1
|
Milewski M, Murashov M, Kapoor Y, Zhang J, Zhu W, Cueto MA, Buist N. Predicting Human Subcutaneous Bioavailability of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies from Systemic Clearance and Volume of Distribution. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4947-4959. [PMID: 39226331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Subcutaneous delivery of monoclonal antibody therapeutics is often preferred to intravenous delivery due to better patient compliance and overall lower cost to the healthcare system. However, the systemic absorption of biologics dosed subcutaneously is often incomplete. The aim of this work was to describe a human bioavailability prediction method for monoclonal antibodies delivered subcutaneously that utilizes intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters as input. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model featuring a parallel-competitive absorption pathway and a presystemic metabolism pathway was employed. A training data set comprised 19 monoclonal antibodies (geometric mean bioavailability of 68%), with previously reported human pharmacokinetic parameters, while a validation set included data compiled from 5 commercial drug products (geometric mean bioavailability of 69%). A single fitted absorption rate constant, paired with compound-specific estimates of presystemic metabolism rate proportional to compound-specific systemic clearance parameters, resulted in calculations of human subcutaneous bioavailability closely mimicking clinical data in the training data set with a root-mean-square error of 5.5%. Application of the same approach to the validation data set resulted in predictions characterized by 12.6% root-mean-square error. Factors that may have impacted the prediction accuracy include a limited number of validation data set compounds and an uncertainty in the absorption rate, which were subsequently discussed. The predictive method described herein provides an initial estimate of the subcutaneous bioavailability based exclusively on pharmacokinetic parameters available from intravenous dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Milewski
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Mikhail Murashov
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Yash Kapoor
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Maria A Cueto
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck & Co., Inc. 126 East Lincoln Avenue, P.O. Box 2000 Rahway New Jersey 07065 United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jacquot G, Lopez Navarro P, Grange C, Boudali L, Harlepp S, Pivot X, Detappe A. Landscape of Subcutaneous Administration Strategies for Monoclonal Antibodies in Oncology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406604. [PMID: 39165046 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, subcutaneous (SC) administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has emerged as a promising alternative to intravenous delivery in oncology, offering comparable therapeutic efficacy while addressing patient preferences. This perspective article provides an in-depth analysis of the technological landscape surrounding SC mAb administration in oncology. It outlines various technologies under evaluation across developmental stages, spanning from preclinical investigations to the integration of established methodologies in clinical practice. Additionally, this perspective article explores emerging trends and prospective trajectories, shedding light on the evolving landscape of SC mAb administration. Furthermore, it emphasizes key checkpoints related to quality attributes essential for optimizing mAb delivery via the SC route. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare policymakers, offering insights into the advancement of SC mAb administration in oncology and its implications for patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquot
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Pedro Lopez Navarro
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Coralie Grange
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Lotfi Boudali
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Xavier Pivot
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Alexandre Detappe
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, 67087, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bryniarski MA, Tuhin MTH, Shomin CD, Nasrollahi F, Ko EC, Soto M, Chung K, Poon-Andersen C, Primack R, Wong D, Ojeda E, Chung J, Cook KD, Conner KP. Utility of Cellular Measurements of Non-Specific Endocytosis to Assess the Target-Independent Clearance of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:3100-3111. [PMID: 39009346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Past studies have demonstrated higher clearance for monoclonal antibodies possessing increased rates of non-specific endocytosis. However, this metric is oftentimes evaluated indirectly using biophysical techniques or cell surface binding studies that may not provide insight into the specific rates of cellular turnover. Furthermore, few examples evaluating non-specific endocytosis have been reported for a therapeutic antibody that reached clinical assessment. In the current report, we evaluated a therapeutic human immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody targeted against the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Rα) that exhibited elevated target independent clearance in previous Phase 1 and 2 studies. We confirmed high non-specific clearance of the anti-IL-4Rα antibody as compared to a reference antibody during pharmacokinetic assessments in wild type mice where target-mediated disposition was absent. We then developed a cell-based method capable of measuring cellular protein endocytosis and demonstrated the anti-IL-4Rα antibody exhibited marked non-specific uptake relative to the reference compound. Antibody homology modeling identified the anti-IL-4Rα antibody possessed positive charge patches whose removal via targeted mutations substantially reduced its non-specific endocytosis. We then expanded the scope of the study by evaluating panels of both preclinical and clinically relevant monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate those with the highest rates of non-specific uptake in vitro exhibited elevated target independent clearance, low subcutaneous bioavailability, or both. Our results support the observation that high non-specific endocytosis is a negative attribute in monoclonal antibody development and demonstrate the utility of a generic cell-based screen as a quantitative tool to measure non-specific endocytosis of protein therapeutics at the single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bryniarski
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Md Tariqul Haque Tuhin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Carolyn D Shomin
- Department of Biologics, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Process Development; Pre-Pivotal Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Eunkyung Clare Ko
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Marcus Soto
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kyu Chung
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Carrie Poon-Andersen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ronya Primack
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Diana Wong
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Esperanza Ojeda
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - John Chung
- Process Development; Pre-Pivotal Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Kevin D Cook
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kip P Conner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 750 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Somby K, Campagna V, Sánchez-Félix MV, Forbes B, Vllasaliu D. Development of in vitro biopharmaceutics tools for predicting the bioavailability of subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1307-1310. [PMID: 39279472 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2403469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Somby
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, England
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel V Sánchez-Félix
- Formerly with Novartis Pharma AG, Cambridge, USA
- Currently with Halozyme Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, England
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, England
