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Sarmento H, Martinho DV, Gouveia ÉR, Afonso J, Chmura P, Field A, Savedra NO, Oliveira R, Praça G, Silva R, Barrera-Díaz J, Clemente FM. The Influence of Playing Position on Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Adult Male Soccer Matches: A Systematic Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z. [PMID: 39259431 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increase in studies examining the demands of soccer relative to each playing position in recent years. Understanding the physical, physiological, and technical demands on soccer players according to their positional role during competitive matches is necessary to understand match requirements and develop position-specific training practices. Thereby, there is a clear need to synthesize the information on the different profiles of each playing position. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to organize the literature investigating physical, physiological, and technical demands according to playing positions and provide a framework to identify gaps and suggestions for future studies. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in October 2023 using four electronic databases: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Scopus. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR extension for Scoping Reviews. The studies were included if the sample comprised adult male soccer players categorized from Tier 3 to Tier 5 (i.e., highly trained/national level, elite/international level, or world class) and compared the physical, physiological, or technical parameters across playing positions. RESULTS A total of 178 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The number of teams, players, and matches analyzed per study varied considerably. Although a range of classifications were reported across studies, 59% of studies classified players as central defenders, full-backs, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and forwards. The findings suggests that central and external midfielders, and external defenders cover greater total and high-speed distance than forwards or central defenders. Sprint distance was higher in external midfielders versus all other positions. Defenders and central midfielders perform more passes than external midfielders and forwards. Heart rate was the most commonly reported physiological variable across playing positions. When expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate, midfielders presented higher mean values than all other playing positions. CONCLUSION This scoping review demonstrates that there are differences in the demands on players across playing positions in soccer. Training practices in soccer should be based on the specific requirements of each positional role to ensure players can fulfill their tactical responsibilities during the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Nestor Ordoñez Savedra
- Research Group in Sports Science and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sports Science Program, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Santarém Polytechnic University, School of Sport, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Santarém Polytechnic University, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Gibson Praça
- Sports Department/UFMG Soccer Science Center/CECA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Joel Barrera-Díaz
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
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Teixeira JE, Branquinho L, Leal M, Morgans R, Sortwell A, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Afonso P, Machado G, Encarnação S, Ferraz R, Forte P. Match-to-Match Variation on High-Intensity Demands in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:120. [PMID: 39051281 PMCID: PMC11270202 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time-motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87-6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12-69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94-37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position's specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player's role within the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 2001-904 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luís Branquinho
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
- Life Quality Research Center (LQRC-CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Biosciences Scholl of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Guilherme Machado
- Department of Athletes’ Integration and Development, Paulista Football Federation (FPF), São Paulo 05614-060, Brazil;
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.); (S.E.); (P.F.)
- Research Center for Active Living and Wellbeing (Livewell), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (A.S.); (R.F.)
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (L.B.); (M.L.)
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Beron-Vera F, Lemus SA, Mahmoud AO, Beron-Vera P, Ezzy A, Chen CB, Mann BJ, Travascio F. Asymmetry in kinematics of dominant/nondominant lower limbs in central and lateral positioned college and sub-elite soccer players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304511. [PMID: 38848409 PMCID: PMC11161049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Change of direction, stops, and pivots are among the most common non-contact movements associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in soccer. By observing these dynamic movements, clinicians recognize abnormal kinematic patterns that contribute to ACL tears such as increased knee valgus or reduced knee flexion. Different motions and physical demands are observed across playing positions, which may result in varied lower limb kinematic patterns. In the present study, 28 college and sub-elite soccer players performed four dynamic motions (change of direction with and without ball, header, and instep kick) with the goal of examining the effect of on-field positioning, leg dominance, and gender in lower body kinematics. Motion capture software monitored joint angles in the knee, hip, and ankle. A three-way ANOVA showed significant differences in each category. Remarkably, centrally positioned players displayed significantly greater knee adduction (5° difference, p = 0.013), hip flexion (9° difference, p = 0.034), hip adduction (7° difference, p = 0.016), and dorsiflexion (12° difference, p = 0.022) when performing the instep kick in comparison to their laterally positioned counterparts. These findings suggest that central players tend to exhibit a greater range of motion when performing an instep kicking task compared to laterally positioned players. At a competitive level, this discrepancy could potentially lead to differences in lower limb muscle development among on-field positions. Accordingly, it is suggested to implement position-specific prevention programs to address these asymmetries in lower limb kinematics, which can help mitigate dangerous kinematic patterns and consequently reduce the risk of ACL injury in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Beron-Vera
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Lemus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Ahmed O. Mahmoud
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Pedro Beron-Vera
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ezzy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Bang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
| | - Bryan J. Mann
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Francesco Travascio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Max Biedermann Institute for Biomechanics at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Granero-Gil P, Panascì M. Changes in Physical Performance Throughout Professional Soccer Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:123-127. [PMID: 37611247 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oliva-Lozano, JM, Granero-Gil, P, and Panascì, M. Changes in physical performance throughout professional soccer match-play. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 123-127, 2024-The aim of this study was to explore the changes in physical performance by playing position throughout professional soccer match-play. Global Positioning Systems were used for the collection of external load measures during 35 matches. Each match was divided into 15-minute periods. Physical performance varied according to the period in distance covered ( F = 25.69; p < 0.001; partial eta-squared [ηp 2 ] = 0.11), sprinting distance (SPD, F = 4.35; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.02), sprinting actions (SPAs, F = 5.19; p < 0.001), high-intensity accelerations (Acc+3, F = 2.18; p = 0.05; ηp 2 = 0.01), high-intensity decelerations (Dec+3, F = 4.51; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.02), and high-metabolic load distance (HMLD, F = 5.59; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.03). The period with the greatest mean physical performance was usually from the first half of the matches: 0-15 minutes (distance, Acc+3, and Dec+3) and 30-45 minutes (HMLD, SPA, and SPD). However, the lowest mean physical performance compared with the rest of 15-minute periods was observed in the 60-75-minute period (distance, HMLD, Acc+3, and Dec+3), except for SPA and SPD (15-30 minutes and 75-90 minutes). Overall, no significant differences ( p > 0.05) were observed in the physical performance between the extratime periods. In addition, the playing position had a significant effect on all performance variables ( F = 39.99-133.29; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.14-0.34). Central defenders showed the lowest physical performance throughout the periods of match-play, whereas wide midfielders showed the greatest physical performance in all variables, except for distance covered, in which midfielders had the greatest performance. In conclusion, there were changes in physical performance during the matches depending on the period of match-play and playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Panascì
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; and
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Taberner M, Allen T, O'Keefe J, Richter C, Cohen D, Harper D, Buchheit M. Interchangeability of optical tracking technologies: potential overestimation of the sprint running load demands in the English Premier League. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:374-383. [PMID: 35896059 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between match-derived running load outputs; total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) and sprint distance (SPR) obtained by two optical tracking systems. METHODS Data were collected from 31 elite footballers from the first team and under-21 squads of an English Premier League (EPL) football club across three competitive matches. One EPL game (game 2) and one under-21 Premier League game (game 3) were played at the team's home stadium and one EPL game (game 1) at an away venue. All matches were tracked concomitantly using eight colour cameras sampling at 10 Hz (PROZONE®) and six high-definition motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB®). RESULTS TD displayed a perfect (r = 0.99) correlation while HSR and SPR displayed very large (r = 0.81 and r = 0.73) correlations between TRACAB® and PROZONE®. Mean biases were 5% for TD, -3% for HSR and 61% for SPR. Between games, mean biases for TD were 6% for game 1, and 5% for game 2 and game 3. For HSR, 9% for game 1, -5% for game 2 and 6% for game 3 and for SPR, 31% for game 1, 71% for game 2 and 84% for game 3. CONCLUSION TD and HSR can be interchanged between PROZONE® and TRACAB®, to allow accurate interpretation between the two optical systems. PROZONE® overestimated SPR compared to the TRACAB®, with the magnitude of difference considered meaningful, altering interpretation of historical match outputs, sprint volume trends in the EPL and forecasts of the modern game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Allen
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jason O'Keefe
- Academy Sports Science Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniel Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Damian Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Martin Buchheit
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland
- Performance Department, Lille OSC, Lille, France
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Fahey JT, Aldred K, Greig M, Rhodes D. Peak Running Speeds in Professional Male Football: Influence of Division and Playing Position. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:636-640. [PMID: 36820705 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fahey, JT, Aldred, K, Greig, M, and Rhodes, D. Peak running speeds in professional male football: Influence of division and playing position. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 636-640, 2023-Well-established physical demands of competitive professional football facilitate prescription and monitoring of training. However, many factors influence these physical demands with implications for efficacious practice. Match-play data were analyzed over 2 seasons using global positioning systems technology, differentiating English Championship (33 matches) and League One (27 matches) demands. Playing position categorized wide and central defenders and midfielders and forwards. Peak running speeds defined the outcome measure, assessing the influence of the competition level and playing position across 1, 5, and 10-minute rolling average durations using a linear mixed model. Significant effects were detected for the competition level (F1,324.5 = 5.44, p = 0.02) and playing position (F4,328.3 = 89.90, p < 0.001). League One matches demonstrated greater peak running speeds than Championship matches (mean difference = 2.72 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 0.4, 5.0]). No difference was observed between central and wide midfielders (mean difference = 0.62 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: -3.1, 4.3]). Wide midfielders presented faster peak running speeds than forwards (mean difference = 18 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals:14.1, 22.1], p < 0.05), central defenders (mean difference = 25 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 21.7, 29.8], p < 0.05), and wide defenders (mean difference = 12 m·min-1 [95% confidence intervals: 8.2, 16.5], p < 0.05). Interaction effects were found for division*position (F4,328.3 = 2.57, p = 0.038) demonstrating greater running speeds in League One, except for central defenders. Wide midfielders presented greater peak 1-minute running speeds, whereas 5 and 10-minute peak running speeds were greatest in central midfielders. The sensitivity of peak running speeds to competition level and playing position has implications for training prescription, monitoring particularly when transitioning between competition levels, determining and monitoring positional training intensities, and objective targets for progressive overload during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Fahey
