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Yan Y, Xing T, Huang X, Peng W, Wang S, Li N. Affinity-Resolved Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool to Study the Attribute-and-Function Relationship in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11716-11724. [PMID: 38986034 PMCID: PMC11270518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important aspect during the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Attributes that affect either the target binding or Fc receptor engagement may have direct impacts on the drug safety and efficacy and thus are considered as CQAs. Native size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based competitive binding assay has recently been reported and demonstrated significant benefits compared to conventional approaches for CQA identification, owing to its faster turn-around and higher multiplexity. Expanding on the similar concept, we report the development of a novel affinity-resolved size exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (AR-SEC-MS) method for rapid CQA evaluation in therapeutic mAbs. This method features wide applicability, fast turn-around, high multiplexity, and easy implementation. Using the well-studied Fc gamma receptor III-A (FcγRIIIa) and Fc interaction as a model system, the effectiveness of this method in studying the attribute-and-function relationship was demonstrated. Further, two case studies were detailed to showcase the application of this method in assessing CQAs related to antibody target binding, which included unusual N-linked glycosylation in a bispecific antibody and Met oxidation in a monospecific antibody, both occurring within the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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2
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Blümel M, Cordoba-Rodriguez R, Carroll JA, Beardsley RL, Maggio F, Wylie D, Tsang V, Ehrick R, Francq BG, Pohl T, Taktak S, Spasoff A, Morrison A, Albarghouthi M. Patient-centric Comparability Assessment of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1415-1425. [PMID: 38373591 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The comparability assessment of a biological product after implementing a manufacturing process change should involve a risk-based approach. Process changes may occur at any stage of the product lifecycle: early development, clinical manufacture for pivotal trials, or post-approval. The risk of the change to impact product quality varies. The design of the comparability assessment should be adapted accordingly. A working group reviewed and consolidated industry approaches to assess comparability of traditional protein-based biological products during clinical development and post-approval. The insights compiled in this review article encompass topics such as a risk-evaluation strategy, the design of comparability studies, definition of assessment criteria for comparability, holistic evaluation of data, and the regulatory submission strategy. These practices can be leveraged across the industry to help companies in design and execution of comparability assessments, and to inform discussions with global regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blümel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Cordoba-Rodriguez
- AstraZeneca, CMC Regulatory Affairs, 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Pfizer Research and Development, Analytical R&D, 875 Chesterfield Parkway, St. Louis, MO 63017, USA
| | - Richard L Beardsley
- Genentech, (A Member of the Roche Group), Analytical Development and QC, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frank Maggio
- Amgen Inc., 40 Technology Way, West Greenwich, RI 02817, USA
| | - David Wylie
- Merck, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Valerie Tsang
- Biogen, Biologics Development, 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robin Ehrick
- AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Bernard G Francq
- GSK, Vaccines CMC statistics, 89 Rue de l'Institut, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biologics Analytical Development, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Taktak
- Pfizer Research and Development, Analytical R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Andrew Spasoff
- AstraZeneca, Development Quality Biologics, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Amy Morrison
- Biogen, Manufacturing Sciences, 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, USA
| | - Methal Albarghouthi
- AstraZeneca, Biopharmaceutical Development, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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3
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Limpikirati PK, Mongkoltipparat S, Denchaipradit T, Siwasophonpong N, Pornnopparat W, Ramanandana P, Pianpaktr P, Tongchusak S, Tian MT, Pisitkun T. Basic regulatory science behind drug substance and drug product specifications of monoclonal antibodies and other protein therapeutics. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100916. [PMID: 39035218 PMCID: PMC11259812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on providing basics and examples for each component of the protein therapeutic specifications to interested pharmacists and biopharmaceutical scientists with a goal to strengthen understanding in regulatory science and compliance. Pharmaceutical specifications comprise a list of important quality attributes for testing, references to use for test procedures, and appropriate acceptance criteria for the tests, and they are set up to ensure that when a drug product is administered to a patient, its intended therapeutic benefits and safety can be rendered appropriately. Conformance of drug substance or drug product to the specifications is achieved by testing an article according to the listed tests and analytical methods and obtaining test results that meet the acceptance criteria. Quality attributes are chosen to be tested based on their quality risk, and consideration should be given to the merit of the analytical methods which are associated with the acceptance criteria of the specifications. Acceptance criteria are set forth primarily based on efficacy and safety profiles, with an increasing attention noted for patient-centric specifications. Discussed in this work are related guidelines that support the biopharmaceutical specification setting, how to set the acceptance criteria, and examples of the quality attributes and the analytical methods from 60 articles and 23 pharmacopeial monographs. Outlooks are also explored on process analytical technologies and other orthogonal tools which are on-trend in biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patanachai K. Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sorrayut Mongkoltipparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thinnaphat Denchaipradit
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nathathai Siwasophonpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wudthipong Pornnopparat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parawan Ramanandana
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand
| | - Phumrapee Pianpaktr
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (PST) Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Songsak Tongchusak
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maoxin Tim Tian
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology (CUSB), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Division of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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4
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Sirén H. Research of saccharides and related biocomplexes: A review with recent techniques and applications. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300668. [PMID: 38699940 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Saccharides and biocompounds as saccharide (sugar) complexes have various roles and biological functions in living organisms due to modifications via nucleophilic substitution, polymerization, and complex formation reactions. Mostly, mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides are stabilized to inactive glycosides, which are formed in metabolic pathways. Natural saccharides are important in food and environmental monitoring. Glycosides with various functionalities are significant in clinical and medical research. Saccharides are often studied with the chromatographic methods of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and anion exchange chromatograpy, but also with capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry with their on-line coupling systems. Sample preparation is important in the identification of saccharide compounds. The cases discussed here focus on bioscience, clinical, and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Chemicum Building, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Fei M, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Characterization workflow for fragments detected in capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38458992 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Product-related fragments in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can have a significant impact on the efficacy and safety of the product. Capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) is a commonly used method for fragment quantification, but it has challenges in peak identification due to the inability to enrich components and the incompatibility of SDS with mass spectrometry (MS). This article presents a workflow for identifying peaks in CE-SDS analysis. The workflow involves comparing the migration time of peaks with that of standards and utilizing MS analysis to identify fragments. By employing this innovative systematic workflow, we successfully identified the CE-SDS impurity peaks of seven antibody products. Among them, four products exhibited characteristic fragments associated with disulfide bonds (light chain [LC], heavy-light [HL] chain, heavy-heavy [HH] chain, and HH-LC) and a glycosylation-related fragment non-glycosylated heavy chain. Additionally, one product showed a fragment formed by the connection of HC_C130 and HC_C130 , which is associated with a thioether bond. Furthermore, two other products displayed amino acid backbone breakage, with one product showing clipping at the HC region of A233 -G285 and the other product showing clipping at the HC regions of A97 -S158 and N342 -T366 . This workflow can be applied in early drug research, process development, or during the biologics license application stage to characterize fragments in therapeutic mAbs analyzed by CE-SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Fei
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yueze Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yiman Zhao
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Shanghai Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Campbell JM, Colombo S, Doyle JL, Filoti DI, Hübner G, Magnenat L, Nowinski AK, Pavon JA, Singh SM, Vo LR, Woods JM, Stokes ESE. An Industry Perspective on the use of Forced Degradation Studies to Assess Comparability of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:505-512. [PMID: 38103689 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation, also known as stress testing, is used throughout pharmaceutical development for many purposes including assessing the comparability of biopharmaceutical products according to ICH Guideline Q5E. These formal comparability studies, the results of which are submitted to health authorities, investigate potential impacts of manufacturing process changes on the quality, safety, and efficacy of the drug. Despite the wide use of forced degradation in comparability assessments, detailed guidance on the design and interpretation of such studies is scarce. The BioPhorum Development Group is an industry-wide consortium enabling networking and sharing of common practices for the development of biopharmaceuticals. The BioPhorum Development Group Forced Degradation Workstream recently conducted several group discussions and a benchmarking survey to understand current industry approaches for the use of forced degradation studies to assess comparability of protein-based biopharmaceuticals. The results provide insight into the design of forced degradation studies, analytical characterization and testing strategies, data evaluation criteria, as well as some considerations and differences for non-platform modalities (e.g., non-traditional mAbs). This article presents survey responses from several global companies of various sizes and provides an industry perspective and experience regarding the practicalities of using forced degradation to assess comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Campbell
- GlaxoSmithKline Analytical Development, Upper Providence, PA, 19426, United States
| | - Stefano Colombo
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, Ballerup, DK, 2750, Denmark
| | - Jamie L Doyle
- Regeneron, Quality Control Analytical Sciences, 81 Columbia Tpke, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Dana I Filoti
- AbbVie Inc., Development Sciences Data & Digital Strategy, 1N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
| | - Göran Hübner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Analytical Dev. Biologicals, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Laurent Magnenat
- Fresenius Kabi SwissBioSim GmbH, Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development, Route de Crassier 23, 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Ann K Nowinski
- Seagen Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21823 30th Drive Southeast, Bothell, WA, 98021, United States
| | - Jorge Alex Pavon
- Merck & Co., Inc., Biologics Analytical Research and Development, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, United States
| | - Surinder M Singh
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Analytical Development & Attribute Science, 1 Squibb Drive, North Brunswick, New Jersey, 08902, United States
| | - Laila R Vo
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC Analytical development, Novo Nordisk Park B7.2.021, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Joshua M Woods
- Pfizer, Analytical Research and Development, 875 Chesterfield Pkwy W, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Elaine S E Stokes
- BioPhorum Operations Group, The Gridiron Building, 1 Pancras Square, London, N1C 4AG, United Kingdom.
