Coping during pregnancy: a systematic review and recommendations

The relationship of depression, anxiety, and stress with pregnancy symptoms and coping styles in pregnant women: A multi-group structural equation modeling analysis

BACKGROUND

The changes during pregnancy can increase susceptibility to mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and stress, which is why coping strategies are so important. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between depression, anxiety, stress, pregnancy symptoms and coping styles in pregnant women across trimesters, using a multigroup structural equation model.

METHODS

This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted with 301 pregnant women who applied to the prenatal clinic of a state university's medical faculty. A hypothetical model was created based on transactional stress and coping theory and literature reviews. Data were collected using a participant information form, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Pregnancy Symptom Inventory and the Stress Coping Styles Scale.

RESULTS

Among pregnant women, 40.9 % had symptoms of stress, 52.8 % of anxiety and 37.2 % of depression. Pregnancy symptoms and emotion-focused coping are positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress (β = 0.468-0.590; β = 0.222-0.373 respectively). Problem-focused coping is negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. (β = -0.255:-0.389). Problem-focused coping is negatively associated with pregnancy symptoms in the whole sample (β = -0.121) and in the third trimester (β = -0.124). The model explained 51 % of the variance in the 1st, 42 % in the 2nd, and 64 % in the 3rd trimesters.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that problem-focused coping strategies are negatively associated with depression, anxiety and stress and play an important protective role in this context. These findings contribute to understanding the factors affecting mental health during pregnancy and emphasize the importance of developing problem-focused coping skills for pregnant women.

Relation of preconception eating behaviours to dietary pattern trajectories and gestational weight gain from preconception to late pregnancy

Studies examining preconception eating behaviours with longitudinal dietary patterns from preconception to late pregnancy as well as gestational weight gain (GWG) are limited. We derived dietary pattern trajectories from preconception to late-pregnancy, and related preconception eating behaviours to these trajectories and GWG. Preconception eating behaviours were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire measuring cognitive restraint (CR) - conscious restriction of food intake, emotional eating (EE) - overeating in response to negative emotions, and uncontrolled eating (UE) - overeating with a feeling of lack of control. Dietary intakes were measured at preconception, 20-21 and 34-36 weeks' gestation with food frequency questionnaires. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis, and trajectories derived using group-based trajectory modelling. Inadequate and excessive GWG were defined according to Institute of Medicine guidelines based on weights at preconception and the last antenatal visit (median: 38 weeks' gestation). Two dietary patterns were derived: 'Fast Food, Fried Snacks and Desserts (FFD)' and 'Soup, Fish and Vegetables (SFV)'. Adherence trajectories from preconception to late-pregnancy were characterised as consistently high ("stable-high") and low ("stable-low"). Women with higher UE scores had higher odds of being in the "stable-high" trajectory (n = 34) of the FFD pattern [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.03, 1.51], compared to "stable-low" (n = 260). Percentages of women with inadequate, adequate or excessive GWG were 21.7% (n = 70), 25.8% (n = 83), and 52.5% (n = 169), respectively; women with higher EE scores had a higher likelihood of excessive GWG [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR): 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.80], but this association was attenuated after adjusting for preconception body mass index. Eating behaviour interventions to improve dietary patterns among pregnant women may need to start as early as preconception, incorporating strategies to manage UE.

Stress and Its Consequences-Biological Strain

Understanding the role of stress in pregnancy and its consequences is important, particularly given documented associations between maternal stress and preterm birth and other pathological outcomes. Physical and psychological stressors can elicit the same biological responses, known as biological strain. Chronic stressors, like poverty and racism (race-based discriminatory treatment), may create a legacy or trajectory of biological strain that no amount of coping can relieve in the absence of larger-scale socio-behavioral or societal changes. An integrative approach that takes into consideration simultaneously social and biological determinants of stress may provide the best insights into the risk of preterm birth. The most successful computational approaches and the most predictive machine-learning models are likely to be those that combine information about the stressors and the biological strain (for example, as measured by different omics) experienced during pregnancy.

Prenatal stress and hair cortisol in a sample of Latina women

BACKGROUND

Stress during pregnancy adversely impacts maternal and infant health. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis is a mediator of the relationship between stress and health. Evidence supporting an association between prenatal chronic stress and cortisol is limited, and the majority of research published has been conducted amongst White participants, who experience less chronic stress than people of color.

AIM

This study investigated associations between various measures of prenatal stress and hair cortisol concentrations which is a biomarker of the integrated stress response in a sample of Latina participants during the third trimester of pregnancy.

METHOD

Pregnant women (n=45) were surveyed with scales measuring chronic stress, perceived stress, pregnancy-related and pregnancy-specific anxiety. Hair samples were collected as an objective neuroendocrine measure of chronic stress. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess associations between stress measures and hair cortisol. Pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and steroid use during pregnancy were used as covariates in adjusted models.

RESULTS

Chronic stress, operationalized as maternal reports of neighborhood/housing strain, daily activities and relationship strain, discrimination, and financial strain, was significantly associated with higher hair cortisol concentrations. No significant associations were found between hair cortisol and perceived stress, pregnancy-related anxiety, nor pregnancy-specific anxiety in adjusted models.

CONCLUSION

Chronic stress may be a more robust correlate of physiological stress, as measured by hair cortisol in pregnancy, than other common measures of prenatal stress and anxiety.

Stigma and its influencing factors for seeking professional psychological help among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Although the stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help has received significant attention, few studies have focused on the status and factors influencing this stigma among pregnant women, especially those with a Chinese cultural background. This study aimed to assess the status of stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help and its influencing factors.

METHODS

A total of 1325 pregnant women were recruited from Hunan Province, China. The Stigma for Seeking Professional Psychological Help questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Perceived Social Support Scale, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy-related information were used. Descriptive, univariate, correlation, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to investigate the status of stigma and identify its influencing factors.

FINDINGS

Pregnant Chinese women experienced a mild to moderate level of stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help, and self-stigma was more common than social stigma associated with seeking psychological help. The results of the multivariate analysis suggested that perceived social support, positive coping styles, negative coping styles, and depressive symptoms were the factors influencing self-stigma and social stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help. Advanced age and a low educational level were the only predictors associated with self-stigma, while a history of multiple pregnancies had an effect only on social stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help.

CONCLUSION

Chinese pregnant women experienced a mild to moderate level of stigma associated with seeking professional psychological help. Destigmatizing interventions focusing on self-stigma and social stigma should be designed according to maternal characteristics, social support, coping style, and depressive symptoms.

Effect of active-duty military service on neonatal birth outcomes: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Increasing numbers of women serve in the armed forces in countries worldwide. Stress experienced during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes including preterm delivery (PTD) and low birth weight (LBW). Several characteristics of military employment and lifestyle can increase stress acting on active-duty servicewomen (ADSW) and hence may increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. This paper reviews the prevalence of PTD, preterm labour (PTL), LBW and stillbirth in babies born to ADSW in the armed forces.

METHODS

This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health and CINAHL Plus databases were searched from inception to July 2021 (November 2023, EMBASE) using subject heading and keyword searches for English language journal articles on babies born to ADSW in any military branch and any country. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool assessed risk of bias in included papers. Studies were paired with a comparator non-active-duty population to generate a prevalence ratio as the effect measure. A narrative synthesis was conducted.

RESULTS

21 observational studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. They were all conducted in the US military, involved a total of 650 628 participants, and were published between 1979 and 2023. Their results indicate increased LBW in ADSW compared with non-service women. There was insufficient evidence to conclude or rule out whether ADSW have increased rates of PTD or PTL.

CONCLUSIONS

ADSW may be at increased risk of having an LBW baby. However, caution is needed if seeking to generalise the findings beyond the US context. This review highlights a growing need for female-specific research in other armed forces and, specifically, into reproductive health. Such research is necessary to inform military maternity pathways and policies in ways that safeguard mothers and their babies while enhancing military readiness.

