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Xue J, Li Z, Zhang W, Li W, Liu L, Zhang Z. The longitudinal impact of reinforcement sensitivity on internet addiction among college students: the mediating role of self-control. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1298380. [PMID: 38260784 PMCID: PMC10801160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1298380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the rapid expanding of internet technology, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that predict Internet addiction. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal impact of reinforcement sensitivity on internet addiction among college students and the mediating role of self-control. Methods The study involves two follow-up assessments with a 5-month interval. 383 college students' reinforcement sensitivity, self-control, and internet addiction were measured at two-time points. Results ①The revised Behavioral Approach System (r-BAS) at Time Point 1 (T1) could predict both T1 and Time Point 2 (T2) internet addiction through the complete mediation of T1 self-control. ②The revised Behavioral Inhibition System (r-BIS) at T1, along with the Fight/Flight/Freeze System (FFFS), can predict T1 and T2 internet addiction through the partial mediation of T1 self-control. Conclusion Reinforcement sensitivity can predict current and future internet addiction, with self-control playing a mediating role. This study provides longitudinal experimental evidence for the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST), further revealing the underlying mechanisms through which reinforcement sensitivity influences internet addiction. Additionally, it has implications for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xue
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Wendi Li
- Xiamen Hubin High School, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyou Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Hunan College of Information, Changsha, China
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McGarry P, Shortland N, Anastasio N, Palmieri M. The Behavioral Inhibition System and Engagement With, and Influence By, COVID-19 and Election-Based Misinformation. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:133-156. [PMID: 37650441 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231194638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The negative impact of misinformation on public discourse and public safety is increasingly a focus of attention. From the COVID-19 pandemic to national elections, exposure to misinformation has been linked to conflicting perceptions of social, economic, and political issues, which has been found to lead to polarization, radicalization, and acts of violence at the individual and group level. While a large body of research has emerged examining the development and spread of misinformation, little has been done to examine the human processes of being exposed to, and influenced by, misinformation material online. This article uses reinforcement sensitivity theory to examine the effect of individual differences in the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) on the behavioral and cognitive intentions to engage in violence after exposure to misinformation online. Using an online panel sample (Mechanical Turk), and a behavioral study that involved exposure to, and interaction with, misinformation, this study found that trait BIS score impacted how much individuals engaged with misinformation, as well as their ensuing activism and radicalism toward the narratives that were depicted. This study identified that engagement with misinformation impacted intentions for activism and radicalism, as did trait BIS. However, these effects were present for both misinformation and correct information conditions. These findings highlight the importance of BIS-related processes and raise important questions about the degree to which we need to think about online influence as a general process versus specific processes that directly relate to the effect of misinformation.
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Hirano K, Oba K, Saito T, Kawashima R, Sugiura M. Social-coalitional trait is related to coping capacity with mortality threat: association with leadership and a reduced parietal response to mortality salience. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1188878. [PMID: 37521724 PMCID: PMC10372426 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1188878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coping with mortality threat, a psychological threat unique to humans and distinct from general emotional distress, is traditionally characterized by immediate suppression and prolonged worldview defense within the framework of the influential terror management theory (TMT). Views regarding the personality-trait concepts for this coping capacity diverge: some favor a broad definition based on general psychological attitudes (e.g., hardiness), while others prefer a narrow definition linked to interpersonal attitudes related to social coalition (e.g., attachment style and self-transcendence). Methods Using functional MRI, we presented healthy older participants with death-related words and explored correlations between the neural responses to mortality threat and the factor scores of the Power to Live questionnaire, which measures eight resilience-related psychobehavioral traits. Results We observed a significant association between the factor score and a neural response only for leadership; individuals with a high leadership score exhibited reduced neural response to mortality salience in the right inferior parietal lobule. Discussion Within the TMT framework, our findings align with the concept of the immediate suppression of death-thought accessibility associated with a secure attachment style, a trait conceptually linked to leadership. These findings highlight the unique role for the narrowly defined social-coalitional trait during the immediate stage of the coping process with mortality salience, in contrast to the broadly defined resilience-related personality traits associated with a prolonged worldview defense process. The deterioration of this coping process could constitute a distinct aspect of psychopathology, separate from dysfunction in general emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanan Hirano
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oba
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiki Saito