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7
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Feng H, Dunn ZD, Kargupta R, Desai J, Phuangthong C, Venkata T, Appiah-Amponsah E, Patel B. Pioneering Just-in-Time (JIT) Strategy for Accelerating Raman Method Development and Implementation for Biologic Continuous Manufacturing. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38321842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a popular process analytical technology (PAT) tool that has been increasingly used to monitor and control the monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing process. Although it allows the characterization of a variety of quality attributes by developing chemometric models, a large quantity of representative data is required, and hence, the model development process can be time-consuming. In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has been expediting new drug development in order to achieve faster delivery of life-changing drugs to patients. The shortened development timelines have impacted the Raman application, as less time is allowed for data collection. To address this problem, an innovative Just-in-Time (JIT) strategy is proposed with the goal of reducing the time needed for Raman model development and ensuring its implementation. To demonstrate its capabilities, a proof-of-concept study was performed by applying the JIT strategy to a biologic continuous process for producing monoclonal antibody products. Raman spectroscopy and online two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) were integrated as a PAT analyzer system. Raman models of antibody titer and aggregate percentage were calibrated by chemometric modeling in real-time. The models were also updated in real-time using new data collected during process monitoring. Initial Raman models with adequate performance were established using data collected from two lab-scale cell culture batches and subsequently updated using one scale-up batch. The JIT strategy is capable of accelerating Raman method development to monitor and guide the expedited biologics process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Feng
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary D Dunn
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roli Kargupta
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jay Desai
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chelsea Phuangthong
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tayi Venkata
- Biologic Process Development, Pharmaceutical Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bhumit Patel
- Data Rich Measurements, Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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8
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Xiang S, Zhang J, Yu L, Tian J, Tang W, Tang H, Xu K, Wang X, Cui Y, Ren K, Cao W, Su Y, Zhou W. Developing an ultra-intensified fed-batch cell culture process with greatly improved performance and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:696-709. [PMID: 37994547 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensified fed-batch (IFB), a popular cell culture intensification strategy, has been widely used for productivity improvement through high density inoculation followed by fed-batch cultivation. However, such an intensification strategy may counterproductively induce rapidly progressing cell apoptosis and difficult-to-sustain productivity. To improve culture performance, we developed a novel cell culture process intermittent-perfusion fed-batch (IPFB) which incorporates one single or multiple cycles of intermittent perfusion during an IFB process for better sustained cellular and metabolic behaviors and notably improved productivity. Unlike continuous perfusion or other semi-continuous processes such as hybrid perfusion fed-batch with only early-stage perfusion, IPFB applies limited times of intermittent perfusion in the mid-to-late stage of production and still inherits bolus feedings on nonperfusion days as in a fed-batch culture. Compared to IFB, an average titer increase of ~45% was obtained in eight recombinant CHO cell lines studied. Beyond IPFB, ultra-intensified IPFB (UI-IPFB) was designed with a markedly elevated seeding density of 20-80 × 106 cell/mL, achieved through the conventional alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) perfusion expansion followed with a cell culture concentration step using the same ATF system. With UI-IPFB, up to ~6 folds of traditional fed-batch and ~3 folds of IFB productivity were achieved. Furthermore, the application grounded in these two novel processes showed broad-based feasibility in multiple cell lines and products of interest, and was proven to be effective in cost of goods reduction and readily scalable to a larger scale in existing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le Yu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxiu Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kecui Xu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weijia Cao
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuning Su
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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9
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Ascione A, Belfiore M, Vesterinen J, Buda M, Holtkamp W, Luciani F. Charge heterogeneity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by different cIEF systems: views on the current situation. MAbs 2024; 16:2313737. [PMID: 38332713 PMCID: PMC10860345 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2313737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic mAbs show a specific "charge fingerprint" that may affect safety and efficacy, and, as such, it is often identified as a critical quality attribute (CQA). Capillary iso-electric focusing (cIEF), commonly used for the evaluation of such CQA, provides an analytical tool to investigate mAb purity and identity across the product lifecycle. Here, we discuss the results of an analysis of a panel of antibody products by conventional and whole-column imaging cIEF systems performed as part of European Pharmacopoeia activities related to development of "horizontal standards" for the quality control of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The study aimed at designing and verifying an independent and transversal cIEF procedure for the reliable analysis of mAbs charge variants. Despite the use of comparable experimental conditions, discrepancies in the charge profile and measured isoelectric points emerged between the two cIEF systems. These data suggest that the results are method-dependent rather than absolute, an aspect known to experts in the field and pharmaceutical industry, but not suitably documented in the literature. Critical implications from analytical and regulatory perspectives, are herein thoughtfully discussed, with a special focus on the context of market surveillance and identification of falsified medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ascione
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Belfiore
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jaana Vesterinen
- Laboratory Department, Finnish Medicines Agency, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mihaela Buda
- European Pharmacopoeia Department, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wolf Holtkamp
- Section IMG 3 “Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Francesca Luciani
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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10
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Luo S, Zhang B. Benchmark Glycan Profile of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Produced by Mammalian Cell Expression Systems. Pharm Res 2024; 41:29-37. [PMID: 37914842 PMCID: PMC10811051 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to establish a benchmark glycan profile for commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHODS We conducted a rigorous comparison of glycosylation data from the regulatory submissions for FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies up to May 2023. This analysis includes over 150 mAbs produced by various mammalian cell expression systems. RESULTS The study identified nine prevalent glycan epitopes across all FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies produced by different expression systems. These epitopes include terminal N-acetylglucosamine, core fucose, terminal galactose, high mannose, α-galactose, terminal α2,3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid, terminal α2,6-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid, triantennary structure, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, thus establishing a benchmark glycan profile. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study have significant implications for therapeutic antibody development, quality control, and regulatory compliance. The benchmark glycan profile enables the assessment of glycosylation consistency and comparability across a diverse range of antibody products, ensuring improved product quality within the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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11
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Urbano A, Plaza J, Picado C, de Mora F. Combined analytical assays for the characterization of drugs binding to human IgE: Applicability to omalizumab-bearing biosimilar candidates assessment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115848. [PMID: 37976893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Analytical and functional comparison is key for substantiating the level of convergence (essential sameness) or divergence between versions or variants of a given biological medicine. Accordingly, an overlapping biological activity between products meant to be equal probably reflects a highly similar structure and anticipates a comparable pharmacodynamic behavior. We developed an orthogonal approach to compare the human IgE binding features of different lots and versions of Xolair® (omalizumab), an anti-human IgE monoclonal antibody. The IgE binding affinity and kinetics were measured by surface plasmon resonance. Ability to prevent mast cell activity was assessed in vitro and in vivo in mast cell-based models. The variability of monoclonal antibodies with identical amino acid sequences produced either in Chinese hamster ovarian cells or in human HEK293 cells, was compared. Monoclonal antibodies from the two sources exhibited slightly different human IgE binding and neutralizing features. A known variant exhibiting a three amino acid replacement in the Fab region had lower IgE binding affinity than the original omalizumab. The lower binding affinity translated into reduced IgE neutralizing capacity and, in turn, a difference in the ability to prevent mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. The proposed set of analytical and functional assays was sensitive enough to detect Fab-linked differences between anti-IgE antibody versions exhibiting an identical aminoacid sequence. In addition to add value to the comparative assessment of biosimilar candidates bearing omalizumab, these methods can aid pre-assessments of new anti-IgE agents that aim to improve therapeutic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Urbano
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Plaza
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Picado
- Department of Pneumology and Respiratory Allergy, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agust Pi i Sunyer), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERES (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando de Mora
