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McNeill C, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Ward P, Gill N. Eccentric Force-Velocity-Load Relationship in Trained Rugby Union Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:549-555. [PMID: 38088926 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McNeill, C, Beaven, CM, McMaster, DT, Ward, P, and Gill, N. Eccentric force-velocity-load relationship in trained rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 549-555, 2024-The force-velocity relationship is traditionally believed to resemble a hyperbolic shape, known as the "force-velocity curve." However, there is less evidence regarding this relationship during eccentric muscle action in multijoint isotonic exercise, especially in applied settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-velocity-load relationship in an incremental eccentric back squat test. In addition, 37 professional male rugby union athletes were recruited to participate. Separate generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the effect of barbell load on relative eccentric peak force (REPF), relative eccentric mean force (REMF), eccentric peak velocity (EPV), and eccentric mean velocity (EMV). A significant effect of load ( p < 0.05) was observed for each of the eccentric variables tested. Each increase in barbell load tended to result in a linear increase in REMF and a decrease in EMV and EPV; however, we observed a plateauing effect for REPF as load increased. These results show that for "peak" variables lighter loads produced similar magnitudes of force, but generally moved at higher velocities than heavier loads. These observations suggest that the eccentric force-velocity-load relationship may vary depending on the parameters used. Quantifying rapid, multijoint eccentric performance is justified as it seems to provide valuable insight into individual athletic capability and training program design. Further research may investigate the responsiveness of the qualities to training and the causal nature of eccentric characteristics and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNeill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - C Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel T McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | | | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
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Liang F, Hongfeng H, Ying Z. The effects of eccentric training on hamstring flexibility and strength in young dance students. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3692. [PMID: 38355663 PMCID: PMC10866893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research is to examine the impact of eccentric training on hamstring flexibility and strength in young dancers during the concluding stages of their foundational dance training program. A total of 24 female, second-year dance students from Hebei Normal University were selected as participants. They were divided into three distinct groups: Nordic hamstring exercise and single-leg deadlift group (NHE&SLD), forward bending exercises and standing leg lift group (FBE&SLL), and a control group (CG). The study was designed around a 6-week training regimen. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure seated knee flexor-extensor strength, while electronic goniometry was employed to measure hamstring flexibility in the supine position. Paired sample t-tests were conducted within each group, and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized for comparisons between groups. In the NHE&SLD group, significant disparities were observed in both concentric (T = - 5.687, P = 0.001) and eccentric (T = - 3.626, P = 0.008) hamstring strength pre and post-intervention. The pre-intervention dominant leg concentric strength test values significantly influenced the post-intervention outcomes (F = 5.313, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.840). Similarly, the pre-intervention dominant leg eccentric strength test values impacted the post-intervention results (F = 4.689, P = 0.043, η2 = 0.190). Following the intervention, the NHE&SLD group displayed marked changes in the active straight leg raising angle on both left (T = - 4.171, P = 0.004) and right (T = - 6.328, P = 0.001) sides. The FBE&SLL group also revealed significant changes in the active straight leg raising angle on both left (T = - 4.506, P = 0.003) and right (T = - 4.633, P = 0.002) sides following the intervention. The pre-intervention left leg concentric strength test value significantly influenced the post-intervention outcomes (F = 25.067, P = 0.001, η2 = 0.556). Likewise, the pre-intervention right leg eccentric strength test value significantly influenced the post-intervention results (F = 85.338, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.810). Eccentric training can better enhance the flexibility and strength of hamstring muscles in dance students. Traditional stretching training significantly improves the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Eccentric training has more training benefits than traditional stretching training. It is recommended for dance students to use eccentric training when increasing hamstring flexibility and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, East South Second Ring Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China
- Art and Sports College, HeBei institute of communications, No. 8, Police Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, 051430, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huo Hongfeng
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, East South Second Ring Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Zhu Ying
- Department of Dance, School of Music, Hebei Normal University, No. 20, South Second Ring Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China.
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Kurtoglu A, Ciftci R, Car B, Konar N. Investigation of Deltoid Muscle Activation From Different Angles in Body Building Athletes. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2023; 57:410-415. [PMID: 37900328 PMCID: PMC10600597 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2023.09522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectives It is known that bodybuilders suffer from shoulder injuries frequently. Therefore, it is important to determine the most appropriate form of movement during shoulder exercises. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the most accurate form of movement by examining the deltoid muscle activation of bodybuilders from different angles. Methods The survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used in this study. 53 athletes (44 men, 9 women) with an age of 25.77±9.13 years, height of 177.07±8.40 cm, body weight of 78.06±14.16 kg, and body mass index of 24.78±3.43 kg/m2 who regularly attended bodybuilding gyms were included in the study. The deltoid activations of the participants was measured, while the glenohumeral joint is at 90°, the cubital joint is in abduction at 180°, 150° and 120°. surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback was determined using the Neurotrac Myoplus Pro device. Joint angles were determined with a goniometer. Statistical analyses of the study were performed using the SPSS 25 package program. It was found that the data were normally distributed and the Repeated measures Anova test was applied for comparisons. Results As a result of statistical analysis, in male participants, mean deltoid sEMG values and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC [%]) significantly decreased with decreasing angle size (p<0.05). In female participants, the average sEMG and MVC (%) values did not change at different angles (p>0.05). Conclusion According to the research results, shoulder sEMG activations decrease in direct proportion to the angle in bodybuilders. When the glenohumeral joint is 90° and the cubital joint is 180°, the activation of the medial deltoid muscle is highest. It is suggested that bodybuilders should consider the results of our study when performing exercises to hypertrophy the deltoid muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kurtoglu
- Department of Coaching Education, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Rukiye Ciftci
- Department of Anatomy, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir, Türkiye
- Current affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Car
- Department of Coaching Education, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Nurettin Konar
- Department of Coaching Education, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Balikesir, Türkiye
