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Cao XL, Sparling M, Dabeka R. Chloroform in food samples from 2014 Canadian total diet study: occurrence and dietary exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:143-150. [PMID: 38193981 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2302098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Chloroform or trichloromethane is one of the trihalomethanes formed during disinfection of water with chlorine, and residues of chloroform can be detected in foods and food products due to the use of chlorinated drinking water and disinfecting food processing equipment with chlorine-based disinfectants. In this study, chloroform was detected in 37 (or 23%) of the 159 composite food samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study, but was not detected in cereals, fruits, fast foods, and most of the meat samples. Chloroform was detected in almost all 14 composite samples of dairy products, with the highest level (58 ng/g) observed in butter, followed by cream (26 ng/g), and cheese (12-21 ng/g). Chloroform was detected in tap water (23 and 29 ng/g) and most of the beverage samples, but concentrations were lower than those reported in other studies possibly due to evaporation during the preparation of the composite samples. Dietary exposures to chloroform are higher for younger age groups (0.51-1.41 µg/kg body weight/day) than for adults (0.25-0.42 µg/kg body weight/day). Drinking water contributed most to daily intakes for all age groups, accounting for between 62% and 86% of the total chloroform dietary intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Cao XL, Popovic S, Dabeka RW. Trends of bisphenol A occurrence in canned food products from 2008-2020. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37154823 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2209898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the industry already abandoned the use of bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxy resins as internal coatings for some canned food products (e.g. infant formula, soups). The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foods has also been extensively investigated, especially since late 2000. However, information on temporal trends of BPA occurrence in foods is very limited. It is not clear if BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in internal coating for many other canned foods and if the overall exposure to BPA through consumption of canned foods has significantly decreased. As part of the Canadian total diet study (TDS) program, we have been analysing food samples for BPA since 2008. In this study, results of BPA in samples of different composite canned foods from 2008-2020 TDS were reported. Clear temporal trends were observed for canned fish and soups, with BPA levels being significantly reduced since 2014 for canned fish products and 2017 for canned soups. Temporal trends were not observed for canned evaporated milk, luncheon meats, and vegetables, with even the highest levels of BPA being detected in recent samples for evaporated milk (57 ng/g), luncheon meats (56 ng/g), and baked beans (103 ng/g). This seems to indicate that BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in the internal coatings for these canned foods products. Thus, analysis of canned food samples for BPA should be continued for exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popovic
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert W Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Cao XL, Zhou S, Popovic S, Dabeka R. Temporal trend of bisphenol S occurrence in meat samples from 2008-2020 Canadian total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1634-1639. [PMID: 35857925 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2099985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, bisphenol S (BPS) was detected unexpectedly and at high levels in meat samples from 2016 and 2020 Canadian total diet study (TDS). In this study, samples of meat and meat products from 2008-2015 and 2017-2019 TDS were also analysed to investigate the consistency of BPS occurrence in meat and identify possible trends and provide some information on the potential sources for BPS in meat. BPS was detected again with the highest levels observed in samples of fresh pork (105 ng/g) and veal cutlets (140 ng/g) from the 2008 TDS. This indicates that the occurrence of BPS in meat is not a recent phenomenon but rather an existing one since 2008 or even earlier. BPS concentrations in meat samples from the 2008 to 2020 TDS varied significantly, e.g. 1.2-118 ng/g in roast beef, 1.8-140 ng/g in veal cutlets, but no trend was observed. The lack of trend for BPS over the period of 13 years (2008-2020) does not support the speculation that BPS is being used to replace BPA in food packaging, and sources other than food packaging may be possible and should be investigated for BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Simon Zhou
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popovic
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Cao XL, Zhou S, Popovic S, Dabeka R. Bisphenol S in individual and composite meat and meat products and implication for its sources. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:572-579. [PMID: 35085040 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2023765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of bisphenol S (BPS) in the meat and meat products from a recent Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) was investigated in more detail. In addition to their composite samples, the individual raw meat and meat products were also analysed for BPS to investigate the variations of BPS levels and provide some information on the potential sources for BPS in meat. BPS was detected in all the 11 composite samples of different meat and meat products, with the highest level in roast beef (118.23 ng/g) and lowest in cured pork (0.14 ng/g) and cold cuts luncheon meats (0.18 ng/g). BPS was also detected in all the 84 individual raw meat and meat products, with the highest level of 257.61 ng/g in roast beef, followed by 190.41 ng/g in organ meats, 110.15 ng/g in beef steak, 27.91 ng/g in veal cutlets, 17.63 ng/g in wieners & sausages, and 15.27 ng/g in ground beef. However, significant variations of BPS levels were observed in the individual meat and meat product samples under the same category collected from different stores. This may indicate that packaging is unlikely the sources for BPS in meat otherwise BPS levels would have been more or less the same with the same type of packaging (Styrofoam and cling film) regardless where they were collected. Thus, sources other than food packaging, such as the contaminated feed and farming environment (e.g. grass) for animals (e.g. cow), may be possible and should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Zhou