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Dunn ZD, Bohman P, Quinteros A, Sauerborn B, Milman F, Patel M, Kargupta R, Wu S, Hornshaw M, Barrientos R, Bones J, Tayi VS, Abaroa N, Patel B, Appiah-Amponsah E, Regalado EL. Automated Online-Sampling Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography with Feedback-Control Capability as a Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of mAb Critical Quality Attributes in Multiple Bioreactors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18130-18138. [PMID: 38015205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of biopharmaceutical reactors is becoming increasingly important as the processes become more complex. During the continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the desired mAb product is continually created and collected over a 30 day process, where there can be changes in quality over that time. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the workhorse instrumentation capable of measuring mAb concentration as well as quality attributes such as aggregation, charge variants, oxidation, etc. However, traditional offline sampling is too infrequent to fully characterize bioprocesses, and the typical time from sample generation to data analysis and reporting can take weeks. To circumvent these limitations, an automated online sampling multidimensional workflow was developed to enable streamlined measurements of mAb concentration, aggregation, and charge variants. This analytical framework also facilitates automated data export for real-time analysis of up to six bioreactors, including feedback-controlling capability using readily available LC technology. This workflow increases the data points per bioreactor, improving the understanding of each experiment while also reducing the data turnaround time from weeks to hours. Examples of effective real-time analyses of mAb critical quality attributes are illustrated, showing substantial throughput improvements and accurate results while minimizing labor and manual intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Bohman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexis Quinteros
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brian Sauerborn
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Felix Milman
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Misaal Patel
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roli Kargupta
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suyang Wu
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Martin Hornshaw
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicholas Abaroa
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bhumit Patel
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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13
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Liu Y, VanAernum Z, Zhang Y, Gao X, Vlad M, Feng B, Cross R, Kilgore B, Newman A, Wang D, Schuessler HA, Richardson DD, Chadwick JS. LC-MS Approach to Decipher a Light Chain Chromatographic Peak Splitting of a Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3087-3098. [PMID: 37936013 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), like other protein therapeutics, are prone to various forms of degradation, some of which are difficult to distinguish from the native form yet may alter potency. A generalizable LC-MS approach was developed to enable quantitative analysis of isoAsp. In-depth understanding of product quality attributes (PQAs) enables optimization of the manufacturing process, better formulation selection, and decreases risk associated with product handling in the clinic or during shipment. METHODS Reversed-phase chromatographic peak splitting was observed when a mAb was exposed to elevated temperatures. Multiple LC-MS based methods were applied to identify the reason for peak splitting. The approach involved the use of complementary HPLC columns, multiple enzymatic digestions and different MS/MS ion dissociation methods. In addition, mAb potency was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The split peaks had identical masses, and the root cause of the peak splitting was identified as isomerization of an aspartic acid located in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the light chain. And the early eluting and late eluting peaks were collected and performed enzymatic digestion to confirm the isoAsp enrichment in the early eluting peak. In addition, decreased potency was observed in the same heat-stressed sample, and the increased isoAsp levels in the CDR correlate well with a decrease of potency. CONCLUSION Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been utilized extensively to assess PQAs of biological therapeutics. In this study, a generalizable LC-MS-based approach was developed to enable identification and quantitation of the isoAsp-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Zac VanAernum
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Mariana Vlad
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bo Feng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Robert Cross
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bruce Kilgore
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Alice Newman
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hillary A Schuessler
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chadwick
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
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14
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Beaumont VA, Liu L, Shi H, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Application of NMR and Chemometric Analyses to Better Understand the Quality Attributes in pH and Thermally Degraded Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2457-2467. [PMID: 37798537 PMCID: PMC10661726 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides the sensitivity and specificity to probe the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for potential changes. This study demonstrates an application of chemometric tools to measure differences in the NMR spectra of mAbs after forced degradation relative to the respective unstressed starting materials. METHODS Samples of adalimumab (Humira, ADL-REF) and trastuzumab (Herceptin, TRA-REF) were incubated in three buffer-pH conditions at 40°C for 4 weeks to compare to a control sample that was left unstressed. Replicate 1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C HMQC NMR spectra were collected on all samples. Chemometric analyses such as Easy Comparability of HOS (ECHOS), PROtein FIngerprinting by Lineshape Enhancement (PROFILE), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to capture and quantitate differences between the spectra. RESULTS Visual and statistical inspection of the 2D 1H-13C HMQC spectra of adalimumab and trastuzumab after forced degradation conditions shows no changes in the spectra relative to the unstressed material. Chemometric analysis of the 1D 1H NMR spectra shows only minor changes in the spectra of adalimumab after forced degradation, but significant differences in trastuzumab. CONCLUSION The chemometric analyses support the lack of statistical differences in the structure of pH-thermal stressed adalimumab, however, it reveals conformational changes or chemical modifications in trastuzumab after forced degradation. Application of chemometrics in comparative NMR studies enables HOS characterization and showcases the sensitivity and specificity in detecting differences in the spectra of mAbs after pH-thermal forced degradation with respect to local and global protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9FF, UK.
| | - Lucy Liu
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Heliang Shi
- Pfizer, Inc. Global Product Development, Oncology & Rare Disease Statistics, New York City, NY, 10001, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA, 01810, USA.
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15
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Yu W, Ramprasad MP, Pal M, Chen C, Paruchuri S, Skidmore L, Knudsen N, Allen M, Buechler Y. Analytical comparability to evaluate impact of manufacturing changes of ARX788, an Anti-HER2 ADC in late-stage clinical development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284198. [PMID: 37428761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ARX788 is an anti-HER2 antibody drug conjugate (ADC) developed using Ambrx proprietary Engineered Precision Biologics technology. The manufacturing process of ARX788 has been optimized during the course of early to late-phase clinical development. A comprehensive evaluation of side-by-side comparability between pre- and post-change process for ARX788 drug substance and drug product from a quality perspective was conducted based on ICH Q5E guidelines consisting of batch release assays, physicochemical and biophysical characterization, biological characterization, and forced degradation studies. All results have substantiated a high degree of similarity between the pre- and post-change ARX788 drug substance batches and drug product lots, demonstrating that the process manufacturing changes did not impact product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Yu
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Manoj Pal
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Chris Chen
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nick Knudsen
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Molly Allen
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ying Buechler
- Ambrx Incorporated, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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16
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Gau BC, Dawdy AW, Wang HL, Bare B, Castaneda CH, Friese OV, Thompson MS, Lerch TF, Cirelli DJ, Rouse JC. Oligonucleotide mapping via mass spectrometry to enable comprehensive primary structure characterization of an mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9038. [PMID: 37270636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide mapping via liquid chromatography with UV detection coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS) was recently developed to support development of Comirnaty, the world's first commercial mRNA vaccine which immunizes against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Analogous to peptide mapping of therapeutic protein modalities, oligonucleotide mapping described here provides direct primary structure characterization of mRNA, through enzymatic digestion, accurate mass determinations, and optimized collisionally-induced fragmentation. Sample preparation for oligonucleotide mapping is a rapid, one-pot, one-enzyme digestion. The digest is analyzed via LC-MS/MS with an extended gradient and resulting data analysis employs semi-automated software. In a single method, oligonucleotide mapping readouts include a highly reproducible and completely annotated UV chromatogram with 100% maximum sequence coverage, and a microheterogeneity assessment of 5' terminus capping and 3' terminus poly(A)-tail length. Oligonucleotide mapping was pivotal to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of mRNA vaccines by providing: confirmation of construct identity and primary structure and assessment of product comparability following manufacturing process changes. More broadly, this technique may be used to directly interrogate the primary structure of RNA molecules in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Gau
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
| | - Andrew W Dawdy
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA.
