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Imarisio A, Yahyavi I, Gasparri C, Hassan A, Avenali M, Di Maio A, Buongarzone G, Galandra C, Picascia M, Filosa A, Monti MC, Pacchetti C, Errico F, Rondanelli M, Usiello A, Valente EM. Serum dysregulation of serine and glycine metabolism as predictive biomarker for cognitive decline in frail elderly subjects. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:281. [PMID: 38982054 PMCID: PMC11233661 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a common age-related clinical syndrome characterized by a decline in the function of multiple organ systems, increased vulnerability to stressors, and a huge socio-economic burden. Despite recent research efforts, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying frailty remain elusive and biomarkers able to predate its occurrence in the early stages are still lacking. Beyond its physical component, cognitive decline represents a critical domain of frailty associated with higher risk of adverse health outcomes. We measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) a pool of serum amino acids including L-glutamate, L-aspartate, glycine, and D-serine, as well as their precursors L-glutamine, L-asparagine, and L-serine in a cohort of elderly subjects encompassing the entire continuum from fitness to frailty. These amino acids are known to orchestrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and in turn, to play a key role as intermediates of energy homeostasis and in liver, kidney, muscle, and immune system metabolism. To comprehensively assess frailty, we employed both the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), as a practical tool to capture the multidimensionality of frailty, and the frailty phenotype, as a measure of physical function. We found that D-serine and D-/Total serine ratio were independent predictors of EFS but not of physical frailty. Furthermore, higher levels of glycine, glycine/L-serine and D-/Total serine were associated with worse cognition and depressive symptoms in the frail group. These findings suggest that changes in peripheral glycine and serine enantiomers homeostasis may represent a novel biochemical correlate of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Imarisio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isar Yahyavi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amber Hassan
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Micol Avenali
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Di Maio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buongarzone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Galandra
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Picascia
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Asia Filosa
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy.
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Lee C, Lee DK, Wei IA, Qiu TA, Rubakhin SS, Roper MG, Sweedler JV. Relations between Glucose and d-Amino Acids in the Modulation of Biochemical and Functional Properties of Rodent Islets of Langerhans. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47723-47734. [PMID: 38144114 PMCID: PMC10733910 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The cell-to-cell signaling role of d-amino acids (d-AAs) in the mammalian endocrine system, particularly in the islets of Langerhans, has drawn growing interest for their potential involvement in modulating glucose metabolism. Previous studies found colocalization of serine racemase [produces d-serine (d-Ser)] and d-alanine (d-Ala) within insulin-secreting beta cells and d-aspartate (d-Asp) within glucagon-secreting alpha cells. Expressed in the islets, functional N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors are involved in the modulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and have binding sites for several d-AAs. However, knowledge of the regulation of d-AA levels in the islets during glucose stimulation as well as the response of islets to different levels of extracellular d-AAs is limited. In this study, we determined the intracellular and extracellular levels of d-Ser, d-Ala, and d-Asp in cultures of isolated rodent islets exposed to different levels of extracellular glucose. We found that the intracellular levels of the enantiomers demonstrated large variability and, in general, were not affected by extracellular glucose levels. However, significantly lower levels of extracellular d-Ser and d-Ala were observed in the islet media supplemented with 20 mM concentration of glucose compared to the control condition utilizing 3 mM glucose. Glucose-induced oscillations of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), a proxy for insulin secretion, were modulated by the exogenous application of d-Ser and d-Ala but not by their l-stereoisomers. Our results provide new insights into the roles of d-AAs in the biochemistry and function of pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy
J. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - I-An Wei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Tian A. Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department
of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Roper
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department
of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Ogunkunle EO, Davis JJ, Skinner EL, Thornham J, Roper MG. Analysis of D-amino acids secreted from murine islets of Langerhans using Marfey's reagent and reversed phase LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1231:123928. [PMID: 37976942 PMCID: PMC10843809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
D-amino acids (D-AAs) are important signaling molecules due to their ability to bind ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. D-serine (D-Ser), D-alanine (D-Ala), and D-aspartate (D-Asp) have been found individually in the endocrine portion of the pancreas, the islets of Langerhans, and/or their secretions. However, there has been no report of a comprehensive assessment of D-AAs in islet secretions. To evaluate the release of these compounds, the effectiveness of both 1-(9-fluorenyl)-ethyl chloroformate (FLEC reagent) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide (Marfey's reagent, MR) in separation of D/L-AA enantiomeric pairs in islet-specific buffers were evaluated. MR-derivatized D/L AAs showed greater than baseline resolution (Rs ≥ 1.5) of 13 enantiomeric pairs when using a non-linear gradient and an acidic mobile phase system, while FLEC-derivatized AAs exhibited limited resolution on both biphenyl and C18 columns. The optimized MR method yielded highly reproducible separations with retention times less than 1% RSD. Excellent linearity between the analyte concentrations and response (R2 > 0.98) were obtained, with less than 15% RSD for all analyte responses. Most analytes had an LOD at or below 100 nM, except for L-Ala (200 nM). The optimized MR method was used to quantify D-AAs in secretions of 150 murine islets after incubation in 3- and 20-mM glucose. In response to both solutions, D-Ser and D-glutamine were tentatively identified via comparison of retention time and quantifier-to-qualifer ion ratios with standards, and from spiking experiments. Both were secreted in low quantities which did not differ significantly in either low (D-Ser: 44 ± 2 fmol islet-1h-1; D-Gln: 300 ± 100 fmol islet-1h-1) or high (D-Ser: 23 ± 1 fmol islet-1h-1; D-Gln: 120 ± 50 fmol islet-1h-1) glucose across 3 biological replicates. The method developed is robust and can be applied to further examine the release of D-AAs and their potential roles in islet physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ogunkunle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Emily L Skinner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - James Thornham