Stress and Coping Strategies among Women in Late Motherhood

Background: The shifting reproductive age of women is reflected in European populations. Pregnancy in women older than 35 years is considered high-risk and can be an additional source of stress. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived stress of women experiencing late motherhood and the coping strategies used. Methods: The study was conducted in Poland by means of a diagnostic survey, using the COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced) Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), and a self-administered questionnaire. The study included 310 women who gave birth to their first child after the age of 35 and 313 respondents in a control group who gave birth before this age. Results: Based on the results, there were no statistically significant differences in feelings of stress among women who gave birth to their first child after the age of 35 (M = 18.33) compared to the control group (M = 18.14). However, statistically significant differences were observed regarding stress coping strategies. Conclusions: Women giving birth after the age of 35 were more likely to use strategies including active coping, planning, positive reformulation, acceptance, turning to religion, and seeking instrumental support.

Experiential avoidance as a mediator of risk factors for higher order internalizing psychopathology in the perinatal period

OBJECTIVES

Perinatal psychopathology can be damaging. This study examined the strength of the associations between risk factors and all perinatal mood and anxiety disorder symptoms while assessing the mediating effect of experiential avoidance.

METHOD

Participants (N = 246) completed assessments during pregnancy (28-32 weeks) and the postpartum (6-8 weeks). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations between risk factors and latent factors: distress (composed of depression, generalized anxiety, irritability, and panic symptoms); fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive); and bipolar (mania and obsessive-compulsive).

RESULTS

During pregnancy, past psychiatric history, anxiety sensitivity, maladaptive coping, and age were significant risk factors. In the postpartum, negative maternal attitudes and past psychiatric history were only risk factors for symptoms that composed distress. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between maladaptive coping and symptoms that composed fear.

CONCLUSION

It is important to assess for psychological risk factors starting in pregnancy. This study identified critical risk factors that are associated with the underlying commonality among perinatal mood and anxiety symptoms. Some of the risk factors as well as the mediator are malleable (negative maternal attitudes, experiential avoidance), creating new possibilities for prevention and treatment of perinatal mood and anxiety disorder symptoms.

Stress and depression-associated shifts in gut microbiota: A pilot study of human pregnancy

Background

Psychosocial stress and mood-related disorders, such as depression, are prevalent and vulnerability to these conditions is heightened during pregnancy. Psychosocial stress induces consequences via several mechanisms including the gut microbiota-brain axis and associated signaling pathways. Previous preclinical work indicates that prenatal stress alters maternal gut microbial composition and impairs offspring development. Importantly, although the fecal and vaginal microenvironments undergo alterations across pregnancy, we lack consensus regarding which shifts are adaptive or maladaptive in the presence of prenatal stress and depression. Clinical studies interrogating these relationships have identified unique taxa but have been limited in study design.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of pregnant individuals consisting of repeated administration of psychometrics (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) and collection of fecal and vaginal microbiome samples. Fecal and vaginal microbial community composition across psychometric responses were interrogated using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing followed by α and β-diversity metrics and taxonomic abundance.

Results

Early pregnancy stress was associated with increased abundance of fecal taxa not previously identified in related studies, and stress from late pregnancy through postpartum was associated with increased abundance of typical vaginal taxa and opportunistic pathogens in the fecal microenvironment. Additionally, in late pregnancy, maternal stress and depression scores were associated with each other and with elevated maternal C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) concentrations. At delivery, concordant with previous literature, umbilical CCL2 concentration was negatively correlated with relative abundance of maternal fecal Lactobacilli. Lastly, participants with more severe depressive symptoms experienced steeper decreases in prenatal vaginal α-diversity.

Conclusion

These findings a) underscore previous preclinical and clinical research demonstrating the effects of prenatal stress on maternal microbiome composition, b) suggest distinct biological pathways for the consequences of stress versus depression and c) extend the literature by identifying several taxa which may serve critical roles in mediating this relationship. Thus, further interrogation of the role of specific maternal microbial taxa in relation to psychosocial stress and its sequelae is warranted.

Potential Benefits of a 'Trauma-Informed Care' Approach to Improve the Assessment and Management of Dogs Presented with Anxiety Disorders

Dog caregiver reporting on the spectrum of fearful-aggressive behaviours often describes 'unpredictable' or 'exaggerated' responses to a situation/animal/person. A possible explanation for these behavioural responses considers that the dog is reacting to triggered memories for which the dog has a negative association. For many dogs undergoing veterinary behavioural treatment or rehabilitation through a canine rescue organisation, the assessing clinician relies on "proxy" reporting of the history/background by a caregiver (dog owner, foster carer, or shelter personnel). Detailed information on the event or circumstances resulting in this negative association may be limited or absent altogether. Consideration of a trauma-informed care (TIC) approach, currently applied in a wide range of human psychology and social care fields, may be helpful in guiding the clinical approach taken. The literature relating to adverse early experience (AEE) and trauma-informed care (TIC) in puppies/dogs compared to children/adults was evaluated to identify common themes and conclusions identified across both species. In the absence of known/identifiable trauma, behavioural assessment and management should consider that a 'problem' dog may behave as it does, as the result of previous trauma. The dog can then be viewed through a lens of empathy and understanding, often lacking for dogs presenting with impulsive, reactive, or aggressive behaviours. Assessment must avoid re-traumatising the animal through exposure to triggering stimuli and, treatment options should include counselling of caregivers on the impact of adverse early experiences, consideration of the window of tolerance, and TIC behavioural modification techniques.

Psychological capital of petrochemical corporate employees during COVID-19 social isolation: a longitudinal analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health emergency and a significant stressor to most people. The objective of this study was to examine the mental health status and social support level of participants from 2019 to 2020. The study aimed to investigate the changes in people's psychological capital state due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal study was performed to study the psychosocial predictors of mental health among a sample of 2,999 Chinese employees in 2019, and the follow-up survey was conducted one year later. Regression coefficients were visualized in a heatmap. Path analysis was performed base on the structural equation model (SEM) to measure the associations between study variables. The status of mental health, resilience, and optimism changed significantly during the pandemic (P < 0.05). The level of employee's social support in 2019 could significantly and positively predicted the level of employee's psychological capital in 2020, and the level of employee mental health in 2019 significantly and negatively predicted the level of employee psychological capital in 2020. The mental health of employees played an intermediary role between social support and psychological capital. These results highlight that the COVID-19 pandemic has a strong impact on the psychological capital of company employees. While demanding performance, corporations should ensure timely intervention in the mental health of their employees.

The mediating role of social support and resilience between self-efficacy and prenatal stress: a mediational analysis

BACKGROUND

Prenatal stress is a highly prevalent mental disorder experienced by pregnant women. This study assessed the prevalence and influencing factors of prenatal stress and investigated the mediating role of social support and resilience between self-efficacy and prenatal stress among pregnant women in China.

METHODS

A convenience sample comprising 1071 pregnant women from three hospitals in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, was recruited between February and June 2023. These participants completed a set of general survey questionnaires and were assessed using the Pregnancy Pressure Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Chinese version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Furthermore, a hierarchical multiple regression model was employed to investigate the relevant factors and mediators of prenatal stress symptoms. A structural equation model was used to examine the mediating role of social support and resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy and prenatal stress.

RESULTS

The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated significant associations between prenatal stress and parity, self-efficacy, social support, and resilience (P < 0.001). Self-efficacy accounted for 35.33% of the total effect, with a direct effect of -2.5306 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -4.0309 to -1,0303). Further examination through mediation analysis revealed the mediating roles of social support and resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy and prenatal stress. The mediating effect of social support was - 1.5933 (95% CI: -2.2907 to -0.9496), accounting for 22.24% of the total effect. Similarly, resilience exhibited a mediating effect of -3.0388 (95% CI: -4.3844 to -1.7135), accounting for 42.43% of the total effect.