| | - Hanliu Leah Wang
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Bradley Bare
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Carlos H Castaneda
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Olga V Friese
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Lerch
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - David J Cirelli
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc, Andover, MA, USA
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17
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Solomon TL, Chao K, Gingras G, Aubin Y, O'Dell WB, Marino JP, Brinson RG. Backbone NMR assignment of the yeast expressed Fab fragment of the NISTmAb reference antibody. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:75-81. [PMID: 36856943 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein class has become a primary therapeutic platform for the production of new life saving drug products. MAbs are comprised of two domains: the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and crystallizable fragment (Fc). Despite the success in the clinic, NMR assignments of the complete Fab domain have been elusive, in part due to problems in production of properly folded, triply-labeled 2H,13C,15N Fab domain. Here, we report the successful recombinant expression of a triply-labeled Fab domain, derived from the standard IgG1κ known as NISTmAb, in yeast. Using the 2H,13C,15N Fab domain, we assigned 94% of the 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsega L Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kinlin Chao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Genevieve Gingras
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, K1A 0K9, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, K1A 0K9, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William B O'Dell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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18
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Torkashvand F, Mehranfar M, Rashidi Gero M, Jafarian P, Mirabzadeh E, Azarian B, Sardari S, Vaziri B. Trastuzumab Charge Variants: a Study on Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:108-16. [PMID: 37070702 PMCID: PMC10314757 DOI: 10.61186/ibj.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Post-translational modifications in bioprocessing and storage of recombinant mAbs are the main sources of charge variants. While the profile of these kinds of variants is considered an important attribute for the therapeutic mAbs, there is controversy about their direct role in safety and efficacy. In this study, the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the separated charge variants belonging to a trastuzumab potential biosimilar, were examined. Methods The acidic peaks, basic peaks, and main variants of trastuzumab were separated and enriched by semi-preparative weak cation exchange. A panel of analytical techniques was utilized to characterize the physicochemical properties of these variants. The binding affinity to HER2 and FcγRs and the PK parameters were evaluated for each variant. Results Based on the results, the charge variants of the proposed biosimilar had no significant influence on the examined efficacy and PK parameters. Conclusion During the development and production of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, evaluating the effect of their charge variants on efficacy and PK parameters is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Torkashvand
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mahsa Mehranfar
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mahsa Rashidi Gero
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Jafarian
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmat Mirabzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Azarian
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Lambiase G, Klottrup-Rees K, Lovelady C, Ali S, Shepherd S, Muroni M, Lindo V, James DC, Dickman MJ. An automated, low volume, and high-throughput analytical platform for aggregate quantitation from cell culture media. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463809. [PMID: 36731329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening methods have driven a paradigm shift in biopharmaceutical development by reducing the costs of good manufactured (COGM) and accelerate the launch to market of novel drug products. Scale-down cell culture systems such as shaken 24- and 96-deep-well plates (DWPs) are used for initial screening of hundreds of recombinant mammalian clonal cell lines to quickly and efficiently select the best producing strains expressing product quality attributes that fit to industry platform. A common modification monitored from early-stage product development is protein aggregation due to its impact on safety and efficacy. This study aims to integrate high-throughput analysis of aggregation-prone therapeutic proteins with 96-deep well plate screening to rank clones based on the aggregation levels of the expressed proteins. Here we present an automated, small-scale analytical platform workflow combining the purification and subsequent aggregation analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals expressed in 96-DWP cell cultures. Product purification was achieved by small-scale solid-phase extraction using dual flow chromatography (DFC) automated on a robotic liquid handler for the parallel processing of up to 96 samples at a time. At-line coupling of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a 2.1 mm ID column enabled the detection of aggregates with sub-2 µg sensitivity and a 3.5 min run time. The entire workflow was designed as an application to aggregation-prone mAbs and "mAb-like" next generation biopharmaceuticals, such as bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Application of the high-throughput analytical workflow to a shake plate overgrow (SPOG) screen, enabled the screening of 384 different clonal cell lines in 32 h, requiring < 2 μg of protein per sample. Aggregation levels expressed by the clones varied between 9 and 76%. This high-throughput analytical workflow allowed for the early elimination of clonal cell lines with high aggregation, demonstrating the advantage of integrating analytical testing for critical quality attributes (CQAs) earlier in product development to drive better decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lambiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK; Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerensa Klottrup-Rees
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare Lovelady
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Salma Ali
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Shepherd
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maurizio Muroni
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivian Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK.
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK.
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20
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Dumoncel RFP, Xavier B, Cardoso Júnior CDA, da Silva FS, Motta LGJ, Cavalheiro TN, Dalmora SL. Analysis of Denosumab by a Validated CZE Method and Determination of Sialic Acids by the RP-HPLC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:177-185. [PMID: 35279712 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed and validated to quantitate the monoclonal antibody denosumab (DmAb) and its charge variants in pharmaceutical products, demonstrating excellent precision, linearity and accuracy. Separations were obtained with migration times of 11.3 min for DmAb and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.95-20 mg/mL. The analytical comparability of seven batches of Prolia® showed mean differences of the estimated content/potencies of 1.87% lower, and 0.84 and 1.21% higher compared with the size-exclusion and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC and RP-HPLC) methods and the osteoclast antiproliferative bioassay, respectively, with non-significant differences (P > 0.05). An RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-F), performed on a Kinetex® EVO C18 column (5 μm, 100 Å, 250 mm × 4.6 mm), was optimized to determine the levels of sialic acids of DmAb biomolecules, giving mean concentrations of 0.16 and 0.17 μg N-acetylneuraminic acid/mg DmAb for Prolia® and Xgeva® pharmaceutical products, respectively. The results demonstrated the capability of each one of the methods, and their use in combination constitutes a strategy to monitor instability, thereby assuring the quality and the batch-to-batch consistency of the biotechnology-derived medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferreira Perobelli Dumoncel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Xavier
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Dervil Appratto Cardoso Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Santos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Jung Motta
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Neuhaus Cavalheiro
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Dalmora
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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21
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Zhang Y, Schöneich C. Visible Light Induces Site-Specific Oxidative Heavy Chain Fragmentation of a Monoclonal Antibody (IgG1) Mediated by an Iron(III)-Containing Histidine Buffer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:650-662. [PMID: 36538763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies represents a critical quality attribute. Here, we report a novel visible light-induced heavy chain fragmentation of IgG1 mediated by an Fe(III)-containing histidine (His) buffer. Based on non-reducing sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis, IgG1 fragments with apparent molecular weights of ∼130, ∼110, and ∼22 kDa were detected in photo-irradiated samples and were mechanistically rationalized with an oxidative cleavage at Thr259. Specifically, the reactions are proposed to involve the generation of an intermediary alkoxyl radical, which undergoes β-cleavage to yield a glycyl radical. The latter either converts into Gly or adds oxygen and follows a peroxyl radical chemistry. The cleavage process requires the presence of His, while only negligible yields of cleavage products are formed when His is replaced by acetate, succinate, or phosphate buffer. Importantly, the fragmentation can be prevented by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) only when the EDTA concentrations are in significant excess over the concentrations of Fe(III) and proteins, suggesting a strong binding between Fe(III) and IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
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22