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kicken MP, Deenen MJ, Moes DJAR, Hendrikx JJMA, van den Borne BEEM, Dumoulin DW, van der Wekken AJ, van den Heuvel MM, Ter Heine R. An Evidence-Based Rationale for Dose De-escalation of Subcutaneous Atezolizumab. Target Oncol 2024; 19:779-787. [PMID: 39085452 PMCID: PMC11393195 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-024-01087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atezolizumab is a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of different forms of cancer. The subcutaneous formulation of atezolizumab has recently received approval. However, treatment with atezolizumab continues to be expensive, and the number of patients needing treatment with this drug continues to increase. OBJECTIVE We propose two alternative dosing regimens for subcutaneous atezolizumab to reduce drug expenses while ensuring effective exposure; one may be directly implemented in the clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS We developed two alternative dose interval prolongation strategies based on pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. The first dosing regimen was based on patients' weight while maintaining equivalent systemic drug exposure by adhering to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for in silico dose adjustments. The second dosing regimen aimed to have a minimum atezolizumab concentration above the 6 µg/mL threshold, associated with 95% intratumoral PD-L1 receptor saturation for at least 95% of all patients. RESULTS We found that, for the weight-based dosing regimen, the approved 3-week dosing interval could be extended to 5 weeks for patients < 50 kg and 4 weeks for patients weighing 50-65 kg. Besides improving patient convenience, these alternative dosing intervals led to a predicted 7% and 12% cost reduction for either the USA or European population. For the second dosing regimen, we predicted that a 6-week dosing interval would result in 95% of the patients above the 6 µg/mL threshold while reducing costs by 50%. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and evaluated two alternative dosing regimens that resulted in a cost reduction. Our weight-based dosing regimen can be directly implemented and complies with FDA guidelines for alternative dosing regimens of PD-L1 inhibitors. For the more progressive alternative dosing regimen aimed at the intratumoral PD-L1 receptor threshold, further evidence on efficacy and safety is needed before implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mart P Kicken
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten J Deenen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AVL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne W Dumoulin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonie J van der Wekken
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Gronigen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Ter Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar M, Lanke S, Yadav A, Ette M, Mager DE, Shah DK. Inter-Antibody Variability in the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies Characterized Using Population Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 39051330 PMCID: PMC11270311 DOI: 10.3390/antib13030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic (popPBPK) model to characterize the variability in the clinical PK of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) following intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration. An extensive literature search was conducted and clinical PK data for FDA-approved as well as non-approved mAbs were collected. Training and validation datasets of 44 and 9 mAbs exhibiting linear pharmacokinetics were used for model development. The variability in antibody PK was captured by accounting for different rate constants of pinocytosis (CLup) and intracellular degradation (kdeg) for different mAbs. Typical values for CLup and kdeg and their respective inter-antibody variabilities (ωClup, ωKdeg) were estimated to be 0.32 L/h/L and 26.1 h-1 (73% and 46%). Varied absorption profiles following SC dosing were characterized by incorporating inter-antibody variability in local degradation (kSC) and rate of lymphatic uptake (S_Lu) of mAbs. Estimates for typical kSC and S_Lu values, and ωKsc,ωS_Lu, were found to be 0.0015 h-1 and 0.54 (193%, and 49%). FDA-approved mAbs showed less local degradation (0.0014 h-1 vs. 0.0038 h-1) compared with other clinically tested mAbs, whereas no substantial differences in physiological processes involved in disposition were observed. To evaluate the generalizability of estimated PK parameters and model validation, the final popPBPK model was used to simulate the range of expected PK for mAbs following SC administration of nine different mAbs that were not used for model-building purposes. The predicted PK of all nine mAbs was within the expected range specified a priori. Thus, the popPBPK model presented here may serve as a tool to predict the clinical PK of mAbs with linear disposition before administering them to humans. The model may also support preclinical-to-clinical translation and 'first-in-human' dose determination for mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mokshada Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Sravani Lanke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Alka Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Mfonabasi Ette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Donald E. Mager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
- Enhanced Pharmacodynamics, LLC, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Dhaval K. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8033, USA; (M.K.); (S.L.); (A.Y.); (M.E.); (D.E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moeller J, Green MD, Ramnath N. Pros and cons of subcutaneous (SC) versus intravenous (IV) administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:1444-1449. [PMID: 38973952 PMCID: PMC11225035 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-24-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Moeller
- Oncology Specialty Pharmacy Services, Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael D. Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Lung Precision Oncology Program, Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Lung Precision Oncology Program, Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Section of Medical Oncology, Charles S. Kettles VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang SS, Larrabee L, Chang AH, Desai S, Sloan L, Wang X, Wu Y, Parvez N, Amaratunga K, Hartman AC, Whitnall A, Mason J, Barton NP, Chu AY, Davitte JM, Csakai AJ, Tibbetts CV, Tolbert AE, O'Keefe H, Polanco J, Foley J, Kmett C, Kehler J, Kozejova G, Wang F, Mayer AP, Koenig P, Foletti D, Pitts SJ, Schnackenberg CG. Discovery of RXFP2 genetic association in resistant hypertensive men and RXFP2 antagonists for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13209. [PMID: 38851835 PMCID: PMC11162469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Failure to control blood pressure with ≥ 3 medications or control requiring ≥ 4 medications is classified as resistant hypertension (rHTN) and new therapies are needed to reduce the resulting increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report genetic evidence that relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) is associated with rHTN in men, but not in women. This study shows that adrenal gland gene expression of RXFP2 is increased in men with hypertension and the RXFP2 natural ligand, INSL3, increases adrenal steroidogenesis and corticosteroid secretion in human adrenal cells. To address the hypothesis that RXFP2 activation is an important mechanism in rHTN, we discovered and characterized small molecule and monoclonal antibody (mAb) blockers of RXFP2. The novel chemical entities and mAbs show potent, selective inhibition of RXFP2 and reduce aldosterone and cortisol synthesis and release. The RXFP2 mAbs have suitable rat pharmacokinetic profiles to evaluate the role of RXFP2 in the development and maintenance of rHTN. Overall, we identified RXFP2 activity as a potential new mechanism in rHTN and discovered RXFP2 antagonists for the future interrogation of RXFP2 in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lance Larrabee
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Andrew H Chang
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sapna Desai
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lisa Sloan
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Xin Wang
- Research, 23andMe, 223 N Mathilda Ave., Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nazia Parvez
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Amaratunga
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Allison C Hartman
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Abby Whitnall
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joseph Mason
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nicholas P Barton
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Genomic Sciences, GSK, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Adam J Csakai
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | | | - Audrey E Tolbert
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Heather O'Keefe
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Jessie Polanco
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joseph Foley
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Casey Kmett
- DMPK, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jonathan Kehler
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Gabriela Kozejova
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Feng Wang
- DMPK, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Andrew P Mayer
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Patrick Koenig