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. The Eccentric:Concentric Strength Ratio of Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo: Meta-analysis of the Influences of Sex, Age, Joint Action, and Velocity. Sports Med 2023; 53:1125-1136. [PMID: 37129779 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have observed that eccentric (ECC) muscle strength is greater than concentric (CON) muscle strength. However, knowledge of the ECC:CON strength ratio is incomplete and might inform resistance exercise prescriptions. Our purposes were to determine the magnitude of the ECC:CON ratio of human skeletal muscle in vivo and explore if sex, age, joint actions/exercises, and movement velocity impact it. A total of 340 studies were identified through searches. It was possible to analyse 1516 ECC:CON ratios, aggregated from 12,546 individuals who made up 564 groups in 335 of the identified studies. Approximately 98% of measurements occurred on isokinetic machines. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed using log-ratios as response variables then exponentiated back to raw ratios. The overall main model estimate for the ECC:CON ratio was 1.41 (95% credible interval [CI] 1.38-1.44). The ECC:CON ratio was slightly less in men (1.38 [CI 1.34-1.41]) than women (1.47 [CI 1.43-1.51]), and greater in older adults (1.62 [CI 1.57-1.68]) than younger adults (1.39 [CI 1.36-1.42]). The ratio was similar between grouped upper-body (1.42 [CI 1.38-1.46]) and lower-body joint actions/exercises (1.40 [CI 1.37-1.44]). However, heterogeneity in the ratio existed across joint actions/exercises, with point estimates ranging from 1.32 to 2.61. The ECC:CON ratio was most greatly impacted by movement velocity, with a 0.20% increase in the ratio for every 1°/s increase in velocity. The results show that ECC muscle strength is ~ 40% greater than CON muscle strength. However, the ECC:CON ratio is greatly affected by movement velocity and to lesser extents age and sex. Differences between joint actions/exercises likely exist, but more data are needed to provide more precise estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Toninelli N, Padovan R, Esposito F, Cè E. Biceps Brachii and Brachioradialis Excitation in Biceps Curl Exercise: Different Handgrips, Different Synergy. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030064. [PMID: 36976950 PMCID: PMC10054060 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study analyzed the excitation of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed with different handgrips. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM with the forearm in supinated, pronated, and neutral positions. The ascending and descending phase of each variation was separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square collected using surface electromyography. During the ascending phase, (i) biceps brachii excitation was greater with the supinated compared to the pronated [+19(7)%, ES: 2.60] and neutral handgrip [+12(9)%, ES: 1.24], (ii) the brachioradialis showed greater excitation with the supinated compared to the pronated [+5(4)%, ES: 1.01] and neutral handgrip [+6(5)%, ES: 1.10], (iii) the anterior deltoid excitation was greater with the pronated and neutral handgrip compared to the supinated condition [+6(3)% and +9(2)%, ES: 2.07 and 3.18, respectively]. During the descending phase, the anterior deltoid showed greater excitation in the pronated compared to the supinated handgrip [+5(4)%, ES: 1.02]. Changing the handgrips when performing biceps curl induces specific variations in biceps brachii and brachioradialis excitation and requires different anterior deltoid interventions for stabilizing the humeral head. Practitioners should consider including different handgrips in the biceps curl routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Padovan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. Bilateral Biceps Curl Shows Distinct Biceps Brachii and Anterior Deltoid Excitation Comparing Straight vs. EZ Barbell Coupled with Arms Flexion/No-Flexion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010013. [PMID: 36810497 PMCID: PMC9944112 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the excitation of the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed using the straight vs. EZ barbell and with or without flexing the arms. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM in four variations: using the straight barbell flexing (STflex) or not flexing the arms (STno-flex) or the EZ barbell flexing (EZflex) or not flexing the arms (EZno-flex). The ascending and descending phases were separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square (nRMS) collected using surface electro-myography. For the biceps brachii, during the ascending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STno-flex vs. EZno-flex (+1.8%, effect size [ES]: 0.74), in STflex vs. STno-flex (+17.7%, ES: 3.93) and in EZflex vs. EZno-flex (+20.3%, ES: 5.87). During the descending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STflex vs. EZflex (+3.8%, ES: 1.15), in STno-flex vs. STflex (+2.8%, ES: 0.86) and in EZno-flex vs. EZflex (+8.1%, ES: 1.81). The anterior deltoid showed distinct excitation based on the arm flexion/no-flexion. A slight advantage in biceps brachii excitation appears when using the straight vs. EZ barbell. Flexing or not flexing the arms seems to uniquely excite the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid. Practitioners should consider including different bilateral biceps barbell curls in their routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Transfer Effects of a Multiple-Joint Isokinetic Eccentric Resistance Training Intervention to Nontraining-Specific Traditional Muscle Strength Measures. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11010009. [PMID: 36668713 PMCID: PMC9865736 DOI: 10.3390/sports11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively few investigations have examined the transfer effects of multiple-joint isokinetic eccentric only (MJIE) resistance training on non-specific measures of muscle strength. This study investigated the transfer effects of a short-term MJIE leg press (Eccentron) resistance training program on several non-specific measures of lower-body strength. Fifteen participants performed Eccentron training three times/week for four weeks and were evaluated on training-specific Eccentron peak force (EccPF), nontraining-specific leg press DCER one-repetition maximum (LP 1 RM), and peak torques of the knee extensors during isokinetic eccentric (Ecc30), isokinetic concentric (Con150) and isometric (IsomPT) tasks before and after the training period. The training elicited a large improvement in EccPF (37.9%; Cohen's d effect size [ES] = 0.86). A moderate transfer effect was observed on LP 1 RM gains (19.0%; ES = 0.48) with the magnitude of the strength improvement being about one-half that of EccPF. A small effect was observed on IsomPT and Ecc30 (ES = 0.29 and 0.20, respectively), however, pre-post changes of these measures were not significant. Con150 testing showed no effect (ES = 0.04). These results suggest a short term MJIE training program elicits a large strength improvement in training-specific measures, a moderate strength gain transfer effect to DCER concentric-based strength of a similar movement (i.e., LP 1 RM), and poor transfer to single-joint knee extension measures.
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Coratella G, Beato M, Bertinato L, Milanese C, Venturelli M, Schena F. Including the Eccentric Phase in Resistance Training to Counteract the Effects of Detraining in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3023-3031. [PMID: 34537804 PMCID: PMC10842669 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coratella, G, Beato, M, Bertinato, L, Milanese, C, Venturelli, M, and Schena, F. Including the eccentric phase in resistance training to counteract the effects of detraining in women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3023-3031, 2022-The current study compared the effects of concentric-based (CONC), eccentric-based (ECC), and traditional concentric-eccentric (TRAD) resistance training on muscle strength, mass, and architecture and the postdetraining retention of the training-induced effects in women. Sixty women were randomly assigned to unilateral volume-equated CONC, ECC, or TRAD knee extension training or control ( N = 15 per group). Before training, after an 8-week intervention period, and after an 8-week detraining period, isokinetic concentric, eccentric, and isometric torque were measured. In addition, thigh lean mass was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length by ultrasound. After training, concentric and isometric torque increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas eccentric torque increased more in ECC than that in CONC (+13.1%, effect size (ES): 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+12.6%, ES: 0.60 [0.12-1.08]). Thigh lean mass increased in ECC (+6.1%, ES: 0.47 [0.27-0.67]) and TRAD (+3.1%, ES: 0.33 [0.01-0.65]). Vastus lateralis thickness and pennation angle increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas fascicle elongation was visible in ECC (+9.7%, ES: 0.92 [0.14-1.65]) and TRAD (+7.1%, ES: 0.64 [0.03-1.25]). After detraining, all groups retained ( p < 0.05) similar concentric torque. ECC and TRAD preserved eccentric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than TRAD (+17.9%, ES: 0.61 [0.21-1.21]). All groups preserved isometric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than CONC (+14.2%, ES: 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+13.8%, ES: 0.65 [0.10-1.20]). Thigh lean mass and vastus lateralis fascicle length were retained only in ECC ( p < 0.05), pennation angle was preserved in all groups ( p < 0.05), and thickness was retained in CONC and ECC ( p < 0.05). Including the eccentric phase in resistance training is essential to preserve adaptations after detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom;
| | - Luciano Bertinato
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
- CeRISM Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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Diong J, Carden PC, O'Sullivan K, Sherrington C, Reed DS. Eccentric exercise improves joint flexibility in adults: A systematic review update and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 60:102556. [PMID: 35390669 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric exercise is thought to improve joint flexibility, but the size of the effect is not known. We aimed to quantify the overall effect of eccentric exercise on joint flexibility in adults. DESIGN Systematic review, meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SportDiscus. PARTICIPANTS Adults. INTERVENTION Eccentric exercise compared to no intervention or to a different intervention. OUTCOME MEASURES Joint range of motion or muscle fascicle length. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Descriptive data of included trials and estimates of effect sizes were extracted. Standardised mean differences (SMD) of range of motion or fascicle length outcomes were meta-analysed using random effects models. Overall quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE scale. RESULTS 32 trials (1122 participants, 108 lost to follow-up) were included in the systematic review. The mean (SD) PEDro score was 5.2 (1.3). Four trials reported insufficient data for meta-analysis. Data from 27 trials (911 participants, 82 lost to follow-up) were meta-analysed. Eccentric exercise improved joint flexibility in adults (pooled random effects Hedges' g SMD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.74). The true effect size is different across studies and 50% of the variance in observed effects is estimated to reflect variance in true effects rather than sampling error (I2 = 50%, Q = 67.6, d.f. = 34, p = 0.001). Overall quality of evidence ranged from 'low' to 'high'. CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise improves joint flexibility in adults. The overall standardised mean effect of eccentric exercise was moderately large, and the narrow width of the 95% confidence interval indicates the effect was estimated with good precision. REGISTRATION Open Science Foundation (https://osf.io/mkdqr); PROSPERO registration CRD42020151303.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Diong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Peter C Carden