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popovic
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lan T, Liu B, Bao W, Thorne PS. BMI modifies the association between dietary intake and serum levels of PCBs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106626. [PMID: 34034117 PMCID: PMC8910784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that are carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disrupting in humans. Although diet is the primary source of exposure, there is no consensus on the association between dietary intake and serum PCBs. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) - with its inverse association with serum PCBs - may play a role in the association, which has never been studied. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between dietary intake and serum levels of PCBs, and whether the association was modified by BMI. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004, including 1531 participants. We estimated dietary intake of PCBs using the 24-hour diet recall, USDA Food Composition Intake Database, and PCB content in foods from the Canada Total Diet Study. Serum PCBs were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). We used linear regression to examine the associations of dietary PCB intake with serum levels of seven PCB congeners and six PCB metrics. Further, we explored the role of BMI in the associations. We found that participants who were older and non-Hispanic tended to have a higher serum level of ∑37-PCB. In addition, we observed positive associations between dietary intake and serum PCBs for: PCB 105, 118, 126, 138 + 158, and 153 (P value ranges 0.005-0.03); seven PCB indicators (P value = 0.03) and the sum of 37 PCBs (P value = 0.04). Furthermore, we observed an effect modification by BMI (P for interaction = 0.01 for ∑37-PCBs), with stronger associations in underweight or normal-weight individuals, and no association in overweight and obese individuals. In conclusion, within a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the US population, dietary PCB intake was positively associated with serum PCBs and the association was modified by BMI. Additional studies are warranted to replicate and confirm this effect modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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González N, Domingo JL. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in food and human dietary intake: An update of the scientific literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112585. [PMID: 34571053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that for non-occupationally exposed populations, dietary intake is, by far, the main way of human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs), a family of environmental POPs with a well-known potential toxicity -including carcinogenicity-in humans. We here summarize the results of recent studies (2010-2021) (databases: Scopus and PubMed), focused on determining the levels of PCDD/Fs in food samples of different origins, as well as the dietary intake of these pollutants. We have revised studies conducted in various Asian, American and European countries. However, information is rather limited, with no recent data for most countries over the world. Due to the enormous differences in the methodologies of the studies, to conduct a detailed comparison of the results for the different regions and countries has not been possible. Notwithstanding, where data over time are available, important reductions have been observed. These reductions have been linked to the decreases in the environmental emissions of PCDD/Fs noted in recent years. Interestingly, reductions in the levels of PCDD/Fs in biological tissues are also occurring in parallel. In general, the tolerable daily/weekly/monthly dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs are not being currently exceeded where data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Chan HM, Fediuk K, Batal M, Sadik T, Tikhonov C, Ing A, Barwin L. The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008-2018)-rationale, design, methods and lessons learned. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2021; 112:8-19. [PMID: 34181220 PMCID: PMC8239066 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-021-00480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the rationale, the participatory nature of the methodology, and the lessons learned during the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES), a community-based participatory research project implemented in eight Assembly of First Nations regions, which includes the entirety of Canada south of the 60th parallel. METHODS FNFNES respected the First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP®) ( https://fnigc.ca/ocap ). A random sampling strategy based on an ecosystem framework comprising 11 ecozones was adopted to collect representative nutritional and environmental health results for all First Nations adults living on-reserve south of the 60th parallel. Data collection occurred during the fall months from 2008 to 2016. Respective First Nations were involved in the planning and implementation of data collection for the five principal components: household interviews, tap water sampling for metals, surface water sampling for pharmaceuticals, hair sampling for mercury, and traditional food sampling for contaminants. RESULTS A total of 6487 adults from 92 First Nations participated in the Study (participation rate 78%). A higher percentage of females (66%) participated than males (34%). The average age of males and females was similar (44 and 45 years, respectively). This study offers a novel body of coherent and regionally representative evidence on the human dimension of the ongoing environmental degradation affecting First Nations. CONCLUSION FNFNES serves as a good example of participatory research. We encourage public health professionals to develop policy and programs building on the participatory dimension of the research as well as on its results. The information collected by the FNFNES is also important for community empowerment, environmental stewardship and the general promotion of good health by and for First Nations peoples in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Karen Fediuk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre-sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CReSP), 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, HQ H3N 1X7, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Assembly of First Nations, 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6L5, Canada
| | - Constantine Tikhonov
