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León-Albiter N, Santana OO, Martinez Orozco L, Candau N, Maspoch ML. Performance of Recycled Opaque PET Modified by Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2843. [PMID: 39408553 PMCID: PMC11478452 DOI: 10.3390/polym16192843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of the structural integrity of an opaque recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET-O) has been carried out with two types of modified rPET-O by applying reactive extrusion techniques, namely (a) using a multi-epoxide reactive agent (REx-rPET-O) and (b) a 90/10 (wt/wt) rPET-O/polycarbonate (PC) blend. The chemical modifications introduced during reactive extrusion were confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological dynamic analysis (RDA). For the quantification of the fracture parameters, an instrumented pendulum impact testing machine was used using specimens in SENB configuration. The structural modifications generated during reactive extrusion promote an increase of between 16 (REx-rPET-O) and 20% (rPET-O/PC) in the stress-intensity factor (KQ) compared to unmodified rPET-O. The most significant differences between both modifications are registered in the "specific work of fracture" (wf) (alternative parameter to the standardized impact strength), where an increase of 61% is reached for the case of rPET-O/PC and only 11% for REx-rPET-O. This trend can be attributed to the type of reactive modification that is generated, namely chain branching (REx-rPET-O) vs. the generation of a random copolymer "in situ" (rPET-O/PC). This copolymer decreases the crystallization capacity and degree of crystalline perfection of rPET-O, promoting an increase in the critical hydrostatic stress conditions for the generation of crazing and crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel León-Albiter
- Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (O.O.S.); (N.C.); (M.L.M.)
| | | | - Leandro Martinez Orozco
- Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Escola d’Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain; (O.O.S.); (N.C.); (M.L.M.)
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2
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van der Maas K, Weinland DH, van Putten RJ, Wang B, Gruter GJM. Catalyst free PET and PEF polyesters using a new traceless oxalate chain extender. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024:d4gc02791d. [PMID: 39157752 PMCID: PMC11328508 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc02791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Plastic material performance is strongly correlated to the polymer's molecular weight. Obtaining a sufficiently high molecular weight is therefore a key goal of polymerization processes. The most important polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the new polyethylene furanoate (PEF) require metal catalysts and time-consuming production processes to reach sufficiently high molecular weights. Metal catalysts, which are typically antimony or tin for polyesters, end up in the plastic products which may result in sustainability and ecological challenges. When the less reactive comonomer isosorbide is introduced to produce (partly) biobased materials with enhanced thermal properties, such as polyethylene-co-isosorbide furanoate (PEIF), reaching high enough molecular weight becomes even more challenging. This study presents an easily implementable approach to produce high molecular weight PET and PEF polyesters and their isosorbide copolyesters PEIT and PEIF by coupling lower molecular weight polymer chains by the reactive diguaiacyl oxalate (DGO) chain extender. DGO is so reactive, that the use of metal catalysts can be completely avoided and it helps avoiding an extra solid-state polymerization step. In addition, DGO distinguishes itself from typical chain extenders by its ability to be completely removed from the resulting polymer, thereby avoiding the inherent drawbacks associated with typical chain extenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin van der Maas
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H Weinland
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan van Putten
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bing Wang
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan M Gruter
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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3
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Harb SV, Kolanthai E, Pinto LA, Beatrice CAG, Bezerra EDOT, Backes EH, Costa LC, Seal S, Pessan LA. Additive manufacturing of bioactive and biodegradable poly (lactic acid)-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds modified with zinc oxide for guided bone tissue repair. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:055018. [PMID: 38986475 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad61a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds that mimic the natural extracellular matrix of bone serve as temporary structures to guide new bone tissue growth. In this study, 3D-printed scaffolds composed of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (90-10 wt.%) were modified with 1%, 5%, and 10 wt.% of ZnO to enhance bone tissue regeneration. A commercial chain extender named Joncryl was incorporated alongside ZnO to ensure the printability of the composites. Filaments were manufactured using a twin-screw extruder and subsequently used to print 3D scaffolds via fused filament fabrication (FFF). The scaffolds exhibited a homogeneous distribution of ZnO and TCP particles, a reproducible structure with 300 μm pores, and mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering, with an elastic modulus around 100 MPa. The addition of ZnO resulted in enhanced surface roughness on the scaffolds, particularly for ZnO microparticles, achieving values up to 241 nm. This rougher topography was responsible for enhancing protein adsorption on the scaffolds, with an increase of up to 85% compared to the PLA-TCP matrix. Biological analyses demonstrated that the presence of ZnO promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, an important indicator of early osteogenic differentiation, increased up to 29%. The PLA-TCP composite containing 5% ZnO microparticles exhibited an optimized degradation rate and enhanced bioactivity, indicating its promising potential for bone repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarah V Harb