CONCLUSION

The mediation analysis revealed that among pregnant women in China, the influence of self-efficacy on prenatal stress is channelled through social support and resilience. Therefore, enhancing social support, resilience, and self-efficacy might alleviate prenatal stress.

Coping with subjective and objective stress during a pandemic pregnancy: implications for maternal mental health

The COVID-19 pandemic heightened prenatal maternal stress, a risk factor for poorer maternal and infant health. There was substantial variability, however, in the extent to which the stress of pandemic pregnancy influenced maternal mental health. Some of this variability may have been due to the different coping strategies used to manage pandemic stress. In this cross-sectional study of 7,383 pregnant women in the U.S. (M = 25.69 ± 8.71 weeks gestational age) recruited during the first and second U.S. waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined associations of objective stressors, the subjective experience of stress, and the use of four coping strategies with anxiety and depressive symptoms. Spiritual coping, planning/preparation, and avoidant coping were associated with increased subjective and objective stress and with greater mood and anxiety symptoms, whereas coping by positive appraisal was associated with modestly lower subjective stress and with lower mood and anxiety symptoms. We also found small interactions of stress and coping in predicting mood and anxiety symptoms, suggesting that fit between coping strategy and type of stress influences coping outcomes. Specific coping strategy used as well as the fit between coping strategy and stress type may determine whether coping buffers or exacerbates mood and anxiety symptoms. The small magnitude of these associations suggests that individual-level coping may be insufficient in the face of the overwhelming nature of the stress accompanying a global pandemic. This work adds to our understanding of coping with pregnancy stress in the context of population-level stressors (i.e., a pandemic or large-scale disaster).

Association Between Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms Among Firefighters: The Mediating Role of Negative Coping

Background

Depressive symptoms (DS) can erode physical and mental health; social support (SS) is considered a buffer for DS and a promoter for improving coping and recovery abilities. However, there is almost no research on the mediating role of negative coping (NC) in SS and DS, especially among firefighters.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among firefighters in Chongqing, China, and the valid data of 407 firefighters were collected through questionnaires distributed on the WeChat platform in 2020. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 26.0 is used for descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Structural equation modeling was adopted to analyze the association among SS, NC, and DS. The mediation effect is also evaluated.

Results

Firefighters' detection rate of DS is 23.3%, and when they receive more SS were less likely to develop DS. NC was positively correlated with DS (β = 0.54, p < 0.001) after controlling for SS. Besides, the results of structural equation modeling showed that NC partially mediates the relationship between SS and DS (standard error = 0.039, indirect effects = 0.109, 95% confidence interval: 0.047-0.200 p < 0.001).

Conclusion

NC has a partial indirect effect between SS and DS among firefighters. SS could not only affect DS directly but also indirect work on it by affecting NC. This discovery will be a novel and meaningful part of the research on the firefighter population.

Quality of prenatal care and maternal fetal attachment among primigravid mothers in the Philippines: A cross sectional study

BACKGROUND

The prenatal period is a proper chance for evaluating maternal-fetal attachment.

AIM

To determine the relationship between quality of prenatal care and maternal-fetal attachment among primigravida mothers during late pregnancy period.

METHODS

The study conducted a survey using a 46-item Quality of Prenatal Care Questionnaire and 24-item Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale among 343 primigravida mothers in village health stations. Pearson correlation was used to correlate maternal-fetal attachment scores and quality of prenatal scores. Linear regression was used to determine relationships between variables.

RESULTS

Maternal-fetal attachment scores is correlated with: age ≤19 years (4.10 [95 % CI 1.81-6.39]), companion during visits (2.76 [95 % CI 0.34-5.18]), education (3.45 [95 % CI 0.93-5.97]). On multivariate analysis, the following were significantly associated with maternal-fetal attachment scores: information sharing (8.67 [95 % CI 4.74 - 12.60]), sufficient time (-2.34 [95 % CI -3.45 - -1.24]), support and respect (8.49 [95 % CI 4.54 - 12.45]), maternal age < 19 years (-3.78 [-5.81 to -1.75]), and unmarried (2.55 [95 % CI 0.70 - 4.41]).

CONCLUSION

The quality of prenatal care is correlated significantly with maternal-fetal attachment. Women valued the care given when it was individualized and the health workers were approachable in their ways and addressed their own particular needs. Combination of prenatal education and counselling tailored to address own particular emotional and social concerns of pregnant mothers are interventions that should be integrated in maternal care services.

The positive effects of positive coping on mental health in college students during the COVID-19 campus lockdown

Objectives

Isolation has been an effective method to control the spread of COVID-19 over the past 3 years. However, lifestyle changes may have a negative impact on mental health. To examine the effects of positive coping on mental health in college students during the COVID-19 campus lockdown, this study conducted an online cross-sectional survey.

Methods

In October 2022, following a prolonged campus lockdown of nearly 3 years, 313 university students from a university in Shandong Province, China, were invited to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised a self-administered general situation questionnaire, the Simple Coping Style Scale, and the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale.

Results

(1) The analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of coping Style on depression [F(4,300) = 2.446, p = 0.047] during the COVID-19 campus lockdown. A post-hoc test indicated that college students who engaged in study (p = 0.012) or sports (p = 0.027) during their free time had significantly lower depression scores than those who used the Internet. (2) Independent sample t-tests showed significant differences in positive and negative coping styles among college students in terms of depression (t = 6.891, p < 0.001) and anxiety scores (t = 7.745, p < 0.001). (3) Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between positive coping style and anxiety (r = -0.378, p < 0.001), and between positive coping style and depression (r = 0.427, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were also found between the negative coping style and anxiety (r = 0.155, p = 0.007), and between the negative coping style and depression (r = 0.190, p < 0.001).

Discussion

The study suggested that fostering positive coping in students can mitigate mental health issues during crises, providing a blueprint for university mental health initiatives during epidemics.

Coping strategies in postpartum women: exploring the influence of demographic and maternity factors

BACKGROUND

Postpartum depression is a frequent mental health issue that affects many women due to this stressful phase. The aim of the study is to gain insight into the coping strategies employed by postpartum women and to explore how these strategies are influenced by various demographic and maternity factors.

METHODS

The study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 239 postpartum women receiving care at a Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic using self-reported tools, which include the Brief COPE survey and the socio-demographics and obstetric/maternal history form from October 2022 to April 2023.

RESULTS

The study findings indicate that individuals aged over 40 tend to use more emotional-focused coping compared to those aged 21-30 (p = 0.002) and 31-40. Additionally, both genders of children were associated with more emotional-focused coping (p = 0.007) compared to only having boys. Cesarean section delivery (p = 0.001) was associated with more avoidant-focused coping than normal vaginal delivery. Avoidant-focused coping was significantly predicted by problem-focused coping (p < 0.001), emotional-focused coping (p = 0.034), age (p = 0.003), and gender of children (only boys, p < 0.001; both boys and girls, p = 0.019). Furthermore, problem-focused coping was significantly predicted by age (p = 0.004), gender of children (male child, p = 0.002; both boy and girl: p = 0.014), and avoidant-focused coping (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The study examined how postpartum women cope with the challenges of motherhood and how this relates to their demographic and maternity factors. The results suggest that healthcare professionals should promote effective coping strategies and discourage avoidance-oriented approaches in postpartum interventions.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychopathological symptoms in pregnant women in Spain

BACKGROUND

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women are exposed to potentially harmful stressors that might affect their health. The direct consequences that SARS-CoV-2 may have on perinatal mental health are still unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychopathological symptoms in a sample of Spanish pregnant women.

METHODS

A sample of 186 pregnant women was assessed using the revised Symptoms Check List-90 during the first lockdown in Spain.

