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Alibudbud R. Enhancing Nursing Education to Address LGBTQ+ Healthcare Needs: Perspectives from the Philippines. SAGE Open Nurs 2024; 10:23779608241251632. [PMID: 38681864 PMCID: PMC11055477 DOI: 10.1177/23779608241251632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing healthcare professionals' education and training to effectively manage the healthcare needs of People Identifying as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and other Sexual and Gender Minorities (LGBTQ+) is imperative. Recognizing the importance of mitigating LGBTQ+ health disparities, healthcare associations have affirmed their commitment to providing inclusive and culturally competent healthcare. However, despite these efforts, there is still a gap in LGBTQ+-specific teaching within nursing and other healthcare professionals' schools, resulting in healthcare professionals being ill-equipped to meet the unique needs of LGBTQ+. To address this gap, we suggest integrating LGBTQ+ health content into healthcare training programs, focusing on the Philippine nursing curriculum. Drawing from various reports, including insights from discussions with the local LGBTQ+, the suggested topics include LGBTQ+ identities, sexual health, trans health, mental health, and social determinants of LGBTQ+ health. By fostering understanding and competence through education, equitable and inclusive healthcare practices for LGBTQ+ can be better cultivated, helping to ensure that the unique healthcare needs of LGBTQ+ are met effectively. Furthermore, it is necessary to share best practices for providing health services to LGBTQ+ people. Additionally, future studies can explore the median time allocated to LGBTQ+ teaching, the optimal number of teaching hours for LGBTQ+ content, and the specific contents of local nursing curricula that can better address their needs. By undertaking these steps, we can move toward effectively addressing the unique healthcare needs of LGBTQ+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowalt Alibudbud
- Department of Sociology and Behavioral Sciences, De La Salle University, Manila City, Philippines
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Shen Y, Zhang C, Valimaki MA, Qian H, Mohammadi L, Chi Y, Li X. Why do men who have sex with men practice condomless sex? A systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:850. [PMCID: PMC9661788 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite a large amount of behavioral interventions to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related high-risk sexual behaviors, consistent condom use remains suboptimal among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, current databases are lack of synthesized evidence to explain why MSM practiced condomless sex.
Objective
Our study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-synthesis of 39 eligible qualitative studies to explore the barriers to condom use among MSM.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies (1994–2021). On March 4, 2021, a comprehensive search was conducted in 14 electronic databases. The study was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute’s recommendations.
Results
Thematic analysis produced six synthesized themes, which were classified into three levels according to the Social-ecology Model. Individual level barriers to condom use included physical discomfort, lack of HIV/STI-related knowledge and substance use; interpersonal-level barrier was mainly the condom stigma, namely regarding using condom as symbols of distrust or HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs) prevention, or as violating traditional cognition of sex, or as an embarrassing topic; environmental/structural-level barriers included situational unavailability, unaffordability of condoms and power imbalance in the sexual relationship.
Conclusion
This meta-synthesis offered in-depth understanding of condom use barriers for MSM and could guide the development of multifactorial interventions according to the identified barriers, especially targeting to reduce condom stigma, which has not been focused and intervened previously.