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Michael G Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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4
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Du S, Wey M, Armstrong DW. d-Amino acids in biological systems. Chirality 2023; 35:508-534. [PMID: 37074214 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the occurrence and biochemical roles of free D-amino acids and D-amino acid-containing peptides and proteins in living systems have increased in frequency and significance. Their occurrence and roles may vary substantially with progression from microbiotic to evermore advanced macrobiotic systems. We now understand many of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways, which are outlined herein. Important uses for D-amino acids in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are reviewed. Given its importance, a separate section on the occurrence and role of D-amino acids in human disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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5
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Loss of brain energy metabolism control as a driver for memory impairment upon insulin resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:287-301. [PMID: 36606696 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms intersecting metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders include insulin resistance, which has a strong involvement of environmental factors. Besides central regulation of whole-body homeostasis, insulin in the central nervous system controls molecular signalling that is critical for cognitive performance, namely signalling through pathways that modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, and metabolism in neurons and astrocytes. This review provides an overview on how insulin signalling in the brain might regulate brain energy metabolism, and further identified molecular mechanisms by which brain insulin resistance might impair synaptic fuelling, and lead to cognitive deterioration.
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6
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Lee CJ, Schnieders JH, Rubakhin SS, Patel AV, Liu C, Naji A, Sweedler JV. d-Amino Acids and Classical Neurotransmitters in Healthy and Type 2 Diabetes-Affected Human Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090799. [PMID: 36144204 PMCID: PMC9501506 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells that function as endocrine units synthesizing and releasing insulin and a range of additional peptide hormones. The structural and chemical characteristics of islets change during type 2 diabetes development. Although a range of metabolites including neurotransmitters has been reported in rodent islets, the involvement of these cell-to-cell signaling molecules within human pancreatic islets in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is not well known, despite studies suggesting that these molecules impact intra- and inter-islet signaling pathways. We characterize the enigmatic cell-to-cell signaling molecules, d-serine (d-Ser) and d-aspartate (d-Asp), along with multiple classical neurotransmitters and related molecules, in healthy versus type 2 diabetes-affected human islets using capillary electrophoresis separations. Significantly reduced d-Ser percentage and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were found in type 2 diabetes-affected islets compared to healthy islets. In addition, the negative correlations of many of the signaling molecules, such as d-Ser percentage (r = −0.35), d-Asp (r = −0.32), serotonin (r = −0.42), and GABA (r = −0.39) levels, with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and thus with the progression of type 2 diabetes further demonstrate the disruption in intra- or inter-islet signaling pathways and suggest that these cell-to-cell signaling molecules may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jack H. Schnieders
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amit V. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Duarte JMN. Serine racemase modulation for improving brain insulin resistance: An Editorial Highlight for "Deletion of serine racemase reverses neuronal insulin signaling inhibition by amyloid-β oligomers". J Neurochem 2022; 163:6-7. [PMID: 35996309 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This Editorial highlights an interesting study in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry in which Zhou et al. report new data showing that the ablation of serine racemase increases local insulin production in neurons of the hippocampus. The authors explored some of the possible mechanisms mediating the interaction between dampening production of D-serine and the local synthesis of insulin, and they further propose that stimulating insulin production could counteract hippocampal insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most importantly, they leave open a number of questions that need to be experimentally addressed to ascertain whether D-serine modulation of neuronal insulin expression can effectively improve insulin sensitivity in AD, as well as in metabolic disease with neurological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Lee CJ, Qiu TA, Hong Z, Zhang Z, Min Y, Zhang L, Dai L, Zhao H, Si T, Sweedler JV. Profiling of d-alanine production by the microbial isolates of rat gut microbiota. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22446. [PMID: 35816159 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101595r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
d-alanine (d-Ala) and several other d-amino acids (d-AAs) act as hormones and neuromodulators in nervous and endocrine systems. Unlike the endogenously synthesized d-serine in animals, d-Ala may be from exogenous sources, e.g., diet and intestinal microorganisms. However, it is unclear if the capability to produce d-Ala and other d-AAs varies among different microbial strains in the gut. We isolated individual microorganisms of rat gut microbiota and profiled their d-AA production in vitro, focusing on d-Ala. Serial dilutions of intestinal contents from adult male rats were plated on agar to obtain clonal cultures. Using MALDI-TOF MS for rapid strain typing, we identified 38 unique isolates, grouped into 11 species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. We then used two-tier screening to profile bacterial d-AA production, combining a d-amino acid oxidase-based enzymatic assay for rapid assessment of non-acidic d-AA amount and chiral LC-MS/MS to quantify individual d-AAs, revealing 19 out of the 38 isolated strains as d-AA producers. LC-MS/MS analysis of the eight top d-AA producers showed high levels of d-Ala in all strains tested, with substantial inter- and intra-species variations. Though results from the enzymatic assay and LC-MS/MS analysis aligned well, LC-MS/MS further revealed the existence of d-glutamate and d-aspartate, which are poor substrates for this enzymatic assay. We observed large inter- and intra-species variation of d-AA production profiles from rat gut microbiome species, demonstrating the importance of chemical profiling of gut microbiota in addition to sequencing, furthering the idea that microbial metabolites modulate host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tian A Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhilai Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenkun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhao Min