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Anxious activism: The role of behavioral inhibition system in the radicalization process. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shortland N, Portnoy J, McGarry P, Perliger A, Gordon T, Anastasio N. A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Violent Extremist Propaganda: The Motivational Pathways Underlying Movement Toward and Away From Violent Extremist Action. Front Psychol 2022; 13:858392. [PMID: 35664206 PMCID: PMC9160867 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence supports than engaging with violent extremist content online facilitates the radicalization process. However, there is a consistent lack of empirically grounded research to provide insight into the psychological process through which this influence occurs (if at all). As such, most theories often fail to accommodate both the multifinality (the concept that many people are exposed to violent extremist material, yet never engage in violent extremism), and equifinality (the concept that people can view a range violent extremist content, yet all end up engaging in violent extremism) that naturally is observed in those who engage with violent extremist content online and those who engage in violent extremist behavior. This paper presents Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) as a theoretical framework to inform understanding of the process that governs the interaction between violent extremist material online and engaging with violent extremism. RST is a motivational theory which has been applied to a range of benevolent and deviant behaviors. Specifically, we argue that RST is suitable to explain the effect of violent extremist content online because (1) it outlines multiple differentiated motivational pathways that can account for multifinality and equifinality observed in those who engage in violent extremist behavior and (2) the extant neurological and psychophysiological research using RST provides a empirically supported framework for developing both research methods and verifiable hypotheses to advance our understanding of how, if at all, violent extremist content online contributes to the process of radicalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Shortland
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Wendelberg L. An Ontological Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR)-A Three World Perspective. J Imaging 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34460716 PMCID: PMC8321290 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an ontology that involves using information from various sources from different disciplines and combining it in order to predict whether a given person is in a radicalization process. The purpose of the ontology is to improve the early detection of radicalization in persons, thereby contributing to increasing the extent to which the unwanted escalation of radicalization processes can be prevented. The ontology combines findings related to existential anxiety that are related to political radicalization with well-known criminal profiles or radicalization findings. The software Protégé, delivered by the technical field at Stanford University, including the SPARQL tab, is used to develop and test the ontology. The testing, which involved five models, showed that the ontology could detect individuals according to "risk profiles" for subjects based on existential anxiety. SPARQL queries showed an average detection probability of 5% including only a risk population and 2% on a whole test population. Testing by using machine learning algorithms proved that inclusion of less than four variables in each model produced unreliable results. This suggest that the Ontology Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR) ontology risk model should consist of at least four variables to reach a certain level of reliability. Analysis shows that use of a probability based on an estimated risk of terrorism may produce a gap between the number of subjects who actually have early signs of radicalization and those found by using probability estimates for extremely rare events. It is reasoned that an ontology exists as a world three object in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wendelberg
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway
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Reiss S, Leen‐Thomele E, Klackl J, Jonas E. Exploring the landscape of psychological threat: A cartography of threats and threat responses. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021; 15:e12588. [PMID: 35860340 PMCID: PMC9285448 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years, research in the field of threat and defense has accumulated evidence on how encounters with various psychological threats influence human behavior, cognition, motivation, affect, and health. Unifying different theoretical threat models, the General Process Model of Threat and Defense claims that different threatening concerns have a similar underlying dynamic. Some years after the publication of this theory, we deem it important to take a comparative look at psychological threat, comparing threats regarding their properties and outcomes on personal and social level. As potential dimensions to describe psychological threats, we discuss the existential nature of concerns, phenomenological worlds involved, and thwarted needs in threat encounters. We also discuss data‐driven approaches to threat classifications, describing first empirical efforts to create threat taxonomies, and suggest directions for future research. This research will enhance our understanding of threat dynamics, and will help us make stronger, more clear‐cut assumptions about human behavior upon experiencing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reiss
- Department of Psychology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Johannes Klackl
- Department of Psychology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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Hirano K, Oba K, Saito T, Yamazaki S, Kawashima R, Sugiura M. Brain Activation during Thoughts of One's Own Death and Its Linear and Curvilinear Correlations with Fear of Death in Elderly Individuals: An fMRI Study. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab003. [PMID: 34296152 PMCID: PMC8152848 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing one's own death and managing the fear of death are important existential issues, particularly in older populations. Although recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated brain responses to death-related stimuli, none has examined whether this brain activation was specific to one's own death or how it was related to dispositional fear of death. In this study, during fMRI, 34 elderly participants (aged, 60-72 years) were presented with either death-related or death-unrelated negative words and asked to evaluate the relevance of these words to the "self" or the "other." The results showed that only the left supplementary motor area (SMA) was selectively activated during self-relevant judgments of death-related words. Regression analyses of the effect of fear of death on brain activation during death-related thoughts identified a significant negative linear correlation in the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and an inverted-U-shaped correlation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) only during self-relevant judgments. Our results suggest potential involvement of the SMA in the existential aspect of thoughts of death. The distinct fear-of-death-dependent responses in the SMG and PCC may reflect fear-associated distancing of the physical self and the processing of death-related thoughts as a self-relevant future agenda, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanan Hirano