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Aldred
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Greig
- Sport Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom ; and
| | - David Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Ulupınar S, Hazır T, Kin İşler A. The Contribution of Energy Systems in Repeated-Sprint Protocols: The Effect of Distance, Rest, and Repetition. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:173-179. [PMID: 34781827 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1950902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of rest intervals, sprint distance, and number of repetitions on performance variables, physiological responses, and energy system contributions in repeated-sprint protocols when total distance variable was the controlled (300 m). Method: Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. The four protocols, each totaling a distance of 300 m, consisted of the combination of 15 and 30 m sprints with 30 s rest intervals (15meters30sec and 30meters30sec, respectively) and 1:5 work-rest ratios (15meters12sec and 30meters22sec, respectively). Aerobic, glycolytic, and phosphagen energy systems' contributions were calculated from the oxygen consumption (VO2) during the exercise, net lactate production, and the recovery VO2 kinetics using mono-exponential models. Repeated measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction was applied to examine the hypothesized differences. Results: The findings indicated that total sprint duration (F3:45=281.14; p<0.001), percentage of performance decline (F3:45=16.58; p<0.001), delta lactate (F3:45=39.72, p<0.001), rating of perceived exertion (F3:45=28.64; p<0.001), energy demand (F3:45=101.6; p<0.001), VO2 during the rest intervals (F3:45=42.72; p<0.001), and the absolute contribution of glycolytic (F3:45=119.6; p<0.001) and phosphagen energy systems (F3:45=72.9; p<0.001) were lowest in the 15meters30sec compared to other protocols. However, the relative contribution of aerobic system was greatest in the 15meters30sec compared to other protocols (F3:45=28.1, p<0.001). Both absolute (F3:45=119.6; p<0.001) and relative contribution of glycolytic system (F3:45=88.5, p<0.001) were greatest in the 30meters22sec compared to other protocols. Conclusion: This study showed that increasing sprint distance when rest interval is equal and decreasing rest interval when sprint distance is equal can increase the glycolytic system contribution.
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Kołodziejczyk M, Chmura P, Modric T, Versic S, Andrzejewski M, Chmura J, Sekulic D, Rokita A, Konefał M. Do players competing in the UEFA Champions League maintain running performance until the end of the match? Positional analysis between halves and 5-minute intervals. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:394-401. [PMID: 35816145 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation aimed to analyze differences in running performances amongst playing positions between the first and second halves of soccer matches and at 5-minute intervals during matches. METHODS Data were collected from 179 soccer players during 20 UEFA Champions League (UCL) 2020/2021 group stage matches. Data were examined using the InStat Fitness semi-automatic video system. Eight variables were selected to quantify players' running performance (RP). Players were categorized based on positional groups: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), and forwards (FW). Univariate differences in RP were analyzed using ANOVA and the t-test for dependent samples and multivariate differences were identified using canonical discriminant analysis. RESULTS The main findings were that all positions achieved significantly higher average speeds and walking distances in the first half of the match than in the second half. Furthermore, analysis of positions showed that CM covered more distance than CD in all 5-minute intervals. In addition, WM performed more high-intensity running than CD in all 5-minute intervals and FW performed more high-intensity running than all other playing positions. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study should help coaches design training exercises that are specific to parts of a match. Moreover, the findings can help provide better understanding of match demands and individualization of training. Analysis of 5-minute intervals may also help coaches understand the stages of a match where player substitutions will be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland -
| | - Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Match Load Physical Demands in U-19 Professional Soccer Players Assessed by a Wearable Inertial Sensor. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010022. [PMID: 36810506 PMCID: PMC9953515 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable inertial sensors are poorly used in soccer to monitor external load (EL) indicators. However, these devices could be useful for improving sports performance and potentially reducing the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the EL indicators (i.e., cinematic, mechanical, and metabolic) differences between playing positions (i.e., central backs, external strikers, fullbacks, midfielders, and wide midfielder) during the first half time of four official matches (OMs). METHODS 13 young professional soccer players (Under-19; age: 18.5 ± 0.4 years; height: 177 ± 6 cm; weight: 67 ± 4.8 kg) were monitored through a wearable inertial sensor (TalentPlayers TPDev, firmware version 1.3) during the season 2021-2022. Participants' EL indicators were recorded during the first half time of four OMs. RESULTS significant differences were detected in all the EL indicators between playing positions except for two of them (i.e., distance traveled in the various metabolic power zones (<10 w) and the number of direction changes to the right >30° and with speed >2 m). Pairwise comparisons showed differences in EL indicators between playing positions. CONCLUSIONS Young professional soccer players showed different loads and performances during OMs in relation to playing positions. Coaches should consider the different physical demands related to playing positions in order to design the most appropriate training program.
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10
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When and How Do Soccer Players From a Semi-Professional Club Sprint in Match Play? J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:195-204. [PMID: 37181255 PMCID: PMC10170543 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the periods in which sprints occurred during official matches and analyze these sprints considering the effect of the playing position and different contextual variables. Electronic performance and tracking systems were used for the analysis of all sprints performed by players. Matches were recorded by video and synchronized with performance tracking data. A total of 252 sprints were analyzed. The greatest frequency of sprints was observed in the period 1 (0’–15’), followed by period 2 (15’–30’) and period 6 (75’–90’), regardless of the playing position (χ2 = 31.35; p = 0.051). Most sprints were non-linear (non-linear sprints: 97.6%; linear sprints: 2.4%) and without ball possession (without ball possession: 95.2%; with ball possession: 4.8%) for all playing positions, but the role of the sprint and the field area in which the sprint occurred were dependent on the position (p < 0.001). Specifically, players covered ~17.55 m per sprint, starting at ~10.34 km/h, reaching ~26.74 km/h, maximally accelerating at ~2.73 m/s2, and decelerating at ~3.61 m/s2. Overall, the playing position and contextual variables had no significant effect on physical performance variables analyzed during these sprints. Therefore, this study allows performance practitioners to have a better understanding of when and how soccer players sprint in match-play. In this regard, this study presents some training and testing strategies that may be considered to improve performance and decrease injury risk.
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Helwig J, Diels J, Röll M, Mahler H, Gollhofer A, Roecker K, Willwacher S. Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23020827. [PMID: 36679623 PMCID: PMC9864675 DOI: 10.3390/s23020827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are used to record training and match play of intermittent team sport athletes. Paired with estimates of internal responses or adaptations to exercise, practitioners gain insight into players' dose-response relationship which facilitates the prescription of the training stimuli to optimize performance, prevent injuries, and to guide rehabilitation processes. A systematic review on the relationship between external, wearable-based, and internal parameters in team sport athletes, compliant with the PRISMA guidelines, was conducted. The literature research was performed from earliest record to 1 September 2020 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SportDISCUS. A total of 66 full-text articles were reviewed encompassing 1541 athletes. About 109 different relationships between variables have been reviewed. The most investigated relationship across sports was found between (session) rating of perceived exertion ((session-)RPE) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) with, predominantly, moderate to strong associations (r = 0.49-0.84). Relationships between internal parameters and highly dynamic, anaerobic movements were heterogenous. Relationships between average heart rate (HR), Edward's and Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) seem to be reflected in parameters of overall activity such as PL and TD for running-intensive team sports. PL may further be suitable to estimate the overall subjective perception. To identify high fine-structured loading-relative to a certain type of sport-more specific measures and devices are needed. Individualization of parameters could be helpful to enhance practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Helwig
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Janik Diels
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Röll
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Sport-Club Freiburg e.V., Achim-Stocker-Str. 1, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine, Furtwangen University, 78120 Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
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12
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Fortes V, Muyor JM. When and how do elite soccer players sprint in match play? A longitudinal study in a professional soccer league. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:1-12. [PMID: 34000948 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the periods in which the maximum speed actions occurred during elite soccer matches and analyse these actions considering the effect of playing position and different contextual variables. Performance-related variables (VMAX: maximum speed; Vo: starting speed; SPD: sprinting distance; ACCMAX: maximum acceleration; DECMAX: maximum deceleration) and sprint-related contextual variables (trajectory, ball possession, role, field area in which the action occurred) from each maximum speed action were collected. The first 15 minutes of each match half elicited most maximum speed actions (44.6% of cases), regardless of playing position (likelihood ratio, LR=13.95; p=0.95). However, playing position had a significant effect on the role of the action (Chi-Squared, χ2=50.68; p=0.001) and the field area in which the sprint occurred (χ2=26.54; p=0.001). Regarding the effect of different contextual variables on the sprint-related performance variables, no significant effect from any contextual variable on ACCMAX, DECMAX or Vo was found (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the contextual variables had a significant effect on SPD (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; trajectory: non-linear sprints > linear sprints; role: offensive sprints > defensive sprints) and VMAX (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; playing position: midfielders < other positions).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Fortes
- Unión Deportiva Almería, Sport Science Area, Almería, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Ramos Verde E, García Manso J, Díaz Díaz R. Efectos del COVID-19 en la carga externa en el fútbol de alto nivel. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2022.88.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Analizamos el efecto del cese de la competición por COVID-19 en el rendimiento físico de jugadores de fútbol de la 1ª división española). La muestra se estratificó en tres grupos: rondas 1ª-3ª; 25ª-27ª y 28ª-30ª. Las comparaciones por pares fueron Student-t y Mann-Whitney U. Usamos un valor p de ?0.05 como criterio para la significación estadística. Los valores de umbral para evaluar las magnitudes del tamaño del efecto se realizaron a través (d de Cohen). Tras el parón, las distancias recorridas aumentaron en los equipos locales y visitantes. Hubo un ligero descenso de los esfuerzos de alta intensidad entre el post-confinamiento y las jornadas (25ª-27ª). Comparados el 1er y 3er periodo, los valores fueron ligeramente superiores (rondas 28ª-30ª). Eso mismo se observó en las de aceleraciones y desaceleraciones, con mayores diferencias entre los periodos (1º y 3º). Hubo diferencias, cuando se comparó la reanudación con las jornadas previas al parón.