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Linzixuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tong Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Cui Z, Mo J, Wang L, Wang R, Cheng F, Wang L, Yang X, Wang W. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of Serine Racemase as an Independent Prognostic Biomarker in Endometrial Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:906291. [PMID: 35923695 PMCID: PMC9340001 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.906291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) kills about 76,000 women worldwide, with the highest incidence in industrialized countries. Because of the rise in disease mortality and new diagnoses, EC is now a top priority for women’s health. Serine racemase (SRR) is thought to play a role in the central nervous system, but its role in cancers, particularly in EC, is largely unknown. The current study starts with a pan-cancer examination of SRR’s expression and prognostic value before delving into SRR’s potential cancer-suppressing effect in patients with EC. SRR may affect the endometrial tumor immune microenvironment, according to subsequent immune-related analysis. SRR expression is also linked to several genes involved in specific pathways such as ferroptosis, N6-methyladenosine methylation, and DNA damage repair. Finally, we used the expression, correlation, and survival analyses to investigate the upstream potential regulatory non-coding RNAs of SRR. Overall, our findings highlight the prognostic significance of SRR in patients with EC, and we can formulate a reasonable hypothesis that SRR influences metabolism and obstructs key carcinogenic processes in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiantao Mo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feiyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyuan Yang, ; Wei Wang,
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyuan Yang, ; Wei Wang,
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10
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Liao F, Zhou P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiang H, Alinejad T, Shan G, Wu S. Deletion of serine racemase reverses neuronal insulin signaling inhibition by amyloid-β oligomers. J Neurochem 2022; 163:8-25. [PMID: 35839294 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin signaling in the Alzheimer's (AD) brain has been extensively reported. Serine racemase(SR) modulates insulin secretion in pancreatic islets. Similarly, we wonder whether or not SR regulates insulin synthesis and secretion in neurons, thereby modulating insulin signaling in the AD brain. Srr-knockout (Srr-/- ) mice generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique were used. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the levels of insulin protein and insulin(ins2) mRNA significantly increased in the hippocampal but not in the hypothalamic sections of Srr-/- mice compared with WT mice. Using real-time quantitative PCR, ins2 mRNA from primary hippocampal neuronal cultures of Srr-/- mice significantly increased compared with the cultured neurons from WT mice. Notably, the secretion of proinsulin C-peptide increased in Srr-/- neurons relative to WT neurons. By examining the membrane fractional proteins with immunoblotting, Srr-/- neurons retained ATP-dependent potassium channel on plasmalemma and correspondingly contained higher levels of p-AMPK. Under treatment by Aβ42, the phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate at serine 616,636 (p-IRS1ser616,636 ) were significantly lower whereas p-AKT308 and p-AKT473 were higher in Srr-/- neurons, compared with WT neurons, respectively. The phosphorylated form of c-Jun N-terminal kinase decreased in the cultured Srr-/- neurons relative to the WT neurons upon Aβ42 treatment. In contrast, the phosphorylated protein kinase R remained at the same levels. Further, reactive oxygen species reduced in the cultured Srr-/- neurons under Aβ42 treatment relative to the WT neurons. Altogether, our study indicated that Srr deletion promoted insulin synthesis and secretion of proinsulin C-peptide, thereby reversing insulin resistance by Aβ42. This study suggests that targeting the neuronal SR may be utilized to enhance insulin signaling which is inhibited at the early stage of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Yang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Piansi Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tahereh Alinejad
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, South Baixiang, Ouhai District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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11
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Yoshikawa M, Kan T, Shirose K, Watanabe M, Matsuda M, Ito K, Kawaguchi M. Free d-Amino Acids in Salivary Gland in Rat. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:390. [PMID: 35336764 PMCID: PMC8944958 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free d-amino acids, which are enantiomers of l-amino acids, are found in mammals, including humans, and play an important role in a range of physiological functions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Several d-amino acids have been observed in saliva, but their origin and the enzymes involved in their metabolism and catabolism remain to be clarified. In the present study, large amounts of d-aspartic acid and small amounts of d-serine and d-alanine were detected in all three major salivary glands in rat. No other d-enantiomers were detected. Protein expression of d-amino acid oxidase and d-aspartate oxidase, the enzymes responsible for the oxidative deamination of neutral and dicarboxylic d-amino acids, respectively, were detected in all three types of salivary gland. Furthermore, protein expression of the d-serine metabolic enzyme, serine racemase, in parotid glands amounted to approximately 40% of that observed in the cerebral cortex. The N-methyl-d-aspartic acid subunit proteins NR1 and NR2D were detected in all three major salivary glands. The results of the present study suggest that d-amino acids play a physiological role in a range of endocrine and exocrine function in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takugi Kan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kosuke Shirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mariko Watanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Mitsumasa Matsuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (K.I.)