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Pepito VCF, Amit AML, Tang CS, Molen RGC, Co LMB, Aliazas NAK, De Los Reyes SJ, Tanchanco LBS. Determinants of consistent condom use among Filipino women: Results from the 2017 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1643. [PMID: 36042428 PMCID: PMC9426009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consistent condom use in women, defined as the self-reported usage of male condom in every sexual encounter of the respondent with her most recent partner in the last 12 months, had been perennially low in the Philippines. This is despite consistent condom use being a tested and proven public health intervention to prevent unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Considering the high fertility rate, teenage pregnancy rate, and the rapidly increasing incidence of HIV in the country, we identified the determinants of consistent condom use in the Philippines. METHODS We used data from the individual recode of the 2017 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey. We used logistic regression for survey data to identify factors associated with consistent condom use. RESULTS Out of 25,074 respondents, only 261 (1.13%) have used condoms consistently with their most recent partner. Reach of information and education campaigns on contraceptive use via different media ranged from 62% via television to 7% via short messaging service. After adjusting for confounders, those who were able to ask their partners to use condoms during sexual intercourse have 6.18 times (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 6.18; 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 2.02. 18.94) greater odds of consistent condom use than those who were unable to ask their partners to use condoms during sexual intercourse. Meanwhile, HIV knowledge (aOR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.38) and hearing about contraception in television (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.38) have weaker associations with consistent condom use. CONCLUSIONS The low percentage of those who use condoms consistently, together with the low reach of information and education campaigns, highlight the need to implement multi-faceted and context-specific interventions to promote sexual agency and/or consistent condom use to address the burden of unwanted pregnancies and HIV in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Maever L Amit
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.,National Clinical Trials and Translation Center, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Clinton S Tang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Ryan Gabriel C Molen
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Luis Miguel B Co
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
| | | | - Sarah J De Los Reyes
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.,Dr. Fe del Mundo Medical Center, Banawe St., Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Lourdes Bernadette S Tanchanco
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.,The Medical City, Ortigas Ave., Pasig City, Philippines.,MedMom Institute for Human Development, Pasig City, Philippines
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Alibudbud R. Social and Psychological Factors Influencing HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors among Young Adult Filipino Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Metro Manila. SEXUAL HEALTH & COMPULSIVITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26929953.2022.2056555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dinglasan JLG, Rosadiño JDT, Pagtakhan RG, Cruz DP, Briñes MT, Regencia ZJG, Baja ES. 'Bringing testing closer to you': barriers and facilitators in implementing HIV self-testing among Filipino men-having-sex-with-men and transgender women in National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines - a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056697. [PMID: 35314474 PMCID: PMC8938691 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study identified barriers and facilitators in implementing HIV self-testing (HIVST), including the perceptions of men-having-sex-with-men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) on HIVST. Furthermore, we explored the current knowledge, practices and potential of HIVST among the MSM and TGW populations. DESIGN Qualitative in-depth key informant interviews were administered using semistructured interviews administered in both English and Filipino. Thematic analysis of the findings was done after transcribing all audio recordings. SETTING The study was done in the National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines using online video conferencing platforms due to mobility restrictions and lockdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS All study participants were either MSM or TGW, 18-49 years old and residing/working in NCR. Exclusion criteria include biologically born female and/or currently on pre-exposure prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy medications or an HIV-positive diagnosis. RESULTS Twenty informants were interviewed, of which 75% were MSM, and most of them preferred the use of HIVST. Facilitators and barriers to the use of HIVST were grouped into three main themes: Acceptability, distribution and monitoring and tracking. Convenience and confidentiality, overcoming fears and normalisation of HIV testing services (HTS) in the country were the participants' perceived facilitators of HIVST. In contrast, lack of privacy and maintenance of confidentiality during kit delivery were perceived as barriers in HIVST implementation. Moreover, social media was recognised as a powerful tool in promoting HIVST. The use of a welcoming tone and positive language should be taken into consideration due to the prevalent HIV stigma. CONCLUSIONS The identified facilitators and barriers from the study may be considered by the Philippine HTS programme implementers. The HIVST strategy may complement the current HTS. It will be very promising to involve the MSM and TGW communities and other key populations to know their HIV status by bringing testing closer to them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Danvic T Rosadiño
- LoveYourself Inc, Mandaluyong City, NCR, Philippines
- Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Laguna, Calabarzon, Philippines
| | | | - Denis P Cruz
- LoveYourself Inc, Mandaluyong City, NCR, Philippines
- Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Laguna, Calabarzon, Philippines
| | - Matthew T Briñes
- LoveYourself Inc, Mandaluyong City, NCR, Philippines
- College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, NCR, Philippines
| | - Zypher Jude G Regencia
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, NCR, Philippines
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Emmanuel S Baja