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Armada-Cortés E, Benítez-Muñoz JA, San Juan AF, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Evaluation of Neuromuscular Fatigue in a Repeat Sprint Ability, Countermovement Jump and Hamstring Test in Elite Female Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15069. [PMID: 36429786 PMCID: PMC9690764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The straight-line run is the most frequent action in soccer goal scoring situations, and it deserves considerable attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuromuscular fatigue produced by an independent repeat sprint ability (RSA) test, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a hamstring test (HT) in elite female soccer players. Twenty-four elite female soccer players participated in the study. The evaluation protocol included hamstring and CMJ tests before an RSA test (6 × 40 m 30 s rest), and hamstring and CMJ post-tests. Significant differences were found between pre-post HT measurements in the maximum angulation of the right leg (p = 0.012 Effect Size (ES) = 0.27), and the maximum velocity was higher in the left leg after RSA (p = 0.023 ES = 0.34). CMJ height after RSA was significantly lower than before the RSA test (p < 0.001 ES = 0.40). The sprint total time (SprintTT) and percentage difference (%Dif) increased throughout the RSA (p < 0.001, and ES = 0.648 and ES = 0.515, respectively). In elite female soccer players, it seems that the fatigue induced by an RSA test can be assessed through the loss of CMJ height and the different performance variables extracted from the RSA itself (e.g., SprintTT, Ideal Sprint). These findings could contribute to better performance management and injury prevention for elite female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Armada-Cortés
- Sport Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, CP, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Benítez-Muñoz
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro F. San Juan
- Sport Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, CP, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
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15
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Gundersen H, Riiser A, Algroy E, Vestbøstad M, Saeterbakken AH, Clemm HH, Grendstad H, Hafstad A, Kristoffersen M, Rygh CB. Associations between biological maturity level, match locomotion, and physical capacities in youth male soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1592-1601. [PMID: 36004501 PMCID: PMC9804799 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological maturity level has shown to affect sport performance in youths. However, most previous studies have used noninvasive methods to estimate maturity level. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the association between skeletal age (SA) as a measure of biological maturation level, match locomotion, and physical capacity in male youth soccer players. METHOD Thirty-eight Norwegian players were followed during two consecutive seasons (U14 and U15). Match locomotion was assessed with GPS-tracking in matches. SA, assessed by x-ray, physical capacities (speed, strength and endurance) and anthropometrics were measured in the middle of each season. Analysis of associations between SA, match locomotion, and physical capacities were adjusted for the potential confounding effect of body height and weight. RESULTS In matches, positive associations were found between SA and maximal speed and running distance in the highest speed zones. Further, SA was associated with 40 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and with intermittent-endurance capacity after adjusting for body height (U14). Associations between SA and leg strength and power, and between SA and absolute VO2max were not significant after adjusting for body weight. There was no association between SA and total distance covered in matches. CONCLUSION Biological maturity level influence match locomotion and performance on physical capacity tests. It is important that players, parents and coaches are aware of the advantages more mature players have during puberty, and that less mature players also are given attention, appropriate training and match competition to ensure proper development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | | | - Mona Vestbøstad
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Atle H. Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus SogndalSogndalNorway
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway,Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Halvard Grendstad
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | - Arild Hafstad
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
| | - Cecilie Brekke Rygh
- Department of Health and FunctioningWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus BergenBergenNorway
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16
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Morgans R, Bezuglov E, Orme P, Burns K, Rhodes D, Babraj J, Di Michele R, Oliveira RFS. The Physical Demands of Match-Play in Academy and Senior Soccer Players from the Scottish Premiership. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:150. [PMID: 36287763 PMCID: PMC9608936 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the physical match performance among senior and youth soccer players from an elite Scottish Premiership club during the 2021/2022 season. Twenty-two first team (25.9 ± 4.5 years, 78.3 ± 8.2 kg, 1.82 ± 0.07 cm) and 16 youth players (16.8 ± 0.9 years, 70.1 ± 6.8 kg, 177 ± 5.8 cm) were examined. A selection of physical match performance variables were measured using a global positioning system. Linear mixed-effect regressions revealed for all examined variables no significant differences between first team and U-18 players and no significant differences between playing level by position interaction. Across both teams, Centre Backs compared to Wing Backs, showed a 295 m (p < 0.01) lower high-intensity distance, and performed on average 36 fewer very-high intensity decelerations (p = 0.03). Comparing to Wide Midfielders, Centre Backs showed lower total (1297 m, p = 0.01), high-intensity (350 m, p = 0.01), and sprint (167 m, p < 0.01) distances. Sprint distance was also lower in Centre Backs vs. Strikers (118 m, p = 0.03), and in Central Midfielders vs. both Strikers (104 m, p = 0.03) and Wide Midfielders (154 m, p = 0.01). The present findings highlight the physical match performance of elite Scottish players and provide useful information within the context of understanding how methods of physical development of youth soccer are implemented in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov State Medical University Moscow, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov State Medical University Moscow, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, 115432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrick Orme
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Bristol City FC, Bristol BS3 2EJ, UK
| | - Kyler Burns
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Dundee United FC, Dundee DD3 7JW, UK
| | - Dave Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Franco Soares Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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17
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Miguel M, Cortez A, Romero F, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. Daily and weekly external loads in the microcycle: Characterization and comparison between playing positions on amateur soccer. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:943367. [PMID: 36187710 PMCID: PMC9521678 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.943367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring adequate levels of training and recovery to maximize player performance is critical; however, there are methodological challenges in designing a periodized training program for soccer teams. This study aims to describe and characterize the daily and weekly external load in an amateur soccer team and based on the weighting factors determined by the match reference, compare the external loads between playing positions. Twenty-four amateur soccer players (22.3 ± 1.7 years) were monitored using a global positioning system. Data collected comprises 19 competitive microcycles with a standard structure composed of 3 training sessions (matchday-5, matchday-3, and matchday-2) and one match. Match-reference values were calculated as the mean of the five best values recorded during official matches. The results show, on matchday-5 session, the existence of significant differences between playing positions to relative total distance covered (p = 0.050), relative sprint distance (p = 0.001), relative moderate-intensity accelerations (p < 0.001), relative high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.003), relative moderate-intensity decelerations (p < 0.001), and relative high-intensity decelerations (p = 0.017). On matchday-3 session, there are significant differences to relative very high-speed running distance (p = 0.017) and relative moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.014). On matchday-2 session, there are significant differences to relative high-speed running distance (p = 0.025), relative very high-speed running distance (p = 0.008), and relative moderate-intensity decelerations (p < 0.001). Weekly significant differences are observed between the playing positions to relative moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.002), relative high-intensity accelerations (p < 0.001), and relative moderate-intensity decelerations (p < 0.001). The weekly load is characterized by a greater weighting on accelerations and decelerations, compared to distances at very-high speed and sprint. The training loads must respect a standard training model that contemplates the individualization of the physical demands of the match, for each playing position, as for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Mauro Miguel
| | - Alberto Cortez
- Coimbra Business School, Institute of Accounting and Administration of Coimbra (ISCAC), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Felix Romero
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sergio José Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Akyildiz Z, Çene E, Parim C, Çetin O, Turan Ç, Yüksel Y, Silva R, Silva AF, Nobari H. Classified metabolic power-based measures in professional football players: comparison between playing positions and match period. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:146. [PMID: 35907901 PMCID: PMC9338561 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was (i) provide reference data of metabolic power-based measures during professional football matches; and to (ii) analyze the between-position and between-halves differences of power-based measures during professional football matches. METHODS Forty-six professional male players from two Turkish Super League teams were observed during two seasons, and 58 matches were analyzed. Total distance, equivalent distance, Low Power (LP), Intermediate Power (IP), High Power (HP), Elevated Power (EP), Max Power (MP) and power metabolic measures Pmet at different match moments were considered. RESULTS Significant between-position differences were observed for IP (p: 0.000; d: 0.284), HP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.45), EP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.44), and for MP (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.56), with the central defenders (CD) showing the lower values, and the central midfielders (CM) showing the higher values for the overall measures. CONCLUSION Power-based measures are dependent on playing positions. While the CD have lower Pmet values when compared to all positions, the CM have the greatest values. Training and recovery strategies must be ensured for CM players, especially those who have greater match participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Çene
