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Mateus ARS, Crisafulli C, Cruz Barros S, Pena A, Sanches Silva A. Development and validation of an analytical method based on QuEChERS followed by UHPLC-ToF-MS for the determination of tropane alkaloids in buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum L.) and buckwheat products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:648-663. [PMID: 38635926 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), including atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and homatropine in buckwheat and related products. This work presents an optimised methodology based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of TAs (atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and homatropine) in buckwheat samples. The analytical methodology was successfully validated, demonstrating good linearity, low limit of quantification, repeatability (RSDr < 15%), inter-day precision (RSDR < 19%) and recovery (74-113%). Finally, 13 commercial samples of buckwheat were analysed and the results demonstrated that they were in compliance with the current European regulations regarding TAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Food Science and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Crisafulli
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Silvia Cruz Barros
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Angelina Pena
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Al4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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Bessaire T, Ernest M, Christinat N, Carrères B, Panchaud A, Badoud F. High resolution mass spectrometry workflow for the analysis of food contaminants: Application to plant toxins, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens in plant-based ingredients. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:978-996. [PMID: 33861158 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1902575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An analytical workflow including mass spectral library, generic sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was developed to gain insight into the occurrence of plant toxins, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens in plant-based food. This workflow was applied to 156 compounds including 90 plant toxins (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids and aristolochic acids), 54 mycotoxins (including ergot alkaloids and Alternaria toxins) and 12 phytoestrogens (including isoflavones, lignans and coumestan) in plant-based protein ingredients, cereal and pseudo-cereal products. A mass spectral library was built based on fragmentation spectra collected at 10 different collision energies in both positive and negative ionisation modes for each toxin. Emphasis was put on a generic QuEChERS-like sample preparation followed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography using alkaline mobile phase allowing the separation of more than 50 toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. HRMS acquisition comprised a full-scan event for toxins detection followed by data-dependent MS2 for toxin identification against mass spectrum. Method performance was evaluated using fortified samples in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. All toxins were positively identified at levels ranging from 1 µg kg-1 to 100 µg kg-1. Quantitative results obtained by a standard addition approach met SANTE/12682/2019 criteria for 132 out of 156 toxins. Such a workflow using generic, sensitive and selective multi-residue method allows a better insight into the occurrence of regulated and non-regulated toxins in plant-based foods and to conduct safety evaluation and risk assessments when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Ernest
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Benoit Carrères
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavia Badoud
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Determination of atropine and scopolamine in spinach-based products contaminated with genus Datura by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 347:129020. [PMID: 33482490 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Datura species are well known because of their high concentration of tropane alkaloids, which has led to poisoning episodes when Datura is accidentally mixed with edible crops. Therefore, the European Union has set a maximum level in cereal-based infant food products of 1 µg kg-1 for atropine and scopolamine. However, the occurrence of these compounds in other commodities has become a global concern. Spinach and derived products can be contaminated with Datura innoxia leaves. In this study, we tested frozen spinachs and spinach-based infant food products. The determination was carried out by UHPLC-MS/MS after applying the QuEChERS method as sample treatment. The LOQs were below 0.016 µg kg-1, achieving satisfactory results in terms of precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. The obtained results (ranging between 0.02 and 8.19 µg kg-1) were close to the maximum level set by the European Union for 24% of the samples tested.
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González-Gómez L, Gañán J, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized SBA-15 as Strong Cation-Exchange Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction of Atropine and Scopolamine in Gluten-Free Grains and Flours. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121854. [PMID: 33322655 PMCID: PMC7763219 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel method was developed and applied to the determination of the most representative tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine and scopolamine, in gluten-free (GF) grains and flours by HPLC-MS/MS. Accordingly a suitable sample treatment procedure based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and followed by strong cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (SCX-SPE) was optimized. SBA-15 mesostructured silica functionalized with sulfonic acids was evaluated as sorbent. The proposed method was fully validated in sorghum flour showing good accuracy with recoveries in the range of 93–105%, good linearity (R2 > 0.999) and adequate precision (RSD < 20%). Low method quantification limits (MQL) were obtained (1.5 and 2.4 µg/kg for atropine and scopolamine, respectively) and no matrix effect was observed thanks to the extraction and clean-up protocol applied. The method was applied to 15 types of GF samples of pseudocereals (buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth), cereals (teff, corn and blue corn, sorghum and millet) and legumes (red and green lentil, chickpea and pea). Atropine was found above the MQL in eight of them, with values between 7 and 78 µg/kg, while scopolamine was only found in teff flour, its concentration being 28 µg/kg. The method developed is an interesting tool for determining TAs in a variety of samples of GF grains and flours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-70-18; Fax: +34-91-488-81-43