RESULTS

The results showed clinical scores on the obsession and compulsion, anxiety and phobic anxiety subscales, as well as on the severity indexes. Phobic anxiety was the only variable that was inversely correlated with age and the number of previous miscarriages. A linear regression model showed that age was inversely associated with phobic anxiety scores. A younger age was associated with higher levels of phobic anxiety symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that younger pregnant women and women in the first trimester of pregnancy were more vulnerable to the effects of stress and concerns about COVID-19.

Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Group Versus Individual Prenatal Care on Psychosocial Outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effect of group prenatal care (GPNC) compared with individual prenatal care (IPNC) on psychosocial outcomes in late pregnancy, including potential differences in outcomes by subgroups.

DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

An academic medical center in the southeastern United States.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 2,348 women with low-risk pregnancies who entered prenatal care before 20 6/7 weeks gestation were randomized to GPNC (n = 1,175) or IPNC (n = 1,173) and stratified by self-reported race and ethnicity.

METHODS

We surveyed participants during enrollment (M = 12.21 weeks gestation) and in late pregnancy (M = 32.51 weeks gestation). We used standard measures related to stress, anxiety, coping strategies, empowerment, depression symptoms, and stress management practices in an intent-to-treat regression analysis. To account for nonadherence to GPNC treatment, we used an instrumental variable approach.

RESULTS

The response rates were high, with 78.69% of participants in the GPNC group and 83.89% of participants in the IPNC group completing the surveys. We found similar patterns for both groups, including decrease in distress and increase in anxiety between surveys and comparable levels of pregnancy empowerment and stress management at the second survey. We identified greater use of coping strategies for participants in the GPNC group, particularly those who identified as Black or had low levels of partner support.

CONCLUSION

Group prenatal care did not affect stress and anxiety in late pregnancy; however, the increased use of coping strategies may suggest a benefit of GPNC for some participants.

Stress during Home Confinement Is Associated with Eating Misalignment among Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic forced Saudi Arabia to implement several measures including mandatory home confinement, banning entry to many cities, and suspending religious activities. Studies have reported inconsistent findings of the effect of home confinement on lifestyle factors. This study aims to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 during home confinement and explore its association with dietary habits and weight change.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among Saudi adults using an online survey between May and June 2020. Data on dietary habits, sleep quality, and stress were collected.

RESULTS

A total of n = 503 participants responded. Of 254 analyzed, 87% were females, 49% were overweight/obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2), and 79% were under lockdown for >40 days. In multiple linear regression, higher stress scores during confinement were associated with higher stress scores before confinement and poorer sleep quality. In multiple logistic regression, those who did not eat at the same time had higher stress scores compared to those who always ate at the same time, whereas consuming ≥three meals was associated with lower stress scores than consuming one-two meals. The odds of gaining weight during confinement were higher among married adults, those with lower sleep quality, and consuming ≥three meals.

CONCLUSIONS

Stress during home confinement was associated with eating misalignment and the number of meals consumed. Although this study was limited by its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data, it provides valuable insights into the dietary habits and weight-gain associated factors that need to be further explored and addressed in any future restrictions for improved well-being.

Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Perceived Stress During Pregnancy: The Role of Personality

This study explores the role of personality traits in the relationship between maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and perceived stress during pregnancy. Pregnancy can be a stressful time for new mothers. ACEs have been associated with elevated levels of pregnancy stress, and have also been linked to the Big Five dimensions of personality, including a positive association with neuroticism. The Big Five have also been associated with perceptions of stress, and there is evidence to suggest that personality may be one mechanism through which ACEs disrupt psychosocial functioning during pregnancy. The sample included 177 pregnant girls and women (ages 15-40) from two prenatal clinics serving diverse and low-income patients. Participants completed online questionnaires on perceived stress, ACEs, and the Ten Item Personality Inventory. Results of a path analysis and test of mediation showed significant indirect effects from ACEs to perceived stress mediated independently by neuroticism and conscientiousness. Mothers with high ACEs reported higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness, and in turn, experienced high levels of perceived stress during pregnancy. High neuroticism and low conscientiousness associated with early adverse experiences increase the risk for perceived stress during pregnancy. Screening for ACEs may help identify mothers at risk for perinatal stress and provide the opportunity for additional support for maternal emotion regulation and mental health.

Do antenatal preparation and obstetric complications and procedures interact to affect birth experience and postnatal mental health?

BACKGROUND

Antenatal preparation is commonly offered to women in pregnancy in the United Kingdom, but the content is highly variable, with some programmes orientated towards 'normal birth', whilst others may incorporate information about complications and procedures (broader focus). However, the impact of this variability on birth experience has not been explored. We examined the relationship between the content of antenatal preparation received and birth experience, taking into account obstetric complications and procedures. As birth experience can have a profound impact on a mother's postnatal well-being, we also investigated associations with mothers' postnatal mood and anxiety.

METHODS

N = 253 first-time mothers completed a cross-sectional survey measuring demographic and clinical factors, antenatal preparation content (categorised as normality-focused or broader-focused), obstetric complications and procedures experienced, birth experience (measured using three separate indices; the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire, emotional experiences, and presence/absence of birth trauma), postnatal depression and anxiety, and qualitative information on how the COVID-19 pandemic had affected birth experience.

RESULTS

Regarding birth experience, receiving more broader-focused preparation was associated with a more positive birth experience irrespective of complications/procedures experienced, while receiving only normality-focused preparation was beneficial in the context of fewer complications/procedures. Regarding birth trauma, receiving more broader-focused preparation was associated with lower likelihood of reporting birth as traumatic only in the context of more complications/procedures. Degree of normality-focused preparation was unrelated to experience of birth trauma. Lastly, while more complications/procedures were associated with greater anxiety and low mood, only greater normality-focused preparation was linked with better postnatal mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

Antenatal preparation including both normality- and broader-focused information is positively related to women's birth experience. While normality-focused preparation seems most beneficial if fewer complications/procedures are experienced, broader-focused preparation may be most beneficial in the context of a greater number of complications/procedures. As complications/procedures are often unpredictable, offering broader-focused preparation routinely is likely to benefit women's birth experience. This antenatal preparation should be freely available and easily accessible.

Effect of spousal military deployment during pregnancy on neonatal birth outcomes: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Stress experienced during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes including preterm delivery (PTD) and low birth weight (LBW). Pregnant spouses and partners of deployed military personnel can experience heightened stress due to several factors associated with the military lifestyle. This systematic review aims to ascertain whether deployment at the time of delivery increases the risk of PTD and/or LBW in babies born to pregnant spouses or partners of deployed service persons.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method by searching EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and Global Health databases from inception to March 2021. Keyword searches were used to identify primary research, English language journal articles, that included any military branch and reported a measure of PTD and/or LBW of babies born to spouses/partners of deployed service persons. Risk of bias was assessed with validated tools appropriate for study type and a narrative synthesis was performed.

RESULTS

Three cohort or cross-sectional studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All three studies were conducted in the US military, were published between 2005 and 2016 and included a cumulative total of 11 028 participants. Evidence suggests that spousal deployment may be a risk factor for PTD, although strength of evidence is weak. No association between spousal deployment and LBW was found.

CONCLUSION

Pregnant spouses and partners of deployed military personnel may be at increased risk of PTD. The strength of evidence is limited by a paucity of rigorous research in this area. No studies were identified that included service women in the UK Armed Forces. Further research is required to understand the perinatal needs of pregnant spouses/partners of deployed service persons and to understand if there are unmet clinical or social needs in this population.