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Parim
- Department of Statistics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onat Çetin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Coaching Education, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
| | | | - Yılmaz Yüksel
- Sports Science Department, Anadolu University, 26170 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 5619911367 Ardabil, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
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19
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Fortes V, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Muyor JM. When and How do Professional Soccer Players Experience Maximal Intensity Sprints in Laliga? SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35803616 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to 1) examine the periods in which maximal intensity sprints occurred during professional soccer matches and 2) analyze the maximal intensity sprints registered in match play considering the effect of playing position and other contextual variables. A total of 1252 match observations were collected from 277 male professional soccer players. Sprinting actions at maximal intensity were analyzed during 30 official matches, and both contextual and performance variables were collected using electronic performance and tracking systems. Maximal intensity sprints were more frequent in the first and last periods of the match (0'-15'; 75'-90'), regardless of the playing position (χ2=23.01; p=0.29; ES=0.07). These sprints were usually non-linear actions without possession of the ball and had different tactical purposes depending on the playing position. In addition, regarding the physical performance required by maximal intensity sprints, that the mean sprint duration ranged from ~4.9 s to ~9 s, the mean distance covered ranged from ~30 m to ~55 m, while the mean maximum velocity was between ~30.12 and ~32.80 km/h depending on the tactical purpose and playing position. In conclusion, professional soccer players need to be prepared during warm-ups for maximal intensity sprints in the first period of the match as well as maximal intensity sprints under high fatigue conditions given the frequency of sprints in the last period of the match. Also, training drills should be designed with a special focus on non-linear sprints without possession of the ball, based on the main tactical purpose of each position (e.g., CD: interceptions; MF: recovery runs; FB, WMF and FW: run the channel).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre. University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab). Research Central Services. University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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20
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Silva H, Nakamura FY, Beato M, Marcelino R. Acceleration and deceleration demands during training sessions in football: a systematic review. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35700979 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2090600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review is to summarize the current scientific knowledge about acceleration and deceleration demands during football training. METHODS A systematic search of three electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) was performed to identify peer-reviewed relevant English-language articles, following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS All acceleration and deceleration data were analyzed and organized into four categories: i) training drills variables (i.e. manipulated drills variables such as number of players in small-sided games), ii) training exercises (i.e. different drills such small games or circuit training), iii) players' positions (i.e. demands for each playing position) and iv) training schedule (i.e. training sessions presented as microcycles, season sections or full season). Full-text articles of 42 studies were included in the final analysis. Players' level included: amateur, youth, semi-professional, professional and elite players. All playing positions were considered, including goalkeepers. Six different global position systems brands were used, with the majority measuring data at 10 Hz. Different thresholds and intensities were used in several papers. Lower acceleration and deceleration intensities occurred more often than higher intensities in all four categories. CONCLUSION Different exercises elicit different demands and small-sided games presented higher acceleration and deceleration demands than circuit training and other running based drills. Furthermore, manipulating drills variables, as reducing or increasing number of players in small-sided games increase or decrease demands, respectively. Additionally, wide playing positions, such as fullbacks, are generally exposed to higher acceleration and deceleration demands. From a planning point of view, acceleration and deceleration demands decrease as match day approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Silva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Rui Marcelino
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
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21
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Brito JP, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. External Match Load in Amateur Soccer: The Influence of Match Location and Championship Phase. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040594. [PMID: 35455772 PMCID: PMC9030506 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the physical dimension implicit in the soccer match is crucial for the improvement and individualization of training load management. This study aims to: (a) describe the external match load at the amateur level, (b) analyze the differences between playing positions, (c) verify whether the home/away matches and if (d) the phase (first or second) of the championship influence the external load. Twenty amateur soccer players (21.5 ± 1.9 years) were monitored using the global positioning system. The external load was assessed in 23 matches, where 13 were part of the first phase of the competition (seven home and six away matches) and the other 10 matches belonged to the second (and final) phase of the championship (five home and five away matches). A total of 173 individual match observations were analyzed. The results showed significant differences between playing positions for all the external load measures (p < 0.001). There were higher values observed in the total distance covered for central defenders (p = 0.037; ES = 0.70) and in high-intensity decelerations for forwards (p = 0.022; ES = 1.77) in home matches than in away matches. There were higher values observed in the total distance (p = 0.026; ES = 0.76), relative distance (p = 0.016; ES = 0.85), and moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.008; ES = 0.93) for central defenders, in very high-speed running distance for forwards (p = 0.011; ES = 1.97), and in high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.036; ES = 0.89) and moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.006; ES = 1.11) for wide midfielders in the first phase than in the second phase of the championship. Match location and championship phase do not appear to be major contributing factors to influence the external load while the playing position should be used as the major reference for planning the external training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio Jose Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
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23
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Evaluation of Neuromuscular Fatigue According to Injury History in a Repeat Sprint Ability Test, Countermovement Jump, and Hamstring Test in Elite Female Soccer Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sprinting is a fundamental component of the professional soccer player’s ability to achieve the highest performance in the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of hamstring injury history on the neuromuscular fatigue produced by an RSA test in elite female football players. Nineteen female elite soccer players of the Second Spanish Soccer Division participated in the study. The participants were divided into: (1) a Control group who have not suffered previous muscular injuries and (2) a Hamstring group with previous hamstring injury at least one season prior to the protocol. The players performed a protocol consisting of a Repeat Sprint Ability Test (RSA) (6 × 40 m; 30 s rest), and CMJ and Hamstring tests before and after the RSA. The different variables of the study were compared between groups with a two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. The main findings from the present study were that, in subjects with previous hamstring injury, the performance was impaired compared with the control group: (1) in the initial meters of the sprint during an RSA there was a higher percentage difference between SprintTT and ideal Split in 0–10 m compared to 0–20 m in the hamstring group (p = 0.006; ES = 0.51); and in situations of high fatigue there was a higher %Dif1vs6 compared to %Dif1vs5 (percentage difference between the first sprint and fifth sprint) in the hamstring group (p = 0.005; ES = 0.54) compared with the control group. It seems that in elite female soccer players with previous hamstring injury, RSA-induced fatigue produces a greater decrease in the performance in the first 10 m of the sprint compared to the control uninjured players.
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24
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Torres-Ronda L, Beanland E, Whitehead S, Sweeting A, Clubb J. Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35076796 PMCID: PMC8789973 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Ronda
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Spanish Basketball Federation, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Alice Sweeting
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Persson E, Andersson M, Blomqvist S. Differences in Physical Demands Among Offensive and Defensive Players in Elite Men Bandy. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:805-812. [PMID: 32857941 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1788203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the physiological sport-specific demands (total distance, mean velocity, effective game time, and time in five velocity zones) in elite bandy players of offensive and defensive playing positions. Method: Data were collected with 10 Hz GPS-units in the Swedish Elite League during the season 2015/16. Ten male elite bandy players were examined during 13 matches. Data were analyzed with Independent Samples Test and with descriptive statistics. Result: Analysis showed that defensive positions covered a significantly longer (p < .001) total distance (23.2 ± 2.4 km vs 21.1 ± 3.5 km) compared to the offensive positions. Significantly higher (p < .001) mean velocity was found in offensive positions (17.8 ± 1.0 km/h vs 15.5 ± 1.6 km/h) in relation to defensive positions. In variable effective game time analysis exposed significant differences (p < .001) between offensive positions and defensive positions (90.4 ± 3.5 min vs 71.3 ± 11.9 min). Furthermore, in easy and moderate skating defensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time and in fast, very fast, and sprint skating offensive positions spent significantly (p < .001) more time in relation to each other. The descriptive analysis of positions indicates that libero, defender, and half have the longest game time, half skate the longest distance, and forward have the highest mean velocity during the game. Conclusion: From a practical perspective, the result can provide coaches knowledge when planning the setup in training drills. Thus, the training sessions could be more specific to the playing position, which could maximize the player's physiological outcome in order to optimize performance.