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kieran O'Sullivan
- Ageing Research Centre and Sports and Human Performance Centre, School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Sherrington
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren S Reed
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Coratella G. Appropriate Reporting of Exercise Variables in Resistance Training Protocols: Much more than Load and Number of Repetitions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 35907047 PMCID: PMC9339067 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating resistance training variables is crucial to plan the induced stimuli correctly. When reporting the exercise variables in resistance training protocols, sports scientists and practitioners often refer to the load lifted and the total number of repetitions. The present conceptual review explores all within-exercise variables that may influence the strength and hypertrophic gains, and the changes in muscle architecture. Together with the (1) load and (2) the number of repetitions, (3) performing repetitions to failure or not to failure, (4) the displacement of the load or the range of movement (full or partial), (5) the portion of the partial movement to identify the muscle length at which the exercise is performed, (6) the total time under tension, the duration of each phase and the position of the two isometric phases, (7) whether the concentric, eccentric or concentric-eccentric phase is performed, (8) the use of internal or external focus and (9) the inter-set rest may all have repercussions on the adaptations induced by each resistance exercise. Manipulating one or more variable allows to increase, equalize or decrease the stimuli related to each exercise. Sports scientists and practitioners are invited to list all aforementioned variables for each exercise when reporting resistance training protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. Front vs Back and Barbell vs Machine Overhead Press: An Electromyographic Analysis and Implications For Resistance Training. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825880. [PMID: 35936912 PMCID: PMC9354811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Overhead press is commonly performed to reinforce the muscles surrounding the shoulders. However, many overhead press variations can be executed, thus varying the stimuli to each muscle. Therefore, the current study compared the muscles excitation during overhead press performed with the barbell passing in front or behind the head or using a shoulder press machine. Eight competitive bodybuilders performed in random order front (front-BMP) or back barbell military press (back-BMP), and front (front-MSP) with neutral handgrip or back machine shoulder press (back-MSP). Normalized surface electromyographic root mean square (RMS) of anterior, medial and posterior deltoid, upper trapezius, pectoralis major and triceps brachii was recorded during both the ascending and descending phases. During the ascending phase, anterior deltoid showed greater RMS in back-BMP than back-MSP [ES: 1.42, (95% confidence interval 0.32/2.51)]. Medial deltoid showed greater RMS in back-BMP than front-BMP [ES: 3.68 (2.07/5.29)], and back-MSP [ES: 7.51 (4.73/10.29)]. Posterior deltoid showed greater RMS in back-BMP than front-BMP [ES: 9.00 (5.73/12.27)]. Pectoralis major showed greater RMS in front-BMP than back-BMP [ES: 3.11 (1.65–4.56)] and in front-MSP than back-MSP [ES: 20.52 (13.34/27.70)]. During the descending phase, anterior deltoid was more excited in back-BMP compared to front-BMP [ES: 7.66 (4.83/10.49). Medial deltoid showed greater RMS in back-BMP than front-BMP [ES: 4.56 (2.70/6.42)]. Posterior deltoid showed greater RMS in back-BMP than front-BMP [ES: 8.65 (5.50/11.80)]. Pectoralis major showed greater RMS in front-BMP than back-BMP [ES: 4.20 (2.44/5.95)]. No between-exercise difference was observed for upper trapezius. Performing back overhead press enhances the excitation of medial and posterior and partly anterior deltoid, while front overhead favors pectoralis major. Overhead press performed using barbell excites muscles more than using machine to stabilize the trajectory of the external load. Different variations of overhead press appear to provide different stimuli to the shoulder muscles and may be used accordingly during the training routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Coratella,
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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12
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Vetter S, Schleichardt A, Köhler HP, Witt M. The Effects of Eccentric Strength Training on Flexibility and Strength in Healthy Samples and Laboratory Settings: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:873370. [PMID: 35574461 PMCID: PMC9100951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.873370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk of future injury appears to be influenced by agonist fascicle length (FL), joint range of motion (ROM) and eccentric strength. Biomechanical observations of the torque-angle-relationship further reveal a strong dependence on these factors. In practice, a longer FL improves sprinting performance and lowers injury risk. Classical stretching is a popular and evidenced-based training for enhancing ROM but does not have any effects on FL and injury risk. However, recent studies show that eccentric-only training (ECC) improves both flexibility and strength, and effectively lowers risk of injury. Objectives: To review the evidence on benefits of ECC for flexibility and strength. Methods: COCHRANE, PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPOLIT, and SPONET were searched for laboratory trials that compare ECC to at least one comparison group. Studies were eligible if they examined both strength and flexibility metrics in a healthy sample (<65 years) and met criteria for controlled or randomized clinical trials (CCT, RCT). 18 studies have been included and successfully rated using the PEDro scale. Results: 16 of 18 studies show strong evidence of strength and flexibility enhancements for the lower limb. While improvements between ECC and concentric training (CONC) were similar for eccentric (+19 ± 10% vs. +19 ± 11%) and isometric strength (+16 ± 10% vs. +13 ± 6%), CONC showed larger improvements for concentric strength (+9 ± 6% vs. +16 ± 7%). While for ROM ECC showed improvements (+9 ± 7%), no results could be found for CONC. The overall effectiveness of ECC seems to be higher than of CONC. Conclusion: There is clear evidence that ECC is an effective method for changes in muscle architecture, leading to both flexibility and strength improvements for the lower limb. Due to limited data no shoulder study could be included. Further research is needed for the upper body joints with a focus on functional and structural adaptions. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021283248, identifier CRD42021283248
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vetter
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schleichardt
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Köhler
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Witt
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Handford MJ, Bright TE, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training. Sports Med 2022; 52:2061-2083. [PMID: 35536450 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric training as a method to enhance athletic performance is a topic of increasing interest to both practitioners and researchers. However, data regarding the effects of performing the eccentric actions of an exercise at increased velocities are limited. This narrative review aimed to provide greater clarity for eccentric methods and classification with regard to temporal phases of exercises. Between March and April 2021, we used key terms to search the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases within the years 1950-2021. Search terms included 'fast eccentric', 'fast velocity eccentric', 'dynamic eccentric', 'accentuated eccentric loading', and 'isokinetic eccentric', analysing both the acute and the chronic effects of accelerated eccentric training in human participants. Review of the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria identified that completing eccentric tempos of < 2 s increased subsequent concentric one repetition maximum performance, velocity, and power compared with > 4 s tempos. Tempos of > 4 s duration increased time under tension (TUT), whereas reduced tempos allowed for greater volume to be completed. Greater TUT led to larger accumulation of blood lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone when volume was matched to that of the reduced tempos. Overall, evidence supports eccentric actions of < 2 s duration to improve subsequent concentric performance. There is no clear difference between using eccentric tempos of 2-6 s if the aim is to increase hypertrophic response and strength. Future research should analyse the performance of eccentric actions at greater velocities or reduced time durations to determine more factors such as strength response. Tempo studies should aim to complete the same TUT for protocols to determine measures for hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Handford