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12
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Pan X, Tao S, Tong N. Potential Therapeutic Targeting Neurotransmitter Receptors in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:884549. [PMID: 35669692 PMCID: PMC9163348 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.884549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules secreted by neurons to coordinate communication and proper function among different sections in the central neural system (CNS) by binding with different receptors. Some neurotransmitters as well as their receptors are found in pancreatic islets and are involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Neurotransmitters can act with their receptors in pancreatic islets to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of insulin (β cell), glucagon (α cell) or somatostatin (δ cell). Neurotransmitter receptors are either G-protein coupled receptors or ligand-gated channels, their effects on blood glucose are mainly decided by the number and location of them in islets. Dysfunction of neurotransmitters receptors in islets is involved in the development of β cell dysfunction and type 2 diabetes (T2D).Therapies targeting different transmitter systems have great potential in the prevention and treatment of T2D and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shibing Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Ziyang First People’s Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Islet Transplantation, Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Nanwei Tong,
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13
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Pancreatic β-Cell O-GlcNAc Transferase Overexpression Increases Susceptibility to Metabolic Stressors in Female Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102801. [PMID: 34685781 PMCID: PMC8534823 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutrient-sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt), the sole enzyme that adds an O-GlcNAc-modification onto proteins, plays a critical role for pancreatic β-cell survival and insulin secretion. We hypothesized that β-cell Ogt overexpression would confer protection from β-cell failure in response to metabolic stressors, such as high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozocin (STZ). Here, we generated a β-cell-specific Ogt in overexpressing (βOgtOE) mice, where a significant increase in Ogt protein level and O-GlcNAc-modification of proteins were observed in islets under a normal chow diet. We uncovered that βOgtOE mice show normal peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance with a regular chow diet. However, when challenged with an HFD, only female βOgtOE (homozygous) Hz mice developed a mild glucose intolerance, despite increased insulin secretion and normal β-cell mass. While female mice are normally resistant to low-dose STZ treatments, the βOgtOE Hz mice developed hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance post-STZ treatment. Transcriptome analysis between islets with loss or gain of Ogt by RNA sequencing shows common altered pathways involving pro-survival Erk and Akt and inflammatory regulators IL1β and NFkβ. Together, these data show a possible gene dosage effect of Ogt and the importance O-GlcNAc cycling in β-cell survival and function to regulate glucose homeostasis.
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14
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Meftah A, Hasegawa H, Kantrowitz JT. D-Serine: A Cross Species Review of Safety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:726365. [PMID: 34447324 PMCID: PMC8384137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.726365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:D-Serine, a direct, full agonist at the D-serine/glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR), has been assessed as a treatment for multiple psychiatric and neurological conditions. Based on studies in rats, concerns of nephrotoxicity have limited D-serine research in humans, particularly using high doses. A review of D-serine's safety is timely and pertinent, as D-serine remains under active study for schizophrenia, both directly (R61 MH116093) and indirectly through D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. The principal focus is on nephrotoxicity, but safety in other physiologic and pathophysiologic systems are also reviewed. Methods: Using the search terms "D-serine," "D-serine and schizophrenia," "D-serine and safety," "D-serine and nephrotoxicity" in PubMed, we conducted a systematic review on D-serine safety. D-serine physiology, dose-response and efficacy in clinical studies and dAAO inhibitor safety is also discussed. Results: When D-serine doses >500 mg/kg are used in rats, nephrotoxicity, manifesting as an acute tubular necrosis syndrome, seen within hours of administration is highly common, if not universal. In other species, however, D-serine induced nephrotoxicity has not been reported, even in other rodent species such as mice and rabbits. Even in rats, D--serine related toxicity is dose dependent and reversible; and does not appear to be present in rats at doses producing an acute Cmax of <2,000 nmol/mL. For comparison, the Cmax of D-serine 120 mg/kg, the highest dose tested in humans, is ~500 nmol/mL in acute dosing. Across all published human studies, only one subject has been reported to have abnormal renal values related to D-serine treatment. This abnormality did not clearly map on to the acute tubular necrosis syndrome seen in rats, and fully resolved within a few days of stopping treatment. DAAO inhibitors may be nephroprotective. D-Serine may have a physiologic role in metabolic, extra-pyramidal, cardiac and other systems, but no other clinically significant safety concerns are revealed in the literature. Conclusions: Even before considering human to rat differences in renal physiology, using current FDA guided monitoring paradigms, D-serine appears safe at currently studied maximal doses, with potential safety in combination with DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Meftah
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua T. Kantrowitz
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY, United States
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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15