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26
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Anderson T, Adams WM, Martin KJ, Wideman L. Examining Internal and External Physical Workloads Between Training and Competitive Matches Within Collegiate Division I Men's Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3440-3447. [PMID: 34593727 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anderson, T, Adams, WM, Martin, KJ, and Wideman, L. Examining internal and external physical workloads between training and competitive matches within collegiate Division I men's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3440-3447, 2021-A direct analysis comparing differences in the demands of competition relative to in-season training in Division I collegiate soccer players has yet to be reported. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to compare the absolute and relative internal and external workloads measured during training with competitive matches. Twenty-six male college soccer players were monitored over 2 consecutive seasons using a GPS and heart rate (HR) telemetry system. Differences between outdoor training sessions and competitive matches were analyzed for internal and external absolute and relative training workloads. Differences in training workloads between the 3 days before a match were also analyzed. Absolute time in HR zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and 5 (90-100% of HRmax); accelerations in zone 1 (0.50-0.99 m·s-2), zone 2 (1.00-1.99 m·s-2), and zone 3 (2.00-2.99 m·s-2); all negative acceleration zones; training load; and estimated energy expenditure were greater in competition than training (p < 0.05). By contrast, when comparing training and competition values using metrics relative to session duration, relative workload in trainings were greater than competition for HR zone 1 (50-59% of HRmax), zone 2 (60-69% of HRmax), zone 3 (70-79% of HRmax), and zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and all acceleration and negative acceleration zones. In addition, absolute training workloads were generally greatest 3 days prior (p < 0.01), but not different 2 days before the competitive match. Absolute physical workloads of competition are significantly greater than those achieved during training; however, these differences and impact on the physical condition of players are mitigated by the greater relative workloads achieved during training. These results provide meaningful metrics that may lead to insights into proper conditioning and in-season workload management for Division I collegiate soccer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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27
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Gamero MG, García-Ceberino JM, Ibáñez SJ, Feu S. Influence of the Pedagogical Model and Experience on the Internal and External Task Load in School Basketball. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211854. [PMID: 34831609 PMCID: PMC8623569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The methodology used by the teacher in Physical Education sessions conditions the physical fitness of the students, since the design of the tasks determines the physical and physiological demands to which they are exposed. This study aimed to quantify and compare, according to the teaching methodology and students' previous experience, the external (eTL) and internal (iTL) load resulting from the application of three intervention programmes that follow different teaching methodologies to teach school basketball: the Tactical Games Approach (TGA), Direct Instruction (DI) and Service Teacher's Basketball Unit (STBU). The Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) recorded in the assessments (pre-test/post-test) were also studied. A total of 49 students, aged 11 to 12 and divided into three class groups, from the sixth grade of primary education at a state school in Spain, participated in the study. Teaching-learning programs were randomly assigned to student groups. All the sessions were monitored with inertial devices that made it possible to record physical activity and convert the information into kinematic parameters. The results indicated that during the sessions, the students who followed the TGA method recorded higher values of eTL (player load; DI = 4.92, TGA = 6.95, STBU = 2.99) and iTL (mean heart rate; DI = 142.94, TGA = 157.12, STBU = 143.98). In addition, during the evaluation tests, they presented heart rate levels similar to those obtained by the students in the other programmes. However, they spent more time doing high-intensity activity, working longer in the running (DI = 3.42, TGA = 11.26, STBU = 8.32) and sprinting speed ranges (DI = 0.00, TGA = 0.12, STBU = 0.11), and presenting better physical fitness. During the assessments, students with no prior basketball experience showed higher levels of top speed; experienced students had higher levels of heart rate. The TGA method favours the physical condition and health of primary education students, which is why this method is recommended when planning Physical Education sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G. Gamero
- Optimisation of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (J.M.G.-C.); (S.J.I.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan M. García-Ceberino
- Optimisation of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (J.M.G.-C.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Optimisation of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (J.M.G.-C.); (S.J.I.)
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sebastián Feu
- Optimisation of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (J.M.G.-C.); (S.J.I.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence:
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28
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Maturity-Associated Differences in Match Running Performance in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:1352-1360. [PMID: 34706339 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of maturation on match running performance in elite male youth soccer players. METHODS A total of 37 elite male youth soccer participants from an English professional soccer academy from the U14s, U15s, and U16s age groups were assessed over the course of 1 competitive playing season (2018-2019). Relative biological maturity was assessed using percentage of predicted adult height. A global positioning system device was used between 2 and 30 (mean = 8 [5]) times on each outfield player. The position of each player in each game was defined as defender, midfielder, or attacker and spine or lateral. A total of 5 match-running metrics were collected total distance covered, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, maximum speed attained, and number of accelerations. RESULTS Relative biological maturity was positively associated with all global positioning system running metrics for U14s. The U15/16s showed variation in the associations among the global positioning system running metrics against maturity status. A multilevel model which allowed slopes to vary was the best model for all parameters for both age groups. In the U14 age group, advanced maturation was associated with greater high-speed running distance. However, maturation did not contribute toward variance in any of the indices of running performance in the U15/16s. In the U15/16 age group, significance was observed in the spine/lateral playing positions when undertaking actions that required covering distance at high speeds. CONCLUSIONS Maturation appeared to have an impact on match-running metrics within the U14s cohort. However, within the U15/16s, the influence of maturation on match-running metrics appeared to have less of an impact.
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29
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Pucsok JM, Kovács M, Ráthonyi G, Pocsai B, Balogh L. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Agility, Explosive Power, and Speed-Endurance Capacity in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189604. [PMID: 34574527 PMCID: PMC8468591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to assess agility, explosive power, and speed-endurance capacity by implementing noninvasive procedures and sport-specific tests. We hypothesized that agility, speed, explosive power, and speed-endurance capacity might be maintained or increased by an individualized home-based training program. Eleven adolescent athletes participated in our study; they executed three tests before the coronavirus outbreak and 13 weeks later, after the pandemic curfew. We used the SpeedCourt System to assess the sport-specific speed and agility parameters and monitor speed-endurance capacity. We conducted the first measurement at the end of the preparatory period, on 28 February 2020. The second session consisted of 4 weeks of regular training and 9 weeks of individual, home-based activities. Compared to the first (pre-pandemic) testing session, our participants demonstrated a significantly improved capacity of the lower limbs’ explosive strength after completing the home-based exercise routine, compared to the first (pre-pandemic) testing session. We found that agility, speed, and explosive power might be maintained at the same level under home-based conditions. We found that it was challenging for the participants to increase their “pre-pandemic” endurance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Márton Pucsok
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miklós Kovács
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Gergely Ráthonyi
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Balázs Pocsai
- Sportdiagnostic and Therapeutic Center, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Balogh
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.K.); (L.B.)
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30
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Altmann S, Forcher L, Ruf L, Beavan A, Groß T, Lussi P, Woll A, Härtel S. Match-related physical performance in professional soccer: Position or player specific? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256695. [PMID: 34506520 PMCID: PMC8432651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent the physical match performance of professional soccer players is both position and player specific. First, official match data from the 2019/20 German Bundesliga season was used to search for players that met the inclusion criteria of playing a minimum of four entire matches in at least two different playing positions. Overall, 25 players met the criteria prior to the COVID-19 induced break, playing a minimum of eight matches. Second, the physical match performance of these players was analyzed separately for each position they played. The following four parameters were captured: total distance, high-intensity distance, sprinting distance, and accelerations. Third, the 25 players’ physical match performance data was then compared to normative data for each position they played to understand whether players adapted their physical performance (position dependent), or maintained their performance regardless of which position they were assigned to (position independent). When switching the position, the change in physical match performance of the respective players could be explained by 44–58% through the normative positional data. Moreover, there existed large individual differences in the way players adapted or maintained their performance when acting in different positions. Coaches and practitioners should be aware that some professional soccer players will likely incur differences in the composition of physical match performance when switching positions and therefore should pay special consideration for such differences in the training and recovery process of these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Leon Forcher
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Timo Groß
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Woll
- Department for Performance Analysis, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department for Social and Health Sciences in Sport, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Konefał M, Chmura P, Zacharko M, Baranowski J, Andrzejewski M, Błażejczyk K, Chmura J. The influence of thermal stress on the physical and technical activities of soccer players: lessons from the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1291-1298. [PMID: 32676736 PMCID: PMC8346430 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to assess changes in soccer players' physical and technical activity profiles due to thermal stress, measured with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), in training centres and during matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. The study also verifies the theoretical models of soccer players' physiological parameters. The study sample consisted of 945 observations of 340 players of national teams taking part in the World Cup in Russia. The measured variables included physical activities: total distance covered, distances covered with an intensity of 20-25 km/h, number of sprints; technical activities: number of shots, number of passes, pass accuracy and physiological indicators: evaporative water loss and heart rate. In addition, the final ranking places of each national team were also used in the study. The UTCI was calculated based on meteorological data recorded at training centres and during matches. The UTCI records were then classified into two ranges: NTS-no thermal stress (UTCI 9-26 °C) and TS-thermal stress (UTCI > 26 °C). Climatic conditions at soccer training centres assessed as involving "no thermal stress" are found to be more beneficial for increasing the total distance covered and the number of sprints performed by players during a match. The theoretical models for determining soccer players' physiological parameters used in the study reduce the players' heart rate effort and evaporative water loss, which is in line with findings in studies by other authors. The climatic conditions at soccer training centres and during tournament matches should be taken into account in planning preparations for future World Cup tournaments, especially those in hotter countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Michał Zacharko
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Baranowski
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Błażejczyk
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
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Effects of Match Location, Quality of Opposition and Match Outcome on Match Running Performance in a Portuguese Professional Football Team. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23080973. [PMID: 34441113 PMCID: PMC8391710 DOI: 10.3390/e23080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of match location, quality of opposition and match outcome on match running performance according to playing position in a Portuguese professional football team. Twenty-three male professional football players were monitored from eighteen Portuguese Football League matches during the 2019-2020 season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect time-motion data. The match running performance was obtained from five playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM) and forwards (FW). Match running performance was analyzed within specific position and contextual factors using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, standardized (Cohen) differences and smallest worthwhile change. CM and WM players covered significantly greater total distance (F = 15.45, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.334) and average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.294). WM and FB players covered higher distances at high-speed running (F = 16.93, p = 0.000, η2 = 0.355) and sprinting (F = 13.49; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.305). WM players covered the highest number of accelerations (F = 4.69, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.132) and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match running performance was influenced by match location (d = 0.06-2.04; CI: -0.42-2.31; SWC = 0.01-1.10), quality of opposition (d = 0.13-2.14; CI: -0.02-2.60; SWC = 0.01-1.55) and match outcome (d = 0.01-2.49; CI: -0.01-2.31; SWC = 0.01-0.35). Contextual factors influenced the match running performance with differential effects between playing positions. This study provides the first report about the contextual influence on match running performance in a Portuguese professional football team. Future research should also integrate tactical and technical key indicators when analyzing the match-related contextual influence on match running performance.