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Thomas E Bright
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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14
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Coratella G, Galas A, Campa F, Pedrinolla A, Schena F, Venturelli M. The Eccentric Phase in Unilateral Resistance Training Enhances and Preserves the Contralateral Knee Extensors Strength Gains After Detraining in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:788473. [PMID: 35309062 PMCID: PMC8928196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.788473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current randomized controlled study investigated whether or not the inclusion of the eccentric phase in resistance training favors the contralateral strength gains after different unilateral protocols, and whether such gains are retained after detraining. Sixty healthy women were randomly assigned to a unilateral concentric-only (CONC), eccentric-only (ECC), concentric–eccentric (TRAD) volume-equated knee extension training or control group (CON). The participants trained 2 days/week for 8 weeks and then did not train for further 8 weeks. Knee extensors isokinetic concentric, eccentric, and isometric peak torque and vastus lateralis muscle thickness were assessed in the contralateral limb at baseline, post-training, and post-detraining. At post-training, concentric peak torque increased in CONC [+9.2%, 95%CI (+6.2/+12.3), p < 0.001, ES: 0.70, 95%CI (0.01/1.39)], ECC [+11.0% (+7.7/+14.2), p < 0.001: ES: 0.66(0.09/1.23)] and TRAD [+8.5%(+5.7/+11.6), p < 0.001, ES: 0.50(0.02/0.98)]. Eccentric peak torque increased in ECC in ECC [+15.0%(+11.4/+20.7), p < 0.001, ES: 0.91(0.14/1.63)] and TRAD [+5.5%(+0.3/10.7), p = 0.013, ES: 0.50(0.05/0.95)]. Isometric peak torque increased in ECC [+11.3(+5.8/16.8), p < 0.001, ES: 0.52(0.10/0.94)] and TRAD [+8.6%(+3.4/+13.7), p < 0.001, ES: 0.55(0.14/0.96)]. No change in eccentric and isometric peak torque occurred in CONC (p > 0.05). Muscle thickness did not change in any group (p > 0.05). At post-detraining, all groups preserved the contralateral strength gains observed at post-training (p < 0.05). The findings showed that ECC and TRAD increased contralateral knee extensors strength in concentric, eccentric, and isometric modality, while CONC only increased concentric strength. The eccentric phase appears to amplify the cross-education effect, permitting a transfer in strength gaining toward multiple testing modalities. Both eccentric-based and traditional eccentric–concentric resistance protocols are recommended to increase the contralateral retention in strength gains after a detraining period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Coratella,
| | - Annalisa Galas
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CeRISM Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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15
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An Electromyographic Analysis of Romanian, Step-Romanian, and Stiff-Leg Deadlift: Implication for Resistance Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031903. [PMID: 35162922 PMCID: PMC8835508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the posterior chain muscle excitation in different deadlift variations. Ten competitive bodybuilders (training seniority of 10.6 ± 1.8 years) performed the Romanian (RD), Romanian standing on a step (step-RD), and stiff-leg deadlift (SD) with an 80% 1-RM. The excitation of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, erector spinae longissimus, and iliocostalis was assessed during both the ascending and descending phases. During the ascending phase, the RMS of the gluteus maximus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (effect size (ES): 1.70, 0.55/2.84) and SD (ES: 1.18, 0.11/2.24). Moreover, a greater RMS was found in the SD than in the RD (ES: 0.99, 0.04/1.95). The RMS of the semitendinosus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (ES: 0.82, 0.20/1.44) and SD (ES: 3.13, 1.67/4.59). Moreover, a greater RMS was found in the RD than in the SD (ES: 1.38, 0.29/2.48). The RMS of the longissimus was greater in the step-RD than in the RD (ES: 2.12, 0.89/3.34) and SD (ES: 3.28, 1.78/4.78). The descending phase had fewer differences between the exercises. No further differences between the exercises were found. The step-RD increased the overall excitation of the posterior chain muscles, possibly because of the greater range of movement and posterior muscle elongation during the anterior flexion. Moreover, the RD appeared to target the semitendinosus more than the SD, while the latter excited the gluteus maximus more.
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16
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Martínez F, Abián P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Cross-Education After 6 Weeks of Eccentric Single-Leg Decline Squats Performed With Different Execution Times: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Health 2021; 13:594-605. [PMID: 34075821 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211016353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-education of strength refers to the strength gain that is transferred to the contralateral limb after a unilateral training program. HYPOTHESIS Unilateral eccentric training using different muscle contraction times would improve the structural and functional properties of the untrained contralateral limb. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Thirty-six participants were randomized into a control group, experimental group 1 (EG6s; eccentric contraction runtime = 6 seconds) and experimental group 2 (EG3s; eccentric contraction runtime = 3 seconds). The thickness and elastographic index of the patellar tendon (PT), lean mass and fat percentage of the thigh, contractile properties of the vastus lateralis (VL), as well as isometric, concentric, and eccentric knee extensor peak torques, and eccentric single-leg decline squat (SLDSe) 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) were measured after 6 weeks of SLDSe training (3 times per week, 80% of 1-RM) and after 6 weeks of detraining in the untrained contralateral limb. RESULTS After training, there was an increase in lean thigh mass of the untrained limb in both groups: EG6s (0.17 ± 0.29 kg;P = 0.03; effect size [ES] = 0.15) and EG3s (0.15 ± 0.23 kg; P = 0.04; ES = 0.19). Likewise, both EG6s (62.30 ± 19.09 kg; P < 0.001; ES = 4.23) and EG3s (68.09 ± 27.49 kg; P < 0.001; ES = 3.40) increased their 1-RM, isometric (EG6s: 48.64 ± 44.82 N·m, P < 0.001, ES = 0.63; EG3s: 34.81 ± 47.30 N·m, P = 0.004, ES = 0.38), concentric at 60 deg/s and 180 deg/s and eccentric at 60 deg/s and 180 deg/s knee extensor peak torques (P < 0.05) in the untrained limb. However, no differences were found in the contractile properties of the VL or in the thickness of the PT after eccentric training in either of the 2 experimental groups. CONCLUSION Regardless of the runtime of the contraction, 6 weeks of SLSDe was effective for inducing structural and strength adaptations in the contralateral untrained limb. However, most of these adaptations were lost after 6 weeks of detraining. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our study suggests that cross-education training can be of great importance for clinical application and musculoskeletal and neuromuscular rehabilitative processes after unilateral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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18
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Ipsilateral Lower-to-Upper Limb Cross-Transfer Effect on Muscle Strength, Mechanical Power, and Lean Tissue Mass after Accentuated Eccentric Loading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050445. [PMID: 34064370 PMCID: PMC8147780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To investigate the effects of unilateral accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on changes in lean mass and function of leg trained (TL) and ipsilateral non-trained arm (NTA) in young men and women. Materials and Methods: In a prospective trial, 69 Physically active university students (20.2 ± 2.2 years) were randomly placed into a training group (n = 46; 27 men, 19 women) or a control group without training (n = 23; 13 men, 10 women). Participants in the training group performed unilateral AEL in the leg press exercise of the dominant leg twice a week for 10 weeks. An electric motor device-generated isotonic resistance at different intensities for both concentric (30% of 1-RM) and eccentric contractions (105% of 1-RM). Changes in thigh and arm lean tissue mass, unilateral leg press and unilateral elbow flexion maximal concentric (1-RM) and isometric strength (MVIC), and unilateral muscle power at 40, 60, and 80% 1-RM for both leg press and elbow flexion exercises before and after intervention were compared between groups, between sexes and between TL and NTA. Results: Both men and women in the training group showed increases (p < 0.05) in lean tissue mass, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power for TL. In NTA, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power increased without significant differences between sexes, but neither in men nor women changes in lean tissue mass were observed. In addition, men showed greater changes in TL, but changes in NTA were similar between sexes. No gains in any variable were found for the control group. Conclusions: AEL protocol produced similar neuromuscular changes in TL and ipsilateral NTA, which suggests that strong ipsilateral lower-to-upper limb cross-transfer effects were induced by the eccentric-overload training. However, early ipsilateral increases in muscle force and power were not associated with lean mass gains. Both men and women experienced similar changes in NTA; however, men showed greater changes in TL.