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Leonardo A Pinto
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar A G Beatrice
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ewerton de O T Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Backes
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidiane C Costa
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
- Biionix Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Luiz A Pessan
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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4
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Karl CW, Arstad B, Shamsuyeva M, Lecinski J, Olafsen K, Larsen ÅG, Kubowicz S, Comerford J, Endres HJ. Upgrading and Enhancement of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate with Chain Extenders: In-Depth Material Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2024; 63:12277-12287. [PMID: 39045228 PMCID: PMC11261598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Chemical chain extenders (CEs) can be used to restore the properties of recycled low-molecular-weight polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the type and concentration of the CEs Joncryl and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) on the viscosity and other rheological properties with a unique combination of different methods based on industrial samples originating from recycled PET bottles and trays. The resulting chain-extended thermoplastics were characterized by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, viscometry, cone plate rheometry, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, 13C solid-state- and 1H NMR liquid spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. For a recycled PET mixture containing bottle and tray materials, our investigations have shown that a significantly better effect for chain elongation can be achieved with Joncryl compared to PMDA. This can presumably be attributed to water molecules formed during the use of PMDA, which accelerate the degradation of PET. The storage modulus values are therefore significantly higher for the samples with Joncryl compared to PMDA. The results of this study show that chain extension with Joncryl proceeds better compared to the reaction with PMDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Karl
- SINTEF
Materials and Nanotechnology, Polymer and
Composite Materials Group, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Arstad
- SINTEF
Process Technology, Process Chemistry and
Functional Materials Group, P.O. Box
124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Madina Shamsuyeva
- IKK—Institute
of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
| | - Jacek Lecinski
- IKK—Institute
of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
| | - Kjell Olafsen
- SINTEF
Materials and Nanotechnology, Polymer and
Composite Materials Group, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åge Gellein Larsen
- SINTEF
Materials and Nanotechnology, Polymer and
Composite Materials Group, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephan Kubowicz
- SINTEF
Materials and Nanotechnology, Polymer and
Composite Materials Group, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - James Comerford
- SINTEF
Process Technology, Process Chemistry and
Functional Materials Group, P.O. Box
124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Josef Endres
- IKK—Institute
of Plastics and Circular Economy, Leibniz
Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany
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5
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Ma Z, Yin T, Jiang Z, Weng Y, Zhang C. Bio-based epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ethers as compatibilizers of polybutylene succinate (PBS)/polyglycolic acid (PGA) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129319. [PMID: 38211920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Blending poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with another biodegradable polymer, polyglycolic acid (PGA), has been demonstrated to improve the barrier performance of PBS. However, blending these two polymers poses a challenge because of their incompatibility and large difference of their melting temperatures. In this study, we synthesized epoxidized soybean oil branched cardanol ether (ESOn-ECD), a bio-based and environmentally friendly compatibilizer, and used it to enhance the compatibility of PBS/PGA blends. It was demonstrated that the terminal carboxyl/hydroxyl groups of PBS and PGA can react with ESOn-ECD in situ, leading to branching and chain extension of PBS and PGA. The addition of ESO3-ECD to the blend considerably diminished the dispersed phase of PGA. Specifically, in comparison to the PBS/PGA blend without a compatibilizer, the diameter of the PGA phase decreased from 2.04 μm to 0.45 μm after the addition of 0.7 phr of ESO3-ECD, and the boundary between the two phases became difficult to distinguish. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the blends were improved after addition of ESO3-ECD. This research expands the potential applications of these materials and promotes the use of bio-based components in blend formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tian Yin
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikui Jiang
- China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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6
