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Li R, Guo H, Luo X, Wang Q, Pang Y, Li S, Liu S, Li J, Strehmel B, Chen Z. Type I Photoinitiator Based on Sustainable Carbon Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404454. [PMID: 38683297 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable carbon dots comprising surficial oxime ester groups following homolytic bond cleavage exhibit potential as photoinitiators for traditional free radical photopolymerization. Carbon dots were made following a solvothermal procedure from sustainable furfural available from lignocellulose. Surficial aldehyde moieties reacted with hydroxylamine to the respective oxime while reaction with benzoyl chloride resulted in a biobased Type I photoinitiator comprising sustainable carbon dot (CD-PI). Photoinitiating ability was compared with the traditional photoinitiator (PI) ethyl (2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl) phenyl phosphinate (TPO-L) by real-time FTIR with UV exposure at 365 nm. Photopolymer composition based on a mixture of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) resulted in a similar final conversion of about 70 % using either CD-PI or TPO-L. Nevertheless, it appeared homogeneous in the case of compositions processed with CD-PI, while those made with TPO-L were heterogeneous as shown by two glass transition temperatures. Moreover, the migration rate of CD-PI in the cured samples was lower in comparison with those samples using TPO-L as PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang International Joint Lab of Advanced Biomass Materials, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Hongda Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiongfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qunying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Yulian Pang
- Hubei Gurun Technology Co., LTD, Jingmen Chemical Recycling Industrial Park, 448000, Jingmen, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang International Joint Lab of Advanced Biomass Materials, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
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Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. Pharmaceutical applications and requirements of resins for printing by digital light processing (DLP). Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:445-456. [PMID: 38641968 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2345144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The digital light processing (DLP) printer has proven to be effective in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, as its printing method does not induce shear and a strong temperature on the resin. In addition, the DLP printer has good resolution and print quality, which makes it possible to print complex structures with a customized shape, being used for various purposes ranging from jewelry application to biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. The big disadvantage of DLP is the lack of a biocompatible and non-toxic resin on the market. To overcome this limitation, an ideal resin for biomedical and pharmaceutical use is needed. The resin must have appropriate properties, so that the desired format is printed when with a determined wavelength is applied. Thus, the aim of this work is to bring the basic characteristics of the resins used by this printing method and the minimum requirements to start printing by DLP for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The DLP method has proven to be effective in obtaining pharmaceutical devices such as drug delivery systems. Furthermore, this technology allows the printing of devices of ideal size, shape and dosage, providing the patient with personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Tiemi Uchida
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Ji X, Liang J, Liu J, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Y, Jing C, Mabury SA, Liu R. Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11704-11717. [PMID: 37515552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop "greener" PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Moon SH, Hwang HJ, Jeon HR, Park SJ, Bae IS, Yang YJ. Photocrosslinkable natural polymers in tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1127757. [PMID: 36970625 PMCID: PMC10037533 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1127757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers have been widely used in scaffolds for tissue engineering due to their superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity compared to synthetic polymers. Despite these advantages, there remain drawbacks such as unsatisfying mechanical properties or low processability, which hinder natural tissue substitution. Several non-covalent or covalent crosslinking methods induced by chemicals, temperatures, pH, or light sources have been suggested to overcome these limitations. Among them, light-assisted crosslinking has been considered as a promising strategy for fabricating microstructures of scaffolds. This is due to the merits of non-invasiveness, relatively high crosslinking efficiency via light penetration, and easily controllable parameters, including light intensity or exposure time. This review focuses on photo-reactive moieties and their reaction mechanisms, which are widely exploited along with natural polymer and its tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hyung Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Jeon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Ji Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sun Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Yun Jung Yang,