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19
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Alonso-Fernandez D, Abalo-Núñez R, Mateos-Padorno C, Martínez-Patiño M. Effects of eccentric exercise on the quadriceps architecture. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Lower-Limb Muscle Strength, Anterior-Posterior and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Professional, Elite Academy and Amateur Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 77:135-146. [PMID: 34168699 PMCID: PMC8008310 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of the lower-limb strength and strength balance in soccer players and its relationship with injury prevention and performance, the present study compared quadriceps and hamstrings strength, the conventional (Hconc:Qconc), functional (Hecc:Qconc) hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio and inter-limb strength asymmetry in professional, elite academy and amateur male soccer players. In this cross-sectional study, two hundred-six soccer players (professional = 75, elite academy = 68, amateurs = 63) volunteered to participate. Quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak torque was investigated at 60° .s-1 in both the concentric and eccentric modality and at 300°.s-1 in the concentric modality. The conventional Hconc:Qconc, functional Hecc:Qconc ratio and quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry were then calculated. Professional players presented greater quadriceps and hamstrings strength than elite academy (effect size from small to moderate) and amateur players (moderate to very large). Both the conventional Hconc:Qconc and functional Hecc:Qconc ratio were greater in professional than elite academy and amateur players (small to moderate). Overall, quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry was greater in amateurs than professional (small to very large) and elite academy (trivial to large) players. The present findings provide coaches and medical staffs with normative lower-limb muscle strength data on professional, academy and amateur soccer players. Overall lower-limb muscle strength and inter-limb strength asymmetry could be used to evaluate possible inference on injury prevention and performance. The hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio poorly differentiates between the soccer players background and offers limited prediction for injury prevention and performance.
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21
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McNeill C, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Gill N. Survey of Eccentric-Based Strength and Conditioning Practices in Sport. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2769-2775. [PMID: 32796422 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
McNeill, C, Beaven, CM, McMaster, DT, and Gill, N. Survey of eccentric-based strength and conditioning practices in sport. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2769-2775, 2020-Eccentric-based training (ECC) has been shown to be an effective training strategy in athletes; however, despite the theoretical benefits, the uptake by practitioners is currently unknown. This study investigated the current ECC strength and conditioning practices that are implemented in the training of athletes. Two hundred twenty-four practitioners were electronically surveyed anonymously with 98 responses available for analysis. Nearly all respondents (96%) had prescribed ECC in the last 24 months. Sport performance (64%), injury prevention (24%), and rehabilitation (8%) were the top-ranked reasons to include ECC. Respondents programmed ECC for strength (35%), hypertrophy (19%), and power (18%). A majority of respondents did not monitor ECC load (58%) or use eccentric-specific testing (75%). Seventeen respondents commented that high-intensity training such as sprinting and change of direction, were avoided during ECC blocks. Eccentric-based training intensity was prescribed as percentage of 1 repetition maximum (34%), rate of perceived exertion (20%), or velocity (16%). Respondents indicated muscle soreness and concurrent high-intensity activities were concerns during ECC but reported not using eccentric monitoring or testing. The efficacy of ECC is well supported, yet there seems to be a lack of defined protocol for integrating ECC research into practice. A greater understanding of eccentric contribution to sport performance and injury prevention may help define testing and monitoring procedures for the prescription of ECC interventions. Practitioners should consider factors such as periodization, soreness, and monitoring when designing ECC programs. The findings of this survey indicate that no uniform strategies exist for the prescription of ECC among experienced practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNeill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and
| | - Daniel T McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, NZ
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, NZ; and.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, NZ
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Caccavale F, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020772. [PMID: 33477561 PMCID: PMC7831128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the activation of gluteal, thigh, and lower back muscles in different squat variations. Ten male competitive bodybuilders perform back-squat at full (full-BS) or parallel (parallel-BS) depth, using large feet-stance (sumo-BS), and enhancing the feet external rotation (external-rotated-sumo-BS) and front-squat (FS) at 80% 1-RM. The normalized surface electromyographic root-mean-square (sEMG RMS) amplitude of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, adductor longus, longissimus, and iliocostalis was recorded during both the ascending and descending phase of each exercise. During the descending phase, greater sEMG RMS amplitude of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius was found in FS vs. all other exercises (p < 0.05). Additionally, FS elicited iliocostalis more than all other exercises. During the ascending phase, both sumo-BS and external-rotated-sumo-BS showed greater vastus lateralis and adductor longus activation compared to all other exercises (p < 0.05). Moreover, rectus femoris activation was greater in FS compared to full-BS (p < 0.05). No between-exercise difference was found in vastus medialis and longissimus showed no between-exercise difference. FS needs more backward stabilization during the descending phase. Larger feet-stance increases thigh muscles activity, possibly because of their longer length. These findings show how bodybuilders uniquely recruit muscles when performing different squat variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Francesca Caccavale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20122 Milano, Italy
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23
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Effect of Three Half-Squat Protocols on the Tensiomyographic Twitch Response and Tissue Damage of the Rectus Femoris and the Biceps Femoris. J Hum Kinet 2020; 75:15-27. [PMID: 33312292 PMCID: PMC7706669 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the acute effects of a concentric exercise and two different eccentric overload exercises (EOEs) on blood markers of muscle damage (i.e. creatine kinase [CK], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], myoglobin [Myo], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and muscle contractile properties. Ten healthy, young (27 ± 1.5 years, 179 ± 6 cm, 78.7 ± 10.8 kg), physically active men (3.5 ± 1.9 h·w-1) randomly performed three training sessions using the following protocols: a half-squat (HS) as a concentric exercise, and exercises using Versapulley (VP) or YoYo isoinertial technology (YIT) as EOEs (4 x 7 repetitions with a 2 min rest interval between sets). Blood samples and tensiomyography measurements were obtained after each training session. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test was used to detect differences between the four time points of each variable. The standardized difference or effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit) in the selected variables was calculated using the basal SD. After all exercises, a greater activity of CK, LDH, and concentration of Myo, and MDA were found compared to baseline values (p < 0.05). A substantially greater activity of CK, LDH, and Myo concentration, but not MDA, were found after EOEs when compared to the HS protocol. Substantially lower tensiomyography results in the rectus femoris (RF) were reported, irrespective of the exercise mode performed. Also, no substantial differences were obtained in the biceps femoris (BF) between EOEs and the HS protocol. Time of contraction (Tc) in the RF was possibly to very likely lower in the HS in comparison to EOEs. Additionally, muscular displacement (Dm) in the RF was substantially lower in the HS compared to EOEs. VP produced higher concentrations of damage markers than YIT and concentric exercise did. Furthermore, tensiomyography variables showed similar activation in both exercises, although higher specific fatigue (in the RF) was registered in the traditional HS.
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24
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Coratella G, Longo S, Borrelli M, Doria C, Cè E, Esposito F. Vastus intermedius muscle architecture predicts the late phase of the knee extension rate of force development in recreationally resistance-trained men. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1100-1104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Coratella G, Longo S, Cè E, Esposito F, de Almeida Costa Campos Y, Pereira Guimarães M, Fernandes da Silva S, Dufour SP, Hureau TJ, Lemire M, Favret F, Elmer SJ, LaStayo PC, Wernbom M, Seynnes O, Paulsen G, Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J, Mourot L, Rakobowchuk M, Pageaux B, Tremblay J, Peñailillo L, Nosaka K, Hahn D, Raiteri BJ, Škarabot J, Valenzuela PL, Walsh JA, McAndrew DJ, Lepers R, Stapley PJ, Baumert P, Erskine RM, Clos P. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Distinct modalities of eccentric exercise: different recipes, not the same dish. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 127:884-891. [PMID: 31525315 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri de Almeida Costa Campos
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of the University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Miller Pereira Guimarães
- Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil,Postgraduate Program of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of the University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil,Presbyterian College Gammon, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Stéphane P. Dufour
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, FMTS (Federation for Translational Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas J. Hureau
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, FMTS (Federation for Translational Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcel Lemire
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, FMTS (Federation for Translational Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, FMTS (Federation for Translational Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Paul C. LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Mathieu Gruet
- LAMHESS, EA6312, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche- Comté, Besançon, France,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences l’activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tremblay
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences l’activité physique (EKSAP), Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile and Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile and Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Hahn
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Sport Science, Human Movement Science, Bochum, Germany,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent J. Raiteri
- Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Sport Science, Human Movement Science, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joel A. Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl J. McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul J. Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom,Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Clos
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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26
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Effects of Different Inertial Load Settings on Power Output using a Flywheel Leg Curl Exercise and its Inter-Session Reliability. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:215-226. [PMID: 33312289 PMCID: PMC7706644 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the influence of the inertial load on both concentric and eccentric power output production during the flywheel leg curl exercise, and to assess the reliability of power output variables. Sixteen participants (8 males, 8 females) attended 4 testing sessions. During testing, participants performed one set of eight repetitions using a specific inertial load (0.083, 0.132, 0.182, 0.266 and 0.350 kg·m2) with a flywheel leg curl exercise. Concentric (CON) power, eccentric (ECC) power and the ECC/CON ratio were analyzed. The reliability analysis between sessions was performed. A significant interaction of inertia load x gender was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p = 0.004), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.731). A significant with-in (inertia loads) effect was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p < 0.001), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.096). CON power showed very high reliability scores, ECC power showed high to very high reliability scores, while the ECC/CON ratio ranged from poor to moderate. A significant between gender effect was found in CON power (p < 0.001) and in ECC power (p < 0.001), but not in the ECC/CON ratio (p = 0.752). This study is the first to report that power output in the flywheel leg curl exercise is altered by the inertia load used, as well as power output is different according to gender. CON and ECC power output presents high to very high reliability scores, and the ECC/CON ratio should not be used instead. These results can have important practical implications for testing and training prescription in sports.
