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Kombe Kombe AJ, Fotoohabadi L, Nanduri R, Gerasimova Y, Daskou M, Gain C, Sharma E, Wong M, Kelesidis T. The Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Airway Tissue Damage Due to Viral Respiratory Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7042. [PMID: 39000157 PMCID: PMC11241721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses constitute a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. Respiratory virus-associated injuries include oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, fibrosis, autoimmunity, and vascular injury. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathophysiology of viral infection and associated complications. It has thus emerged as a pivotal player in cellular defense mechanisms against such damage. Here, we discuss the impact of Nrf2 activation on airway injuries induced by respiratory viruses, including viruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. The inhibition or deregulation of Nrf2 pathway activation induces airway tissue damage in the presence of viral respiratory infections. In contrast, Nrf2 pathway activation demonstrates protection against tissue and organ injuries. Clinical trials involving Nrf2 agonists are needed to define the effect of Nrf2 therapeutics on airway tissues and organs damaged by viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Leila Fotoohabadi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Yulia Gerasimova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Maria Daskou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eashan Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Liao Z, Wang C, Tang X, Yang M, Duan Z, Liu L, Lu S, Ma L, Cheng R, Wang G, Liu H, Yang S, Xu J, Tadese DA, Mwangi J, Kamau PM, Zhang Z, Yang L, Liao G, Zhao X, Peng X, Lai R. Human transferrin receptor can mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317026121. [PMID: 38408250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been detected in almost all organs of coronavirus disease-19 patients, although some organs do not express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a known receptor of SARS-CoV-2, implying the presence of alternative receptors and/or co-receptors. Here, we show that the ubiquitously distributed human transferrin receptor (TfR), which binds to diferric transferrin to traffic between membrane and endosome for the iron delivery cycle, can ACE2-independently mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human, not mouse TfR, interacts with Spike protein with a high affinity (KD ~2.95 nM) to mediate SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis. TfR knock-down (TfR-deficiency is lethal) and overexpression inhibit and promote SARS-CoV-2 infection, respectively. Humanized TfR expression enables SARS-CoV-2 infection in baby hamster kidney cells and C57 mice, which are known to be insusceptible to the virus infection. Soluble TfR, Tf, designed peptides blocking TfR-Spike interaction and anti-TfR antibody show significant anti-COVID-19 effects in cell and monkey models. Collectively, this report indicates that TfR is a receptor/co-receptor of SARS-CoV-2 mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry and infectivity by likely using the TfR trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liao
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoming Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaopeng Tang
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengli Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zilei Duan
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ruomei Cheng
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongqi Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Dawit Adisu Tadese
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - James Mwangi
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peter Muiruri Kamau
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lian Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), and Sino-African Joint Research Center, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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4
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Gao X, Hu W, Qian D, Bai X, He H, Li L, Sun S. The Mechanisms of Ferroptosis Under Hypoxia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3329-3341. [PMID: 37458878 PMCID: PMC10477166 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death, which is characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation and increase of ROS, resulting in oxidative stress and cell death. Iron, lipid, and multiple signaling pathways precisely control the occurrence and implementation of ferroptosis. The pathways mainly include Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, p62/Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Activating p62/Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway inhibits ferroptosis. Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway promotes ferroptosis. Furthermore, some factors also participate in the occurrence of ferroptosis under hypoxia, such as HIF-1, NCOA4, DMT1. Meanwhile, ferroptosis is related with hypoxia-related diseases, such as MIRI, cancers, and AKI. Accordingly, ferroptosis appears to be a therapeutic target for hypoxia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
- 2020 Clinical Medicine Class 6, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Dianlun Qian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiangfeng Bai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Huilin He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, China.
