surface expression of IL-1 receptor suggests reduced receptor degradation in the presence of lysosomotropic drugs. Our findings provide new insights into a potentially crucial immunoregulatory mechanism in macrophages that may explain how lysosomotropic drugs drive sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lübow
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Germany; University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Judith Bockstiegel
- University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Germany; University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany.
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