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Lorenzo-Martínez M, Corredoira FJ, Lago-Peñas C, Campo RLD, Nevado-Garrosa F, Rey E. Effects of Age on Match-related Acceleration and Deceleration Efforts in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1274-1280. [PMID: 34311474 DOI: 10.1055/a-1337-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronological age on acceleration and deceleration match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 5317 individual match observations were collected on 420 professional players competing in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2018-2019 season, using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system (TRACAB; ChyronHego, Melville, NY, USA). Players were classified using a k-means cluster analysis into four different age groups: 17-23 years, 24-27 years, 28-30 years, and 31-38 years. Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the players' match performance according to their age group and playing position (central defenders, external defenders, central midfielders, external midfielders, and forwards). The results showed that players aged between 31-38 years performed a significantly less total number of accelerations (ES=0.30-0.48) and decelerations (ES=0.29-0.49) in comparison with younger players. These age-related physical performance declines were more pronounced among central defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. However, no significant effects were obtained for players' maximum acceleration and deceleration capacities. The current findings provide useful information for coaches and strength and conditioning specialists to better understand the effects of age on players' physical performance and to develop age-tailored training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Motion Analysis of Match Play in U14 Male Soccer Players and the Influence of Position, Competitive Level and Contextual Variables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147287. [PMID: 34299737 PMCID: PMC8307654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate match running performance in U14 male soccer players in Norway, and the influence of position, competitive level and contextual factors on running performance. Locomotion was monitored in 64 different U14 players during 23 official matches. Matches were played at two different competitive levels: U14 elite level (n = 7) and U14 sub-elite level (n = 16). The inclusion criterion was completed match halves played in the same playing position. The variables’ influence on match running performance was assessed using mixed-effect models, pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction, and effect size. The results showed that the U14 players, on average, moved 7645 ± 840 m during a match, of which 1730 ± 681 m (22.6%) included high-intensity running (HIR, 13.5–18.5 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.5 km·h−1). Wide midfielders (WM) and fullbacks (FB) covered the greatest sprint distance (569 ± 40 m) and, in addition to the centre midfield position (CM), also covered the greatest total distance (TD) (8014 ± 140 m) and HIR distance (1446 ± 64 m). Centre forwards (CF) performed significantly more accelerations (49.5 ± 3.8) compared other positions. TD (7952 ± 120 m vs. 7590 ± 94 m) and HIR (1432 ± 57 m vs. 1236 ± 43 m) were greater in U14 elite-level matches compared with sub-elite matches. Greater TD and sprint distances were performed in home matches, but, on the other hand, more accelerations and decelerations were performed in matches played away or in neutral locations. Significantly higher TD, HIR and sprinting distances were also found in lost or drawn matches. In conclusion, physical performance during matches is highly related to playing position, and wide positions seem to be the most physically demanding. Further, competitive level and contextual match variables are associated with players’ running performance.
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Dalen T, Sandmæl S, Stevens TGA, Hjelde GH, Kjøsnes TN, Wisløff U. Differences in Acceleration and High-Intensity Activities Between Small-Sided Games and Peak Periods of Official Matches in Elite Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2018-2024. [PMID: 30741867 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dalen, T, Sandmæl, S, Stevens, TGA, Hjelde, GH, Kjøsnes, TN, and Wisløff, U. Differences in acceleration and high-intensity activities between small-sided games and peak periods of official matches in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 2018-2024, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare whether the physical performance of players during 4 vs. 4 + goalkeeper (4 vs. 4) and 6 vs. 6 + goalkeeper (6 vs. 6) small-sided games (SSGs) is equivalent to those experienced during the most intense 5-minute period of soccer match play. Twenty-six male soccer players from an elite Norwegian league team took part. Players were monitored during 18 matches, 56 SSGs: twenty-eight 4 vs. 4 and twenty-eight 6 vs. 6 games. The ZXY Sport Tracking System was used to measure for each player the total distance covered, high-intensity running distance, sprint distance, number of accelerations, and player load (all expressed per minute). To compare the physical performance variables on players during the SSGs formats and match play, a 1-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Players performed the same number of accelerations and player load in 4 vs. 4 (1.7 and 248, respectively) as in peak match (1.6 and 227, respectively), whereas in 6 vs. 6, there were 63% fewer accelerations and 15% lower player load (1.2 and 198, respectively), than in peak match. High-intensity running and sprint distance were significantly lower than mean match values in both 4 vs. 4 (4.1 and 0.2 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) and 6 vs. 6 games (2.7 and 0.21 m vs. 8.2 and 1.7 m) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, only 4 vs. 4 SSGs are highly valuable, and in that, they elicit player load and accelerations to a level that is (at least) equivalent with peak periods of official match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Simen Sandmæl
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Tom G A Stevens
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Terje N Kjøsnes
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; and
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Delves RIM, Aughey RJ, Ball K, Duthie GM. The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34191142 PMCID: PMC8245618 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research. METHODS A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies. RESULTS A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively. CONCLUSIONS Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I M Delves
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Grant M Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
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Internal, external and repeated-sprint demands in small-sided games: A comparison between bouts and age groups in elite youth soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249906. [PMID: 33909649 PMCID: PMC8081179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the activity profile during small-sided games (SSG) in elite youth soccer players. Internal load (IL) including heart rate (HR) and external load (EL) such as distance covered in different speed-zones (SZ) were collected from forty-eight players of three different teams (U15, U16, U18). The investigation included a total of eighteen 5vs.5 SSGs, each consisting of four 2-minute bouts on a 40x32m pitch during spring season. Total group results (n = 48) showed a reduction in total-distance (p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.12), high-intensity-running (p = 0.009; ηp2 = 0.09), and low-intensity-running distance (p = 0.028; ηp2 = 0.07) between bouts. Similarly, a reduction in the number of both acceleration-low (p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.12) and deceleration-high (p = 0.003; ηp2 = 0.11) values was observed. Additionally, time spent in HR-zones 3 and 4 (p≤0.007; ηp2 ≥ 0.10), increased, with a reduction in HR-zone 1 (p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.25). Age group comparison showed less distance covered in SZ 1 (p≤0.000; ηp2 = 0.56) and greater deceleration-high values (p≤0.038; ηp2 = 0.32) in U15 players compared to other age groups. Further, U15 showed lower values in low-intensity-running compared to U18 (p = 0.038; ηp2 = 0.22). No age-related differences were found for IL and repeated sprint ability (RSA) values. The higher EL in younger age groups should be taken into account when implementing soccer specific SSGs. In addition, HRmean values between 80–85% of HRmax and RSA numbers, which are similar to match-play data, indicate SSGs as an effective training tool to prepare youth soccer athletes for the demands of competition.