- First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Department of Indigenous Services Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Lynn Barwin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Jitaru P, Ingenbleek L, Marchond N, Laurent C, Adegboye A, Hossou SE, Koné AZ, Oyedele AD, Kisito CSKJ, Dembélé YK, Eyangoh S, Verger P, Le Bizec B, Leblanc JC, Guérin T. Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study: Focus on Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105197. [PMID: 31675565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a multi-regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Herein, 2700 samples grouped in 225 food composite samples corresponding to 13 food groups: cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, fish, milk/dairy, oil/fats, and beverages from eight locations in four countries, namely Benin (Littoral/Borgou), Cameroon (Duala/North), Mali (Bamako/Sikasso), and Nigeria (Lagos/Kano) were prepared as consumed, pooled, and analysed using a validated method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurrence data for Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as regulated by the Codex Alimentarius are discussed herein. Although the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were above the limit of quantification, they were below the maximum limits set by the Codex in most samples analysed. A distinct feature was observed for cereals and tubers, as they were mostly contaminated with Al and Pb. A pilot study regarding the impact of using artisanal cookware (made from recycled aluminium) on the contamination of food samples was performed. Relevant contamination with Al and Pb when cooking tomato samples from Cameroon and Nigeria using artisanal aluminium cookware was compared to that when cooked using stainless-steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Jitaru
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Luc Ingenbleek
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun (CPC), Yaoundé, Cameroon; LABERCA, ONIRIS/INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Marchond
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Clémence Laurent
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Abimbola Adegboye
- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Abdoulaye Zié Koné
- Agence Nationale pour la Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (ANSSA), Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | | | - Sara Eyangoh
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun (CPC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Thierry Guérin
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Cao XL, Sparling M, Dabeka R. p-Cymene, a natural antioxidant, in Canadian total diet foods: occurrence and dietary exposures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5606-5609. [PMID: 31206173 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of information on the presence of volatile organic compounds including p-cymene in foods for dietary exposure assessment. p-Cymene is a monoterpene found in many plant species, which has been used as a flavouring agent in foods and also exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. While the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has no safety concerns at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring, the current study examines p-cymene levels in foods in general, not just from possible uses as a flavouring, as there could still be a potential health concern if there were high levels of exposure. RESULTS 159 food composite samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study were analysed for p-cymene using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method after headspace solid-phase microextraction. Concentrations of p-cymene in the composite samples of most food types were generally low, with a maximum level of 73.5 μg g-1 , detected in the composite sample of herbs and spices. Dietary exposures to p-cymene were estimated for different age groups of Canadian populations. CONCLUSIONS Although p-cymene was detected in various foods, estimated dietary exposures to p-cymene for different age groups are well below the human intake threshold of toxicological concern established by JECFA of 1800 μg per person per day for structural class I flavours, which includes p-cymene. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Cao XL, Kosarac I, Popovic S, Zhou S, Smith D, Dabeka R. LC-MS/MS analysis of bisphenol S and five other bisphenols in total diet food samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1740-1747. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1643042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Kosarac
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popovic
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Zhou
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daryl Smith
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cao XL, Sparling M, Pelletier L, Dabeka R. Styrene in foods and dietary exposure estimates. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2045-2051. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1512760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Pelletier
- Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cao XL, Pelletier L, Sparling M, Dabeka R. Occurrence of toluene in Canadian total diet foods and its significance to overall human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:110-117. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1395520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Pelletier
- Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Cao XL, Sparling M, Dabeka R. Occurrence of 13 volatile organic compounds in foods from the Canadian total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:373-82. [PMID: 26731690 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1129072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to evaporation and incomplete combustion of fuels, use of consumer and personal care products, etc. and they can accumulate in foods. Some VOCs in foods can also be formed during food processing and preparation and migrate from food packaging. In this pilot study, a GC-MS method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was validated and used to analyse selected individual foods which can be consumed directly and 153 different total diet composite food samples for 13 VOCs. Vinyl chloride was not detected in any of the 153 composite food samples, while the other 12 VOCs were detected at various frequencies, with m-xylene being the most frequently detected (in 151 of the 153 samples), followed by toluene (145), 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (140), ethylbenzene (139), styrene (133), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (122), benzene (96), p-dichlorobenzene (95), n-butylbenzene (55), chloroform (45), naphthalene (45) and