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Akhaphong B, Baumann DC, Beetch M, Lockridge AD, Jo S, Wong A, Zemanovic T, Mohan R, Fondevilla DL, Sia M, Pineda-Cortel MRB, Alejandro EU. Placental mTOR complex 1 regulates fetal programming of obesity and insulin resistance in mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149271. [PMID: 34032632 PMCID: PMC8410096 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction, or low birth weight, is a strong determinant for eventual obesity and type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies suggest placental mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling regulates fetal birth weight and the metabolic health trajectory of the offspring. In the current study, we used a genetic model with loss of placental mTOR function (mTOR-KOPlacenta) to test the direct role of mTOR signaling on birth weight and metabolic health in the adult offspring. mTOR-KOPlacenta animals displayed reduced placental area and total weight, as well as fetal body weight at embryonic day (E) 17.5. Birth weight and serum insulin levels were reduced; however, β cell mass was normal in mTOR-KOPlacenta newborns. Adult mTOR-KOPlacenta offspring, under a metabolic high-fat challenge, displayed exacerbated obesity and metabolic dysfunction compared with littermate controls. Subsequently, we tested whether enhancing placental mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, via genetic ablation of TSC2, in utero would improve glucose homeostasis in the offspring. Indeed, increased placental mTORC1 conferred protection from diet-induced obesity in the offspring. In conclusion, placental mTORC1 serves as a mechanistic link between placental function and programming of obesity and insulin resistance in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Akhaphong
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel C Baumann
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan Beetch
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amber D Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tate Zemanovic
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danica L Fondevilla
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Sia
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria Ruth B Pineda-Cortel
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and.,Department of Medical Technology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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16
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Lockridge A, Jo S, Gustafson E, Damberg N, Mohan R, Olson M, Abrahante JE, Alejandro EU. Islet O-GlcNAcylation Is Required for Lipid Potentiation of Insulin Secretion through SERCA2. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107609. [PMID: 32375037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During early obesity, pancreatic β cells compensate for increased metabolic demand through a transient phase of insulin hypersecretion that stabilizes blood glucose and forestalls diabetic progression. We find evidence that β cell O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-responsive post-translational protein modification regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), is critical for coupling hyperlipidemia to β cell functional adaptation during this compensatory prediabetic phase. In mice, islet O-GlcNAcylation rises and falls in tandem with the timeline of secretory potentiation during high-fat feeding while genetic models of β-cell-specific OGT loss abolish hyperinsulinemic responses to lipids, in vivo and in vitro. We identify the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ ATPase SERCA2 as a β cell O-GlcNAcylated protein in mice and humans that is able to rescue palmitate-stimulated insulin secretion through pharmacological activation. This study reveals an important physiological role for β cell O-GlcNAcylation in sensing and responding to obesity, with therapeutic implications for managing the relationship between type 2 diabetes and its most common risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lockridge
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Niklas Damberg
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Miranda Olson
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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17
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Essawy A, Jo S, Beetch M, Lockridge A, Gustafson E, Alejandro EU. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) regulates pancreatic α-cell function in mice. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100297. [PMID: 33460647 PMCID: PMC7949098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes posttranslational addition of O-GlcNAc onto target proteins, influencing signaling pathways in response to cellular nutrient levels. OGT is highly expressed in pancreatic glucagon-secreting cells (α-cells), which secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia. The objective of this study was to determine whether OGT is necessary for the regulation of α-cell mass and function in vivo. We utilized genetic manipulation to produce two α-cell specific OGT-knockout models: a constitutive glucagon-Cre (αOGTKO) and an inducible glucagon-Cre (i-αOGTKO), which effectively delete OGT in α-cells. Using approaches including immunoblotting, immunofluorescent imaging, and metabolic phenotyping in vivo, we provide the first insight on the role of O-GlcNAcylation in α-cell mass and function. αOGTKO mice demonstrated normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but displayed significantly lower glucagon levels during both fed and fasted states. αOGTKO mice exhibited significantly lower α-cell glucagon content and α-cell mass at 6 months of age. In fasting, αOGTKO mice showed impaired pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis in vivo and reduced glucagon secretion in vitro. i-αOGTKO mice showed similarly reduced blood glucagon levels, defective in vitro glucagon secretion, and normal α-cell mass. Interestingly, both αOGTKO and i-αOGTKO mice had no deficiency in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis under fed or fasting conditions, despite impairment in α-cell mass and function, and glucagon content. In conclusion, these studies provide a first look at the role of OGT signaling in the α-cell, its effect on α-cell mass, and its importance in regulating glucagon secretion in hypoglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Essawy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megan Beetch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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18