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Surendren A, Pal AK, Rodriguez-Uribe A, Shankar S, Lim LT, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Upcycling of post-industrial starch-based thermoplastics and their talc-filled sustainable biocomposites for single-use plastic alternative. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126751. [PMID: 37678682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized post-industrial wheat starch (biological macromolecule) for the development of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) based thermoplastic starch blend (TPS) and biocomposite films. PBAT (70 wt%) was blended with plasticized post-industrial wheat starch (PPWS) (30 wt%) and reinforced with talc master batch (MB) (25 wt%) using a two-step process, consisting of compounding the blend for pellet preparation, followed by the cast film extrusion at 160 °C. The effect of the chain extender was analyzed at compounding temperatures of 160 and 180 °C for talc-based composites. The incorporation of talc MB has increased the thermal stability of the biocomposites due to the nucleating effect of talc. Moreover, tensile strength and Young's modulus increased by about 5 and 517 %, respectively as compared with the TPS blend film without talc MB. Thermal, rheological, and morphological analyses confirmed that the use of talc in the presence of chain extender at a processing temperature of 160 °C has resulted in an enhanced dispersion of talc and chain entanglement with PBAT and PPWS than PBAT/PPWS blend and PBAT/PPWS/Talc composite films. On the other hand, at 180 °C, the talc-containing biocomposite with chain extender tended to form PPWS agglomerates, thereby weakening its material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarsha Surendren
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arturo Rodriguez-Uribe
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shiv Shankar
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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7
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Gangwani P, Kalin M, Emami N. Does a Compatibilizer Enhance the Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4608. [PMID: 38232010 PMCID: PMC10708637 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the effectiveness of compatibilizers in blends and composites produced using a solvent manufacturing process. The compatibilizers were two different types of polyethylene (linear low-density and high-density) grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) and a highly functionalized, epoxy-based compatibilizer with the tradename Joncryl. The selected material combinations were an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with MAH-based materials as compatibilizers and a polyphenylene sulfide plus polytetrafluoroethylene (PPS-PTFE) polymer blend with an epoxy-based compatibilizer. The findings revealed that while the compatibilizers consistently enhanced the properties, such as the impact strength and hardness of PPS-based compositions, their utility is constrained to less complex compositions, such as fibrous-reinforced PPS or PPS-PTFE polymer blends. For fibrous-reinforced PPS-PTFE composites, the improvement in performance does not justify the presence of compatibilizers. In contrast, for UHMWPE compositions, compatibilizers demonstrated negligible or even detrimental effects, particularly in reinforced UHMWPE. Overall, the epoxy-based compatibilizer Joncryl stands out as the only effective option for enhancing mechanical performance. Thermal and chemical characterization indicated that the compatibilizers function as chain extenders and enhance the fiber-matrix interface in PPS-based compositions, while they remain inactive in UHMWPE-based compositions. Ultimately, the incompatibility of the compatibilizers with certain aspects of the manufacturing method and the inconsistent integration with the polymer are the main reasons for their ineffectiveness in UHMWPE compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gangwani
- Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Polymer-Tribology Group, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden;
| | - Mitjan Kalin
- Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nazanin Emami
- Polymer-Tribology Group, Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden;
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8
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Pemas S, Xanthopoulou E, Terzopoulou Z, Konstantopoulos G, Bikiaris DN, Kottaridi C, Tzovaras D, Pechlivani EM. Exploration of Methodologies for Developing Antimicrobial Fused Filament Fabrication Parts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6937. [PMID: 37959534 PMCID: PMC10649695 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Composite 3D printing filaments integrating antimicrobial nanoparticles offer inherent microbial resistance, mitigating contamination and infections. Developing antimicrobial 3D-printed plastics is crucial for tailoring medical solutions, such as implants, and cutting costs when compared with metal options. Furthermore, hospital sustainability can be enhanced via on-demand 3D printing of medical tools. A PLA-based filament incorporating 5% TiO2 nanoparticles and 2% Joncryl as a chain extender was formulated to offer antimicrobial properties. Comparative analysis encompassed PLA 2% Joncryl filament and a TiO2 coating for 3D-printed specimens, evaluating mechanical and thermal properties, as well as wettability and antimicrobial characteristics. The antibacterial capability of the filaments was explored after 3D printing against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), as well as Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922), and the filaments with 5 wt.% embedded TiO2 were found to reduce the viability of both bacteria. This research aims to provide the optimal approach for antimicrobial and medical 3D printing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Pemas
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.P.); (D.T.)