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Solomon TL, Delaglio F, Giddens JP, Marino JP, Yu YB, Taraban MB, Brinson RG. Correlated analytical and functional evaluation of higher order structure perturbations from oxidation of NISTmAb. MAbs 2023; 15:2160227. [PMID: 36683157 PMCID: PMC9872951 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2160227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy and safety of protein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rely on the integrity of the protein higher order structure (HOS) during product development, manufacturing, storage, and patient administration. As mAb-based drugs are becoming more prevalent in the treatment of many illnesses, the need to establish metrics for quality attributes of mAb therapeutics through high-resolution techniques is also becoming evident. To this end, here we used a forced degradation method, time-dependent oxidation by hydrogen peroxide, on the model biotherapeutic NISTmAb and evaluated the effects on HOS with orthogonal analytical methods and a functional assay. To monitor the oxidation process, the experimental workflow involved incubation of NISTmAb with hydrogen peroxide in a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) that followed the reaction kinetics, in real-time through the water proton transverse relaxation rate R2(1H2O). Aliquots taken at defined time points were further analyzed by high-field 2D 1H-13C methyl correlation fingerprint spectra in parallel with other analytical techniques, including thermal unfolding, size-exclusion chromatography, and surface plasmon resonance, to assess changes in stability, heterogeneity, and binding affinities. The complementary measurement outputs from the different techniques demonstrate the utility of combining NMR with other analytical tools to monitor oxidation kinetics and extract the resulting structural changes in mAbs that are functionally relevant, allowing rigorous assessment of HOS attributes relevant to the efficacy and safety of mAb-based drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsega L. Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - John P. Giddens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Yihua Bruce Yu
- Bio- and Nano-Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Marc B. Taraban
- Bio- and Nano-Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Robert G. Brinson Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive Rockville, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
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23
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Mihaila R, Ruhela D, Xu L, Joussef S, Geng X, Shi J, Kim AS, Yares W, Furstoss K, Iverson K. Analytical comparability demonstrated for an IgG4 molecule, inclacumab, following transfer of manufacturing responsibility from Roche to Global Blood Therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1417-1428. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2143260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radu Mihaila
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dipali Ruhela
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lifang Xu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Geng
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianxia Shi
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea S. Kim
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Yares
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Liu YD, Cadang L, Bol K, Pan X, Tschudi K, Jazayri M, Camperi J, Michels D, Stults J, Harris RJ, Yang F. Challenges and Strategies for a Thorough Characterization of Antibody Acidic Charge Variants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:641. [PMID: 36354552 PMCID: PMC9687119 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of therapeutic Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs are due to protein variants generated during the manufacturing process. These protein variants can be critical quality attributes (CQAs) depending on their potential impact on drug safety and/or efficacy. To identify CQAs and ensure the drug product qualities, a thorough characterization is required but challenging due to the complex structure of biotherapeutics. Past characterization studies for basic and acidic variants revealed that full characterizations were limited to the basic charge variants, while the quantitative measurements of acidic variants left gaps. Consequently, the characterization and quantitation of acidic variants are more challenging. A case study of a therapeutic mAb1 accounted for two-thirds of the enriched acidic variants in the initial characterization study. This led to additional investigations, closing the quantification gaps of mAb1 acidic variants. This work demonstrates that a well-designed study with the right choices of analytical methods can play a key role in characterization studies. Thus, the updated strategies for more complete antibody charge variant characterization are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Diana Liu
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Yang
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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25
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Ayalew L, Chan P, Hu Z, Shen A, Duenas E, Kirschbrown W, Schick AJ, Chen Y, Kim MT. C-Terminal Lysine Processing of IgG in Human Suction Blister Fluid: Implications for Subcutaneous Administration. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4043-4054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Phyllis Chan
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Shen
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eileen Duenas
- Purification Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Whitney Kirschbrown
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Arthur J. Schick
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael T. Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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26
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Gao H, Wang ST, Hu F, Shen BB, Sun MF, Wang H, Li L, Fang WJ. Investigation of an Uncommon Artifact during Reducing Capillary Electrophoresis-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Analysis of a Monoclonal Antibody with Dynamic Light Scattering and Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1959-1968. [PMID: 35701679 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES In reducing capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) analysis of a monoclonal antibody (mAb-1), the peak area ratio of heavy chain (HC) to light chain (LC) was out of balance, while multiple artifact peaks were observed following the migration of HC. The main purposes of this study were to describe the techniques utilized to eliminate this artifact and clarify the root cause for this interesting phenomenon. METHODS We optimized the CE-SDS analysis of mAb-1 by a vairety of techniques including changing the concentration of protein or replacing SDS with a more hydrophobic surfactant (i.e., sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS) or sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) instead of SDS) in sample and/or the sieving gel buffer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) were used to study the protein-surfactant complex. RESULTS The artifact could be partially mitigated by reducing the protein concentration and replacing SDS with SHS or STS in the sample and/or the sieving gel buffer solutions. Due to replacing a more hydrophobic surfactant, the HC-surfactant complex formed was more resistant to dissociation, preventing additional hydrophobic HC-HC interaction and aggregation, thus eliminating the artifact problem. CONCLUSIONS DLS and RP-HPLC are powerful supplementary techniques in characterizing the protein-surfactant complex, and hydrophobic surfactants such as SHS and STS could afford more normal electropherograms during the analysis of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Min-Fei Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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27
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Analysis of glycan ratio of Chinese hamster ovary cell-cetuximab antigen-binding segment via rapid enzyme digestion with endo-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>N</italic>-acetylglucosaminidase F. Se Pu 2022; 40:175-181. [PMID: 35080164 PMCID: PMC9404216 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
西妥昔单抗具有较复杂的糖基化修饰,在抗原结合片段(Fab)和可结晶片段(Fc)的重链上都含有2个N-糖基化位点,其中Fab段的糖基化最为复杂,要研究清楚该位点的糖基化修饰,开发专一性切糖技术和稳定的聚糖比例分析方法是当前迫切需要解决的难题。以中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞表达的西妥昔单抗为研究对象,使用β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(Endo F2)开发了一种快速Fab段聚糖释放的方法,利用超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱(UPLC-HRMS)进行了定性和聚糖比例分析。第一步对抗体原液进行非变性酶切,抗体原液经超纯水稀释后,加入糖苷酶Endo F2进行酶切,通过质谱对质量数的解析,结果表明Endo F2酶切时间5 min, Fab段的聚糖就能完全切除,而Fc段的聚糖不受影响,实现了快速酶切,而且切糖具有很好的专一性。第二步对Fab段聚糖进行比例分析,将释放的聚糖经对氨基苯甲酰胺(2-AB)荧光标记后使用超高效液相色谱联用荧光检测器(FLR)进行检测,在亲水作用色谱(HILIC)柱上得到良好的分离并可以进行稳定地聚糖比例分析。3次独立试验结果表明,酶切后的质谱图基本一致,且聚糖的比例结果也基本一致,表明Endo F2酶切方法和聚糖比例分析方法都具有较好的稳定性和可靠性。此外,通过测定来自两个不同工艺生产的样品,数据显示两者的糖谱上具有非常明显的差异,表明利用开发的方法可以实现对抗体生产工艺进行监测研究,对抗体生产工艺的评估具有非常重要的意义。
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28
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Abdelghaffar SH, Hegazy MA, Eltanany BM. Stability assessment of FDA-approved ramucirumab monoclonal antibody; validated SE-HPLC method for degradation pattern evaluation. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5258. [PMID: 34622957 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ramucirumab (RAMU) is a recently US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibody that is included in various anticancer protocols. It has a structural complexity and high degradation risk that have a significant effect on its safety and effectiveness. The major aim of this work was to assess the degradation pattern of RAMU based on physicochemical characterization. Mechanical agitation, repeated freeze-thaw cycles, pH and temperature were the selected stress conditions to which RAMU samples were subjected. The SE-HPLC method was applied and validated to monitor the RAMU monomer along with its aggregates and/or fragments. The purity of the separated peaks together with system suitability parameters were determined through the calculation of percentage purity and percentage drop in RAMU concentration. The results were interpreted by correlating them with those of dynamic light scattering and reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples incubated at pH 2.0-10.0 and 37°C for up to 4 weeks were analysed, recording detection of reversed phase (RP) aggregates and low molecular weight peptide fragments. Similarly, samples under short-term storage conditions of 4 weeks at different temperatures (-20, 2-8, 25, 37 and 50°C) showed low molecular weight peptide fragments but to a lesser extent. These results highlight the alarming effect on RAMU multidose vial efficacy and safety.