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27
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Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. An Electromyographic Analysis of Lateral Raise Variations and Frontal Raise in Competitive Bodybuilders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176015. [PMID: 32824894 PMCID: PMC7503819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the muscle activation in lateral raise with humerus rotated externally (LR-external), neutrally (LR-neutral), internally (LR-internal), with flexed elbow (LR-flexed) and frontal raise during both the concentric and eccentric phase. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed the exercises. Normalized surface electromyographic root mean square (sEMG RMS) was obtained from anterior, medial, and posterior deltoid, pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and triceps brachii. During the concentric phase, anterior deltoid and posterior deltoid showed greater sEMG RMS in frontal raise (effect size (ES)-range: 1.78/9.25)) and LR-internal (ES-range: 10.79/21.34), respectively, vs. all other exercises. Medial deltoid showed greater sEMG RMS in LR-neutral than LR-external (ES: 1.47 (95% confidence-interval—CI: 0.43/2.38)), frontal raise (ES: 10.28(95% CI: 6.67/13.01)), and LR-flexed (ES: 6.41(95% CI: 4.04/8.23)). Pectoralis major showed greater sEMG RMS in frontal raise vs. all other exercises (ES-range: 17.2/29.5), while upper trapezius (ES-range: 2.66/7.18) and triceps brachii (ES-range: 0.41/3.31) showed greater sEMG RMS in LR-internal vs. all other exercises. Similar recruitment patterns were found during the eccentric phase. When humerus rotates internally, greater activation of posterior deltoid, triceps brachii, and upper trapezius occurs. Humerus external rotation increases the activation of anterior and medial deltoid. Frontal raise mainly activates anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. LR variations and frontal raise activate specifically shoulders muscles and should be proposed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milano, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (G.T.); (S.L.); (F.E.); (E.C.)
- IRCSS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milano, Italy
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Four weeks of augmented eccentric loading using a novel leg press device improved leg strength in well-trained athletes and professional sprint track cyclists. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236663. [PMID: 32726364 PMCID: PMC7390385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of strength training using augmented eccentric loading to provoke increases in leg strength in well-trained athletes, and sprint track cyclists, using a novel leg press device. Twelve well-trained athletes were randomly allocated traditional resistance training (TRAD, n = 6), or resistance training using augmented eccentric loading (AEL, n = 6). A further 5 full-time, professional sprint track cyclists from a senior national squad programme also trained with augmented eccentric loading (AEL-ATH) alongside their usual sport-specific training. Participants completed four weeks of twice-weekly resistance training using the leg press exercise. In TRAD the lowering phase of the lift was set relative to concentric strength. In AEL and AEL-ATH the lowering phase was individualised to eccentric strength. Concentric, eccentric, isometric and coupled eccentric-concentric leg press strength, and back squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM), were assessed pre- and post-training. The AEL and AEL-ATH groups performed the eccentric phase with an average 26 ± 4% greater load across the programme. All groups experienced increases in concentric (5%, 7% and 3% for TRAD, AEL & AEL-ATH respectively), eccentric (7%, 11% and 6% for TRAD, AEL & AEL-ATH respectively), and squat 1RM (all p < 0.05), where the AEL-ATH group experienced relatively greater increases (13% vs. 5% in TRAD and AEL, p < 0.01). The TRAD and AEL groups also increased isometric strength (p < 0.05). A four-week period of augmented eccentric loading increased leg strength in well-trained athletes and track cyclists. The eccentric leg press stimulus was well-tolerated, supporting the inclusion of such training in the preparation programmes of athletes.
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Sarto F, Franchi MV, Rigon PA, Grigoletto D, Zoffoli L, Zanuso S, Narici MV. Muscle activation during leg-press exercise with or without eccentric overload. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1651-1656. [PMID: 32447452 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to investigate the electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle during concentric-eccentric exercise using a new concept leg press machine enabling a preset overloading in the eccentric phase. METHODS Ten young males familiar with resistive exercise were recruited for this study. Tests were performed on a Leg-press Biostrength® (Technogym S.p.A., Italy). The load was set to 70% and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The participants performed 2 sets of 6 repetitions at each relative load with (ECC +) and without (ISOW) an eccentric overload equivalent to 150% of the concentric load. A metronome was employed to maintain the selected cadence. Sets were separated by a 5-min rest. Surface electromyography (EMG) of VL was recorded and integrated (iEMG). RESULTS Results showed a higher iEMG in ECC + with respect to ISOW at both intensities (+ 29% for 70% 1-RM, p < 0.01 and + 31% for 80% 1-RM, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were detected between concentric and eccentric phase in both ECC + conditions. CONCLUSIONS Training with a 150% eccentric overload provides a ~ 30% greater motor unit recruitment of the VL muscle in leg press exercise. Moreover, the results show that the eccentric overloading provided by the Biostrength® machine enables training at the same level of neural activation of the concentric phase. Hence, the derecruitment of motor units, normally observed during the eccentric phase when using conventional training machines, was overcome using the Biostrength® machine; this observation seems particularly important for maximizing neuromuscular responses to strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sarto
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - P A Rigon
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D Grigoletto
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - L Zoffoli
- Technogym Scientific Department, Technogym S.P.A, Cesena, Italy
| | - S Zanuso
- Technogym Scientific Department, Technogym S.P.A, Cesena, Italy
| | - M V Narici
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Coratella G, Longo S, Rampichini S, Limonta E, Shokohyar S, Bisconti AV, Cè E, Esposito F. Quadriceps and Gastrocnemii Anatomical Cross-Sectional Area and Vastus Lateralis Fascicle Length Predict Peak-Power and Time-To-Peak-Power. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:158-165. [PMID: 31609180 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1648745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The current study investigated the role of quadriceps and gastrocnemii size and vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis muscle architecture in peak-power and time-to-peak-power exerted in an all-out Wingate test. Twenty-one amateur cyclists were recruited. Methods: Quadriceps and gastrocnemii anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), and vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis pennation angle and fascicle length were measured using ultrasound. Relative peak-power (normalized per body mass) and time-to-peak-power were measured during a 30s all-out test. Results: Relative peak-power was correlated with quadriceps ACSA (r = 0.896, p < .001), gastrocnemii ACSA (r = 0.811, p < .001), vastus lateralis (r = 0.787, p < .001) and gastrocnemius medialis pennation angle (r = 0.638, p < .003). Multiple regression revealed that quadriceps and gastrocnemii ACSA accounted for 85% (R2= 0.85) of peak-power variance. Time-to-peak-power showed very large (r = -0.868, p < .001) and large correlation (r = -0.680, p = .001) with VL and GM fascicle length, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that VL fascicle length explained 75% (R2= 0.75) of the time-to-peak-power variance. Conclusions: Quadriceps and gastrocnemii ACSA largely explained relative peak-power in an all-out Wingate test. Vastus lateralis fascicle length was the main predictor of the time-to-peak-power. Muscle architecture characteristics seem to be involved in the power generating capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eloisa Limonta
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi
| | | | | | - Emiliano Cè
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi
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Effects of in-season enhanced negative work-based vs traditional weight training on change of direction and hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio in soccer players. Biol Sport 2019; 36:241-248. [PMID: 31624418 PMCID: PMC6786325 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2019.87045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of in-season enhanced negative work-based training (ENT) vs weight training in the change of direction (COD), sprinting and jumping ability, muscle mass and strength in semi-professional soccer players. Forty male soccer players participated in the eight-week, 1 d/w intervention consisting of 48 squat repetitions for ENT using a flywheel device (inertia=0.11 kg·m-2) or weight training (80%1 RM) as a control group (CON). Agility T-test, 20+20 m shuttle, 10 m and 30 m sprint, squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), lean mass, quadriceps and hamstrings strength and the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio were measured. Time on agility T-test and 20+20 m shuttle decreased in ENT (effect-size =-1.44, 95% CI -2.24/-0.68 and -0.75, -1.09/-0.42 respectively) but not in CON (-0.33, -0.87/0.19 and -0.13, -0.58/0.32). SJ and CMJ height increased in both ENT (0.71, 0.45/0.97 and 0.65, 0.38/0.93) and CON (0.41, 0.23/0.60 and 0.36, 0.12/0.70). Overall, quadriceps and hamstrings strength increased in both ENT and CON (0.38/0.79), but the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio increased in ENT (0.31, 0.22/0.40) but not in CON (0.03, -0.18/0.24). Lean mass increased in both ENT (0.41, 0.26/0.57) and CON (0.29, 0.14/0.44). The repeated negative actions performed in ENT may have led to improvements in braking ability, a key point in COD performance. Semi-professional soccer players may benefit from in-season ENT to enhance COD and the negative-specific adaptations in muscle strength and hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio.