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.X.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.X.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Georgios Konstantopoulos
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.X.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Tzovaras
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.P.); (D.T.)
| | - Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.P.); (D.T.)
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9
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Erdmann R, Rennert M, Meins T. Influence of Epoxy Functional Chain-Extenders on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide 10.10. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3571. [PMID: 37688199 PMCID: PMC10489988 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyamide 10.10 (PA 10.10) has excellent properties compared to other bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and is therefore used in more technical applications where higher strength is required. For foam and filament extrusion, a good balance between strength and stiffness of the polymer is needed. Therefore, two commercial chain-extenders (Joncryl® ADR types) with different epoxy functionalities are used to modify the melt properties of PA 10.10. The chain-extenders are used in a concentration range up to 1.25 wt.%. The range of glass transition temperature widens with increasing Joncryl® content, and the apparent activation energy shows a maximum at a concentration of 0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, the melting temperatures are constant and the crystallinity decreases with increasing chain-extender content due to the formation of branches. During the second heating run, a bimodal melting peak appeared, consisting of α-triclinic and pseudo γ-hexagonal crystals. The weight average molar masses (Mw) measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) increased linearly with increasing ADR 4400 content. In contrast, the compounds containing ADR 4468 show a maximum at 0.5 wt.% and it begins to decrease thereafter. The rheological data show an increase in viscosity with increasing chain-extender content due to branch formation. ATR spectra of the compounds show a decrease at the wavelength of the primary (3301 cm-1) and secondary (1634 cm-1) (-NH stretching in PA 10.10) amine, indicating that chain-extension, e.g., branching, takes place during compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Erdmann
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), Hof University of Applied Sciences, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof, Germany; (M.R.); (T.M.)
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10
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Cusano I, Campagnolo L, Aurilia M, Costanzo S, Grizzuti N. Rheology of Recycled PET. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093358. [PMID: 37176239 PMCID: PMC10179504 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic material that is widely used in many application fields, such as packaging, construction and household products. Due to the relevant contribution of PET to global yearly solid waste, the recycling of such material has become an important issue. Disposed PET does not maintain the mechanical properties of virgin material, as exposure to water and other substances can cause multiple chain scissions, with subsequent degradation of the viscoelastic properties. For this reason, chain extension is needed to improve the final properties of the recycled product. Chain extension is generally performed through reactive extrusion. As the latter involves structural modification and flow of PET molecules, rheology is a relevant asset for understanding the process and tailoring the mechanical properties of the final products. This paper briefly reviews relevant rheological studies associated with the recycling of polyethylene terephthalate through the reactive extrusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cusano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Costanzo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Nino Grizzuti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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11
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Continuous extrusion foaming process of biodegradable nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/carbonaceous nanoparticles with different geometric shapes: An insight into involved physical, chemical and rheological phenomena. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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12
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Tuna B. Reactive Extrusion of Recycled Polycarbonate Using Chain Extenders. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793123010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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13
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Feijoo P, Mohanty AK, Rodriguez-Uribe A, Gámez-Pérez J, Cabedo L, Misra M. Biodegradable blends from bacterial biopolyester PHBV and bio-based PBSA: Study of the effect of chain extender on the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1291-1305. [PMID: 36423810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Being aware of the global problem of plastic pollution, our society is claiming new bioplastics to replace conventional polymers. Balancing their mechanical performance is required to increase their presence in the market. Brittleness of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was attempted to be decreased by melt blending with flexible starch-based poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA). An epoxy-functionalized chain extender was used to enhance interaction between both immiscible biopolyesters. Mechanical performance, morphology, rheology, and crystallization behavior of injection-molded PHBV-PBSA blends (70-30, 50-50, and 30-70 wt%) were assessed in the presence and absence of the chain extender. Crystallization of PHBV was hindered, which was reflected in the improvement of mechanical properties. When PBSA >50 %, the homogeneity of results increased within the same sample while for PHBV-PBSA 70-30 wt% the elongation was 45 % higher. During the flexural test, it changed from brittle to non-breakable. The additive did not change the type of morphology developed by each blend nor the toughening mechanisms, so impact strength was barely affected. However, it reduced the size of dispersed phase domains due to a viscosity change, improving their processability. The higher the PHBV in the blend, the higher the effect of the chain extender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Feijoo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Arturo Rodriguez-Uribe
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada
| | - José Gámez-Pérez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Crop Science Building, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Thornbrough Building, 80 South Ring Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 1Y4, Canada.