Coping as a Mediator between Attachment and Depressive Symptomatology Either in Pregnancy or in the Early Postpartum Period: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Peripartum depression (PPD) is a major complication of pregnancy, and numerous risk factors have been associated with its onset, including dysfunctional coping strategies and insecure attachment styles, both during pregnancy and postpartum. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of coping strategies in mediating the relationship between women's attachment style and depressive symptomatology in pregnancy and one week after giving birth in a large sample of women (N = 1664). Our hypothesis was that the relationship between anxious and avoidant attachment and depressive symptomatology would be mediated by use of maladaptive coping strategies. The assessment instruments were Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Brief Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (COPE), and Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR). The results indicated that the effect of insecure attachment styles (anxious and avoidant attachment) on antepartum depressive symptomatology was partially mediated by dysfunctional coping styles. Anxious attachment also has an indirect significant effect on postpartum depressive symptomatology through emotional coping; however, avoidant attachment does not seem to be significantly related to postpartum depressive symptoms. Our findings revealed that not only is it important to consider attachment in understanding peripartum depressive symptomatology, but also that coping plays an important role in these relationships. These findings would help a preventive coping-based intervention strategy to enhance the capacity of women with insecure attachment styles to use more adaptive coping during and after pregnancy.

The complex interplay between psychosocial and biological factors in pregorexia nervosa - a rapid review

The importance of detecting eating disorders (EDs) during pregnancy cannot be overemphasized, because of the major negative effects this pathology has on both maternal and fetal health. Based on a rapid review including primary and secondary reports, PN may still be considered an elusive diagnosis entity, that partially overlaps with other EDs, either well-defined, like anorexia nervosa, or still in search of their own diagnosis criteria, like orthorexia nervosa. Neurochemical and hormonal factors, psychological and social mechanisms, along with lifestyle changes create a very complex framework for clinicians interested in defining the typical features of pregorexia nervosa (PN). The personal history of EDs is considered one of the most important risk factors for PN. The core diagnostic criteria for this entity are, so far, lack of gaining weight during pregnancy, an excessive focus on counting calories and/or intense physical exercising with a secondary decrease of interest in the fetus's health, lack of acceptance of the change in body shape during pregnancy, and pathological attention for own body image. Regarding the treatment of PN, nutritional and psychosocial interventions are recommended but no specific therapeutic strategies for this disorder have been detected in the literature. Psychotherapy is considered the main intervention for pregnant women with associated EDs and mood disorders, as the pharmacological agents could have teratogenic effects or insufficient data to support their safety in this population. In conclusion, taking into consideration the methodological limitations of a rapid review, data supporting the existence of PN were found, mainly regarding tentative diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and pathophysiological aspects. These data, corroborated with the importance of preserving optimal mental health in a vulnerable population, e.g., pregnant women, justify the need for further research focused on finding specific diagnostic criteria and targeted therapeutic approaches.

The direct and mediating effect of social support on health-related quality of life during pregnancy among Australian women

BACKGROUND

Prenatal stress can have a negative effect on the quality of life (QoL) of pregnant women. Social support plays a vital role in improving the psychological well-being of pregnant women by enhancing their stress-coping ability. The current study assessed the association between social support and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as well as the mediating role of social support in the linkage between perceived stress and HRQoL among pregnant Australian women.

METHODS

Secondary data was obtained from 493 women who reported being pregnant in survey six of the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH). Social support and perceived stress were assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Index (MOS-SSS-19) and the Perceived Stress Scale, respectively. The Mental Component Scale (MCS) and Physical Component Scale (PCS) of the SF-36 were used to examine the mental and physical HRQoL. A mediation model was used to examine the mediating effect of social support in the relationship between perceived stress and HRQoL. A multivariate quantile regression (QR) model was used to assess the association between social support and HRQoL after adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULT

The mean age of the pregnant women was 35.8 years. The mediational analysis revealed that emotional/informational support (β= -1.53; 95% CI: -2.36, -0.78), tangible support (β= -0.64; 95% CI: -1.29, -0.09), and affectionate support/positive social interaction (β= -1.33; 95% CI: -2.25, -0.48), played a significant mediating role in the relationship between perceived stress and mental health-related QoL. In addition, perceived stress had a significant indirect effect on mental health-related QoL through overall social support (β = -1.38; 95% CI: -2.28, -0.56), and the mediator accounted for approximately 14.3% of the total effect. The multivariate QR analysis indicated that all the domains of social support and overall social support scores were positively associated with higher MCS scores (p < 0.05). However, social support was found to have no significant association with PCS (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Social support plays a direct and mediating role in improving the HRQoL of pregnant Australian women. Maternal health professionals need to consider social support as an essential tool to improve the HRQoL of pregnant women. Further, as part of routine antenatal care activity, assessing pregnant women's level of social support is beneficial.

Psychological distress, optimism and emotion regulation among Israeli Jewish and Arab pregnant women during COVID-19

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy is a vulnerable period for women, and it is especially so under the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas there is some evidence for distress among pregnant women during the outspread of COVID-19, little is known about the second wave of the pandemic. We therefore sought to examine the contribution of background variables, ethnicity (Jewish, Arab), personal resources (optimism, emotion regulation), and COVID-19-related anxieties to pregnant Israeli women's psychological distress.

METHOD

A convenience sample of 1127 Israeli women was recruited from 5 July to 7 October 2020.

RESULTS

Not having an academic degree, lower economic status, being an Arab woman, poorer physical health, lower levels of optimism and cognitive reappraisal, higher levels of emotion suppression and COVID-19-related anxieties all contributed significantly to greater psychological distress. Finally, ethnicity moderated the relationship between optimism and emotion suppression and the woman's level of psychological distress.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings reveal risk and resilience factors associated with the psychological distress of pregnant women during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the potentially greater vulnerability of women from a minority group, showing that ethnicity plays a central role in the way personal resources are related to psychological distress at such times.

Coping strategies during pregnancy and their relationship with anxiety and depression

How individuals perceive and cope with stressful situations may determine their level of anxiety or depression. The identification of coping strategies (CS) in pregnancy could help prevent depression and anxiety (D&A), and their consequent effects on the health of the mother and the baby. A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted to identify the CS most commonly used by pregnant women in a Spanish population and to evaluate the association of these CS with D&A. A consecutive sample of 282 pregnant women over 18 years of age were recruited when attended midwife consultations and through snowball sampling between December 2019 and January 2021 in the Basque public health system. CS were measured using the RevisedPrenatal Coping Inventory (NuPCI) questionnaire, assigning the score to an avoidant, preparatory or spiritual scale. Cutoff points were established to categorize anxiety and depressive symptomatology, using the STAI-S and EPDS scales. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to analyze the association between CS and D&A. The results show that the higher the score on the avoidance subscale, the higher the likelihood of having an anxiety disorder (OR: 8.88  (95 percent Confidence Interval [CI] 4.26-20.1), and depressive symptoms (OR: 8.29 (95 percent CI 4.24-17.4). Multiparous women are more likely to have anxiety (OR: 3.41  (95 percent CI 1.58-7.5) or depressive symptomatology (OR: 4.1 (95 percent CI 2.04-8.53) during pregnancy. These results highlight the need to consider the evaluation of CS used during pregnancy to tailor the care provided, but further studies on the implementation and effectiveness of interventions are needed.

Heterogeneity of emotional distress in pregnancy during COVID-19 pandemic: a latent profile analysis

BACKGROUND

Emotional distress, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, is a common concern among pregnant individuals and has negative impacts on maternal and offspring's health. Previous studies indicated the heterogeneity of perinatal emotional distress. Moreover, during the pandemic of COVID-19, expectant mothers are faced with more tough challenges, which could exacerbate their emotional distress.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of present study is to examine potential subgroups with distinct profiles on emotional distress and relationship resources during the pandemic.

METHODS

A total of 187 pregnant people in China were recruited from April 22 to May 16 in 2020. Latent profile analysis was applied based on prenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms, COVID-19-related negative emotions, prenatal attachment, marital satisfaction and family sense of coherence.