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29
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Xu G, Yu C, Wang W, Fu C, Liu H, Zhu Y, Li Y, Liu C, Fu Z, Wu G, Li M, Guo S, Yu X, Du J, Yang Y, Duan M, Cui Y, Feng H, Wang L. Quality comparability assessment of a SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody across transient, mini-pool-derived and single-clone CHO cells. MAbs 2021; 14:2005507. [PMID: 34923915 PMCID: PMC8726686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a serious public health crisis worldwide, and considering the novelty of the disease, preventative and therapeutic measures alike are urgently needed. To accelerate such efforts, the development of JS016, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was expedited from a typical 12- to 18-month period to a 4-month period. During this process, transient Chinese hamster ovary cell lines are used to support preclinical, investigational new drug-enabling toxicology research, and early Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls development; mini-pool materials to supply Phase 1 clinical trials; and a single-clone working cell bank for late-stage and pivotal clinical trials were successively adopted. Moreover, key process performance and product quality investigations using a series of orthogonal and state-of-the-art techniques were conducted to demonstrate the comparability of products manufactured using these three processes, and the results indicated that, despite observed variations in process performance, the primary and high-order structures, purity and impurity profiles, biological and immunological functions, and degradation behaviors under stress conditions were largely comparable. The study suggests that, in particular situations, this strategy can be adopted to accelerate the development of therapeutic biopharmaceuticals and their access to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Cexiong Fu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchuan Liu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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30
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Singh SM, Furman R, Singh RK, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Tao L, Li Z. Size exclusion chromatography for the characterization and quality control of biologics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ran Furman
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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31
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Rincon Pabon JP, Kochert BA, Liu YH, Richardson DD, Weis DD. Protein A does not induce allosteric structural changes in an IgG1 antibody during binding. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2355-2361. [PMID: 33640336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is widely used for antibody purification in biopharmaceutical production. Although there is evidence suggesting that affinity chromatography might induce structural changes in antibodies, allosteric changes in structure have not been well-explored. Here, we used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to reveal conformational changes in the NIST mAb upon binding with a protein A (ProA) matrix. HX-MS measurements of NIST mAb bound to in-solution and resin forms of ProA revealed regions of the CH2 and CH3 domains with increased protection from HX upon ProA binding, consistent with the known ProA binding region. In-solution ProA experiments revealed regions in the Fab with increased HX uptake when the ProA:mAb molar ratio was increased to 2:1, suggesting an allosterically induced increase in backbone flexibility. Such effects were not observed with lower ProA concentration (1:1 molar ratio) or when ProA resin was used, suggesting some kind of change in binding mode. Since all pharmaceutical processes use ProA bound to resin, our results rule out reversible allosteric effects on the NIST mAb during interaction with resin ProA. However, irreversible effects cannot be ruled out since the NIST mAb was previously exposed to ProA during its original purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rincon Pabon
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Brent A Kochert
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry and the Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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32
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Lhota G, Sissolak B, Striedner G, Sommeregger W, Vorauer-Uhl K. Quantification of glycated IgG in CHO supernatants: A practical approach. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3124. [PMID: 33428326 PMCID: PMC8365726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational, nonenzymatic glycation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the presence of reducing sugars (in bioprocesses) is a widely known phenomenon, which affects protein heterogeneity and potentially has an impact on quality, safety, and efficacy of the end product. Quantification of individual glycation levels is compulsory for each mAb therapeutically applied in humans. We therefore propose an analytical method for monitoring glycation levels of mAb products during the bioprocess. This is a useful tool for process-design considerations, especially concerning glucose-feed strategies and temperature as major driving factors of protein glycation. In this study, boronate affinity chromatography (BAC) was optimized for determination of the glycation level of mAbs in supernatants. In fact, the complex matrix found in supernatants is an underlying obstacle to use BAC, but with a simple clean-up step, we found that the elution profile could be significantly improved so that qualitative and quantitative determination could be reached. Complementary analytical methods confirmed the performance quality, including the correctness and specificity of the results. For quantitative determination of mAb glycation in supernatants, we established a calibration procedure for the retained mAb peak, identified as glycated antibody monomers. For this approach, an available fully characterized mAb standard, Humira®, was successfully applied, and continuous monitoring of mAbs across three repetitive fed-batch processes was finally performed. With this practical, novel approach, an insight was obtained into glycation levels during bioprocessing, in conjunction with glucose levels and product titer over time, facilitating efficient process development and batch-consistency monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lhota
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sissolak
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Micro-Heterogeneity of Antibody Molecules. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:1-26. [PMID: 34687006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mostly of the IgG class and constitute highly efficacious biopharmaceuticals for a wide range of clinical indications. Full-length IgG mAbs are large proteins that are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during biosynthesis, purification, or storage, resulting in micro-heterogeneity. The production of recombinant mAbs in nonhuman cell lines may result in loss of structural fidelity and the generation of variants having altered stability, biological activities, and/or immunogenic potential. Additionally, even fully human therapeutic mAbs are of unique specificity, by design, and, consequently, of unique structure; therefore, structural elements may be recognized as non-self by individuals within an outbred human population to provoke an anti-therapeutic/anti-drug antibody (ATA/ADA) response. Consequently, regulatory authorities require that the structure of a potential mAb drug product is comprehensively characterized employing state-of-the-art orthogonal analytical technologies; the PTM profile may define a set of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the drug product that must be maintained, employing quality by design parameters, throughout the lifetime of the drug. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc, at Asn297 on each heavy chain, is an established CQA since its presence and fine structure can have a profound impact on efficacy and safety. The glycoform profile of serum-derived IgG is highly heterogeneous while mAbs produced in mammalian cells in vitro is less heterogeneous and can be "orchestrated" depending on the cell line employed and the culture conditions adopted. Thus, the gross structure and PTM profile of a given mAb, established for the drug substance gaining regulatory approval, have to be maintained for the lifespan of the drug. This review outlines our current understanding of common PTMs detected in mAbs and endogenous IgG and the relationship between a variant's structural attribute and its impact on clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Wagner-Rousset E, Colas O, Chenu S, François YN, Guillarme D, Cianferani S, Tsybin YO, Sjögren J, Delobel A, Beck A. Fast Afucosylation Profiling of Glycoengineered Antibody Subunits by Middle-Up Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2271:73-83. [PMID: 33908000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1241-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Middle-up LC-MS antibody characterization workflows using reduction or IdeS digestion for a focused assessment of N-glycan profiling of three representative glycoengineered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely, obinutuzumab (GlycomAb technology, Glycart/Roche), benralizumab (Potelligent Technology, BioWa, Kyowa Kirin) and mAb B (kifunensine) and compared to mAb A, produced in a common CHO cell line. In addition, EndoS or EndoS2 enzyme are used for quantitative determination of Fc-glycan core afucosylation and high mannose for these antibodies, as requested by health authorities for Fc-competent therapeutics mAbs critical quality attributes (CQAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Stéphane Chenu
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss Sarl, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
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Gao X, Wang W, Tesar D, Wei B, Eschelbach J, Kelley RF, Jiang G. An Approach to Bioactivity Assessment for Critical Quality Attribute Identification Based on Antibody-Antigen Complex Structure. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1652-1660. [PMID: 33383056 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important step for development of biopharmaceuticals with intended performance. An accurate CQA assessment is needed to ensure product quality and focusing on development efforts where control is needed. The assignment of criticality is based on safety and efficacy. Efficacy is related to PK and bioactivity. Here, we developed a novel approach based on antibody-antigen complex structure and modeling as a complementary method for bioactivity assessment. To validate this approach, common product related quality attributes and mutagenesis data from several IgGs were assessed using available antibody-antigen complex structures, and results were compared with experimental data from bioactivity or binding affinity measurements. A stepwise evaluation scheme for structural based analysis is proposed; based on systematic assessment following the scheme, good correlation has been observed between structural analysis and experimental data. This demonstrates that such an approach can be applied as a complementary tool for bioactivity assessment. Main applications are 1) To decouple multiple attributes to achieve amino acid resolution for bioactivity assessment, 2) To assess bioactivity of attributes that cannot be experimentally generated, 3) To provide molecular mechanism for experimental observation and understand structure function relationship. Examples are provided to illustrate these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
| | - Weiru Wang
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Devin Tesar
- Drug Delivery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - John Eschelbach
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Guoying Jiang
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
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Schilling M, Feng P, Sosic Z, Traviglia SL. Development and validation of a platform reduced intact mass method for process monitoring of monoclonal antibody glycosylation during routine manufacturing. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1301-1312. [PMID: 33201770 PMCID: PMC8291849 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1842651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a primary source of heterogeneity associated with recombinant monoclonal antibodies and plays a key role in a myriad of drug properties associated with biological function. The glycosylation profile of recombinant monoclonal antibodies is influenced by an array of cell culture inputs which must be carefully controlled in order to engineer the desired glycan distribution. A platform reduced intact mass method applied to monoclonal antibodies has been validated as a quantitative method to monitor the relative mannose-5 level as a surrogate for overall high mannose content in cell culture as a control strategy to ensure product quality and process consistency. The method was shown to be linear, accurate, specific, and precise for an IgG1 and IgG4 mAb allowing relative quantitation of mannose-5 in the range 0.8-11.0% and 1.0-6.2%, respectively. The method can be applied at several stages of the production process from cell culture harvest to drug substance/drug product and is amenable to routine GMP batch testing in a quality control laboratory. Testing upstream during cell culture rather than for product release allows for an earlier assessment of product quality as the glycosylation profile remains unchanged during downstream purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Feng