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Davide Foletti
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Steven J Pitts
- Research, 23andMe, 223 N Mathilda Ave., Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Desai M, Kenney J, Pezalla E. Evaluating unmet needs in large-volume subcutaneous drug delivery: U.S. payer perspectives on a novel, large-volume on-body delivery system. Curr Med Res Opin 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38700234 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2351165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing healthcare systems face finite resource allocation and budgetary constraints, resulting in a substantial need for innovative solutions to enhance service delivery at reduced costs. A novel, user-friendly on-body delivery system (OBDS) was developed which enables administration of large-volume subcutaneous (SC) drugs in both clinical and home-based settings (at-home healthcare professional [HCP] administration or at-home self-administration). METHODS This research sought to evaluate the potential economic impact of at-home self- or HCP- administration with the OBDS through a comprehensive review of published literature and semi-structured interviews with 17 US payers representing approximately 227 million covered lives. RESULTS Published literature on OBDS remains limited, but available research highlights the cost-savings of SC administration due to reduced healthcare resource utilization, particularly with home-based care, and improved patient compliance. In interviews, payers identified several attributes that would help address unmet clinical and economic needs. Clinically, the hidden needle and ease-of-use compared to SC syringe pumps was deemed valuable to improve patient compliance and, as OBDS required minimal training, reduce the risk of administration errors. The flexibility to administer drugs at home (self-administration or HCP-administration) or in-clinic was identified as the most impactful attribute on coverage decision making as it has the greatest potential to reduce costs associated with HCP administration for several therapeutic areas. CONCLUSIONS Given the ability to help address critical unmet needs for the patient and healthcare system, a large proportion of the payers stated that the novel OBDS would warrant a price premium versus the cost of the standalone SC vial and certainly over the IV counterpart. Future research to quantify the value that OBDS efficiencies could bring to healthcare delivery are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Desai
- Medical Affairs, Enable Injections Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Edmund Pezalla
- Enlightenment Bioconsult, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ait-Oudhia S, Wang YM, Dosne AG, Roy A, Jin JY, Shen J, Kagan L, Musuamba FT, Zhang L, Kijima S, Gastonguay MR, Ouellet D. Challenging the Norm: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on Intravenous to Subcutaneous Bridging Strategies for Biologics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:412-421. [PMID: 38069528 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The transition from intravenous (i.v.) to subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of biologics is a critical strategy in drug development aimed at improving patient convenience, compliance, and therapeutic outcomes. Focusing on the increasing role of model-informed drug development (MIDD) in the acceleration of this transition, an in-depth overview of the essential clinical pharmacology, and regulatory considerations for successful i.v. to s.c. bridging for biologics after the i.v. formulation has been approved are presented. Considerations encompass multiple aspects beginning with adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (i.e., exposure-response) evaluations which play a vital role in establishing comparability between the i.v. and s.c. routes of administrations. Selected key recommendations and points to consider include: (i) PK characterization of the s.c. formulation, supported by the increasing preclinical understanding of the s.c. absorption, and robust PK study design and analyses in humans; (ii) a thorough characterization of the exposure-response profiles including important metrics of exposure for both efficacy and safety; (iii) comparability studies designed to meet regulatory considerations and support approval of the s.c. formulation, including noninferiority studies with PK and/or efficacy and safety as primary end points; and (iv) comprehensive safety package addressing assessments of immunogenicity and patients' safety profile with the new route of administration. Recommendations for successful bridging strategies are evolving and MIDD approaches have been used successfully to accelerate the transition to s.c. dosing, ultimately leading to improved patient experiences, adherence, and clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yow-Ming Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne-Gaelle Dosne
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amit Roy
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jin Y Jin
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Flora T Musuamba
- Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Health Canada, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichi Kijima
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Daniele Ouellet
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong X, Liu Y, Ardekani AM. A compartment model for subcutaneous injection of monoclonal antibodies. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123687. [PMID: 38103705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of subcutaneous (SC) administration for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), there remains a limited understanding of the significance of mAb transport rate constants within the interstitial space and the lymphatic system on their pharmacokinetics. To bridge this knowledge gap, we introduce a compartmental model for subcutaneously administered mAbs. Our model differentiates FcRn-expressing cells across various sites, and the model predictions agree with experimental data from both human and rat studies. Our findings indicate that the time to reach the maximum mAb concentration in the plasma, denoted by Tmax, displays a weak positive correlation with mAb half-life and a negligible correlation with bioavailability. In contrast, the half-life of mAbs exhibits a strong positive correlation with bioavailability. Moreover, the rate of mAb transport from lymph to plasma significantly affects the mAb half-life. Increasing the transport rates of mAbs from the injection site to the lymph or from lymph to plasma enhances bioavailability. These insights, combined with our compartmental model, contribute to a deeper understanding of the pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Yikai Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abdallah M, Lin L, Styles IK, Mörsdorf A, Grace JL, Gracia G, Nowell C, Quinn JF, Landersdorfer CB, Whittaker MR, Trevaskis NL. Functionalisation of brush polyethylene glycol polymers with specific lipids extends their elimination half-life through association with natural lipid trafficking pathways. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:191-205. [PMID: 38086497 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric prodrugs have been applied to control the delivery of various types of therapeutics. Similarly, conjugation of peptide therapeutics to lipids has been used to prolong systemic exposure. Here, we extend on these two approaches by conjugating brush polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers with different lipid components including short-chain (1C2) or medium-chain (1C12) monoalkyl hydrocarbon tails, cholesterol (Cho), and diacylglycerols composed of two medium-chain (2C12) or long-chain (2C18) fatty acids. We uniquely evaluate the integration of these lipid-polymers into endogenous lipid trafficking pathways (albumin and lipoproteins) and the impact of lipid conjugation on plasma pharmacokinetics after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) dosing to cannulated rats. The IV and SC elimination half-lives of Cho-PEG (13 and 22 h, respectively), 2C12-PEG (11 and 17 h, respectively) and 2C18-PEG (12 h for both) were prolonged compared to 1C2-PEG (3 h for both) and 1C12-PEG (4 h for both). Interestingly, 1C2-PEG and 1C12-PEG had higher SC bioavailability (40 % and 52 %, respectively) compared to Cho-PEG, 2C12-PEG and 2C18-PEG (25 %, 24 % and 23 %, respectively). These differences in pharmacokinetics may be explained by the different association patterns of the polymers with rat serum albumin (RSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipoproteins. For example, in pooled plasma (from IV pharmacokinetic studies), 2C18-PEG had the highest recovery in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of brush PEG polymers can be tuned via conjugation with different lipids, which can be utilised to tune the elimination half-life, biodistribution and effect of therapeutics for a range of medical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lipidation of therapeutics such as peptides has been employed to extend their plasma half-life by promoting binding to serum albumin, providing protection against rapid clearance. Here we design and evaluate innovative biomaterials consisting of brush polyethylene glycol polymers conjugated with different lipids. Importantly, we show for the first time that lipidated polymeric materials associate with endogenous lipoprotein trafficking pathways and this, in addition to albumin binding, controls their plasma pharmacokinetics. We find that conjugation to dialkyl lipids and cholesterol leads to higher association with lipid trafficking pathways, and more sustained plasma exposure, compared to conjugation to short and monoalkyl lipids. Our lipidated polymers can thus be utilised as delivery platforms to tune the plasma half-life of various pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdallah
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lihuan Lin
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian K Styles
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Mörsdorf
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James L Grace
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gracia Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Quinn
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cornelia B Landersdorfer
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bei R, Thomas J, Kapur S, Woldeyes M, Rauk A, Robarge J, Feng J, Abbou Oucherif K. Predicting the clinical subcutaneous absorption rate constant of monoclonal antibodies using only the primary sequence: a machine learning approach. MAbs 2024; 16:2352887. [PMID: 38745390 PMCID: PMC11110684 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2352887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous injections are an increasingly prevalent route of administration for delivering biological therapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with intravenous delivery, subcutaneous injections reduce administration costs, shorten the administration time, and are strongly preferred from a patient experience point of view. An understanding of the absorption process of a mAb from the injection site to the systemic circulation is critical to the process of subcutaneous mAb formulation development. In this study, we built a model to predict the absorption rate constant (ka), which denotes how fast a mAb is absorbed from the site of administration. Once trained, our model (enabled by the XGBoost algorithm in machine learning) can predict the ka of a mAb following a subcutaneous injection using in silico molecular properties alone (generated from the primary sequence). Our model does not need clinically observed plasma concentration-time data; this is a novel capability not previously achieved in predictive pharmacokinetic models. The model also showed improved performance when benchmarked against a recently reported mechanistic model that relied on clinical data to predict subcutaneous absorption of mAbs. We further interpreted the model to understand which molecular properties affect the absorption rate and showed that our findings are consistent with previous studies evaluating subcutaneous absorption through direct experimentation. Taken altogether, this study reports the development, validation, benchmarking, and interpretation of a model that can predict the clinical ka of a mAb using its primary sequence as the only input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Bei
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin Thomas
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shiven Kapur
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mahlet Woldeyes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam Rauk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason Robarge
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiangyan Feng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kaoutar Abbou Oucherif
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zeng Y, Naik S, Tran T, Wuthrich P, Muni N, Mahoney RP. Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study on Caffeine as an Excipient for Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2933-2937. [PMID: 37517525 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a novel excipient that effectively reduces viscosity of high concentration mAb formulations intended for subcutaneous (SQ) delivery. Two preclinical studies were conducted in rats to evaluate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of caffeine as well as its effects on the PK profile of a model mAb, namely ipilimumab. Results show that SQ absorption and elimination of caffeine was rapid, with the average Tmax of 0.4 h and T1/2 of 1.6 h, administered with or without ipilimumab. Furthermore, caffeine did not affect ipilimumab SQ PK profiles. Independent of caffeine concentration, ipilimumab serum T1/2 was between 2 and 3 days, Tmax was between 3 and 4 days and SQ bioavailability was about 64%. In addition, SQ injection of caffeine at different dose levels showed no irritation at the injection site or adverse effects. Results from the current PK studies warrant further development of caffeine as a viscosity reducing excipient for mAb SQ formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zeng
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA.
| | - Subhashchandra Naik
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Timothy Tran
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Philip Wuthrich
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Neal Muni
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Robert P Mahoney
- Comera Life Sciences, Inc., 12 Gill Street Suite 4650, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chandran Suja V, Qi QM, Halloran K, Zhang J, Shaha S, Prakash S, Kumbhojkar N, Deslandes A, Huille S, Gokarn YR, Mitragotri S. A biomimetic chip to assess subcutaneous bioavailability of monoclonal antibodies in humans. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad317. [PMID: 37901442 PMCID: PMC10612570 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous (subQ) injection is a common route for delivering biotherapeutics, wherein pharmacokinetics is largely influenced by drug transport in a complex subQ tissue microenvironment. The selection of good drug candidates with beneficial pharmacokinetics for subQ injections is currently limited by a lack of reliable testing models. To address this limitation, we report here a Subcutaneous Co-Culture Tissue-on-a-chip for Injection Simulation (SubCuTIS). SubCuTIS possesses a 3D coculture tissue architecture, and it allows facile quantitative determination of relevant scale independent drug transport rate constants. SubCuTIS captures key in vivo physiological characteristics of the subQ tissues, and it differentiates the transport behavior of various chemically distinct molecules. We supplemented the transport measurements with theoretical modeling, which identified subtle differences in the local absorption rate constants of seven clinically available mAbs. Accounting for first-order proteolytic catabolism, we established a mathematical framework to assess clinical bioavailability using the local absorption rate constants obtained from SubCuTIS. Taken together, the technology described here broadens the applicability of organs-on-chips as a standardized and easy-to-use device for quantitative analysis of subQ drug transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Chandran Suja
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qin M Qi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Suyog Shaha
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Prakash
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Impasse Des Ateliers, Vitry-sur-Seine 94400 France
| | | | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hobson AD, Xu J, Welch DS, Marvin CC, McPherson MJ, Gates B, Liao X, Hollmann M, Gattner MJ, Dzeyk K, Sarvaiya H, Shenoy VM, Fettis MM, Bischoff AK, Wang L, Santora LC, Wang L, Fitzgibbons J, Salomon P, Hernandez A, Jia Y, Goess CA, Mathieu SL, Bryant SH, Larsen ME, Cui B, Tian Y. Discovery of ABBV-154, an anti-TNF Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator Immunology Antibody-Drug Conjugate (iADC). J Med Chem 2023; 66:12544-12558. [PMID: 37656698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable attachment of drug-linkers to the antibody is a critical requirement, and for maleimide conjugation to cysteine, it is achieved by ring hydrolysis of the succinimide ring. During ADC profiling in our in-house property screening funnel, we discovered that the succinimide ring open form is in equilibrium with the ring closed succinimide. Bromoacetamide (BrAc) was identified as the optimal replacement, as it affords stable attachment of the drug-linker to the antibody while completely removing the undesired ring open-closed equilibrium. Additionally, BrAc also offers multiple benefits over maleimide, especially with respect to homogeneity of the ADC structure. In combination with a short, hydrophilic linker and phosphate prodrug on the payload, this afforded a stable ADC (ABBV-154) with the desired properties to enable long-term stability to facilitate subcutaneous self-administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Dennie S Welch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Michael J McPherson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bradley Gates