RESULTS

Four subgroups were identified. Group 1 and Group 2 shared with low levels of emotional distress and COVID-19-related negative emotions, among which Group 1 had plenty of relationship resources, while Group 2 had insufficient support. Group 3 had moderate levels of emotional distress but above-average prenatal attachment. Group 4 was a highly distressed subtype with severe emotional distress and poor states across all domains.

CONCLUSION

Our findings support that emotion distress among expecting mothers is heterogeneous, highlighting the need for tailed interventions to address the specific needs of subgroups during pregnancy.

The Association of Avoidance Coping with Gestational Weight Gain among Pregnant Black Women

Gestational weight gain (GWG) outside recommended parameters can lead to pregnancy or birth complications. Avoidance coping may influence GWG. We examined the association of avoidance coping with GWG among a sample of 112 pregnant Black women in the Midwest. Participants completed avoidance coping questionnaires at three time points throughout pregnancy. Data were abstracted from medical records for BMI and GWG. Overall, 23.2% gained inadequate weight, 30.4% adequate weight, and 46.4% excess weight. Multinomial logistic regression models indicated associations between avoidance coping and GWG adjusted for covariates. Participants with higher avoidance coping scores at 22-29 weeks' gestation were more likely to experience excess weight gain (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19, 95% CI [1.02, 1.37]). Participants with higher avoidance coping scores at 30-36 weeks' gestation were less likely to experience excess weight gain, (OR = 0.82, 95% CI [0.72, 0.93]). The impact of higher avoidance coping on excess weight gain depends on the time period in pregnancy.

Factors Associated with Prenatal Health Behaviors among Low-Income, Ethnic Minority Women

Less than one-third of pregnant women in the U.S. meet prenatal nutrition, exercise, and stress management health behavior guidelines. Low rates of these prenatal health behaviors have been especially observed among low-income, ethnic minority women, placing them and their infants at a disproportionally higher risk for health complications. Yet, few studies have identified factors associated with these prenatal health behaviors in this population. This study examined whether certain demographic (e.g., ethnicity) and psychosocial characteristics (i.e., coping, stress, pregnancy-specific stress, and depression) were associated with prenatal nutrition (i.e., high-fat food and fruit and vegetable intake), exercise, and stress management health behaviors in 100 low-income, pregnant women (39% African American, 30% foreign-born Latinas, 15% U.S.-born Latinas, 10% non-Hispanic white, and 6% Asian American/Pacific Islander) in southern California using an embedded, mixed-methods, cross-sectional design. Results demonstrated that ethnic minority women who experienced more stress and used more maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) were particularly at risk of consuming more high-fat foods and engaging in less exercise and stress management during pregnancy. Qualitative responses revealed women's experiences with these prenatal health behaviors. These findings highlight the need for interventions and collaborative care models that target psychosocial factors in order to optimize prenatal health behaviors and health outcomes among ethnic minority women.

Coping Experiences of Nigerian Women during Pregnancy and Labour: A Qualitative Study

Background

Pregnancy and labour are defining moments in the lives of women. While these are joyful moments for many, some physical and psychological issues have been reported during labour and pregnancy. This study was conducted to explore the coping experiences of Nigerian women during pregnancy and labour.

Methods

This is an exploratory qualitative study using the content analysis. The study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in Ekiti State and Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 women selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data collection was stopped when we reached data saturation. Data were analyzed through content analysis using the NVIVO software version 12.

Results

Two themes emerged from the study including coping strategies during pregnancy and trying to endure labour pain. The theme, coping strategies utilized during pregnancy, included obtaining the relatives' experiences, seeking information, religious practices, and engaging in exercise. The theme, trying to endure labour pain, consisted of exercising for pain relief, relying on God, Positive imagination, giving psychological support, and behaving according to the accepted cultural beliefs.

Conclusion

Findings suggested that women utilized many non-pharmacological methods for coping. Interventions to support women during pregnancy and labour should consider these strategies during planning and implementation.

Deleterious and Protective Psychosocial and Stress-Related Factors Predict Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to: (1) Identify (early in pregnancy) psychosocial and stress-related factors that predict risk of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB, gestational age <37 weeks); (2) Investigate whether "protective" factors (e.g., happiness/social support) decrease risk; (3) Use the Dhabhar Quick-Assessment Questionnaire for Stress and Psychosocial Factors (DQAQ-SPF) to rapidly quantify harmful or protective factors that predict increased or decreased risk respectively, of PTB.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a prospective cohort study. Relative risk (RR) analyses investigated association between individual factors and PTB. Machine learning-based interdependency analysis (IDPA) identified factor clusters, strength, and direction of association with PTB. A nonlinear model based on support vector machines was built for predicting PTB and identifying factors that most strongly predicted PTB.

RESULTS

Higher levels of deleterious factors were associated with increased RR for PTB: General anxiety (RR = 8.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0,39.6), pain (RR = 5.7; CI = 1.7,17.0); tiredness/fatigue (RR = 3.7; CI = 1.09,13.5); perceived risk of birth complications (RR = 4; CI = 1.6,10.01); self-rated health current (RR = 2.6; CI = 1.0,6.7) and previous 3 years (RR = 2.9; CI = 1.1,7.7); and divorce (RR = 2.9; CI = 1.1,7.8). Lower levels of protective factors were also associated with increased RR for PTB: low happiness (RR = 9.1; CI = 1.25,71.5); low support from parents/siblings (RR = 3.5; CI = 0.9,12.9), and father-of-baby (RR = 3; CI = 1.1,9.9). These factors were also components of the clusters identified by the IDPA: perceived risk of birth complications (p < 0.05 after FDR correction), and general anxiety, happiness, tiredness/fatigue, self-rated health, social support, pain, and sleep (p < 0.05 without FDR correction). Supervised analysis of all factors, subject to cross-validation, produced a model highly predictive of PTB (AUROC or area under the receiver operating characteristic = 0.73). Model reduction through forward selection revealed that even a small set of factors (including those identified by RR and IDPA) predicted PTB.

CONCLUSION

These findings represent an important step toward identifying key factors, which can be assessed rapidly before/after conception, to predict risk of PTB, and perhaps other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Quantifying these factors, before, or early in pregnancy, could identify women at risk of delivering preterm, pinpoint mechanisms/targets for intervention, and facilitate the development of interventions to prevent PTB.

KEY POINTS

· Newly designed questionnaire used for rapid quantification of stress and psychosocial factors early during pregnancy.. · Deleterious factors predict increased preterm birth (PTB) risk.. · Protective factors predict decreased PTB risk..

Coping, wellbeing, and psychopathology during high-risk pregnancy: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Complications during pregnancy can negatively impact the physical and psychological wellbeing of mothers. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence which has examined the impact of high-risk conditions developed during pregnancy on women's coping, wellbeing, and symptoms of psychopathology.

DATA SOURCES

Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO (ProQuest), Scopus, Web of science, AMED (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco) and ProQuest databases were searched in May 2021 with no restrictions on publication date.

STUDY SELECTION

English-language literature was reviewed to identify 31 articles.

DATA EXTRACTION

Fifteen articles examined Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM: 48%), nine examined multiple high-risk pregnancy conditions (29%), four examined Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Preeclampsia (PE: 13%), two did not specify the condition examined (7%), and one examined Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury (PR-AKI: 3%). The most common study design was quantitative, non-randomised, and survey-based.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Twenty-seven articles (87%) reported a high-risk pregnancy resulted in decreased wellbeing and ability to cope, and increased symptoms of psychopathology. The remaining four articles (13%) reported no difference in wellbeing or psychopathology outcomes for women experiencing high-risk compared to healthy pregnancies. Moreover, hypertensive disorders and GDM were associated with ineffective submissive or avoidant coping, reduced wellbeing, and quality-of-life, and exacerbated symptoms of anxiety and depression.

