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Sarto F, Franchi MV, Rigon PA, Grigoletto D, Zoffoli L, Zanuso S, Narici MV. Muscle activation during leg-press exercise with or without eccentric overload. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1651-1656. [PMID: 32447452 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to investigate the electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle during concentric-eccentric exercise using a new concept leg press machine enabling a preset overloading in the eccentric phase. METHODS Ten young males familiar with resistive exercise were recruited for this study. Tests were performed on a Leg-press Biostrength® (Technogym S.p.A., Italy). The load was set to 70% and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The participants performed 2 sets of 6 repetitions at each relative load with (ECC +) and without (ISOW) an eccentric overload equivalent to 150% of the concentric load. A metronome was employed to maintain the selected cadence. Sets were separated by a 5-min rest. Surface electromyography (EMG) of VL was recorded and integrated (iEMG). RESULTS Results showed a higher iEMG in ECC + with respect to ISOW at both intensities (+ 29% for 70% 1-RM, p < 0.01 and + 31% for 80% 1-RM, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were detected between concentric and eccentric phase in both ECC + conditions. CONCLUSIONS Training with a 150% eccentric overload provides a ~ 30% greater motor unit recruitment of the VL muscle in leg press exercise. Moreover, the results show that the eccentric overloading provided by the Biostrength® machine enables training at the same level of neural activation of the concentric phase. Hence, the derecruitment of motor units, normally observed during the eccentric phase when using conventional training machines, was overcome using the Biostrength® machine; this observation seems particularly important for maximizing neuromuscular responses to strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sarto
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - P A Rigon
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D Grigoletto
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - L Zoffoli
- Technogym Scientific Department, Technogym S.P.A, Cesena, Italy
| | - S Zanuso
- Technogym Scientific Department, Technogym S.P.A, Cesena, Italy
| | - M V Narici
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Zanuso S, Bergamin M, Jimenez A, Pugliese G, D'Errico V, Nicolucci A, Ermolao A, Balducci S. Determination of metabolic equivalents during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy young subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. Biol Sport 2016; 33:77-82. [PMID: 26929474 PMCID: PMC4763546 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1194124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the metabolic equivalents (METs) of resistance exercise in obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and healthy young subjects and to evaluate whether there were differences between sessions executed at low- versus high-intensity resistance exercise. Twenty obese patients with T2DM (62.9±6.1 years) and 22 young subjects (22.6±1.9 years) performed two training sessions: one at vigorous intensity (80% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM)) and one at moderate intensity (60% of 1RM). Both groups carried out three strength exercises with a 2-day recovery between sessions. Oxygen consumption was continuously measured 15 min before, during and after each training session. Obese T2DM patients showed lower METs values compared with young healthy participants at the baseline phase (F= 2043.86; P<0.01), during training (F=1140.59; P<0.01) and in the post-exercise phase (F=1012.71; P<0.01). No effects were detected in the group x intensity analysis of covariance. In this study, at both light-moderate and vigorous resistance exercise intensities, the METs value that best represented both sessions was 3 METs for the obese elderly T2DM patients and 5 METs for young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zanuso
- Centre for Sport Sciences and Human Performance, Department of Sports Science, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Bergamin
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Jimenez
- School of Sports Science, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Italy
| | - G Pugliese
- Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - V D'Errico
- Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Nicolucci
- Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology (CORE), Pescara, Italy
| | - A Ermolao
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Balducci
- Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Mann S, Beedie C, Balducci S, Zanuso S, Allgrove J, Bertiato F, Jimenez A. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:257-68. [PMID: 24130081 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly prevalent condition with complications including blindness and kidney failure. Evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes is associated with a sedentary lifestyle, with physical activity demonstrated to increase glucose uptake and improve glycaemic control. Proposed mechanisms for these effects include the maintenance and improvement of insulin sensitivity via increased glucose transporter type four production. The optimal mode, frequency, intensity and duration of exercise for the improvement of insulin sensitivity are however yet to be identified. We review the evidence from 34 published studies addressing the effects on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity of aerobic exercise, resistance training and both combined. Effect sizes and confidence intervals are reported for each intervention and meta-analysis presented. The quality of the evidence is tentatively graded, and recommendations for best practice proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mann
- UKactive Research Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK
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Balducci S, Sacchetti M, Orlando G, Salvi L, Pugliese L, Salerno G, D'Errico V, Iacobini C, Conti FG, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Pugliese G. Correlates of muscle strength in diabetes: The study on the assessment of determinants of muscle and bone strength abnormalities in diabetes (SAMBA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:18-26. [PMID: 24095149 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apart from late motor nerve dysfunction, factors affecting muscle strength in diabetes are largely unknown. This study was aimed at assessing muscle strength correlates in diabetic subjects encompassing a wide range of peripheral nerve function and various degrees of micro and macrovascular complications. METHODS AND RESULTS Four-hundred consecutive patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes (aged 46.4 ± 13.9 and 65.8 ± 10.3 years, respectively) from the Study on the Assessment of Determinants of Muscle and Bone Strength Abnormalities in Diabetes (SAMBA) were examined for upper and lower body muscle isometric maximal voluntary contraction by dynamometry. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied to identify strength correlates. Isometric force at both the upper and lower limbs was significantly lower in subjects with than in those without any complication. At univariate analysis, it was strongly associated with age, diabetes duration, physical activity (PA) level, cardio-respiratory fitness, anthropometric parameters, surrogate measures of complications, and parameters of sensory and autonomic, but not motor (except amplitude) neuropathy. Multivariate analysis revealed that upper and lower body strength correlated independently with male gender and, inversely, with age, autonomic neuropathy score (or individual autonomic function abnormalities), and vibration perception threshold, but not sensory-motor neuropathy score. Diabetes duration and PA level were excluded from the model. CONCLUSIONS Both upper and lower body muscle strength correlate with measures of diabetic complications and particularly with parameters of sensory and especially autonomic nerve function, independently of diabetes duration and PA level, thus suggesting the involvement of mechanisms other than manifest motor nerve impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Sacchetti
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, "Foro Italico" University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Orlando
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, "Foro Italico" University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Salvi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - L Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - G Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - V D'Errico
- Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - C Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - F G Conti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S Zanuso
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - A Nicolucci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Nicolucci A, Balducci S, Cardelli P, Cavallo S, Fallucca S, Bazuro A, Simonelli P, Iacobini C, Zanuso S, Pugliese G. Relationship of exercise volume to improvements of quality of life with supervised exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomised controlled trial: the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Diabetologia 2012; 55:579-88. [PMID: 22234648 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A positive impact of exercise intervention programmes on quality of life (QoL) may be important for long-term patient compliance to exercise recommendations. We have previously shown that QoL improves significantly with supervised exercise, whereas it worsens with counselling alone, in patients with type 2 diabetes from the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES). Here, we report data on the relationship between changes in QoL and volume of physical activity/exercise in these individuals. METHODS This multicentre parallel randomised controlled, open-label, trial enrolled sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 606 of 691 eligible) in 22 outpatient diabetes clinics. Patients were randomised by centre, age and diabetes treatment using a permuted-block design to twice-a-week supervised aerobic and resistance training plus exercise counselling (exercise group) versus counselling alone (control group) for 12 months. Health-related QoL was assessed by the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey. RESULTS In the exercise group (n = 268 of 303 randomised), there was a trend for increasing QoL with increasing exercise volume, with significant improvement of the physical component summary (PCS) measure only above 17.5 metabolic equivalents h⁻¹ week⁻¹ and a clear volume-relationship for the mental component summary (MCS) measure. A relationship with volume of physical activity also was observed in the control group (n = 260 of 303 randomised), despite overall deterioration of all scores. Independent correlates of improvements in both PCS and MCS were exercise volume, study arm and, inversely, baseline score. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This large trial shows a relationship between changes in physical and mental health-related QoL measures and volume of physical activity/exercise, with supervised exercise training also providing volume-independent benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicolucci
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Fernando F, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, Fallucca S, Alessi E, Letizia C, Jimenez A, Fallucca F, Pugliese G. Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:608-617. [PMID: 19695853 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated the effect of different exercise modalities on high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-two patients were randomized into 4 groups: sedentary control (A); receiving counseling to perform low-intensity physical activity (B); performing prescribed and supervised high-intensity aerobic (C) or aerobic+resistance (D) exercise (with the same caloric expenditure) for 12 months. Evaluation of leisure-time physical activity and assessment of physical fitness, cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers was performed at baseline and every 3 months. Volume of physical activity increased and HbA(1c) decreased in Groups B-D. VO(2max), HOMA-IR index, HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference and albuminuria improved in Groups C and D, whereas strength and flexibility improved only in Group D. Levels of hs-CRP decreased in all three exercising groups, but the reduction was significant only in Groups C and D, and particularly in Group D. Changes in VO(2max) and the exercise modalities were strong predictors of hs-CRP reduction, independent of body weight. Leptin, resistin and interleukin-6 decreased, whereas adiponectin increased in Groups C and D. Interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ decreased, whereas anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 and 10 increased only in Group D. CONCLUSION Physical exercise in type 2 diabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome is associated with a significant reduction of hs-CRP and other inflammatory and insulin resistance biomarkers, independent of weight loss. Long-term high-intensity (preferably mixed) training, in addition to daytime physical activity, is required to obtain a significant anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balducci
- Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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Balducci S, Zanuso S, Fernando F, Fallucca S, Fallucca F, Pugliese G. Physical activity/exercise training in type 2 diabetes. The role of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25 Suppl 1:S29-33. [PMID: 19662617 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely related to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Trials in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance have highlighted the role of physical activity/exercise in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, physical activity and exercise training have been recognized as treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes. Both aerobic and resistance training were shown to produce beneficial effects by reducing HbA(1c), inducing weight loss and improving fat distribution, lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mixed aerobic and resistance training was recently shown to be more effective than either one alone in ameliorating HbA(1c). However, further research is needed to establish the volume, intensity and type of exercise that are required to reduce cardiovascular burden and particularly to define the best strategy for promoting long-term compliance and durable lifestyle changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) is a prospective Italian multicentre randomized controlled trial, of larger size and longer duration than previously published trials. It has been designed to assess the combined effect of structured counselling and supervised mixed (aerobic plus resistance) exercise training, as compared with counselling alone, on HbA(1c) and other cardiovascular risk factors as well as fitness parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. This study was also aimed at testing a sustainable strategy for promoting and maintaining a sufficient level of physical activity among individuals with type 2 diabetes to be implemented at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balducci
- Metabolic Fitness Association, Via Nomentana, 27 - 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.
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Pugliese G, Zanuso S, Alessi E, Simonelli P, Fallucca S, Fallucca F, Balducci S. Self glucose monitoring and physical exercise in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25 Suppl 1:S11-7. [PMID: 19662620 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness, which is determined mainly by the level of physical activity, is inversely related to mortality in the general population as well as in subjects with diabetes, the incidence of which is also increased by low exercise capacity. Exercise is capable of promoting glucose utilization in normal subjects as well as in insulin-deficient or insulin-resistant diabetic individuals. In diabetic subjects treated with insulin or insulin secretagogues, exercise may also result in complications, with too much insulin causing hypoglycaemia and not enough insulin leading to hyperglycaemia and possibly ketoacidosis; both complications may also occur several hours after exercise. Therefore, self-monitoring of blood glucose before, during (for exercise duration of more than 1 h) and after physical exercise is highly recommended, and also carbohydrate supplementation may be required. In the Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES), measurement of blood glucose and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels before and after supervised sessions of combined (aerobic + resistance) exercise in type 2 diabetic subjects with the metabolic syndrome showed significant reductions of these parameters, though no major hypoglycaemic or hypotensive episode was detected. The extent of reduction of blood glucose was related to baseline values but not to energy expenditure and was higher in subjects treated with insulin than in those on diet or oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA). Thus, supervised exercise training associated with blood glucose monitoring is an effective and safe intervention to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliese
- Diabetes Division, S. Andrea Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, 2nd Medical School, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Biscarini A, Benvenuti P, Cecchinelli F, Zanuso S. Biomechanical analysis in the development of a new cardiovascular equipment. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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