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oba
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiki Saito
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamazaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Greenaway KH, Vohs KD. Avoiding Regulatory Rigidity and Approaching Regulatory Flexibility. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1646056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine H. Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kathleen D. Vohs
- Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Verstraeten BSE, McCreary JK, Falkenberg EA, Fang X, Weyers S, Metz GAS, Olson DM. Multiple prenatal stresses increase sexual dimorphism in adult offspring behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 107:251-260. [PMID: 31174163 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal gestational stress and immune activation have independently been associated with affective and neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan. We investigated whether rats exposed to prenatal maternal stressors (PNMS) consisting of psychological stress, interleukin (IL)-1β or both (two-hit stress) during critical developmental windows displayed a behavioral phenotype representative of these conditions. METHODS Long-Evans dams were exposed to psychological stressors consisting of restraint stress and forced swimming from gestational day (GD)12 to 18 or to no stress (controls). From GD17 until day of delivery, these same animals were injected with saline or IL-1β as a second hit and immune stressor (5 μg/day, intraperitoneally). The behavior of F1 offspring adults was tested on the open field test, elevated plus maze and affective exploration task on postnatal days (P)90, 100 and 110 respectively. RESULTS The effects of PNMS differed depending on the specific testing environment and potentially the age at assessment, especially in female offspring. Both locomotion and anxiety-like behavioral measures were susceptible to PNMS effects. In females, psychological stress increased anxiety-like behavior, whereas IL-1β had an opposite effect, inducing exploration and risk-taking behavior on the open field test and the elevated plus maze. When present, interactions between both stressors limited the anxiogenic effect of psychological stress on its own. In contrast, prenatal psychological stress increased anxiety-like behavior in adult males overall. A similar anxiogenic effect of IL-1β was only found on the open field test while the Stress*IL-1β interaction appeared to limit the effect of either alone. Contrarily, the PNMS effects on anxiety-like behavior on the affective exploration task were highly similar between both sexes. Analysis of males and females together revealed an additive effect of Stress and IL-1β on the number of exits from the refuge, a measure of risk assessment and thus correlated with anxiety. CONCLUSION PNMS affected offspring adult behavior in a sex-dependent manner. Effects on females were more variable, whereas psychological stress mostly induced anxiety-like behavior in males. These data highlight the sexual dimorphism in vulnerability to prenatal stressors. Maternal or stress-induced programming of the stress response and neuroinflammation may play an important role in mediating stress effects on offspring adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S E Verstraeten
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, 227 HMRC, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - J Keiko McCreary
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Erin A Falkenberg
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Xin Fang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, 227 HMRC, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Steven Weyers
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, 227 HMRC, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Reiss S, Klackl J, Proulx T, Jonas E. Strength of socio-political attitudes moderates electrophysiological responses to perceptual anomalies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220732. [PMID: 31381605 PMCID: PMC6681971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People with strong (vs. moderate) political attitudes have been shown to exhibit less phasic reactivity to perceptual anomalies, presumably to prevent their committed meaning systems from being challenged by novel experiences. Several researchers have proposed that (but not tested whether) firmly committed individuals also engage in more attentional suppression of anomalies, likely mediated by prestimulus alpha power. We expected participants with strong (vs. moderate) political attitudes to display increased pre-stimulus alpha power when processing perceptual anomalies. We recorded electrophysiological activity during the presentation of normal cards (control group) or both normal and anomalous playing cards (experimental group; total N = 191). In line with our predictions, the presence of anomalous playing cards in the stimulus set increased prestimulus alpha power only among individuals with strong but not moderate political attitudes. As potential markers of phasic reactivity, we also analyzed the late positive potential (LPP) and earlier components of the event-related potential, namely P1, N1, and P300. The moderating effect of extreme attitudes on ERP amplitudes remained inconclusive. Altogether, our findings support the idea that ideological conviction is related to increased tonic responses to perceptual anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reiss
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Klackl
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Travis Proulx
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jonas
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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