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Lockridge A, Gustafson E, Wong A, Miller RF, Alejandro EU. Acute D-Serine Co-Agonism of β-Cell NMDA Receptors Potentiates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Excitatory β-Cell Membrane Activity. Cells 2021; 10:E93. [PMID: 33430405 PMCID: PMC7826616 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells express proteins characteristic of D-serine regulated synapses, but the acute effect of D-serine co-agonism on its presumptive β-cell target, N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is unclear. We used multiple models to evaluate glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mice with a systemic increase in D-serine (intraperitoneal injection or DAAO mutants without D-serine catabolism) or tissue-specific loss of Grin1-encoded GluN1, the D-serine binding NMDAR subunit. We also investigated the effects of D-serine ± NMDA on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and β-cell depolarizing membrane oscillations, using perforated patch electrophysiology, in β-cell-containing primary isolated mouse islets. In vivo models of elevated D-serine correlated to improved blood glucose and insulin levels. In vitro, D-serine potentiated GSIS and β-cell membrane excitation, dependent on NMDAR activating conditions including GluN1 expression (co-agonist target), simultaneous NMDA (agonist), and elevated glucose (depolarization). Pancreatic GluN1-loss females were glucose intolerant and GSIS was depressed in islets from younger, but not older, βGrin1 KO mice. Thus, D-serine is capable of acute antidiabetic effects in mice and potentiates insulin secretion through excitatory β-cell NMDAR co-agonism but strain-dependent shifts in potency and age/sex-specific Grin1-loss phenotypes suggest that context is critical to the interpretation of data on the role of D-serine and NMDARs in β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Robert F. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.); (E.G.); (A.W.)
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19
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Jo S, Lockridge A, Mohan R, Esch N, Schlichting R, Panigrahy N, Essawy A, Gustafson E, Alejandro EU. Translational Factor eIF4G1 Regulates Glucose Homeostasis and Pancreatic β-Cell Function. Diabetes 2021; 70:155-170. [PMID: 33115825 PMCID: PMC7881850 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein translation is essential for cell physiology, and dysregulation of this process has been linked to aging-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Reduced protein level of a requisite scaffolding protein of the initiation complex, eIF4G1, downstream of nutrients and insulin signaling is associated with diabetes in humans and mice. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that eIF4G1 is critical for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis by genetically ablating eIF4G1 specifically in β-cells in vivo (βeIF4G1 knockout [KO]). Adult male and female βeIF4G1KO mice displayed glucose intolerance but normal insulin sensitivity. β-Cell mass was normal under steady state and under metabolic stress by diet-induced obesity, but we observed increases in proliferation and apoptosis in β-cells of βeIF4G1KO. We uncovered deficits in insulin secretion, partly due to reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, glucose-stimulated Ca2+ flux, and reduced insulin content associated with loss of eIF4E, the mRNA 5' cap-binding protein of the initiation complex and binding partner of eIF4G1. Genetic reconstitution of eIF4E in single β-cells or intact islets of βeIF4G1KO mice recovers insulin content, implicating an unexplored role for eIF4G1/eIF4E in insulin biosynthesis. Altogether these data demonstrate an essential role for the translational factor eIF4G1 on glucose homeostasis and β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicholas Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Regina Schlichting
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Neha Panigrahy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ahmad Essawy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric Gustafson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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20
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Lee CJ, Qiu TA, Sweedler JV. d-Alanine: Distribution, origin, physiological relevance, and implications in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Chieffi Baccari G, Falvo S, Santillo A, Di Giacomo Russo F, Di Fiore MM. D-Amino acids in mammalian endocrine tissues. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1263-1273. [PMID: 32930873 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
D-Aspartate, D-serine and D-alanine are a regular occurrence in mammalian endocrine tissues, though in amounts varying with the type of gland. The pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, adrenal glands and testis contain relatively large amounts of D-aspartate in all species examined. D-alanine is relatively abundant in the pituitary gland and pancreas. High levels of D-serine characterize the hypothalamus. D-leucine, D-proline and D-glutamate are generally low. The current knowledge of physiological roles of D-amino acids in endocrine tissues is far from exhaustive, yet the topic is attracting increasing interest because of its potential in pharmacological application. D-aspartate is known to act at all levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis, playing a key role in reproductive biology in several vertebrate classes. An involvement of D-amino acids in the endocrine function of the pancreas is emerging. D-Aspartate has been immunolocalized in insulin-containing secretory granules in INS-1 E clonal β cells and is co-secreted with insulin by exocytosis. Specific immunolocalization of D-alanine in pituitary ACTH-secreting cells and pancreatic β-cells suggests that this amino acid participates in blood glucose regulation in mammals. By modulating insulin secretion, D-serine probably participates in the control of systemic glucose metabolism by modulating insulin secretion. We anticipate that future investigation will significantly increase the functional repertoire of D-amino acids in homeostatic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Chieffi Baccari
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Falvo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Alessandra Santillo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Di Giacomo Russo
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Di Fiore
- Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi, 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Jo S, Lockridge A, Alejandro EU. eIF4G1 and carboxypeptidase E axis dysregulation in O-GlcNAc transferase-deficient pancreatic β-cells contributes to hyperproinsulinemia in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13040-13050. [PMID: 31300553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An early hallmark of type 2 diabetes is a failure of proinsulin-to-insulin processing in pancreatic β-cells, resulting in hyperproinsulinemia. Proinsulin processing is quite sensitive to nutrient flux, and β-cell-specific deletion of the nutrient-sensing protein modifier OGlcNAc transferase (βOGTKO) causes β-cell failure and diabetes, including early development of hyperproinsulinemia. The mechanisms underlying this latter defect are unknown. Here, using several approaches, including site-directed mutagenesis, Click O-GlcNAc labeling, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence and EM imaging, we provide the first evidence for a relationship between the O-GlcNAcylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4γ1 (eIF4G1) and carboxypeptidase E (CPE)-dependent proinsulin processing in βOGTKO mice. We first established that βOGTKO hyperproinsulinemia is independent of age, sex, glucose levels, and endoplasmic reticulum-CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP)-mediated stress status. Of note, OGT loss was associated with a reduction in β-cell-resident CPE, and genetic reconstitution of CPE in βOGTKO islets rescued the dysfunctional proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. We show that although CPE is not directly OGlcNAc modified in islets, overexpression of the suspected OGT target eIF4G1, previously shown to regulate CPE translation in β-cells, increases islet CPE levels, and fully reverses βOGTKO islet-induced hyperproinsulinemia. Furthermore, our results reveal that OGT O-GlcNAc-modifies eIF4G1 at Ser-61 and that this modification is critical for eIF4G1 protein stability. Together, these results indicate a direct link between nutrient-sensitive OGT and insulin processing, underscoring the importance of post-translational O-GlcNAc modification in general cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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23
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Evans K, Wang X, Roper MG. Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separation for determination of L- and D-primary amines released from murine islets of Langerhans. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:1276-1283. [PMID: 31073338 PMCID: PMC6502259 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
D-amino acids have been located in various tissues including the endocrine portion of the pancreas, the islets of Langerhans. D-Serine (D-Ser), is of particular interest since it is an agonist for the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. To examine the potential release of D-Ser and other D-amino acids from islets, a chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was developed by derivatizing primary amines with 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde and to achieve resolution of the enantiomers, two surfactants were used in the separation, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate. With the optimized conditions, 7 of 13 enantiomeric pairs that were tested had greater than baseline resolution, while the resolution of numerous other L-amino acids and small molecules were maintained. For the 17 compounds that were fully resolved, limits of detection were less than 10 nM. The resulting optimized separation method produced high efficiency peaks, with an average of 300,000 theoretical plates per peak and a peak capacity of 120. The method was used to examine the release of small molecules from groups of 50 murine islets of Langerhans. A peak was detected from islets incubated with 20 mM glucose that co-migrated with a D-Ser standard, although its level was below the quantifiable limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Michael G. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306
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24
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Akhaphong B, Lockridge A, Jo S, Mohan R, Wilcox JA, Wing CR, Regal JF, Alejandro EU. Reduced uterine perfusion pressure causes loss of pancreatic β-cell area but normal function in fetal rat offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1220-R1231. [PMID: 30303709 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00458.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal hypertension during pregnancy is a major risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which increases susceptibility to cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood through unclear mechanisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the pancreatic β-cell area and function in the fetal rat offspring of a reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of gestational hypertension. At embryonic day 19.5, RUPP dams exhibited lower body weight, elevated mean blood pressure, reduced litter size, and higher blood glucose compared with sham-operated controls. In RUPP placental lysates, a nonsignificant change in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity markers, phosphorylated S6 at serine 240, and phosphorylated AKT (at S473) was observed. RUPP offspring showed significantly reduced β-cell-to-pancreas area and increased β-cell death but normal insulin levels in serum. Isolated islets had normal insulin content and secretory function in response to glucose and palmitate. Fetal pancreatic lysates showed a tendency for reduced insulin levels, with a significant reduction in total mTOR protein with RUPP surgery. In addition, its downstream complex 2 targets phosphorylation of AKT at S473, and pAKT at Thr308 tended to be reduced in the fetal RUPP pancreas. Altogether, these data show that RUPP offspring demonstrated increased β-cell death, reduced β-cell area, and altered nutrient-sensor mTOR protein level in the pancreas. This could represent a mechanistic foundation in IUGR offspring's risk for enhanced susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and other metabolic vulnerabilities seen in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Akhaphong
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, Minnesota
| | - Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, Minnesota
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, Minnesota
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, Minnesota
| | - Jacob A Wilcox
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Cameron R Wing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Jean F Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, Minnesota
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25