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5
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Cao X, Ren Y, Lu Q, Wang K, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cui XS, Yang Z, Chen Z. Lactoferrin: A glycoprotein that plays an active role in human health. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1018336. [PMID: 36712548 PMCID: PMC9875800 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1018336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), existing widely in human and mammalian milk, is a multifunctional glycoprotein with many functions, such as immune regulation, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant. These extensive functions largely attribute to its ability to chelate iron and interfere with the cellular receptors of pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. Moreover, it is non-toxic and has good compatibility with other supplements. Thus, Lf has been widely used in food nutrition, drug carriers, biotechnology, and feed development. Although Lf has been continuously explored and studied, a more comprehensive and systematic compendium is still required. This review presents the recent advances in the structure and physicochemical properties of Lf as well as clinical studies on human diseases, with the aim of providing a reference for further research of Lf and the development of its related functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qinyue Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - YuHao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Developmental Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhi Chen,
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Sokolov AV, Isakova-Sivak IN, Mezhenskaya DA, Kostevich VA, Gorbunov NP, Elizarova AY, Matyushenko VA, Berson YM, Grudinina NA, Kolmakov NN, Zabrodskaya YA, Komlev AS, Semak IV, Budevich AI, Rudenko LG, Vasilyev VB. Molecular mimicry of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: from the interaction of spike-specific antibodies with transferrin and lactoferrin to the antiviral effects of human recombinant lactoferrin. Biometals 2022; 36:437-462. [PMID: 36334191 PMCID: PMC9638208 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involves dysregulations of iron metabolism, and although the mechanism of this pathology is not yet fully understood, correction of iron metabolism pathways seems a promising pharmacological target. The previously observed effect of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection by ferristatin II, an inducer of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) degradation, prompted the study of competition between Spike protein and TfR1 ligands, especially lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf). We hypothesized molecular mimicry of Spike protein as cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies with Tf and Lf. Thus, strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.95) were found between the level of Spike-specific IgG antibodies present in serum samples of COVID-19-recovered and Sputnik V-vaccinated individuals and their Tf-binding activity assayed with peroxidase-labeled anti-Tf. In addition, we observed cross-reactivity of Lf-specific murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. On the other hand, the interaction of mAbs produced to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike protein with recombinant RBD protein was disrupted by Tf, Lf, soluble TfR1, anti-TfR1 aptamer, as well as by peptides RGD and GHAIYPRH. Furthermore, direct interaction of RBD protein with Lf, but not Tf, was observed, with affinity of binding estimated by KD to be 23 nM and 16 nM for apo-Lf and holo-Lf, respectively. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with apo-Lf and holo-Lf (1–4 mg/mL) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication of both Wuhan and Delta lineages. Protective effects of Lf on different arms of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis and possible consequences of cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - I N Isakova-Sivak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - D A Mezhenskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Kostevich
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N P Gorbunov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - A Yu Elizarova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Matyushenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Yu M Berson
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N A Grudinina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N N Kolmakov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Y A Zabrodskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Komlev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - I V Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimisty Ave. 4, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A I Budevich
- Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Animal Breeding, 11 Frunze Str., 222160, Zhodino, Belarus
| | - L G Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V B Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1007816. [PMID: 36386929 PMCID: PMC9664149 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1007816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many local and systemic diseases especially diseases that are leading causes of death globally like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis with ischemic heart disease and stroke, cancer and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), involve both, (1) oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels, and (2) inflammation. The GSH tripeptide (γ- L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), the most abundant water-soluble non-protein thiol in the cell (1-10 mM) is fundamental for life by (a) sustaining the adequate redox cell signaling needed to maintain physiologic levels of oxidative stress fundamental to control life processes, and (b) limiting excessive oxidative stress that causes cell and tissue damage. GSH activity is facilitated by activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 that regulates expression of genes controlling antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced (>98% of total GSH) and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms, and the concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell. GSH depletion may play a central role in inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of inflammatory diseases and COVID-19 and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue these diseases. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against systemic inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this review, we emphasize on (1) GSH depletion as a fundamental risk factor for diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis (ischemic heart disease and stroke), (2) importance of oxidative stress and antioxidants in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease, (3) significance of GSH to counteract persistent damaging inflammation, inflammaging and early (premature) inflammaging associated with cell and tissue damage caused by excessive oxidative stress and lack of adequate antioxidant defenses in younger individuals, and (4) new therapies that include antioxidant defenses restoration.
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Skrabana R, Gebetsberger L, Tajti G, Baráth P, Ondrovičová G, Praženicová R, Jantova N, Hrasnova P, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by lactoferricin. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958581. [PMID: 36081512 PMCID: PMC9445877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to vaccines, there is an urgent need for supplemental antiviral therapeutics to dampen the persistent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), that is responsible for proteolytic priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, appears as a rational therapeutic target. Accordingly, selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2 represent potential tools for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Previously, we identified the human milk glycoprotein lactoferrin as a natural inhibitor of plasminogen conversion to plasmin, a serine protease homologous to TMPRSS2. Here, we tested whether lactoferrin and lactoferricin, a biologically active natural peptide produced by pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin, together with synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin, were able to block TMPRSS2 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly, we revealed that both lactoferricin and the N-terminal synthetic peptide pLF1 significantly inhibited: i) proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and plasmin, ii) proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and iii) SARS-CoV-2 infection of SARS-CoV-2-permissive cells. Thus, natural and synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin represent feasible candidates for supporting prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Baráth
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Jantova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Hrasnova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Vladimir Leksa, ; Anna Ohradanova-Repic,
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