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc ., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zoran Sosic
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Inc ., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Srzentić K, Fornelli L, Tsybin YO, Loo JA, Seckler H, Agar JN, Anderson LC, Bai DL, Beck A, Brodbelt JS, van der Burgt YEM, Chamot-Rooke J, Chatterjee S, Chen Y, Clarke DJ, Danis PO, Diedrich JK, D'Ippolito RA, Dupré M, Gasilova N, Ge Y, Goo YA, Goodlett DR, Greer S, Haselmann KF, He L, Hendrickson CL, Hinkle JD, Holt MV, Hughes S, Hunt DF, Kelleher NL, Kozhinov AN, Lin Z, Malosse C, Marshall AG, Menin L, Millikin RJ, Nagornov KO, Nicolardi S, Paša-Tolić L, Pengelley S, Quebbemann NR, Resemann A, Sandoval W, Sarin R, Schmitt ND, Shabanowitz J, Shaw JB, Shortreed MR, Smith LM, Sobott F, Suckau D, Toby T, Weisbrod CR, Wildburger NC, Yates JR, Yoon SH, Young NL, Zhou M. Interlaboratory Study for Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies by Top-Down and Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1783-1802. [PMID: 32812765 PMCID: PMC7539639 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics (www.topdownproteomics.org) launched the present study to assess the current state of top-down mass spectrometry (TD MS) and middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) for characterizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) primary structures, including their modifications. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing therapeutic antibody market, it is important to develop analytical strategies to characterize the heterogeneity of a therapeutic product's primary structure accurately and reproducibly. The major objective of the present study is to determine whether current TD/MD MS technologies and protocols can add value to the more commonly employed bottom-up (BU) approaches with regard to confirming protein integrity, sequencing variable domains, avoiding artifacts, and revealing modifications and their locations. We also aim to gather information on the common TD/MD MS methods and practices in the field. A panel of three mAbs was selected and centrally provided to 20 laboratories worldwide for the analysis: Sigma mAb standard (SiLuLite), NIST mAb standard, and the therapeutic mAb Herceptin (trastuzumab). Various MS instrument platforms and ion dissociation techniques were employed. The present study confirms that TD/MD MS tools are available in laboratories worldwide and provide complementary information to the BU approach that can be crucial for comprehensive mAb characterization. The current limitations, as well as possible solutions to overcome them, are also outlined. A primary limitation revealed by the results of the present study is that the expert knowledge in both experiment and data analysis is indispensable to practice TD/MD MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Srzentić
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Loo
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Henrique Seckler
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Dina L Bai
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunqiu Chen
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | - David J Clarke
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O Danis
- Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | - Natalia Gasilova
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ying Ge
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Young Ah Goo
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - David R Goodlett
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sylvester Greer
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | - Lidong He
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | | | - Joshua D Hinkle
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Matthew V Holt
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Sam Hughes
- The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald F Hunt
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Anton N Kozhinov
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Building I, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziqing Lin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Alan G Marshall
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Laure Menin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Millikin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Neil R Quebbemann
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Wendy Sandoval
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Richa Sarin
- Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142-1031, United States
| | | | | | - Jared B Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Lloyd M Smith
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Frank Sobott
- University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy Toby
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John R Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sung Hwan Yoon
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Nicolas L Young
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. sRNA-Based Screening Chromosomal Gene Targets and Modular Designing Escherichia coli for High-Titer Production of Aglycosylated Immunoglobulin G. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 32396719 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of the aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Escherichia coli has received wide interest for its analytical and therapeutic applications. To enhance the production titer of IgG, we first used synthetic sRNAs to perform a systematical analysis of the gene expression in the translational level in the glycolytic pathway (module 1) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (module 2) to reveal the critical genes for the efficient IgG production. Second, to provide sufficient amino acid precursors for the protein biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis pathways (module 3) were enhanced to facilitate the IgG production. Upon integrated engineering of these genes in the three modules (module 1, aceF; module 2, gltA and acnA; module 3, serB) and optimization of fermentation conditions, the recombinant E. coli enabled a titer of the full-assembled IgG of 4.5 ± 0.6 mg/L in flask cultures and 184 ± 9.2 mg/L in the 5 L high cell density fed-batch fermenter, which is, as far as we know, the highest reported titer of IgG production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Principles of N-Linked Glycosylation Variations of IgG-Based Therapeutics: Pharmacokinetic and Functional Considerations. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020022. [PMID: 32532067 PMCID: PMC7345016 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of recombinant therapeutic proteins has been a major revolution in modern medicine. Therapeutic-based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are growing rapidly, providing a potential class of human pharmaceuticals that can improve the management of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions. Most mAbs are typically of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass, and they are glycosylated at the conserved asparagine position 297 (Asn-297) in the CH2 domain of the Fc region. Post-translational modifications here account for the observed high heterogeneity of glycoforms that may or not impact the stability, pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, and immunogenicity of mAbs. These modifications are also critical for the Fc receptor binding, and consequently, key antibody effector functions including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Moreover, mAbs produced in non-human cells express oligosaccharides that are not normally found in serum IgGs might lead to immunogenicity issues when administered to patients. This review summarizes our understanding of the terminal sugar residues, such as mannose, sialic acids, fucose, or galactose, which influence therapeutic mAbs either positively or negatively in this regard. This review also discusses mannosylation, which has significant undesirable effects on the PK of glycoproteins, causing a decreased mAbs’ half-life. Moreover, terminal galactose residues can enhance CDC activities and Fc–C1q interactions, and core fucose can decrease ADCC and Fc–FcγRs binding. To optimize the therapeutic use of mAbs, glycoengineering strategies are used to reduce glyco-heterogeneity of mAbs, increase their safety profile, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of these important reagents.
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Characterization of the acidic species of a monoclonal antibody using free flow electrophoresis fractionation and mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ohyama Y, Nakajima K, Renfrow MB, Novak J, Takahashi K. Mass spectrometry for the identification and analysis of highly complex glycosylation of therapeutic or pathogenic proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:275-296. [PMID: 32406805 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1769479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein glycosylation influences characteristics such as folding, stability, protein interactions, and solubility. Therefore, glycan moieties of therapeutic proteins and proteins that are likely associated with disease pathogenesis should be analyzed in-depth, including glycan heterogeneity and modification sites. Recent advances in analytical methods and instrumentation have enabled comprehensive characterization of highly complex glycosylated proteins. AREA COVERED The following aspects should be considered when analyzing glycosylated proteins: sample preparation, chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry (MS) and fragmentation methods, and bioinformatics, such as software solutions for data analyses. Notably, analysis of glycoproteins with heavily sialylated glycans or multiple glycosylation sites requires special considerations. Here, we discuss recent methodological advances in MS that provide detailed characterization of heterogeneous glycoproteins. EXPERT OPINION As characterization of complex glycosylated proteins is still analytically challenging, the function or pathophysiological significance of these proteins is not fully understood. To reproducibly produce desired forms of therapeutic glycoproteins or to fully elucidate disease-specific patterns of protein glycosylation, a highly reproducible and robust analytical platform(s) should be established. In addition to advances in MS instrumentation, optimization of analytical and bioinformatics methods and utilization of glycoprotein/glycopeptide standards is desirable. Ultimately, we envision that an automated high-throughput MS analysis will provide additional power to clinical studies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ohyama
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University , Toyoake, Japan
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake, Japan.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
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High-throughput antibody screening from complex matrices using intact protein electrospray mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9851-9856. [PMID: 32327606 PMCID: PMC7211930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917383117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) provides higher resolution for larger proteins, the conventional liquid chromatography (LC)-MS method suffers from low throughput. Our described RapidFire-MS workflow demonstrated unprecedented screening throughput as fast as 15 s/sample, a 10-fold improvement over conventional LC-MS approaches. The screening enabled selection of clones with the highest purity of bispecific antibody production with intact masses as accurate as 7 ppm with baseline resolution at the glycoform level in samples as complex as plasma sample. The utility of the method can be expanded to many other applications that can exploit the advantages of high-throughput intact protein MS analyses including but not limited to pharmacokinetic analyses, enzymatic screening, biotransformation characterization, and quality control screening. Toward the goal of increasing the throughput of high-resolution mass characterization of intact antibodies, we developed a RapidFire–mass spectrometry (MS) assay using electrospray ionization. We achieved unprecedented screening throughput as fast as 15 s/sample, which is an order of magnitude improvement over conventional liquid chromatography (LC)-MS approaches. The screening enabled intact mass determination as accurate as 7 ppm with baseline resolution at the glycoform level for intact antibodies. We utilized this assay to characterize and perform relative quantitation of antibody species from 248 samples of 62 different cell line clones at four time points in 2 h using RapidFire–time-of-flight MS screening. The screening enabled selection of clones with the highest purity of bispecific antibody production and the results significantly correlated with conventional LC-MS results. In addition, analyzing antibodies from a complex plasma sample using affinity-RapidFire-MS was also demonstrated and qualified. In summary, the platform affords high-throughput analyses of antibodies, including bispecific antibodies and potential mispaired side products, in cell culture media, or other complex matrices.