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Markus Hollmann
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael J Gattner
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dzeyk
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hetal Sarvaiya
- AbbVie Inc., 1000 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vikram M Shenoy
- AbbVie Inc., 1000 Gateway Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Agnieszka K Bischoff
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ling C Santora
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Julia Fitzgibbons
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paulin Salomon
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Axel Hernandez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ying Jia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Christian A Goess
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Suzanne L Mathieu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Shaughn H Bryant
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mary E Larsen
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Baoliang Cui
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yu Tian
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hobson AD, Xu J, Marvin CC, McPherson MJ, Hollmann M, Gattner M, Dzeyk K, Fettis MM, Bischoff AK, Wang L, Fitzgibbons J, Wang L, Salomon P, Hernandez A, Jia Y, Sarvaiya H, Goess CA, Mathieu SL, Santora LC. Optimization of Drug-Linker to Enable Long-term Storage of Antibody-Drug Conjugate for Subcutaneous Dosing. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37379257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate subcutaneous dosing, biotherapeutics need to exhibit properties that enable high-concentration formulation and long-term stability in the formulation buffer. For antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the introduction of drug-linkers can lead to increased hydrophobicity and higher levels of aggregation, which are both detrimental to the properties required for subcutaneous dosing. Herein we show how the physicochemical properties of ADCs could be controlled through the drug-linker chemistry in combination with prodrug chemistry of the payload, and how optimization of these combinations could afford ADCs with significantly improved solution stability. Key to achieving this optimization is the use of an accelerated stress test performed in a minimal formulation buffer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Christopher C Marvin
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael J McPherson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Markus Hollmann
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Gattner
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kristina Dzeyk
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Agnieszka K Bischoff
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Julia Fitzgibbons
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paulin Salomon
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Axel Hernandez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ying Jia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hetal Sarvaiya
- AbbVie Inc., 1000 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christian A Goess
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Suzanne L Mathieu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ling C Santora
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zou P. Predicting Human Bioavailability of Subcutaneously Administered Fusion Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies Using Human Intravenous Clearance or Antibody Isoelectric Point. AAPS J 2023; 25:31. [PMID: 36959523 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing trend towards subcutaneous (SC) delivery of fusion proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in recent years versus intravenous (IV) administration. The prediction of bioavailability is one of the major barriers in clinical translation of SC-administered therapeutic proteins due to a lack of reliable in vitro and preclinical in vivo predictive models. In this study, we explored the relationships between human SC bioavailability and physicochemical or pharmacokinetic properties of 19 Fc- or albumin-fusion proteins and 98 monoclonal antibodies. An inverse linear correlation was observed between human SC bioavailability and intravenous clearance (CL) or isoelectric point (pI). Multivariate regression models were developed using intravenous CL and pI of a training set (N = 59) as independent variables. The predictive models of mAbs were validated with an independent test set (N = 33). Two linear regression models resulted in 24 (73%) and 27 (82%) among 33 predictions within 0.8- to 1.2-fold deviations. Due to the small sample size of dataset, regression model validation was not conducted for fusion proteins. Overall, this study demonstrated that CL- and pI-based multivariate regression models could be used to predict human SC bioavailability of mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zou
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., 211 Mt. Airy Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Datta-Mannan A, Molitoris BA, Feng Y, Martinez MM, Sandoval RM, Brown RM, Merkel D, Croy JE, Dunn KW. Intravital Microscopy Reveals Unforeseen Biodistribution Within the Liver and Kidney Mechanistically Connected to the Clearance of a Bifunctional Antibody. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:403-412. [PMID: 36460476 PMCID: PMC11022859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional antibody (BfAb) therapeutics offer the potential for novel functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including changes in pharmacokinetics that limit the compound's therapeutic profile. A better understanding of how molecular modifications affect in vivo tissue interactions could help inform BfAb design. The present studies were predicated on the observation that a BfAb designed to have minimal off-target interactions cleared from the circulation twice as fast as the monoclonal antibody (mAb) from which it was derived. The present study leverages the spatial and temporal resolution of intravital microscopy (IVM) to identify cellular interactions that may explain the different pharmacokinetics of the two compounds. Disposition studies of mice demonstrated that radiolabeled compounds distributed similarly over the first 24 hours, except that BfAb accumulated approximately two- to -three times more than mAb in the liver. IVM studies of mice demonstrated that both distributed to endosomes of liver endothelia but with different kinetics. Whereas mAb accumulated rapidly within the first hour of administration, BfAb accumulated only modestly during the first hour but continued to accumulate over 24 hours, ultimately reaching levels similar to those of the mAb. Although neither compound was freely filtered by the mouse or rat kidney, BfAb, but not mAb, was found to accumulate over 24 hours in endosomes of proximal tubule cells. These studies demonstrate how IVM can be used as a tool in drug design, revealing unpredicted cellular interactions that are undetectable by conventional analyses. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bifunctional antibodies offer novel therapeutic functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including undesirable changes in pharmacokinetics. Studies of the dynamic distribution of a bifunctional antibody and its parent monoclonal antibody presented here demonstrate how intravital microscopy can expand our understanding of the in vivo disposition of therapeutics, detecting off-target interactions that could not be detected by conventional pharmacokinetics approaches or predicted by conventional physicochemical analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Michelle M Martinez
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Robin M Brown
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Daniel Merkel
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Johnny E Croy
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Evers A, Malhotra S, Bolick WG, Najafian A, Borisovska M, Warszawski S, Fomekong Nanfack Y, Kuhn D, Rippmann F, Crespo A, Sood V. SUMO: In Silico Sequence Assessment Using Multiple Optimization Parameters. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:383-398. [PMID: 37405660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