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, NCR, Philippines
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
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Restar AJ, Breslow AS, Jin H, Quilantang MI, Sison O, Bermudez AN, Palatino M, Adia A, Cu-Uvin S, Operario D, Nazareno J. Transgender-specific developmental milestones and associated experiences of violence, discrimination, and stigma among Filipinx transgender women who are sexually active with men. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248248. [PMID: 33690677 PMCID: PMC7942990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For transgender people, reaching transgender (trans)-specific developmental milestones, including recognizing and expressing one's identity, plays an integral role in overall health, wellbeing, and the pursuit of gender affirmation. Yet trans people continue to face minority stressors, including structural violence (i.e., discrimination, violence, and stigma), which may interfere with the achievement of these milestones. Among trans women specifically, however, potential associations between gender developmental milestones and structural violence are not well characterized in the literature. In a sample of Filipinx (i.e., an inclusive term for describing non-binary genders in the Philippines) trans women who are sexually active with men (trans-WSM), we thus sought to: (a) describe the mean ages at which gender developmental milestones occur and (b) examine the associations between structural violence and mean ages at which at which Filipinx trans-WSM experience trans-specific developmental milestones. METHODS Using data from Project #ParaSaAtin, an online survey of Filipinx trans-WSM (n = 139), we mapped age-estimates per trans-specific milestones and then tested whether structural violence is associated with the mean age at which trans women experience trans-specific developmental milestones. RESULTS Overall, participants who reported higher levels of discrimination, stigma, and violence also experienced a later age for nearly each milestone (i.e., initial self-awareness of transfeminine identity, transfeminine expression in private, transfeminine expression in public, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner as a trans women, and hormone integration) (all p-values <0.05). Of note, the single exception to this pattern was the non-significant association between stigma and initial disclosure of transfeminine identification to another person. CONCLUSION Results are consistent with psychological literature outlining a temporal sequence of developmental milestones among young trans-WSM. For young trans-WSM in the Philippines, data from this study demonstrate significant associations between structural violence and the achievement of developmental milestones. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed, strengths-based programming and institutional policies that measure and mitigate anti-trans violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjee J. Restar
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aaron S. Breslow
- PRIME Center for Health Equity, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Health Equity Research Lab, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Harry Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ma Irene Quilantang
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Olivia Sison
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- College of Medicine, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amiel Nazer Bermudez
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- College of Public Health, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maylin Palatino
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Alexander Adia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Providence-Boston Center for AIDS Research, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Miriam Hospital, Department of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Nazareno
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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De Torres RQ. Facilitators and barriers to condom use among Filipinos: A systematic review of literature. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:306-315. [PMID: 33312926 PMCID: PMC7722996 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Between 2010 and 2018, the Philippines had a 203% increase in new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The use of condoms is an effective and practical means to prevent HIV transmission. The purpose of this study was to identify facilitators and barriers to condom use among Filipinos guided by the Ecological Model of Health Promotion. Methods: A systematic review of literature using electronic databases was performed using the following keywords: "condom," "Filipinos," and "Philippines." To be included in this review, papers should be (1) research studies, (2) studies that examined condom use, and (3) studies that sampled Filipinos residing in the Philippines. The final sample comprised of 27 articles. Results: Multiple and interrelated factors at the individual and social environment levels influence condom use among different groups of Filipinos. Majority of these factors originated at the intrapersonal level. Some of the facilitators to condom use were knowledge on HIV, higher perceived HIV risk, peer support, positive manager attitude, health provider engagement, and city ordinances. In contrast, some of the barriers to condom use were discomfort and displeasure on condom use, low parental communication, lack of sex education, social stigma, and the high price of condoms. Conclusion: A collaborative, culturally-sensitive, and population-specific approach is essential to develop and implement acceptable, sustainable, and successful condom use interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Q De Torres