CONCLUSION

High-risk pregnancy negatively impacts coping, wellbeing, and psychopathology, and preventive and supportive interventions to mitigate this should focus on empowering women to feel optimistic and in control of their pregnancy. A holistic and culturally sensitive approach is recommended, where pregnant women (and their partners or support people) are involved in healthcare decisions, thus promoting wellbeing, coping, satisfaction, and improved treatment outcome.

COVID-19: what about pregnant women during first lockdown in Italy?

OBJECTIVE

Lombardy was the most affected Italian region by COVID-19. To limit the spread of infection, the government issued a national social lockdown. The obstetrical-gynaecological emergencies and essential services were guaranteed to protect pregnant women's health, and a return to a medicalised childbirth was necessary. This situation could had amplified risk factors on the psychological wellbeing of mothers-to-be. Indeed, the last trimester of pregnancy is a period of increased vulnerability itself.

METHOD

For better support women who experience pregnancy during social lockdown, we explored the impact of COVID-19 on psychic wellbeing of two samples of pregnant women (40 living in Lombardy and 35 in Tuscany).

RESULTS

T-test and correlations analyses revealed that women living in the Lombardy had a higher perception of the centrality of COVID-19. Further, women that considered the pandemic as a significant event, experienced a higher perinatal depressive symptom. Those symptoms also arose in women who presented a higher number of intrusion and hyperarousal symptoms and a lower ability to plan.

CONCLUSION

Pregnant women should be closely monitored and supported, especially those who live in high-risk areas, such as Lombardy Region. The target intervention could be focused on improving resilience to reduce depressive symptomatology.

Learning from a crisis: a qualitative study of the impact on mothers' emotional wellbeing of changes to maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic in England, using the National Maternity Survey 2020

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy and the postnatal period can be times of psychosocial stress and insecurity, but high quality maternity care and social support can help mothers cope with stress and feel more secure. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated social and economic disruption increased rates of antenatal and postnatal stress, anxiety and depression, and also had profound impacts on the organisation of maternity services in England.

METHODS

This was a qualitative descriptive study of the impact of pandemic-related changes to maternity care on mothers' emotional wellbeing, using inductive thematic analysis of open text responses to the National Maternity Survey (NMS) 2020 in England. A random sample of 16,050 mothers who gave birth 11-24^th May 2020 were invited to take part in the survey, and 4,611 responded, with 4,384 answering at least one open text question.

RESULTS

There were three themes: 'Chaos: impact of uncertainty', 'Abandoned: impact of reduction in care', and 'Alone: impact of loss of social support'. Mothers valued maternity care and many experienced additional stress from chaotic changes and reduction in care during the pandemic; from health professionals' own uncertainty and anxiety; and from restrictions on essential social support during pregnancy, labour and birth. Others felt that health professionals had communicated and cared for them well despite the changes and restrictions, and these mothers felt psychologically safe.

CONCLUSIONS

Planning for future crises should include considering how necessary adaptations to care can be implemented and communicated to minimise distress; ensuring that mothers are not deprived of social support at the time when they are at their most vulnerable; and supporting the psychological welfare of staff at a time of enormous pressure. There are also lessons for maternity care in 'normal' times: that care is highly valued, but trust is easily lost; that some mothers come into the maternity system with vulnerabilities that can be ameliorated or intensified by the attitudes of staff; that every effort should be made to welcome a mother's partner or chosen companion into maternity care; and that high quality postnatal care can make a real difference to mothers' wellbeing.

Pregnancy-Specific Stress during the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessing Face-to-Face versus Online Recruitment

The study aims to assess pregnancy-specific stress among pregnant women in Spain during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two samples of pregnant women from the south of Spain (Andalusia) were assessed using the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ) and a sociodemographic and obstetric questionnaire. Group 1 (N = 155) was recruited face-to-face, whereas Group 2 (N = 78) was recruited online. Pregnancy-specific stress levels were significantly different in both groups. The face-to-face group (Group 1) had higher pregnancy-specific stress levels than the online group (Group 2). The online sample over-represents young adult pregnant women with high education levels and a high number of previous miscarriages. The face-to-face study seems more accessible to racially and ethnically diverse groups. The main concern among both groups was the risk of having a sick neonate. Research during the COVID-19 pandemic can benefit from using online resources to collect data to screen and identify perinatal mental health problems in a crisis environment. Nevertheless, researchers should be aware of the potential limitations this strategy can have, for example, certain groups of people may have limited access to the internet.

Expectant parents' emotions evoked by pregnancy: A longitudinal dyadic analysis of couples in the Swedish Pregnancy Panel

RATIONALE

Holistic antenatal care requires knowledge of individuals' emotional response to pregnancy. Little is known about how a pregnant woman and her partner influence each other emotionally during a pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines six discrete emotions that expectant couples experience during pregnancy, how these emotions change mid-to late-pregnancy, and whether the partners' emotional responses influence each other.

METHODS

A longitudinal dyadic study where pregnant women and their partners (1432 couples) rated the extent to which the pregnancy evoked joy, strength, security, worry, shame, and anger at pregnancy week 12-19, 22-24, and 36. Latent curve models with structured residuals identify levels of and change in these emotions over time, while accounting for between- and within-couple variance.

RESULTS

Pregnancy evoked mainly joy, strength, security, and worry, and lower levels of anger and shame. Pregnant women and partners felt similar levels of joy, strength, and security, but pregnant women felt more worry, shame, and anger. There was little to no mean-level change in all six measured emotions evoked by pregnancy (between-couple change), and no reciprocal effects between the partners (within-couple change).

CONCLUSIONS

Emotions in mid-pregnancy were also felt in late pregnancy. Furthermore, the pregnant woman and her partner have individual emotional trajectories. The results can assist healthcare professionals and researchers target interventions to expectant mothers and partners, specifically by understanding emotional response to pregnancy as a stable confound and by not approaching the couple as one emotional unit.

Perinatal mental e-health: What is the profile of pregnant women interested in online assessment of their emotional state?

AIM

This study explores the profile of pregnant women interested in the online assessment of their emotional status according to their sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, history of psychopathology, and healthcare setting used (private vs. public).

DESIGN

This is a comparative and descriptive cross-sectional study.

METHOD

Participants were 281 Spanish pregnant women assessed with the MamáFeliz (HappyMom) website.

RESULTS

Participants were probably to be unemployed, in a relationship, and generally had a high educational level and an intermediate economic status. Most of them were primiparous, had non-complicated natural pregnancies and presented healthy habits and good physical and emotional health, despite 31.3% of them had a history of psychological treatment. Our results reveal the profile of women interested in the online assessment of their emotional status, which can contribute to improving future initiatives to facilitate rapid screenings of perinatal mental health by nurses in both public and private settings.

Trait coping styles and the maternal neural and behavioral sensitivity to an infant

During the postpartum period, new mothers experience drastic changes in their body, brain, and life circumstances. Stress from the emotional and physical demands of caring for an infant is associated with negative mood and parenting outcomes. The use of active coping strategies can increase mothers’ resilience during the postpartum period. However, little is known about the association between coping styles and maternal brain responses to infant cues. In the current study, we examined the associations among trait coping style, maternal brain responses, and behavioral sensitivity in a socioeconomically diverse sample of first-time mothers (N = 59). The use of more active trait coping strategies compared to passive coping strategies was associated with increased brain responses to infant cry sounds in brain regions that are critically involved in motivation and emotion regulation—substantia nigra, anterior cingulate gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Increased brain activations in the midbrain and anterior cingulate gyrus were further associated with higher levels of maternal sensitivity observed during interactions with the infant. Thus, the findings provide support for mothers’ use of more active coping styles to promote neural and behavioral resilience for a positive transition to parenthood.