To select the most promising screening hits from antibody and VHH display campaigns for subsequent in-depth profiling and optimization, it is highly desirable to assess and select sequences on properties beyond only their binding signals from the sorting process. In addition, developability risk criteria, sequence diversity, and the anticipated complexity for sequence optimization are relevant attributes for hit selection and optimization. Here, we describe an approach for the in silico developability assessment of antibody and VHH sequences. This method not only allows for ranking and filtering multiple sequences with regard to their predicted developability properties and diversity, but also visualizes relevant sequence and structural features of potentially problematic regions and thereby provides rationales and starting points for multi-parameter sequence optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Evers
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Shipra Malhotra
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Najafian
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Maria Borisovska
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Kuhn
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Friedrich Rippmann
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alejandro Crespo
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Vanita Sood
- Computational Chemistry & Biologics (CCB), EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ghosh I, Gutka H, Krause ME, Clemens R, Kashi RS. A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations. MAbs 2023; 15:2205540. [PMID: 37243580 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2205540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three critical aspects that define high concentration antibody products (HCAPs) are as follows: 1) formulation composition, 2) dosage form, and 3) primary packaging configuration. HCAPs have become successful in the therapeutic sector due to their unique advantage of allowing subcutaneous self-administration. Technical challenges, such as physical and chemical instability, viscosity, delivery volume limitations, and product immunogenicity, can hinder successful development and commercialization of HCAPs. Such challenges can be overcome by robust formulation and process development strategies, as well as rational selection of excipients and packaging components. We compiled and analyzed data from US Food and Drug Administration-approved and marketed HCAPs that are ≥100 mg/mL to identify trends in formulation composition and quality target product profile. This review presents our findings and discusses novel formulation and processing technologies that enable the development of improved HCAPs at ≥200 mg/mL. The observed trends can be used as a guide for further advancements in the development of HCAPs as more complex antibody-based modalities enter biologics product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Ghosh
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hiten Gutka
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan Clemens
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Ramesh S Kashi
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu S, Datta-Mannan A, D'Argenio DZ. Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Cynomolgus Monkeys Following Subcutaneous Administration: Physiologically Based Model Predictions from Physiochemical Properties. AAPS J 2022; 25:5. [PMID: 36456779 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated physiologically based modeling framework is presented for predicting pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of subcutaneously administered monoclonal antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys, based on in silico structure-derived metrics characterizing antibody size, overall charge, local charge, and hydrophobicity. The model accounts for antibody-specific differences in pinocytosis, transcapillary transport, local lymphatic uptake, and pre-systemic degradation at the subcutaneous injection site and reliably predicts the pharmacokinetics of five different wild-type mAbs and their Fc variants following intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Significant associations were found between subcutaneous injection site degradation rate and the antibody's local positive charge of its complementarity-determining region (R = 0.56, p = 0.0012), antibody pinocytosis rate and its overall positive charge (R = 0.59, p = 0.00063), and antibody paracellular transport and its overall charge together with hydrophobicity (R = 0.63, p = 0.00096). Based on these results, population simulations were performed to predict the relationship between bioavailability and antibody local positive charge. In addition, model simulations were conducted to calculate the relative contribution of absorption pathways (lymphatic and blood), pre-systemic degradation pathways (interstitial and lysosomal), and the influence of injection site lymph flow on antibody bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. The proposed physiologically based modeling framework integrates fundamental mechanisms governing antibody subcutaneous absorption and disposition, with structured-based physiochemical properties, to predict antibody bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Amita Datta-Mannan
- Department of Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David Z D'Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ausserwöger H, Schneider MM, Herling TW, Arosio P, Invernizzi G, Knowles TPJ, Lorenzen N. Non-specificity as the sticky problem in therapeutic antibody development. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:844-861. [PMID: 37117703 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are highly potent therapeutic scaffolds with more than a hundred different products approved on the market. Successful development of antibody-based drugs requires a trade-off between high target specificity and target binding affinity. In order to better understand this problem, we here review non-specific interactions and explore their fundamental physicochemical origins. We discuss the role of surface patches - clusters of surface-exposed amino acid residues with similar physicochemical properties - as inducers of non-specific interactions. These patches collectively drive interactions including dipole-dipole, π-stacking and hydrophobic interactions to complementary moieties. We elucidate links between these supramolecular assembly processes and macroscopic development issues, such as decreased physical stability and poor in vivo half-life. Finally, we highlight challenges and opportunities for optimizing protein binding specificity and minimizing non-specificity for future generations of therapeutics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Designing antibodies as therapeutics. Cell 2022; 185:2789-2805. [PMID: 35868279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are a large and rapidly expanding drug class providing major health benefits. We provide a snapshot of current antibody therapeutics including their formats, common targets, therapeutic areas, and routes of administration. Our focus is on selected emerging directions in antibody design where progress may provide a broad benefit. These topics include enhancing antibodies for cancer, antibody delivery to organs such as the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, plus antibody developability challenges including immunogenicity risk assessment and mitigation and subcutaneous delivery. Machine learning has the potential, albeit as yet largely unrealized, for a transformative future impact on antibody discovery and engineering.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bender C, Eichling S, Franzen L, Herzog V, Ickenstein LM, Jere D, Nonis L, Schwach G, Stoll P, Venczel M, Zenk S. Evaluation of in vitro tools to predict the in vivo absorption of biopharmaceuticals following subcutaneous administration. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2514-2524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Gupta P, Makowski EK, Kumar S, Zhang Y, Scheer JM, Tessier PM. Antibodies with Weakly Basic Isoelectric Points Minimize Trade-offs between Formulation and Physiological Colloidal Properties. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:775-787. [PMID: 35108018 PMCID: PMC9350878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The widespread interest in antibody therapeutics has led to much focus on identifying antibody candidates with favorable developability properties. In particular, there is broad interest in identifying antibody candidates with highly repulsive self-interactions in standard formulations (e.g., low ionic strength buffers at pH 5-6) for high solubility and low viscosity. Likewise, there is also broad interest in identifying antibody candidates with low levels of non-specific interactions in physiological solution conditions (PBS, pH 7.4) to promote favorable pharmacokinetic properties. To what extent antibodies that possess both highly repulsive self-interactions in standard formulations and weak non-specific interactions in physiological solution conditions can be systematically identified remains unclear and is a potential impediment to successful therapeutic drug development. Here, we evaluate these two properties for 42 IgG1 variants based on the variable fragments (Fvs) from four clinical-stage antibodies and complementarity-determining regions from 10 clinical-stage antibodies. Interestingly, we find that antibodies with the strongest repulsive self-interactions in a standard formulation (pH 6 and 10 mM histidine) display the strongest non-specific interactions in physiological solution conditions. Conversely, antibodies with the weakest non-specific interactions under physiological conditions display the least repulsive self-interactions in standard formulations. This behavior can be largely explained by the antibody isoelectric point, as highly basic antibodies that are highly positively charged under standard formulation conditions (pH 5-6) promote repulsive self-interactions that mediate high colloidal stability but also mediate strong non-specific interactions with negatively charged biomolecules at physiological pH and vice versa for antibodies with negatively charged Fv regions. Therefore, IgG1s with weakly basic isoelectric points between 8 and 8.5 and Fv isoelectric points between 7.5 and 9 typically display the best combinations of strong repulsive self-interactions and weak non-specific interactions. We expect that these findings will improve the identification and engineering of antibody candidates with drug-like biophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Justin M Scheer