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Zhao W, Shi Y. Simultaneous quantification of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries by cleanup of the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3636-3645. [PMID: 32662173 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was established for simultaneous determination of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine in goji berries by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids were prepared and first applied as a cleanup adsorbent. Compared to classical cleanup adsorbent (C18 ), the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids as adsorbent had better extraction efficiency for the detection of analytes. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed analytical method achieved satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.995), and obtained desirable recoveries ranged from 77.4 to 94.0% with the relative standard deviation of 1.2-6.1% at the concentration levels of 3.2-13.4 µg/kg. The limits of quantitation of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine were, respectively, 3.2, 4.6, and 4.5 µg/kg with linearity ranged from 3.2 to 25.4 µg/kg. The modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to evaluate the safety of goji berries collected from 30 plant areas in China, suggesting its applicability and suitability for the routine analysis of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Gonçalves C, Cubero-Leon E, Stroka J. Determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals, tea and herbal infusions: Exploiting proficiency testing data as a basis to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics of an improved LC-MS/MS method. Food Chem 2020; 331:127260. [PMID: 32653763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of tropane alkaloids is regulated in the European Union in cereal-based foods for infants and young children, tea and herbal infusions. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed an improved LC-MS/MS analytical method using a pentafluorophenyl column, validated it and conducted two proficiency tests targeting these food categories. A subset of the data gathered from laboratories that used the JRC method was additionally exploited to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics. The method showed fit-for-purpose figures of merit. The LOQs for atropine and scopolamine were around 0.4 and 1.2 µg/kg in cereal products, and in tea and herbal infusions, respectively. Uncertainties varied from 15 to 25%. The reproducibility varied from 11 to 38% for scopolamine and from 17 to 44% for atropine at levels ranging from 0.18 to 18.8 and 1.2-54.0 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 71 to 96%. These performance parameters render the method a good candidate for standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonçalves
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
| | | | - Joerg Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Degradation of tropane alkaloids in baked bread samples contaminated with Solanaceae seeds. Food Res Int 2019; 122:585-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Reliable determination of tropane alkaloids in cereal based baby foods coupling on-line spe to mass spectrometry avoiding chromatographic step. Food Chem 2019; 275:746-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Analytical methods, occurrence and trends of tropane alkaloids and calystegines: An update. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Both EB, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Dernovics M. Monitoring the degradation of atropine and scopolamine in soil after spiking with naturally contaminated organic millet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1088-1092. [PMID: 29996405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spread of Datura sp. in European countries influences crop management and implies continuous food safety issues because of tropane alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine, the most relevant natural toxic compounds of this weed. These alkaloids can contaminate cereals to such a level that hampers food/feed related use and diverts batches of contaminated raw materials towards ultimate disposal such as burning. As no unambiguous information has been available on the fate of tropane alkaloids in soils, our study focused on the quantification and follow-up of these toxic residues in a soil experiment where the tropane alkaloids were mixed to the soil in the form of naturally contaminated unhulled millet in 1:40 millet:soil ratio - this approach provides a more realistic scenario compared to standard solution based spiking. To achieve accurate results, soil and millet extraction processes have been validated and a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry set-up was addressed to provide selective and quantitative analysis. The initial concentration of atropine (75ngg-1) and scopolamine (47ngg-1) in the soil decreased with >90% in 15days and reached a high level of elimination (>97%) in 29days. This observation opens an option for the use of tropane contaminated millet or millet waste other than burning, as these toxic alkaloids can be significantly degraded in the soil system. On the other hand, the persistence of intact tropane alkaloids in soils might be questioned to the extent that calls the attention to the (re)assignment of their supposed allelopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Borbála Both
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Mihály Dernovics
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Simultaneous analysis of tropane alkaloids in teas and herbal teas by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1938-1946. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Multi-analysis determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals and solanaceaes seeds by liquid chromatography coupled to single stage Exactive-Orbitrap. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Simultaneous determination of atropine and scopolamine in buckwheat and related products using modified QuEChERS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 218:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Mulder PP, de Nijs M, Castellari M, Hortos M, MacDonald S, Crews C, Hajslova J, Stranska M. Occurrence of tropane alkaloids in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Castellari
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | - Maria Hortos
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | | | | | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT) Czech Republic