trichloroethylene (31). Concentrations of the 12 VOCs in most of the food composite samples were low, with the 90th percentiles from 1.6 ng g(-1) for n-butylbenzene to 20 ng g(-1) for toluene. However, some VOCs were detected at higher levels with maxima, for example, of 948 ng g(-1) for m-xylene and 320 ng g(-1) for ethylbenzene in chewing gum, 207 ng g(-1) for styrene and 157 ng g(-1) for toluene in herbs and spices. VOCs were detected at higher levels in most of the individual food items than their corresponding composite samples, for example, the average chloroform concentration in the individual canned soft drinks was 20 ng g(-1) compared with 3.0 ng g(-1) in their composite, and the average toluene concentration in the individual canned citrus juice was 96 ng g(-1) compared with 0.68 ng g(-1) in their composite. Thus, for determination of VOCs in foods which can be consumed directly, their individual food items should be analysed whenever possible for accurate exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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Cao XL, Perez-Locas C, Robichaud A, Clement G, Popovic S, Dufresne G, Dabeka RW. Levels and temporal trend of bisphenol A in composite food samples from Canadian Total Diet Study 2008-2012. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2154-60. [PMID: 26372889 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1088663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food composite samples from the Canadian Total Diet Study which was conducted each year from 2008 to 2012 rotating between different cities were analysed for bisphenol A (BPA). The overall levels of BPA in the composite food samples from each of the five years from 2008 to 2012 were similar in general with averages (range) of 7.7 ng/g (0.20-106 ng/g), 7.8 ng/g (0.26-110 ng/g), 6.9 ng/g (0.20-84 ng/g), 7.7 ng/g (0.20-105 ng/g) and 9.0 ng/g (0.15-90 ng/g) for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Levels of BPA in most of the non-canned food composite samples were low and no particular trends were observed. In contrast, the trend of BPA levels in canned food composite samples over the five years (2008-2012) varies. BPA levels in most of the canned food composite samples from 2008 to 2012 were consistent in general (e.g. canned luncheon meat: 10-18 ng/g, canned baked beans: 18-25 ng/g). While BPA levels over the five years were found to decrease for some canned food composite samples (e.g., canned fish: 109 ng/g in 2009 vs. 51 ng/g in 2012), they were also found to increase for some other canned food composite samples (e.g. canned meat soups: 90-104 ng/g in 2011-2012 vs. 29 ng/g in 2008). Thus, recent changes in can coating for food packaging to BPA-free alternatives may have not been fully reflected in all canned food products over the period from 2008 to 2012. Continued monitoring is necessary to more fully assess the potential impact on dietary exposure by the use of BPA alternatives in food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Carolina Perez-Locas
- b Quebec Regional Laboratory , Food Directorate, Health Canada , Longueuil , Quebec , Canada
| | - André Robichaud
- b Quebec Regional Laboratory , Food Directorate, Health Canada , Longueuil , Quebec , Canada
| | - Genevieve Clement
- b Quebec Regional Laboratory , Food Directorate, Health Canada , Longueuil , Quebec , Canada
| | - Svetlana Popovic
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Guy Dufresne
- b Quebec Regional Laboratory , Food Directorate, Health Canada , Longueuil , Quebec , Canada
| | - Robert W Dabeka
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Cao XL, Zhao W, Dabeka R. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and 20 phthalates in composite food samples from the 2013 Canadian Total Diet Study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1893-901. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1079742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Hulin M, Bemrah N, Nougadère A, Volatier JL, Sirot V, Leblanc JC. Assessment of infant exposure to food chemicals: the French Total Diet Study design. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1226-39. [PMID: 24827474 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.921937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of the previous French Total Diet Studies (TDS) focusing on exposure to food chemicals in the population aged 3 years and older, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) launched a specific TDS on infants to complete its overall chemical food safety programme for the general population. More than 500 chemical substances were analysed in food products consumed by children under 3 years old, including nutrients, several endocrine disruptors resulting from human activities (polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, brominated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl acids, pesticide residues, etc.) or migrating from food contact materials such as bisphenol A or phthalates, but also natural substances such as mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and steroids. To obtain a representative and general view of infant food consumption, food items were selected based on results of a national consumption survey conducted specifically on this population. Moreover, a specific study on food was conducted on 429 households to determine which home-cooking practices are employed to prepare food consumed by infants. Overall, the targeted chemical substances were analysed in more than 450 food samples, representing the purchase and home-cooking practices of over 5500 food products. Foods included common foods such as vegetables, fruit or cakes as well as specific infant foods such as infant formula or jarred baby food. The sampling plan covered over 80% of the total diet. Specificities in infant food consumption and habits were therefore considered to define this first infant TDS. This study, conducted on a large scale and focusing on a particularly sensitive population, will provide accurate information on the dietary exposure of children under 3 years to food chemicals, especially endocrine disruptors, and will be particularly useful for risk assessment analysis under the remit of ANSES' expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hulin
- a Risk Assessment Department , ANSES , Maisons-Alfort Cedex , France
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17
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Ryan JJ, Cao XL, Dabeka R. Dioxins, furans and non-ortho-PCBs in Canadian total diet foods 1992–1999 and 1985–1988. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:491-505. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.756988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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