- Biotherapeutics Molecule Discovery Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States.,Janssen R&D, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Han X, Shih J, Lin Y, Chai Q, Cramer SM. Development of QSAR models for in silico screening of antibody solubility. MAbs 2022; 14:2062807. [PMID: 35442164 PMCID: PMC9037471 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2062807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to be extremely effective in treating a number of diseases, they often suffer from poor developability attributes, such as high viscosity and low solubility at elevated concentrations. Since experimental candidate screening is often materials and labor intensive, there is substantial interest in developing in silico tools for expediting mAb design. Here, we present a strategy using machine learning-based QSAR models for the a priori estimation of mAb solubility. The extrapolated protein solubilities of a set of 111 antibodies in a histidine buffer were determined using a high throughput PEG precipitation assay. 3D homology models of the antibodies were determined, and a large set of in house and commercially available molecular descriptors were then calculated. The resulting experimental and descriptor data were then used for the development of QSAR models of mAb solubilities. After feature selection and training with different machine learning algorithms, the models were evaluated with external test sets. The resulting regression models were able to estimate the solubility values of external test set data with R2 of 0.81 and 0.85 for the two regression models developed. In addition, three class and binary classification models were developed and shown to be good estimators of mAb solubility behavior, with overall test set accuracies of 0.70 and 0.95, respectively. The analysis of the selected molecular descriptors in these models was also found to be informative and suggested that several charge-based descriptors and isotype may play important roles in mAb solubility. The combination of high throughput relative solubility experimental techniques in concert with efficient machine learning QSAR models offers an opportunity to rapidly screen potential mAb candidates and to design therapeutics with improved solubility characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - James Shih
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yuhao Lin
- Research Information & Digital Solutions, Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qing Chai
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pharmacokinetic Developability and Disposition Profiles of Bispecific Antibodies: A Case Study with Two Molecules. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 11:antib11010002. [PMID: 35076469 PMCID: PMC8788489 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) that engage multiple pathways are a promising therapeutic strategy to improve and prolong the efficacy of biologics in complex diseases. In the early stages of discovery, BsAbs often exhibit a broad range of pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior. Optimization of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) interactions and removal of undesirable physiochemical properties have been used to improve the 'pharmacokinetic developability' for various monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics, yet there is a sparsity of such information for BsAbs. The present work evaluated the influence of FcRn interactions and inherent physiochemical properties on the PK of two related single chain variable fragment (scFv)-based BsAbs. Despite their close relation, the two BsAbs exhibit disparate PK in cynomolgus monkeys with BsAb-1 having an aberrant clearance of ~2 mL/h/kg and BsAb-2 displaying a an ~10-fold slower clearance (~0.2 mL/h/kg). Evaluation of the physiochemical characteristics of the molecules, including charge, non-specific binding, thermal stability, and hydrophobic properties, as well as FcRn interactions showed some differences. In-depth drug disposition results revealed that a substantial disparity in the complete release from FcRn at a neutral pH is a primary factor contributing to the rapid clearance of the BsAb-1 while other biophysical characteristics were largely comparable between molecules.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Y, Cain P, Anguiano V, Shih JJ, Chai Q, Feng Y. Impact of IgG subclass on molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2021; 13:1993768. [PMID: 34763607 PMCID: PMC8726687 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1993768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G-based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a dominant class of biotherapeutics in recent decades. Approved antibodies are mainly of the subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4, as well as their derivatives. Over the decades, the selection of IgG subclass has frequently been based on the needs of Fc gamma receptor engagement and effector functions for the desired mechanism of action, while the effect on drug product developability has been less thoroughly characterized. One of the major reasons is the lack of systematic understanding of the impact of IgG subclass on the molecular properties. Several efforts have been made recently to compare molecular property differences among these IgG subclasses, but the conclusions from these studies are sometimes obscured by the interference from variable regions. To further establish mechanistic understandings, we conducted a systematic study by grafting three independent variable regions onto human IgG1, an IgG1 variant, IgG2, and an IgG4 variant constant domains and evaluating the impact of subclass and variable regions on their molecular properties. Structural and computational analysis revealed specific molecular features that potentially account for the differential behavior of the IgG subclasses observed experimentally. Our data indicate that IgG subclass plays a significant role on molecular properties, either through direct effects or via the interplay with the variable region, the IgG1 mAbs tend to have higher solubility than either IgG2 or IgG4 mAbs in a common pH 6 buffer matrix, and solution behavior relies heavily on the charge status of the antibody at the desirable pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Pharmaceutical Development, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Cain
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Victor Anguiano
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James J Shih
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qing Chai
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Simulate SubQ: The Methods and the Media. J Pharm Sci 2021; 112:1492-1508. [PMID: 34728176 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, there has been a growing interest in injectable subcutaneous formulations to improve the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation and to prolong their release over a longer period. However, fluctuations in the blood plasma levels together with bioavailability issues often limit their clinical success. This warrants a closer look at the performance of long-acting depots, for example, and their dependence on the complex interplay between the dosage form and the physiological microenvironment. For this, biopredictive performance testing is used for a thorough understanding of the biophysical processes affecting the absorption of compounds from the injection site in vivo and their simulation in vitro. In the present work, we discuss in vitro methodologies including methods and media developed for the subcutaneous route of administration on the background of the most relevant absorption mechanisms. Also, we highlight some important knowledge gaps and shortcomings of the existing methodologies to provide the reader with a better understanding of the scientific evidence underlying these models.