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14
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Improvement of the Thermal Stability of Polymer Bioblends by Means of Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010105. [PMID: 36616455 PMCID: PMC9824162 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biosourced polyamide (PA) bioblends, with a variable PA weight content of 10-50%, were manufactured by melt blending in order to improve the behavior of PLA against thermal degradation. The effect of reactive extrusion on the thermal performance of PLA within bioblends was analyzed. The reactive extrusion was made by means of the addition of a styrene-acrylic multi-functional-epoxide oligomeric reactive agent (SAmfE), with the commercial name of Joncryl. Four parameters were considered in order to study the thermal behavior of bioblends against thermal decomposition: the onset decomposition temperature, the shape and temperature interval of the thermal decomposition patterns, the activation energy of the thermal decomposition, and the evidence leading to the most probable mechanism. The latter was determined by means of three evidence: standardized conversion functions, y(α) master plots, and integral mean error. It was shown that reactive extrusion of PLA as well as PA incorporation to the polymer matrix of PLA were responsible for an increase in the onset decomposition temperature of 10.4 °C. The general analytical equation (GAE) was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation of PLA within bioblends for various reaction mechanisms. It was shown that the random scission of macromolecular chains is the best mechanism for both untreated and treated PLA by means of reactive extrusion. It was shown that reactive extrusion together with higher content of PA resulted in an increased protective effect against the thermal degradation of PLA as demonstrated by an increase in activation energy of 60 kJ/mol. It was found that there is a relationship between the increase in activation energy and the increase in the onset decomposition temperature when using reactive extrusion. The improvement of the thermal stability of bioblends by means of reactive extrusion was explained by an increase in the complex viscosity from 980 to 2000 Pa·s at 0.06 rad/s and from 250 to 300 Pa·s at 630 rad/s for bioblend containing 30% of PLAREX and by a finer dispersion of PA within the PLAREX matrix. Results from DSC were not conclusive regarding the compatibility between both phases.
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15
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Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
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16
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Morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU/nanoclay blends compatibilized with epoxy‐based Joncryl chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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17
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Murariu M, Paint Y, Murariu O, Laoutid F, Dubois P. Tailoring and Long-Term Preservation of the Properties of PLA Composites with "Green" Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4836. [PMID: 36432967 PMCID: PMC9696962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning new polylactide (PLA) applications, the study investigates the toughening of PLA-CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) composites with bio-sourced tributyl citrate (TBC). The effects of 5-20 wt.% TBC were evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, focusing on the enhancement of PLA crystallization and modification of glass transition temperature (Tg). Due to the strong plasticizing effects of TBC (even at 10%), the plasticized composites are characterized by significant decrease of Tg and rigidity, increase of ductility and impact resistance. Correlated with the amounts of plasticizer, a dramatic drop in melt viscosity is also revealed. Therefore, for applications requiring increased viscosity and enhanced melt strength (extrusion, thermoforming), the reactive modification, with up to 1% epoxy functional styrene-acrylic oligomers, was explored to enhance their rheology. Moreover, larger quantities of products were obtained by reactive extrusion (REX) and characterized to evidence their lower stiffness, enhanced ductility, and toughness. In current prospects, selected samples were tested for the extrusion of tubes (straws) and films. The migration of plasticizer was not noted (at 10% TBC), whereas the mechanical and thermal characterizations of films after two years of aging evidenced a surprising preservation of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Paint
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Oltea Murariu
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 3 Avenue Copernic, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMons), Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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18