The validation of the brief COPE in a belgian perinatal population

INTRODUCTION

The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) measures individuals' coping strategies. There is limited evidence on the psychometric properties of this measure in a perinatal population. The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the Brief COPE in pregnant and postpartum women.

METHODS

The Dutch/Flemish version of the Brief-COPE was administrated in a sample of 754 antenatal (n = 432) and postpartum (n = 322) women living in Belgium. Exploratory factor analyses assessed the factor structure of the Brief-COPE and its convergent validity in an antenatal and postpartum sample. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for internal consistency reliability of the Brief-COPE items.

RESULTS

Exploratory factor analysis showed a five-factor antenatal model, presented by the subscales: (1) Active coping (α = 0.86), (2) Self-blame and Disengagement (α = 0.70), (3) Alcohol use (α = 0.96), (4) Humour (α = 0.79), and (5) Spirituality (α = 0.81). For the postpartum sample, a three-factor model emerged, presented by the subscales: (1) Active coping (α = 0.85), (2) Self-blame (α = 0.85) and (3) Spirituality (α = 0.74).

CONCLUSIONS

We observed differences and similarities in coping strategies between antenatal and postpartum women - information to be of merit for clinical practice and research. The Brief-COPE is a promising tool for the use of identifying women's coping strategies during pregnancy and the postpartum period, specifically for women in a similar cultural context as the women in this study, mainly in terms of antenatal alcohol use.

Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women

BACKGROUND

maternal ambivalence, which refers to experiencing mixed emotions about motherhood, like happiness and sadness, is frequent during the perinatal period.

AIM

Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of psychometrically-sound instruments to measure it, this study aims to develop and test a measure of maternal ambivalence called the Maternal Ambivalence Scale (MAS).

METHODS

in this cross-sectional, observational study, participants were 1424 Spanish women recruited online who were either pregnant (33%) or recent mothers of children under 2 years (67%). They responded to the MAS and measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor solutions for the MAS, internal consistency estimates (Cronbach's α) for all scales, as well as bivariate correlations to investigate sources of validity evidence. Comparisons between pregnant and postpartum women were also examined.

RESULTS

The assumptions for factor analysis about the relationship between items were met (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's [KMO] test = 0.90; Barlett's Chi-square sphericity test = 5853.89, p < .001). A three-factor solution (Doubts, Rejection, and Suppression) for the MAS showed a good model fit both in exploratory (Chi-square = 274.6, p < .001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059, RMSEA 90% Confidence Interval [CI]=[0.052, 0.066], Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.985, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.974) and confirmatory analyses (Chi-square = 428.0, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.062, RMSEA 90% CI=[0.056, 0.068], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.971). Doubts (α = 0.83), Rejection (α = 0.70), and Suppression (α = 80) were associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as lower life satisfaction (all p < .001). Pregnant women presented greater Rejection (mean difference = 0.30, p = .037, 95% CI=[0.02, 0.58]) and less Suppression (mean difference=-0.47, p = .002, 95% CI=[-0.77,-0.17]) than mothers.

CONCLUSION

with this study, we provide clinicians and researchers with a novel tool that successfully captures the complex nature of maternal ambivalence. Given the associations of maternal ambivalence with important outcomes in perinatal women, this tool could be important for the prevention of distress associated with chronic ambivalence and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions addressing ambivalence.

Coping strategies for COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and mental health during pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Increased stress has likely contributed to the observed high prevalence of depression and anxiety in pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of coping strategies for COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and associations of these coping strategies with depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy.

METHODS

8320 members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who were pregnant between June 22, 2020 and May 10, 2021 completed an online survey including questions about coping strategies since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and current depression and anxiety symptoms. We used weighted regression to estimate prevalence ratios for moderate/severe depression and anxiety symptom severity associated with coping strategies.

RESULTS

The most common coping strategies for COVID-19 pandemic-related stress were talking with friends and family (77%), outdoor physical activity (54%), and increasing screen time activities (52%). Exercising using online programs or videos, outdoor physical activity, talking with friends and family, and engaging in more family activities were associated with 29% to 38% lower prevalence of moderate/severe depression symptom severity and 16% to 34% lower prevalence of moderate/severe anxiety symptom severity.

LIMITATION

We are unable to rule out reverse temporality as an explanation for the observed results because of the cross-sectional design; depression or anxiety symptom severity may influence use of specific coping strategies.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that physical activity and connecting with others are coping strategies for COVID-19 pandemic-related stress that may be associated with better mental health in pregnant individuals.

Relationship with the Father of the Baby and Pregnancy-Related Anxiety among Pregnant Black Women

PURPOSE

Pregnancy-related anxiety may increase the risk of preterm birth. Effective coping strategies and social support may help minimize pregnancy-related anxiety.

STUDY DESIGN

Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.

METHODS

A sample of 408 pregnant non-Hispanic Black women completed questionnaires between 19 and 31 weeks gestation. Mediation analysis with structural equation modeling was used to explore effects of the relationship with the father of the baby on pregnancy-related anxiety.

RESULTS

Support from the father of the baby was negatively associated with avoidance coping ( r = -.22, p < .001) and pregnancy-related anxiety ( r = - .17, p < .001), whereas conflict with the father of the baby was positively associated with avoidance coping ( r = .37, p < .001) and pregnancy-related anxiety ( r = .29, p < .001). Avoidance coping was positively associated with pregnancy-related anxiety ( r = .34, p < .001). After adjustment, avoidance coping partially mediated the effect of conflict with the father of the baby on pregnancy-related anxiety.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Discussions with women about management of pregnancy-related anxiety should consider her current social support and coping mechanisms. Providers should offer support and resources on adaptive coping strategies.

Attitudes toward medicalization in childbirth and their relationship with locus of control and coping in a Spanish population

The dominant model of childbirth in most Western countries is medicalized childbirth. Women's beliefs about whether childbirth should be a medicalized process to a greater or lesser degree may be related, in addition to contextual factors, to internal factors. The objective of the study is to find out if women’s locus of control (LC) and stress coping strategies (CS) are related to having a more favourable or less favourable attitude towards medicalization (ATMC). A cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 248 women recruited in primary care centres by their midwives. All the women filled in answers on a mobile phone app with various different measurement instruments: the questionnaire created by Benyamini to evaluate their ATMC; the Spanish version of the Wallston MLC to evaluate their LC; and the Spanish adaptation of the “Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory (NuPCI)” scale for the assessment of their CS. The women presented a favourable attitude towards medicalization, with a mean ATMC score of 3.42. Both the LC and the CS of women during pregnancy are related to this attitude. Specifically, having an internal LC and using preparative CS both lower the probability of presenting a favourable attitude towards medicalization, while the lack of a paid job raises the probability. For each point in internal locus and preparatory coping, the ATMC score decreased by 0.02 and 0.23 points, respectively, while it increased by 0.18 for not having a paid job. The influence of these psychological factors must be taken into account in the development of content and interventions that promote a more natural birth.

An integrative review of the literature on screening for gender-based violence during pregnancy: barriers, facilitators, and tools

An integrative review of the literature has been developed to explore barriers and facilitators in screening for gender‐based violence in pregnant women and identify available tools for this screening. Studies were identified via a systematic search on the PubMed, CINAHL Plus (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature Complete), Scopus, and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) databases and a manual reverse reference search to obtain literature published between 2015 and 2020. The methodology followed the recommendations made by Whittemore & Knafl. The quality of studies was evaluated using the Critical Skills Appraisal Program tool. Twenty‐three of the 4202 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The principal barriers identified were lack of training for professionals (mainly nurses and midwives), lack of support policies, and lack of human and material resources. The main facilitators were to increase professional training programs on case detection, availability of effective instruments, and greater investment in resources to guarantee safety and referral of cases. With regard to the available tools, the Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) continues to be the most widely used, although others such as the Humiliation, Afraid, Rape, and Kick questionnaire (HARK) could be suitable for antenatal care settings.