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Combination of intact, middle-up and bottom-up levels to characterize 7 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis – Mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Füssl F, Trappe A, Carillo S, Jakes C, Bones J. Comparative Elucidation of Cetuximab Heterogeneity on the Intact Protein Level by Cation Exchange Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5431-5438. [PMID: 32105056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Charge sensitive separation methods such as ion exchange chromatography (CEX) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have recently been coupled to mass spectrometry to facilitate high resolution profiling of proteoforms present within the charge variant profile of complex biopharmaceuticals. Here we apply pH gradient cation exchange chromatography and microfluidic capillary electrophoresis using the ZipChip platform for comparative characterization of the monoclonal antibody Cetuximab. Cetuximab harbors four glycans per molecule, two on each heavy chain, of which the Fab glycans have been reported to be complex and multiply sialylated. The presence of these extra glycosylation sites in the variable region of the molecule causes significant charge variant and glycan heterogeneity, which makes comprehensive analysis on the intact protein level challenging. Both pH gradient CEX-MS and CE-MS were found to be powerful for the separation of Cetuximab charge variants with eight major peaks being baseline resolved using both separation platforms. Informative native-like mass spectra were collected for each charge variant peak using both platforms that facilitated deconvolution and further analysis. The total proteoform coverage was exceptionally high with >100 isoforms identified and relatively quantified with CEX-MS, in case of CE-MS the proteoform coverage was >200. A deep insight into the heterogeneity of Cetuximab was unveiled, the high level of sensitivity achievable enables the implementation of the presented technologies even at early stages of the biopharmaceutical development platform, such as in developability assessment, process development and also for monitoring process consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Anne Trappe
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Craig Jakes
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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46
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. Synthetic sRNA-Based Engineering of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Production of Full-Length Immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900363. [PMID: 32034883 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) receives considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing interest in the expression of mAbs in Escherichia coli for analytical and therapeutic applications in recent years. Here, a modular synthetic biology approach is developed to rationally engineer E. coli by designing three functional modules to facilitate high-titer production of immunoglobulin G (IgG). First, a bicistronic expression system is constructed and the expression of the key genes in the pyruvate metabolism is tuned by the technologies of synthetic sRNA translational repression and gene overexpression, thus enhancing the cellular material and energy metabolism of E. coli for IgG biosynthesis (module 1). Second, to prevent the IgG biodegradation by proteases, the expression of a number of key proteases is identified and inhibited via synthetic sRNAs (module 2). Third, molecular chaperones are co-expressed to promote the secretion and folding of IgG (module 3). Synergistic integration of the three modules into the resulting recombinant E. coli results in a yield of the full-length IgG ≈150 mg L-1 in a 5L fed-batch bioreactor. The modular synthetic biology approach could be of general use in the production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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47
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Beck A, Guillarme D, Fleury-Souverain S, Bodier-Montagutelli E, Respaud R. Anticorps monoclonaux biosimilaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:1146-1152. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
La mise sur le marché de biosimilaires requiert une démonstration stricte de la similarité avec l’anticorps de référence, au travers d’études précliniques et cliniques. Cet article synthétise l’ensemble des analyses physicochimiques et fonctionnelles mises en œuvre in vitro, préalables à la réalisation d’études cliniques. Pour chaque caractéristique critique de l’anticorps, nous avons détaillé les techniques analytiques communément employées, leur principe de fonctionnement, ainsi que le type d’informations que ces techniques permettent d’obtenir.
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48
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Sokolowska I, Mo J, Rahimi Pirkolachahi F, McVean C, Meijer LAT, Switzar L, Balog C, Lewis MJ, Hu P. Implementation of a High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method in Quality Control Laboratories for Release and Stability Testing of a Commercial Antibody Product. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2369-2373. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Jingjie Mo
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Fatie Rahimi Pirkolachahi
- Janssen Supply Chain One Lab, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carol McVean
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Lars A. T. Meijer
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Switzar
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Crina Balog
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Lewis
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ping Hu
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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Perdomo-Abúndez FC, Vallejo-Castillo L, Vázquez-Leyva S, López-Morales CA, Velasco-Velázquez M, Pavón L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Medina-Rivero E. Development and validation of a mass spectrometric method to determine the identity of rituximab based on its microheterogeneity profile. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1139:121885. [PMID: 31806401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods have been considered the "eyes" for development, characterization and batch releasing of biotherapeutics over the past 40 years. One of the most powerful analytical platform for biotherapeutic analysis is mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS). Due to its wide flexibility and instrumental configurations, LC-MS can determine different physicochemical attributes of proteins, e.g. molecular mass, primary sequence, and posttranslational modifications. Intact molecular mass analysis of therapeutic proteins is essential to confirm their identity. Analytical methods must be validated to support drug quality information during its approval process. Although there are international guidelines that provide general information on validation of analytical methods, practical examples about the design, selection of validation attributes and acceptance criteria of identity LC-MS methods are scarce. Here, according to the recommendations of Q2R1 ICH guideline, we showcase the validation of an LC-MS-TOF method to identity rituximab by determining its intact and deglycosylated molecular mass profiles. The proposed method specifically identified the m/z profile and deconvoluted mass profile of rituximab from deglycosylated rituximab and from excipient blank (specificity) with a maximum error of 76.63 ppm (accuracy) and a maximum Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 0.00315% (precision). Besides, the system suitability test, which was based on the expected mass value of the mass calibrator, confirmed the reliability of the analytical results. In summary, validation showed that the proposed method is suitable for identifying rituximab based on its glycosylated (intact) and deglycosylated mass profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Perdomo-Abúndez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Luis Vallejo-Castillo
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Said Vázquez-Leyva
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A López-Morales
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Marco Velasco-Velázquez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Unidad Periférica de Investigación en Biomedicina Translacional (CMN 20 de noviembre, ISSSTE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Medina-Rivero
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
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50
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Degueldre M, Wielant A, Girot E, Burkitt W, O'Hara J, Debauve G, Gervais A, Jone C. Native peptide mapping - A simple method to routinely monitor higher order structure changes and relation to functional activity. MAbs 2019; 11:1391-1401. [PMID: 31223055 PMCID: PMC6816347 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1634460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biopharmaceutical environment, controlling the Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) of a product is essential to prevent changes that affect its safety or efficacy. Physico-chemical techniques and bioassays are used to screen and monitor these CQAs. The higher order structure (HOS) is a CQA that is typically studied using techniques that are not commonly considered amenable to quality control laboratories. Here, we propose a peptide mapping-based method, named native peptide mapping, which could be considered as straightforward for HOS analysis and applicable for IgG4 and IgG1 antibodies. The method was demonstrated to be fit-for-purpose as a stability-indicating assay by showing differences at the peptide level between stressed and unstressed material. The unfolding pathway induced by a heat stress was also studied via native peptide mapping assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated the structure–activity relationship between HOS and biological activity by analyzing different types of stressed samples with a cell-based assay and the native peptide mapping. The correlation between both sets of results was highlighted by monitoring peptides located in the complementary-determining regions and the relative potency of the biotherapeutic product. This relationship represents a useful approach to interrogate the criticality of HOS as a CQA of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Degueldre
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Annemie Wielant
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Eglantine Girot
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Will Burkitt
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Slough , UK
| | - John O'Hara
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Slough , UK
| | - Gaël Debauve
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Annick Gervais
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | - Carl Jone
- Department of Analytical Science Biologicals, UCB , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
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