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Doyle L, Weidlich I, Di Maio E. Developing Insulating Polymeric Foams: Strategies and Research Needs from a Circular Economy Perspective. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6212. [PMID: 36143523 PMCID: PMC9502929 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulating polymeric foams have an important role to play in increasing energy efficiency and therefore contributing to combating climate change. Their development in recent years has been driven towards the reduction of thermal conductivity and achievement of the required mechanical properties as main targets towards sustainability. This perception of sustainability has overseen the choice of raw materials, which are often toxic, or has placed research efforts on optimizing one constituent while the other necessary reactants remain hazardous. The transition to the circular economy requires a holistic understanding of sustainability and a shift in design methodology and the resulting research focus. This paper identifies research needs and possible strategies for polymeric foam development compatible with Circular Product Design and Green Engineering, based on an extensive literature review. Identified research needs include material characterization of a broader spectrum of polymer melt-gas solutions, ageing behavior, tailoring of the polymer chains, detailed understanding and modeling of the effects of shear on cell nucleation, and the upscaling of processing tools allowing for high and defined pressure drop rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Doyle
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Weidlich
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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19
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Novel Expandable Epoxy Beads and Epoxy Particle Foam. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124205. [PMID: 35744266 PMCID: PMC9228838 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polymeric beads offer the advantage of being able to produce parts with complex geometries through a consolidation process. However, established polymeric beads are made of thermoplastics, deform and melt beyond their temperature services. In this manuscript, a new technique is proposed to fabricate expandable epoxy beads (EEBs), then expand and fuse them to produce epoxy particle foams (EPFs). This technique is called solid-state carbamate foaming technique. For production of EEBs, a mixture of epoxy, carbamate and hardener is prepared and poured into a 10 mL syringe. The mixture is manually extruded into 60 °C water to obtain a cylindric shape. The extrudate is then further cured to obtain an epoxy oligomer behaving rheological tan delta 3 and 2 at 60 °C. The extrudate is cut into pellets to obtain EEBs. The EEBs are then loaded into an aluminum mold and placed in an oven at 160 °C to expand, fuse to obtain EPFs of 212 kg/m3 and 258 kg/m3. The obtained EPFs provide a Tg of 150–154 °C. The fusion boundaries in EPFs are well formed. Thus, the produced EPFs exhibit a compressive modulus of 50–70 MPa, with a torsion storage modulus at 30 °C of 34–56 MPa.
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20
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Aderikha VN, Koval’ VN. Reinforcement of Polyamide 6 and Its Montmorillonite Composites by Introducing Maleinized Low-Molecular-Mass Polybutadiene Rubber. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722205007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Albuquerque RQ, Brütting C, Standau T, Ruckdäschel H. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Developing novel foams with tailored properties is a challenge. If properly addressed, efficient screening can potentially accelerate material discovery and reduce material waste, improving sustainability and efficiency in the development phase. In this work, we address this problem using a hybrid experimental and theoretical approach. Machine learning (ML) models were trained to predict the density of polylactide (PLA) foams based on their processing parameters. The final ML ensemble model was a linear combination of gradient boosting, random forest, kernel ridge, and support vector regression models. Comparison of the actual and predicted densities of PLA systems resulted in a mean absolute error of 30 kg·m−3 and a coefficient of determination (R
2) of 0.94. The final ensemble model was then used to explore the ranges of predicted density in the space of processing parameters (temperature, pressure, and time) and to suggest some parameter sets that could lead to low-density PLA foams. The new PLA foams were produced and showed experimental densities in the range of 36–48 kg·m−3, which agreed well with the corresponding predicted values, which ranged between 38 and 54 kg·m−3. The experimental–theoretical procedure described here could be applied to other materials and pave the way to more sustainable and efficient foam development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
- Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH, Gottlieb-Keim-Straße 60 , 95448 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Brütting
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
- Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH, Gottlieb-Keim-Straße 60 , 95448 Bayreuth , Germany
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22
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Chen L, Sun X, Ren Y, Wang R, Sun M, Liang W. Enhancing melt strength of polyglycolic acid by reactive extrusion with chain extenders. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Yueqing Ren
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Rong Wang
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- Advanced Materials Center National Institute of Clean‐and‐Low‐Carbon Energy Beijing China
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23