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3906. [PMID: 33917802 PMCID: PMC8068156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player's starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Szigeti G, Schuth G, Revisnyei P, Pasic A, Szilas A, Gabbett T, Pavlik G. Quantification of Training Load Relative to Match Load of Youth National Team Soccer Players. Sports Health 2021; 14:84-91. [PMID: 33813955 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the training load relative to match load in club settings. The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the external training load relative to match load in days before a subsequent international game and (2) examine the cumulative training load in relation to match load of U-17 national team field soccer players. HYPOTHESIS Volume and intensity load parameters will vary between trainings; the farthermost trainings have the highest load gradually decreasing toward the match. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS External training load data were collected from 84 youth national team players using global positioning technology between 2016 and 2020. In the national team setting, training load data were obtained from 3 days before the actual match day (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1 days) and analyzed with regard to the number of days up to the game. Volume and intensity parameters were calculated as a percentage of the subsequent match load. RESULTS Significant differences were found between MD-1 and MD-2, as well as between MD-1 and MD-3 for most volume parameters (P < 0.01; effect sizes [ESs] 0.68-0.99) and high-intensity distance (P < 0.002; ES 0.67 and 0.73) and maximum velocity (P < 0.002; ES 0.82) as intensity parameters. Most cumulative values were significantly different from total duration (P < 0.001, common language ES 0.80-0.96). CONCLUSION The training volume gradually decreased as match day approached, with the highest volume occurring on MD-3. Intensity variables, such as maximum velocity, high-intensity accelerations, and meterage per minute were larger in MD-1 training relative to match load. Training volume was lowest in MD-1 trainings and highest in MD-3 trainings; intensity however varies between training days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this study may help to understand the special preparational demands of international matches, highlighting the role of decreased training volume and increased intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Szigeti
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Schuth
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Revisnyei
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alija Pasic
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), MTA-BME Information Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Szilas
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Sport Science, Hungarian Football Federation, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabor Pavlik
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
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Coelho DB, Pimenta EM, Rosse IC, de Oliveira EC, Becker LK, Ferreira-JÚnior JB, Lopes LM, Carvalho MR, Silami-Garcia E. Polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE-I/D) differentiates the aerobic and speed performance of football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:192-198. [PMID: 33728841 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to evaluate the distribution of ACE-I/D polymorphisms on Brazilian football players performance in aerobic capacity, strength, and speed tests. METHODS The participants in this study were 212 Brazilian first division male football players genotyped in DD, ID. or II. Genotyping of DNA from leucocytes was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. We evaluated speed using a 30-m sprint test with speed measured at 10 m (V10), 20 m (V20), and 30 m (V30); muscular strength using counter-movement-jump and squat jump tests; and aerobic endurance using the Yo-Yo endurance test. The athletes were ranked in ascending order according to their performance in each test and divided into quartiles: first quartile (0-25%, Weak), second (25-50%, Normal), third (50-75%, Good), and fourth (75-100%, Excellent); these were clustered according to genotype frequency. RESULTS We identified significant differences in the V20 test values and in the aerobic capacity test. Higher frequencies of the ACE-DD genotype were observed in the Excellent performance group in the V20. In the aerobic capacity test, higher frequencies of the ACE-II genotype were observed in Excellent and Good performance groups. CONCLUSIONS Players with higher performance in anaerobic and aerobic tests are ACE-DD and ACE-II genotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Coelho
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education, Health and Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Pimenta
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izinara C Rosse
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Pharmacy, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Emerson C de Oliveira
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education, Health and Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Ouro Preto, Brazil -
| | - Lenice K Becker
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Physical Education, Health and Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian M Lopes
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Nutrition, Health and Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria R Carvalho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami-Garcia
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ihsan M, Yeo V, Tan F, Joseph R, Lee M, Aziz AR. Running Demands and Activity Profile of the New Four-Quarter Match Format in Men's Field Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:512-518. [PMID: 29952873 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ihsan, M, Yeo, V, Tan, F, Joseph, R, Lee, M, and Aziz, AR. Running demands and activity profile of the new four-quarter match format in men's field hockey. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 512-518, 2021-This study determined the running demands of men's field hockey with regards to the revised four-quarter match format. Twenty-eight male field hockey players were equipped with global positioning system units while competing in 14 competitive international games over a 1-year period. All matches allowed for unlimited substitutions, and consisted of four 15-minute quarters (i.e., Q1-Q4). A progressive decline in total distance (TD) was observed in Q2 (2,072 ± 141 m) to Q4 (2,055 ± 212 m) compared with Q1 (2,171 ± 195 m, p < 0.05). However, the decline in TD was due to decreases in low-intensity activity (<15 km·h-1, p < 0.05), as high-intensity running (HIR; >15 km·h-1) distances were similar throughout Q1-Q4 (p = 0.263). Positional data demonstrated a similar profile, where significant decreases in TD, but not in HIR, was observed across all playing positions at some point over the 4 quarters (p < 0.05). DEF accumulated the lowest amount of TD (7,631 ± 753 m), HIR (2,257 ± 498 m), and high-intensity decelerations (60 ± 9, >-2m·s-2) compared with MID and FWD (p < 0.05). By contrast, FWD performed the highest amount of HIR (3,090 ± 565 m) and high-intensity accelerations (110 ± 9, >2 m·s-2) compared with MID and DEF (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that although there was a progressive decline in TD over the 4 quarters of match play, high-intensity running performance (i.e., HIR and high-intensity acceleration) was maintained throughout the match regardless of playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Frankie Tan
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ranald Joseph
- Strength & Conditioning, Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore ; and
| | - Marcus Lee
- Sports Physiology Department, National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore
| | - Abdul Rashid Aziz
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
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Freiberg A, Bolm-Audorff U, Seidler A. The Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis in Professional Soccer Players—a Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:49-55. [PMID: 33759745 PMCID: PMC8182778 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We address the question whether professional soccer players with and without macroinjury of the knee joint are at an elevated risk for knee osteoarthritis. METHODS A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted. The study protocol was prospectively registered (registration number CRD42019137139). The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant publications; in addition, forward searching was performed, and the listed references were considered. All steps of the process were undertaken independently by two reviewers, and any discordances were resolved by consensus. For all publications whose full text was included, the methods used were critically evaluated. The quality of the evidence was judged using the GRADE criteria. RESULTS The pooled odds ratio for objectively ascertained osteoarthrosis of the knee was 2.25 (95% confidence interval [1.41-3.61], I2 = 71%). When only radiologically ascertained knee osteoarthrosis was considered, the odds ratio was 3.98 [1.34; 11.83], I2 = 58%). The pooled risk estimator in studies in which knee joint macroinjury was excluded was 2.81 ([1.25; 6.32], I2 = 71%). CONCLUSION A marked association was found between soccer playing and knee osteoarthritis in male professional soccer players. For female professional soccer players, the risk of knee osteoarthritis could not be assessed because of the lack of data. Knee injuries seem to play an important role in the development of knee osteoarthritis in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Freiberg
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Division of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Safety and Environment, Regional Government of South Hesse, Wiesbaden; Extraordinary Chair of Occupational Medicine, University of Gießen
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Kalata M, Maly T, Hank M, Michalek J, Bujnovsky D, Kunzmann E, Zahalka F. Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry among Young Elite Athletes of Various Sports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56120683. [PMID: 33321777 PMCID: PMC7764419 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective: Type of physical activity may influence morphological and muscular asymmetries in the young population. However, less is known about the size of this effect when comparing various sports. The aim of this study was to identify the degree of bilateral asymmetry (BA) and the level of unilateral ratio (UR) between isokinetic strength of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) among athletes of three different types of predominant locomotion in various sports (symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid). Material and methods: The analyzed group consisted of young elite athletes (n = 50). The maximum peak muscle torque of the KE and KF in both the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (NL) lower limb during concentric muscle contraction at an angular velocity of 60°·s−1 was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Data analysis showed a significant effect of the main factor (the type of sport) on the level of monitored variables (p = 0.004). The type of sport revealed a significant difference in the bilateral ratio (p = 0.01). The group of symmetric and hybrid sports achieved lower values (p = 0.01) of BA in their lower limb muscles than those who played asymmetric sports. The hybrid sports group achieved higher UR values (p = 0.01) in both lower limbs. Conclusions: The results indicate that sports with predominantly symmetrical, asymmetrical, and hybrid types of locomotion affected the size of the BA, as well as the UR between KE and KF in both legs in young athletes. We recommend paying attention to regular KE and KF strength diagnostics in young athletes and optimizing individual compensatory exercises if a higher ratio of strength asymmetry is discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Maly
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-776-531-143
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Del Coso J, Brito de Souza D, Moreno-Perez V, Buldú JM, Nevado F, Resta R, López-Del Campo R. Influence of Players' Maximum Running Speed on the Team's Ranking Position at the End of the Spanish LaLiga. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8815. [PMID: 33261014 PMCID: PMC7729782 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The maximum running speed that a football player can attain during match play has become one of the most popular variables to assess a player's physical talent. However, the influence of a player's maximum running speed on football performance has not yet been properly investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a player's peak/maximum running speed on the team's ranking position at the end of a national league. A second aim was to investigate differences in maximum running speed among playing positions. To fulfil this aim, the peak/maximum running speeds of 475 male professional football players were recorded for 38 fixtures of the Spanish first-division league (LaLiga) from the 2017-2018 season (7838 data points). Players' peak running speeds in each match were assessed with a validated multicamera tracking system and associated software (Mediacoach®). Players' maximum running speed was established as the fastest running speed they attained during the entire season. Most players (53.5% of the total) had a maximum running speed in the range of 32.0-33.9 km/h, with only three players (0.6%) with a maximum running speed of over 35.0 km/h. Overall, forwards were faster than defenders and both types of players were faster than midfielders (33.03 ± 1.35 > 32.72 ± 1.32 > 32.08 ± 1.63 km/h; p < 0.001). There was no association between teams' maximum running speed and ranking position at the end of the league (r = -0.356, p = 0.135). The correlations between teams' maximum speeds and ranking position were low for defenders (r = -0.334, p = 0.163), midfielders (r = 0.125, p = 0.610), and forwards (r = -0.065, p = 0.791). As a result, the variance in the ranking position at the end of the season explained by a team's maximum speed was of only 7.5%. Finally, as an average for all teams, players' peak running speeds remained stable at ~30.7 ± 0.6 km/h throughout the whole season. These results suggest that successful and less successful football teams have squads with players able to obtain similar maximum running speeds during match play throughout the season. Hence, players' maximum running speeds have a poor association with the team's ranking position at the end of the Spanish professional national league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Diego Brito de Souza
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Javier M. Buldú
- Complex Systems Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Mostoles, Spain;
| | - Fabio Nevado
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (F.N.); (R.R.); (R.L.-D.C.)
| | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (F.N.); (R.R.); (R.L.-D.C.)
| | - Roberto López-Del Campo
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (F.N.); (R.R.); (R.L.-D.C.)