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Rate of Force Development and Muscle Architecture after Fast and Slow Velocity Eccentric Training. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020041. [PMID: 30769873 PMCID: PMC6410101 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the rate of force development (RFD) and muscle architecture early adaptations in response to training with fast- or slow-velocity eccentric squats. Eighteen young novice participants followed six weeks (two sessions/week) of either fast-velocity (Fast) or slow-velocity (Slow) squat eccentric-only training. Fast eccentric training consisted of nine sets of nine eccentric-only repetitions at 70% of 1-RM with <1 s duration for each repetition. Slow eccentric training consisted of five sets of six eccentric-only repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with ~4 sec duration for each repetition. Before and after training, squat 1-RM, countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric leg press RFD, and vastus lateralis muscle architecture were evaluated. Squat 1-RM increased by 14.5 ± 7.0% (Fast, p < 0.01) and by 5.4 ± 5.1% (Slow, p < 0.05). RFD and fascicle length increased significantly in the Fast group by 10–19% and 10.0 ± 6.2%, p < 0.01, respectively. Muscle thickness increased only in the Slow group (6.0 ± 6.8%, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the training induced changes in fascicle length and RFD. These results suggest that fast eccentric resistance training may be more appropriate for increases in rapid force production compared to slow eccentric resistance training, and this may be partly due to increases in muscle fascicle length induced by fast eccentric training.
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Coratella G, Longo S, Cè E, Limonta E, Rampichini S, Bisconti AV, Schena F, Esposito F. Sex-Related Responses to Eccentric-Only Resistance Training in Knee-Extensors Muscle Strength and Architecture. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:347-353. [PMID: 29889610 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1472734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate whether or not eccentric-only training induced different sex-related adaptations in vastus lateralis muscle architecture and knee extensors strength. METHODS Thirteen healthy women and 13 healthy men were recruited. Vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length, and muscle thickness, as well as knee extensors eccentric, isometric, and concentric peak torque and one-repetition maximum (1RM) were measured. Both women and men underwent a unilateral iso-load knee-extension eccentric-only training with 120% of the concentric 1RM, consisting of 4 sets × 10 repetitions twice a week for a total of 8 weeks. RESULTS Pennation angle increased in women (+ 14%, 95% CI [10, 17], effect size [ES] = 1.54) but not in men (+ 5%, 95% CI [-1, 11], ES = 0.28), while fascicle length increased in both women (+ 7%, 95% CI [4, 10], ES = 1.02) and men (+ 12%, 95% CI [8, 16], ES = 1.82) and muscle thickness increased in women (+ 13%, 95% CI [8, 18], ES = 1.11) and men (+ 11%, 95% CI [7, 15], ES = 0.89). In both women and men, eccentric (18%, 95% CI [11, 25], ES = 0.96, and 16%, 95% CI [9, 22], ES = 0.82, respectively), isometric (17%, 95% CI [11, 23], ES = 0.53, and 17%, 95% CI [10, 24], ES = 0.62), concentric (12%, 95% CI [7, 16], ES = 0.49, and 9%, 95% CI [5, 13], ES = 0.42) peak torque and 1RM (10%, 95% CI [6, 14], ES = 0.53, and 10%, 95% CI [5, 15], ES = 0.50) similarly increased after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the adaptations in strength are not sex-dependent, but the increases in pennation angle only in women suggest that the changes in muscle architecture may depend on sex.
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Coratella G, Beato M, Milanese C, Longo S, Limonta E, Rampichini S, Cè E, Bisconti AV, Schena F, Esposito F. Specific Adaptations in Performance and Muscle Architecture After Weighted Jump-Squat vs. Body Mass Squat Jump Training in Recreational Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:921-929. [PMID: 29420390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coratella, G, Beato, M, Milanese, C, Longo, S, Limonta, E, Rampichini, S, Cè, E, Bisconti, AV, Schena, F, and Esposito, F. Specific adaptations in performance and muscle architecture after weighted jump-squat vs. body mass squat jump training in recreational soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 921-929, 2018-The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of weighted jump-squat training (WJST) vs. body mass squat jump training (BMSJT) on quadriceps' muscle architecture, lower-limb lean-mass (LM) and muscle strength, performance in change of direction (COD), and sprint and jump in recreational soccer players. Forty-eight healthy soccer players participated in an offseason randomized controlled trial. Before and after an 8-week training intervention, vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length, muscle thickness, LM, squat 1RM, quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak torque, agility T-test, 10-and 30-m sprints, and squat-jump (SJ) were measured. Although similar increases were observed in muscle thickness, fascicle length increased more in WJST (Effect size [ES] = 1.18, 0.82-1.54) than in BMSJT (ES = 0.54, 0.40-0.68), and pennation angle increased only in BMSJT (ES = 1.03, 0.78-1.29). Greater increases in LM were observed in WJST (ES = 0.44, 0.29-0.59) than in BMSJT (ES = 0.21, 0.07-0.37). The agility T-test (ES = 2.95, 2.72-3.18), 10-m (ES = 0.52, 0.22-0.82), and 30-m sprints (ES = 0.52, 0.23-0.81) improved only in WJST, whereas SJ improved in BMSJT (ES = 0.89, 0.43-1.35) more than in WJST (ES = 0.30, 0.03-0.58). Similar increases in squat 1RM and peak torque occurred in both groups. The greater inertia accumulated within the landing phase in WJST vs. BMSJT has increased the eccentric workload, leading to specific eccentric-like adaptations in muscle architecture. The selective improvements in COD in WJST may be related to the increased braking ability generated by the enhanced eccentric workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Julian V, Thivel D, Costes F, Touron J, Boirie Y, Pereira B, Perrault H, Duclos M, Richard R. Eccentric Training Improves Body Composition by Inducing Mechanical and Metabolic Adaptations: A Promising Approach for Overweight and Obese Individuals. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1013. [PMID: 30131705 PMCID: PMC6090036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle generates force by either shortening (concentrically) or lengthening (eccentrically). Eccentric (ECC) exercise is characterized by a lower metabolic demand and requires less muscle activity than concentric (CON) exercise at the same level of exerted force. However, the specific effect of ECC training vs. CON training on lean and fat mass remains underexplored. The first aim of this paper was to review the available evidence regarding the effects of ECC training on whole body and segmental lean and fat mass and, when possible, compare these with the effects of CON training. The second aim was to provide some insights into the main mechanical, physiological, and metabolic adaptations of ECC training that contribute to its effects on body composition. The third aim was to determine the beneficial effects of ECC exercise on health-related parameters in overweight and obese patients. ECC training is an effective modality to improve lean mass, but when matched for load or work, the difference between ECC and CON trainings seems unclear. A few studies reported that ECC training is also efficient at reducing fat mass. By increasing post-exercise resting energy expenditure, modifying metabolic substrate, and improving both blood lipid profile and insulin resistance, ECC training is a potential exercise modality for individuals with chronic conditions such as those who are overweight and obese. Further investigations using standardized experimental conditions, examining not only segmental but also whole body composition, are required to compare ECC and CON trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Julian
- Service de Médecine du Sport et Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratoire AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Service de Médecine du Sport et Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julianne Touron
- INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Service de Nutrition Clinique, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Service de Biostatistique, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martine Duclos