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Approach to quantify the resistance of polymeric foams against thermal load under compression. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous techniques are used to quantify the resistance of cellular polymers against a thermal load. These techniques differ in significance and reproducibility and are all dependent on foam density, structure (i.e., cell size and -distribution) and sample geometry. Very different behaviors are expected for extrusion- and bead foams, as well as for amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers. Moreover, established tests use temperature ramps which would lead to temperature gradients within the sample and thus to faulty results. In this study, we developed a new approach from an engineering perspective to minimize these influences. In this approach, the resistance against the thermal load is derived from a steady creep test with defined temperature steps under a mechanical load, which is specifically set for each foam sample depending on its static compression behavior at room temperature. The two-stage test therefore combines (i) a standard quasi-static compression test at room temperature and (ii) a creep test with stepwise increased thermal loading. For each foam type, a rather low mechanical load (stress) is determined from the quasi-static compression test at room temperature; low enough to remain below the collapse strength and avoid irreversible deformation (i.e., buckling and/or breaking of the cell walls). This load is then applied in a creep test where the temperature is increased in defined steps from room temperature to a temperature close to T
g
or T
m
. The stepwise increase and holding of the temperature for a defined time enables a homogeneous temperature in the test specimen. The approach was applied to (i) polystyrene extrusion and bead foams (i.e., XPS and EPS), which have different foam structure, (ii) amorphous and semi-crystalline bead foams of polystyrene (EPS) and polypropylene (EPP), (iii) bead foams with different densities (30, 60, 120, and 210 kg/m3) and (iv) to a new type of bead foam made of the engineering polymer polybutylene terephthalate (E-PBT). The termination criterion for the test is defined as the temperature at which a relative compression of 10% is reached in the creep test with temperature steps. We suggest calling it the heat stability temperature T
HS. For the studied foams, the procedure delivers characteristic T
HS values that allow a good comparison between different polymer matrices and densities. The heat stability temperature T
HS of amorphous PS foams (i.e., XPS and EPS) was determined to be 98 °C, which is close to the glass transition temperature T
g
. Using the same approach, values of 99–107 °C were determined for EPP and 186 °C for the semi-crystalline bead foam E-PBT.
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24
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Jang JY, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Chain-Extending Modification for Value-Added Recycled PET: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2033765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Jang
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
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25
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Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Waste Textiles with Improved Thermal and Rheological Properties by Chain Extension. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030510. [PMID: 35160503 PMCID: PMC8838686 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual production of textile fibers is continuing to rise and the substantial discharge of undegradable waste polyester fibers can cause serious environmental and even health problems. Thus, the recycling and reuse of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) from waste textiles (rPET-F) is highly desirable but still challenging. Here, five chain extenders with a different number of epoxy groups per molecules were used to blend with discarded PET fibers and improve its viscosity and quality loss in the recycling process. The molecule weight, thermal properties, rheological properties and macromolecular architecture of modified r-PET were investigated. It was found that all modified rPET-F samples show higher viscosities and better thermal properties. rPET-F modified by difunctional EXOP molecules show linear structure and improved rheological properties. rPET-F modified by polyfunctional commercial ADR and synthesized copolymers exhibit a long chain branched structure and better crystallization. This study reveals a deeper understanding of the chain extension and opens an avenue for the recycling of PET textiles.
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26
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Zhao X, Li J, Liu J, Zhou W, Peng S. Recent progress of preparation of branched poly(lactic acid) and its application in the modification of polylactic acid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:874-892. [PMID: 34728305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with branched structure has abundant terminal groups, high melt strength, good rheological properties, and excellent processability; it is a new research and application direction of PLA materials. This study mainly summarizes the molecular structure design, preparation methods, basic properties of branched PLA, and its application in modified PLA materials. The structure and properties of branched PLA prepared by ring-opening polymerization of monomer, functional group polycondensation, and chain extender in the processing process were introduced. The research progress of in situ formation of branched PLA by initiators, multifunctional monomers/additives through dynamic vulcanization, and irradiation induction was described. The effect of branched PLA on the structure and properties of linear PLA materials was analyzed. The role of branched PLA in improving the crystallization behavior, phase morphology, foaming properties, and mechanical properties of linear PLA materials was discussed. At the same time, its research progress in biomedicine and tissue engineering was analyzed. Branched PLA has excellent compatibility with PLA, which has important research value in regulating the structure and properties of PLA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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