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Enantiomeric determination and evaluation of the racemization process of atropine in Solanaceae seeds and contaminated samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Karageorgou E, Samanidou V. Youden test application in robustness assays during method validation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Koželj G, Perharič L, Stanovnik L, Prosen H. Simple validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of atropine and scopolamine in plasma for clinical and forensic toxicological purposes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mulder PPJ, von Holst C, Nivarlet N, van Egmond HP. Intra- and inter-laboratory validation of a dipstick immunoassay for the detection of tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine in animal feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1165-76. [PMID: 24823431 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.914249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by plants of, inter alia, the genera Datura (thorn apple) and Atropa (deadly nightshade). The most relevant TAs are (-)-L-hyoscyamine and (-)-L-scopolamine, which act as antagonists of acetylcholine muscarinic receptors and can induce a variety of distinct toxic syndromes in mammals (anti-cholinergic poisoning). The European Union has regulated the presence of seeds of Datura sp. in animal feeds, specifying that the content should not exceed 1000 mg kg(-1) (Directive 2002/32/EC). For materials that have not been ground, visual screening methods are often used to comply with these regulations, but these cannot be used for ground materials and compound feeds. Immunological assays, preferably in dipstick format, can be a simple and cost-effective approach to monitor feedstuffs in an HACCP setting in control laboratories. So far no reports have been published on immunoassays that are capable of detecting both hyoscyamine and scopolamine with equal sensitivity and that can be used, preferably in dipstick format, for application as a fast screening tool in feed analysis. This study presents the results obtained for the in-house and inter-laboratory validation of a dipstick immunoassay for the detection of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in animal feed. The target level was set at 800 µg kg(-1) for the sum of both alkaloids. By using a representative set of compound feeds during validation and a robust study design, a reliable impression of the relevant characteristics of the assay could be obtained. The dipstick test displayed similar sensitivity towards the two alkaloids and it could be concluded that the test has a very low probability of producing a false-positive result at blank level or a false-negative result at target level. The assay can be used for monitoring of TAs in feedstuffs, but has also potential as a quick screening tool in food- or feed-related poisonings.
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21
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Barfi B, Asghari A, Rajabi M, Barfi A, Saeidi I. Simplified miniaturized ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of seven flavonoids in citrus fruit juice and human fluid samples: hesperetin and naringenin as biomarkers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:30-40. [PMID: 24011420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, for the first time, a simplified miniaturized ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (SM-USA-MSPD) method with a different application for liquid matrices was developed to extract different flavonoids (hesperidin, diosmin, eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperetin and naringenin) from citrus fruit juice and human fluid samples prior to their determination using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Different effective parameters were studied and under the optimum conditions (including sample volume: 150μL; solid phase: silica-based C18, 200mg; eluting solvent: methanol, 500μL; pH: 4; and sonication: 6min; at room temperature), limits of detection and limits of quantification were ranged from 23.3 to 46.8ngmL(-1) and 74.8 to 141.5ngmL(-1), respectively. Once optimized, analytical performance of the method was studied in terms of linearity (0.074-198.5μgmL(-1), r(2)>0.991), accuracy (recovery=84.6-101.5%), and precision (repeatability: intra-day precision<5.9%, and inter-day precision<7.2%). At the end, SM-USA-MSPD method was successfully applied to estimate the levels of hesperetin and naringenin in plasma and urinary excretion -after ingestion of orange, grapefruit and lime juices- and the obtained results confirmed that these compounds could be used as good biomarkers of citrus fruit juice intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behruz Barfi
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan 35195-363, Iran
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Laganà A, Piovesana S, Samperi R. Recent trends in matrix solid-phase dispersion. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jandrić Z, Rathor MN, Chhem-Kieth S, Adu-Gyamfi J, Mayr L, Resch C, Bado S, Švarc-Gajić J, Cannavan A. Uptake of (14)C-atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (Triticum aestivum var Kronjet) and their translocation to shoots. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:1034-1042. [PMID: 24007480 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.824281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake of toxins and their translocation to edible plant parts are important processes in the transfer of contaminants into the food chain. Atropine, a highly toxic muscarine receptor antagonist produced by Solanacea species, is found in all plant tissues and can enter the soil and hence be available for uptake by crops. The absorption of atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (Triticum aestivum var Kronjet) and its distribution to shoots was investigated by growing wheat in soil spiked with unlabeled or (14)C-labeled atropine. Radioactivity attributable to (14)C-atropine and its transformation products was measurable in plants sampled at 15 d after sowing (DAS) and thereafter until the end of experiment. The highest accumulation of (14)C-atropine and/or its transformation products by plants was detected in leaves (between 73 and 90% of the total accumulated) with lower amounts in stems, roots, and seeds (approximately 14%, 9%, and 3%, respectively). (14)C-Atropine and/or its transformation products were detected in soil leachate at 30, 60, and 90 DAS and were strongly adsorbed to soil, with 60% of the applied dose adsorbed at 30 DAS, plateauing at 70% from 60 DAS. Unlabeled atropine was detected in shoots 30 DAS at a concentration of 3.9 ± 0.1 μg kg(-1) (mean ± SD). The observed bioconcentration factor was 2.3 ± 0.04. The results suggest a potential risk of atropine toxicity to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Jandrić
- Food and Environmental Protection Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratories, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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