- College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Restar AJ, Jin H, Ogunbajo A, Adia A, Surace A, Hernandez L, Cu‐Uvin S, Operario D. Differences in HIV risk and healthcare engagement factors in Filipinx transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men who reported being HIV negative, HIV positive or HIV unknown. J Int AIDS Soc 2020; 23:e25582. [PMID: 32844564 PMCID: PMC7448155 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding HIV risk and healthcare engagement of at-risk individuals by HIV status is vital to informing HIV programmes in settings where the HIV epidemic is rapidly expanding like the Philippines. This study examined differences in HIV risk and healthcare engagement factors among Filipinx transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men (trans-WSM and cis-MSM respectively) who self-reported being HIV negative, HIV positive or HIV unknown. METHODS Between 2018 and 2019, we conducted Project #ParaSaAtin, an online cross-sectional survey that examined the structural, social and behavioural factors impacting HIV services among Filipinx trans-WSM and cis-MSM (n = 318). We performed multinomial regression procedures to determine factors associated with HIV status (with HIV-negative referent). Co-variates included participant demographics, experiences of social marginalization, HIV risk, healthcare engagement and alcohol and substance problems. RESULTS Self-reported HIV status of the sample was as follows: 38% HIV negative, 34% HIV positive and 28% HIV unknown. Relative to HIV-negative respondents, HIV-positive respondents were more likely to be older (25- to 29-year-old adjusted risk ratio [aRRR]=5.08, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 1.88 to 13.72; 30- to 34-year-old aRRR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.34 to 12.58; and 35 + years old aRRR = 8.13, 95% CI = 2.40 to 27.54, vs. 18 to 25 years old respectively), to live in Manila (aRRR = 5.89, 95% CI = 2.20 to 15.72), exhibit hazardous drinking (aRRR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.37 to 6.00) and problematic drug use (aRRR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.21 to 7.13). HIV-positive respondents were less likely to identify as straight (aRRR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.72), and were more likely to avoid HIV services due to lack of anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) discrimination policies (aRRR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.90). Relative to HIV-negative respondents, HIV-unknown respondents were less educated (some college aRRR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.37, beyond college aRRR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.09 to 0.99, vs. high school or below respectively), had lower HIV knowledge (aRRR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.71), and were less communicative about safer sex (ARR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.09 to 0.92). Moreover, HIV-unknown respondents were also more likely to have avoided HIV services due to cost (aRRR = 4.46, 95% CI = 1.73 to 11.52). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights differences in HIV risks and healthcare engagement by HIV status. These findings show different barriers exist per HIV status group, and underscore the need to address Filipinx trans-WSM and cis-MSM's poor engagement in HIV services in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjee J Restar
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and TrainingBrown University Global Health InitiativeProvidenceRIUSA
- amfARFoundation of AIDS ResearchWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Harry Jin
- Department of EpidemiologyBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Adedotun Ogunbajo
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Alexander Adia
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and TrainingBrown University Global Health InitiativeProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Anthony Surace
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Laufred Hernandez
- Department of Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Philippines ManilaManilaPhilippines
| | - Susan Cu‐Uvin
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and TrainingBrown University Global Health InitiativeProvidenceRIUSA
- Providence‐Boston Center for AIDS ResearchProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineMiriam HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social SciencesBrown University School of Public HealthProvidenceRIUSA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and TrainingBrown University Global Health InitiativeProvidenceRIUSA
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Restar A, Ogunbajo A, Adia A, Nazareno J, Hernandez L, Sandfort T, Lurie M, Cu-Uvin S, Operario D. Using structural equation modelling to characterise multilevel socioecological predictors and mediators of condom use among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in the Philippines. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002463. [PMID: 32699154 PMCID: PMC7380848 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risks for condomless sex among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men (trans-WSM and cis-MSM, respectively) in the Philippines, where HIV recently became a national public health crisis, are shaped and exacerbated by various risk factors across multiple levels. METHODS Between June 2018 and August 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional online study with 318 trans-WSM and cis-MSM respondents from Manila and Cebu cities. Structural equational modelling procedures were performed to determine direct, indirect and overall effects between condom use and latent variables across multiple socioecological levels: personal (ie, condom self-efficacy), social (ie, social capital), environmental (ie, barriers to condom and HIV services) and structural (ie, structural violence, antidiscrimination policies). RESULTS Adjusted for gender, age, location and income, our model showed that: (1) all latent variables at the structural and environmental levels were significantly positively associated with each other (all ps<0.05); (2) barriers to condom and HIV services were significantly negatively associated with social capital (p<0.001) as well as condom self-efficacy (p<0.001); and (3) there were significantly positive associations between social capital and condom self-efficacy (p<0.001), and between condom self-efficacy and condom use (p<0.001). Moreover, social capital and condom self-efficacy fully mediated and buffered the negative effects between environmental and structural barriers and condom use. CONCLUSION This is the first known study pointing to multiple relationships and pathways across multiple socioecological levels that can potentially be leveraged for future interventions aimed at improving condom use among Filipinx trans-WSM and cis-MSM. Such interventions should be multicomponent and build and/or strengthen social capital and condom self-efficacy, as well as intentionally target prominent structural and environmental barriers to condom use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjee Restar
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adedotun Ogunbajo
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alexander Adia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer Nazareno
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Laufred Hernandez
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Theo Sandfort
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Lurie
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- The Philippine Health Initiative for Research, Service, and Training, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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