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Effects of including endurance and speed sessions within small-sided soccer games periodization on physical fitness. Biol Sport 2020; 38:291-299. [PMID: 34079175 PMCID: PMC8139358 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to analyse the effects of including additional speed and endurance sessions during small-sided games (SSG) training periodization on physical fitness in professional soccer players. Sixteen outfield players (age = 25.6 ± 7.6 years) who competed in the First Division of a European League participated in this study. Players were randomly assigned to perform only the SSG periodization (G-SSG group) or to add endurance and speed training contents to the SSG (ES-SSG group). Before and after the 6-week experimental period, a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) and a 40 m sprinting test were performed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each training session. The G-SSG group showed a large improvement in the YYIR1 performance (p = 0.018–0.028; ES = 0.521–0.576) after the training programme, whereas no significant changes were observed for the ES-SSG group (p = 0.763–1.000; ES = 0.000–0.014). In addition, no significant differences (p > 0.05, ES = 0.005–361, trivial to small) in sprint performance at 5 and 10 m intervals up to 40 m were observed at post-training in comparison to pre-training evaluation in G-SSG and ES-SSG groups. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups were observed at baseline in the YYIR1 test. The 6-week SSG training supported with only six endurance and speed training sessions was no more effective than well-organized SSG alone for improving running endurance in professional soccer players.
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Dalen T, Aune TK, Hjelde GH, Ettema G, Sandbakk Ø, McGhie D. Player load in male elite soccer: Comparisons of patterns between matches and positions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239162. [PMID: 32956408 PMCID: PMC7505455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our primary aim was to explore the development of player load throughout match time (i.e., the pattern) using moving 5-min windows in an elite soccer team and our secondary aim was to compare player load patterns between different positions within the same team. The dataset included domestic home matches (n = 34) over three seasons for a Norwegian Elite League team. Player movements (mean ± SD age 25.5 ± 4.2 years, height 183.6 ± 6.6 cm, body mass 78.9 ± 7.4 kg) were recorded at 20 Hz using body-worn sensors. Data for each variable (player load, player load per meter, total distance, accelerations, decelerations, sprint distance, high-intensity running distance) were averaged within positions in each match, converted to z-scores and averaged across all matches, yielding one time series for each variable for each position. Pattern similarity between positions was assessed with cross-correlations. Overall, we observed a distinct pattern in player load throughout match time, which also occurred in the majority of individual matches. The pattern shows peaks at regular intervals (~15 min), each followed by a period of lower load, declining until the next peak. The same pattern was evident in player load per meter. The cross-correlation analyses support the visual evidence, with correlations ranging 0.88-0.97 (p < .001) in all position pairs. In contrast, no specific patterns were discernible in total distance, accelerations, decelerations, sprint distance and high-intensity running distance, with cross-correlations ranging 0.65-0.89 (p < .001), 0.32-0.64 (p < .005), 0.18-0.65 (p < .005 in nine position pairs), 0.02-0.38 (p < .05 in three pairs) and 0.01-0.52 (p < .05 in three pairs), respectively. This study demonstrated similarity in player load patterns between both matches and positions in elite soccer competition, which could indicate a physical "pacing pattern" employed by the team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tore Kristian Aune
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David McGhie
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Ravé G, Granacher U, Boullosa D, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. How to Use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Data to Monitor Training Load in the "Real World" of Elite Soccer. Front Physiol 2020; 11:944. [PMID: 32973542 PMCID: PMC7468376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), Rennes, France
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Almulla J, Takiddin A, Househ M. The use of technology in tracking soccer players' health performance: a scoping review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:184. [PMID: 32782025 PMCID: PMC7422501 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying soccer players’ performance using different types of technologies helps coaches in making tactical decisions and maintaining players’ health. Little is known about the relation between the performance measuring technologies and the metrics they measure. The aim of this study is to identify and group the different types of technologies that are used to track the health-related performance metrics of soccer players. Methods We conducted a systematic search for articles using IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM DL, and papers from the Sports Medicine Journal. The papers were screened and extracted by two reviewers. The included papers had to fall under several criteria, including being about soccer, measuring health-related performance, and using technology to measure players’ performance. A total of 1,113 papers were reviewed and 1,069 papers were excluded through the selection process. Results We reviewed 44 papers and grouped them based on the technology used and health-related metrics tracked. In terms of technology, we categorized the used technologies into wearable technologies (N=27/44) and in-field technologies (N=14/44). We categorized the tracked health-related metrics into physiological metrics (N=16/44) and physical metrics (N=44/44). We found out that wearable technologies are mainly used to track physical metrics (N=27/27) and are also used to track physiological metrics (N=14/27). In-field technologies are only used to track physical metrics (N=24/24). Conclusion Understanding how technology is related to players’ performance and how it is used leads to an improvement in the monitoring process and performance outcomes of the players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassim Almulla
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. .,Qatar Football Association, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdulrahman Takiddin
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.,Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mowafa Househ
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Fortes V, Krustrup P, Muyor JM. Acceleration and sprint profiles of professional male football players in relation to playing position. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236959. [PMID: 32760122 PMCID: PMC7410317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims were to describe positional differences in the acceleration and sprint profiles of professional football players in match-play, and analyse start speeds required based on the intensity of accelerations and decelerations. This longitudinal study was conducted over thirteen competitive microcycles in a professional football team from LaLiga 123. Data were collected through electronic performance tracking systems. Every player was categorised based on the playing position: central defender (CD), full-back (FB), forward (FW), midfielder (MF), and wide midfielder (WMF). In respect of acceleration profile, positional differences were found for all variables (p < 0.05), except average magnitude of accelerations (ACCAVG, p = 0.56) and decelerations (DECAVG, p = 0.76). The sprint profile also showed positional differences for all variables (p < 0.05), apart from sprint duration (p = 0.07). In addition, although low-intensity accelerations required significantly greater start speeds (Vo) than high-intensity accelerations in WMF (0.4 ± 0.2 km/h; p < 0.05) and FW (0.4 ± 0.2 km/h; p < 0.05), no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in CD, FB, and MF. However, high-intensity decelerations were performed at significantly higher Vo than low-intensity decelerations in MF (2.65 ± 0.1 km/h; p < 0.05), FW (3.3 ± 0.1 km/h; p < 0.05), FB (3.9 ± 0.4 km/h; p < 0.05), WMF (4.3 ± 0.3 km/h; p < 0.05), and CD (4.1 ± 0.7 km/h; p < 0.05). Therefore, positional differences exist for most variables of the acceleration and sprint profiles. In addition, different Vo were observed between high-intensity and low-intensity accelerations as well as high-intensity and low-intensity decelerations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - José M. Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the incremental running tests performed by young soccer players on a treadmill (Tr) and in the field (FTcod: 100 m change of direction and FTcir: 100 m circle). Nineteen players (average age 17.4 ± 1.1 years; body height 172.0 ± 5.7 cm; body mass 68.9 ± 6.7 kg) volunteered to perform incremental Tr , FTcod and FTcir running tests. In all three tests, players ran for 3 min at 8, 10, 12 and 14 km∙h-1 and were given a 1 min rest interval between subsequent stages. Blood lactate concentrations (La-) were measured at 1 min rest intervals and the heart rate (HR) responses of players were recorded during the tests. After a 5 min recovery period, the second part of the test started; players ran at 15 km∙h-1 with velocity increments of 1 km∙h-1 every 1 min until exhaustion. This part was performed to determine maximum HR, maximum La- and the players’ final velocities. The results showed that players had significantly lower La- (F = 6.93, p = 0.07, η2 = 0.46, 95%CI(TR-FTcir) = -1.91/-0.34, 95%CI(TR-FTcod) = -1.59/-0.05) and HR (F = 9.08, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.53, 95%CI(TR-FTcir) = -6.98/-1.68, 95%CI(TR-FTcod) = -7.19/1.08) responses in the Tr test than in the FTcir and FTcod tests at 14 km∙h-1. It was also found that players completed the Tr test (F = 58.22, p = 0.00, η2 = 0.87) at higher final running velocities than the FTcir (95%CI(TR-FTcir) = 1.67/2.78) and FTcod (95%CI(TR-FTcod) = 1.69/2.85) tests. In conclusion, when coaches or sports scientists plan to train at higher running velocities or according to the final velocity in the test, it is advisable to carry out testing in the circumstances under which training will be carried out (in the field or on a treadmill).
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