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Suwandhi L, Hausmann S, Braun A, Gruber T, Heinzmann SS, Gálvez EJC, Buck A, Legutko B, Israel A, Feuchtinger A, Haythorne E, Staiger H, Heni M, Häring HU, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Walch A, Cáceres CG, Tschöp MH, Rutter GA, Strowig T, Elsner M, Ussar S. Chronic d-serine supplementation impairs insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2018; 16:191-202. [PMID: 30093356 PMCID: PMC6157639 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The metabolic role of d-serine, a non-proteinogenic NMDA receptor co-agonist, is poorly understood. Conversely, inhibition of pancreatic NMDA receptors as well as loss of the d-serine producing enzyme serine racemase have been shown to modulate insulin secretion. Thus, we aim to study the impact of chronic and acute d-serine supplementation on insulin secretion and other parameters of glucose homeostasis. METHODS We apply MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry imaging, NMR based metabolomics, 16s rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota in combination with a detailed physiological characterization to unravel the metabolic action of d-serine in mice acutely and chronically treated with 1% d-serine in drinking water in combination with either chow or high fat diet feeding. Moreover, we identify SNPs in SRR, the enzyme converting L-to d-serine and two subunits of the NMDA receptor to associate with insulin secretion in humans, based on the analysis of 2760 non-diabetic Caucasian individuals. RESULTS We show that chronic elevation of d-serine results in reduced high fat diet intake. In addition, d-serine leads to diet-independent hyperglycemia due to blunted insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Inhibition of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors rapidly restores glycemia and glucose tolerance in d-serine supplemented mice. Moreover, we show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SRR as well as in individual NMDAR subunits are associated with insulin secretion in humans. CONCLUSION Thus, we identify a novel role of d-serine in regulating systemic glucose metabolism through modulating insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Suwandhi
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Hausmann
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Braun
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Silke S Heinzmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eric J C Gálvez
- Research Group Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Israel
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Haythorne
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Harald Staiger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina García Cáceres
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Till Strowig
- Research Group Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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26
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Shang H, Sun L, Braun T, Si Q, Tong J. Revealing the action mechanisms of dexamethasone on the birth weight of infant using RNA-sequencing data of trophoblast cells. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9653. [PMID: 29369181 PMCID: PMC5794365 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) could induce low birth weight of infant, and low birth weight has close associations with glucocorticoid levels, insulin resistance, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This study was designed to reveal the action mechanisms of DEX on the birth weight of infant.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), trophoblast cells of human placenta were identified and the optimum treatment time of DEX were determined. Trophoblast cells were treated by DEX (DEX group) or ethanol (control group) (each group had 3 samples), and then were performed with RNA-sequencing. Afterward, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R package, and their potential functions were successively enriched using DAVID database and Enrichr method. Followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Using Enrichr method and TargetScan software, the transcription factors (TFs) and micorRNAs (miRNAs) targeted the DEGs separately were predicted. Based on MsigDB database, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed.There were 391 DEGs screened from the DEX group. Upregulated SRR and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 4 (KCNJ4) and downregulated GALNT1 separately were enriched in PDZ (an acronym of PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1) domain binding and Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. In the PPI network, CDK2 and CDK4 had higher degrees. TFs ATF2 and E2F4 and miRNA miR-16 were predicted for the DEGs. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that SRR and KCNJ4 were significantly upregulated.These genes might affect the roles of DEX in the birth weight of infant, and might be promising therapeutic targets for reducing the side effects of DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charite Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qi Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinyi Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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27
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Yan-Do R, MacDonald PE. Impaired "Glycine"-mia in Type 2 Diabetes and Potential Mechanisms Contributing to Glucose Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1064-1073. [PMID: 28323968 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset and/or progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be prevented if intervention is early enough. As such, much effort has been placed on the search for indicators predictive of prediabetes and disease onset or progression. An increasing body of evidence suggests that changes in plasma glycine may be one such biomarker. Circulating glycine levels are consistently low in patients with T2D. Levels of this nonessential amino acid correlate negatively with obesity and insulin resistance. Plasma glycine correlates positively with glucose disposal, and rises with interventions such as exercise and bariatric surgery that improve glucose homeostasis. A role for glycine in the regulation of glucose, beyond being a potential biomarker, is less clear, however. Dietary glycine supplementation increases insulin, reduces systemic inflammation, and improves glucose tolerance. Emerging evidence suggests that glycine, a neurotransmitter, also acts directly on target tissues that include the endocrine pancreas and the brain via glycine receptors and as a coligand for N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors to control insulin secretion and liver glucose output, respectively. Here, we review the current evidence supporting a role for glycine in glucose homeostasis via its central and peripheral actions and changes that occur in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yan-Do
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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