Collapse
|
32
|
Intrinsic physicochemical profile of marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020577118. [PMID: 34504010 PMCID: PMC8449350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020577118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful biologic drug discovery and development involves finding functional as well as developable candidates. Once a candidate has been demonstrated to be functional, the next step is to determine whether it can be translated into a drug product. This requires that the candidate can withstand stresses encountered during manufacturing, shipping, and storage. Additionally, it must be safe, efficacious, and possess good pharmacology. In silico analyses of the variable regions of 77 marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics have revealed five nonredundant physicochemical descriptors. Distributions of these descriptors, observed for marketed biotherapeutics, can help prioritize a drug candidate for experimental testing at early discovery stages, guide engineering efforts to further optimize it, and help increase the productivity of biologic drug discovery and development. Feeding biopharma pipelines with biotherapeutic candidates that possess desirable developability profiles can help improve the productivity of biologic drug discovery and development. Here, we have derived an in silico profile by analyzing computed physicochemical descriptors for the variable regions (Fv) found in 77 marketed antibody-based biotherapeutics. Fv regions of these biotherapeutics demonstrate significant diversities in their germlines, complementarity determining region loop lengths, hydrophobicity, and charge distributions. Furthermore, an analysis of 24 physicochemical descriptors, calculated using homology-based molecular models, has yielded five nonredundant descriptors whose distributions represent stability, isoelectric point, and molecular surface characteristics of their Fv regions. Fv regions of candidates from our internal discovery campaigns, human next-generation sequencing repertoires, and those in clinical-stages (CST) were assessed for similarity with the physicochemical profile derived here. The Fv regions in 33% of CST antibodies show physicochemical properties that are dissimilar to currently marketed biotherapeutics. In comparison, physicochemical characteristics of ∼29% of the Fv regions in human antibodies and ∼27% of our internal hits deviated significantly from those of marketed biotherapeutics. The early availability of this information can help guide hit selection, lead identification, and optimization of biotherapeutic candidates. Insights from this work can also help support portfolio risk assessment, in-licensing, and biopharma collaborations.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hou P, Zheng F, Corpstein CD, Xing L, Li T. Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation of Subcutaneous Injection and Absorption of Biotherapeutics: Sensitivity Analysis. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1011-1030. [PMID: 34080101 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A multiphysics simulation model was recently developed to capture major physical and mechanical processes of local drug transport and absorption kinetics of subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibody (mAb) solutions. To further explore the impact of individual drug attributes and tissue characteristics on the tissue biomechanical response and drug mass transport upon injection, sensitivity analysis was conducted and reported. METHOD Various configurations of injection conditions, drug-associated attributes, and tissue properties were simulated with the developed multiphysics model. Simulation results were examined with regard to tissue deformation, porosity change, and spatiotemporal distributions of pressure, interstitial fluid flow, and drug concentration in the tissue. RESULTS Injection conditions and tissue properties were found influential on the mechanical response of tissue and interstitial fluid velocity to various extents, leading to distinct drug concentration profiles. Intrinsic tissue porosity, lymphatic vessel density, and drug permeability through the lymphatic membrane were particularly essential in determining the local absorption rate of an mAb injection. CONCLUSION The sensitivity analysis study may shed light on the product development of an mAb formulation, as well as on the future development of the simulation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Fudan Zheng
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, Indiana, 47907, West Lafayette, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Machine Learning Attempts for Predicting Human Subcutaneous Bioavailability of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharm Res 2021; 38:451-460. [PMID: 33710513 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One knowledge gap related to subcutaneous (SC) delivery is unpredictable and variable bioavailability. This study was aimed to develop machine learning methods to predict whether mAb's bioavailability was ≥70% or below, without completely knowing the mechanism and causality between inputs and outputs. METHODS A database of mAb SC products was built. The model training and validation were accomplished based on this database and a set of the inputs (product properties) were mapped to the output (bioavailability) using different machine learning algorithms. Dimensionality reduction was undertaken using principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS The bioavailability of the mAb products being investigated varied from 35% to 90%. The tree-based methods, including random forest (RF), Adaptive Boost (AdaBoost), and decision tree (DT) presented the best predictability and generalization power on bioavailability classification. The models based on Multi-layer perceptron (MLP), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GaussianNB), and k nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithms also provided acceptable prediction accuracy. CONCLUSION Machine learning could be a potential tool to predict mAb's bioavailability. Since all input features were acquired using theoretical calculations and predictions rather than experiments, the models may be particularly applicable to some early-stage research activities such as mAb molecule triage, design/optimization, mutant screening, molecule selection, and formulation design.
Collapse
|
35
|
Makowski EK, Wu L, Gupta P, Tessier PM. Discovery-stage identification of drug-like antibodies using emerging experimental and computational methods. MAbs 2021; 13:1895540. [PMID: 34313532 PMCID: PMC8346245 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1895540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is intense and widespread interest in developing monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents to treat diverse human disorders. During early-stage antibody discovery, hundreds to thousands of lead candidates are identified, and those that lack optimal physical and chemical properties must be deselected as early as possible to avoid problems later in drug development. It is particularly challenging to characterize such properties for large numbers of candidates with the low antibody quantities, concentrations, and purities that are available at the discovery stage, and to predict concentrated antibody properties (e.g., solubility, viscosity) required for efficient formulation, delivery, and efficacy. Here we review key recent advances in developing and implementing high-throughput methods for identifying antibodies with desirable in vitro and in vivo properties, including favorable antibody stability, specificity, solubility, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity profiles, that together encompass overall drug developability. In particular, we highlight impressive recent progress in developing computational methods for improving rational antibody design and prediction of drug-like behaviors that hold great promise for reducing the amount of required experimentation. We also discuss outstanding challenges that will need to be addressed in the future to fully realize the great potential of using such analysis for minimizing development times and improving the success rate of antibody candidates in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Biotherapeutics Discovery Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|