- Service de Médecine du Sport et Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Service de Médecine du Sport et Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Coratella G, Grosprêtre S, Gimenez P, Mourot L. Greater fatigability in knee-flexors vs. knee-extensors after a standardized fatiguing protocol. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1110-1118. [PMID: 29738677 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1469674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a standardized fatiguing protocol on central and peripheral fatigue in knee-flexors and knee-extensors. Thirteen healthy men (age: 23 ± 3 years; height: 1.78 ± 0.09 m; body-mass: 73.6 ± 9.2 kg) volunteered for the present study. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), Electromyography (EMG) activity, voluntary activation level (VAL) as an index of central fatigue and twitch potentiation as an index of peripheral fatigue were measured before and after the fatiguing protocol. The fatiguing protocol consisted of a 0.6 duty-cycle to exhaustion (6 s isometric contraction, 4 s recovery) at 70% MVC. After the fatiguing protocol, MVC decreased in both (Effect-size (ES) = 1.14) and knee-extensors (ES = 1.14), and EMG activity increased in both knee-flexors (ES = 2.33) and knee-extensors (ES = 1.54). Decreases in VAL occurred in knee-flexors (ES = 0.92) but not in knee-extensors (ES = 0.04). Decreases in potentiation occurred in both knee-flexors (ES = 0.84) and knee-extensors (ES = 0.58). The greater central occurrence of fatigue in knee-flexors than in knee-extensors may depend on the different muscle morphology and coupled with a greater tolerance to fatigue in knee-extensors. The present data add further insight to the complicated knee-flexors-to-knee-extensors strength relationship and the mechanisms behind the different occurrence of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- a EA4660-C3S Laboratory - Culture, Sports, Health and Society and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- a EA4660-C3S Laboratory - Culture, Sports, Health and Society and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- a EA4660-C3S Laboratory - Culture, Sports, Health and Society and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- c EA3920-Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Heart and Vascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France.,d Department of Physical Training , Tomsk Polytechnic University , Tomsk , Russia
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Coratella G, Rinaldo N, Schena F. Quadriceps concentric-eccentric force and muscle architecture in COPD patients vs healthy men. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:88-95. [PMID: 29625361 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare quadriceps concentric and eccentric strength and muscle architecture in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients vs healthy men. Thirty-five COPD patients (age = 65 ± 4 yrs, forced expiratory volume (FEV1) = 63 ± 10%; FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC)=57 ± 13% of predicted) and 25 age-matched healthy men (age = 65 ± 4 yrs, FEV1=114 ± 17%; FEV1/FVC = 101 ± 6% of predicted) (CON) participated in the present cross-sectional study. Concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak-torque was measured at low and high angular-velocity. Vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length and muscle thickness were recorded using ultrasound device. Similar eccentric peak-torque was found in COPD and CON at low (2.57 ± 0.55 and 2.80 ± 0.60 N⋅m⋅kg-1, p = 0.128 respectively) and high (2.44 ± 0.51 and 2.58 ± 0.46 N⋅m⋅kg-1, p = 0.259) angular-velocity. Lower concentric peak-torque was found in COPD than in CON (p < 0.05). Smaller pennation angle (13.8 ± 3.4 vs 16.2 ± 3.9°) and muscle thickness (17.1 ± 2.8 vs 20.3 ± 3.0 mm) were found in COPD patients vs healthy men, with no difference in fascicle length. In COPD patients only, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were negatively correlated with the eccentric-to-concentric peak-torque ratio (r = -0.465 and r = -0.414, respectively); irrespective of the testing-modality, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were moderately correlated with peak-torque (p < 0.05). The preserved eccentric strength in COPD patients could be accounted for both mechanical and neural adaptations caused by the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Italy; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Rinaldo
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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Coratella G, Beato M, Schena F. Correlation between quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry with change of direction and sprint in U21 elite soccer-players. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:81-87. [PMID: 29625360 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between in quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb strength asymmetry and change of direction, sprinting and jumping abilities in U21 elite soccer players. Twenty-seven soccer players volunteered for this study. Isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque was measured at high and low angular velocities, both in concentric and eccentric modalities. Performance in agility T-test, 20 + 20 m shuttle-test, 10 m and 30 m sprint, squat jump (SJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ), were measured. Overall, time on agility T-test and 20 + 20 m shuttle-test was moderately and positively correlated with the quadriceps and hamstrings inter-limb eccentric peak torque asymmetry, both at high and low angular velocities. In addition, time on 10 m and 30 m sprints was moderately and positively correlated with the hamstrings inter-limb high-velocity concentric peak torque asymmetry. SJ and CMJ showed trivial to small correlations with hamstrings and quadriceps inter-limb peak torque asymmetry. The present results provide further information insight the role of lower-limb muscle strength balance in COD, sprinting and jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Italy; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Beato
- Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
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Coratella G, Limonta E, Cé E, Longo S, Bisconti AV, Montaruli A, Schena F, Esposito F. Running fatiguing protocol affects peak torque joint angle and peak torque differently in hamstrings vs. quadriceps. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coratella G, Schena F. Eccentric resistance training increases and retains maximal strength, muscle endurance, and hypertrophy in trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1184-1189. [PMID: 27801598 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different resistance training protocols on muscle strength, endurance, and hypertrophy after training and detraining. Thirty-four resistance-trained males were randomized in concentric-only (CONC), eccentric-only (ECC), traditional concentric-eccentric (TRAD) bench press resistance training or control group. The training volume was equalized among the intervention groups. Bench press of 1-repetition maximum (1RM)/body mass, maximum number of repetitions (MNR), and chest circumference were evaluated at the baseline, after 6 weeks of training, and after 6 weeks of detraining. All intervention groups reported significant 1RM/body mass increases after training (CONC baseline: 1.04 ± 0.06, post-training: 1.12 ± 0.08, p < 0.05; ECC baseline: 1.08 ± 0.04, post-training: 1.15 ± 0.05, p < 0.05; TRAD baseline: 1.06 ± 0.08, post-training: 1.11 ± 0.10, p < 0.05). After detraining, only ECC retained 1RM/body mass above the baseline (1.17 ± 0.07, p < 0.05), while CONC and TRAD returned to baseline values. Only ECC improved and retained MNR (baseline: 22 ± 3; post-training: 25 ± 3, and post-detraining: 25 ± 4, p < 0.05 compared with baseline) and chest circumference (baseline: 98.3 ± 2.4 cm, post-training: 101.7 ± 2.2 cm and post-detraining: 100.7 ± 2.3 cm. p < 0.05 compared with baseline), while no significant changes occurred in both CONC and TRAD. The incorporation of eccentric training can be recommended for counteracting the negative effects of detraining or forced physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Science, University of Verona, via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
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Ema R, Akagi R, Wakahara T, Kawakami Y. Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.5.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health & Sports Science, Doshisha University
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