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The effects of crosslinker ratio and photoinitiator type on the properties of pnipam hydrogel. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ribas-Massonis A, Cicujano M, Duran J, Besalú E, Poater A. Free-Radical Photopolymerization for Curing Products for Refinish Coatings Market. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142856. [PMID: 35890631 PMCID: PMC9324147 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though there are many photocurable compositions that are cured by cationic photopolymerization mechanisms, UV curing generally consists of the formation of cross-linking covalent bonds between a resin and monomers via a photoinitiated free radical polymerization reaction, obtaining a three-dimensional polymer network. One of its many applications is in the refinish coatings market, where putties, primers and clear coats can be cured faster and more efficiently than with traditional curing. All these products contain the same essential components, which are resin, monomers and photoinitiators, the latter being the source of free radicals. They may also include additives used to achieve a certain consistency, but always taking into account the avoidance of damage to the UV curing—for example, by removing light from the innermost layers. Surface curing also has its challenges since it can be easily inhibited by oxygen, although this can be solved by adding scavengers such as amines or thiols, able to react with the otherwise inactive peroxy radicals and continue the propagation of the polymerization reaction. In this review article, we cover a broad analysis from the organic point of view to the industrial applications of this line of research, with a wide current and future range of uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Ribas-Massonis
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Magalí Cicujano
- Roberlo S.A., Ctra. N-II, km 706,5, Riudellots de la Selva, 17457 Girona, Spain;
| | - Josep Duran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Emili Besalú
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Albert Poater
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (J.D.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Mueller M, Bandl C, Kern W. Surface-Immobilized Photoinitiators for Light Induced Polymerization and Coupling Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:608. [PMID: 35160597 PMCID: PMC8839765 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Straightforward and versatile surface modification, functionalization and coating have become a significant topic in material sciences. While physical modification suffers from severe drawbacks, such as insufficient stability, chemical induced grafting processes efficiently modify organic and inorganic materials and surfaces due to covalent linkage. These processes include the "grafting from" method, where polymer chains are directly grown from the surface in terms of a surface-initiated polymerization and the "grafting to" method where a preformed (macro)-molecule is introduced to a preliminary treated surface via a coupling reaction. Both methods require an initiating species that is immobilized at the surface and can be triggered either by heat or light, whereas light induced processes have recently received increasing interest. Therefore, a major challenge is the ongoing search for suitable anchor moieties that provide covalent linkage to the surface and include initiators for surface-initiated polymerization and coupling reactions, respectively. This review containing 205 references provides an overview on photoinitiators which are covalently coupled to different surfaces, and are utilized for subsequent photopolymerizations and photocoupling reactions. An emphasis is placed on the coupling strategies for different surfaces, including oxides, metals, and cellulosic materials, with a focus on surface coupled free radical photoinitiators (type I and type II). Furthermore, the concept of surface initiation mediated by photoiniferters (PIMP) is reviewed. Regarding controlled radical polymerization from surfaces, a large section of the paper reviews surface-tethered co-initiators, ATRP initiators, and RAFT agents. In combination with photoinitiators or photoredox catalysts, these compounds are employed for surface initiated photopolymerizations. Moreover, examples for coupled photoacids and photoacid generators are presented. Another large section of the article reviews photocoupling and photoclick techniques. Here, the focus is set on light sensitive groups, such as organic azides, tetrazoles and diazirines, which have proven useful in biochemistry, composite technology and many other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mueller
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Christine Bandl
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.B.); (W.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Otto-Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.B.); (W.K.)
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Rosegger-Strasse 12, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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8
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Jagtap A, More A. A review on self-initiated and photoinitiator-free system for photopolymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Galbiati E, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B. Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1608-1626. [PMID: 34372753 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Galbiati
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Chen D, Ma Y, Wang Q, Wang J, Yang W. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Kind of Water-Soluble Macromolecular Photoinitiators and Their Application for the Preparation of Water-Soluble Branched Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Jiangsu Feymer Technology Co., Ltd., Zhangjiagang City 215613 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Syntheses and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing 100029, China
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11
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Alikord M, Mohammadi A, Kamankesh M, Shariatifar N. Food safety and quality assessment: comprehensive review and recent trends in the applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4833-4866. [PMID: 33554631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1879003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical separation and diagnostic technique that is simple and sensitive and a rapid response and low-priced technique for detecting trace levels of chemical compounds in different matrices. Chemical agents and environmental contaminants are successfully detected by IMS and have been recently considered to employ in food safety. In addition, IMS uses stand-alone or coupled analytical diagnostic tools with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Scientific publications show that IMS has been applied 21% in the pharmaceutical industry, 9% in environmental studies and 13% in quality control and food safety. Nevertheless, applications of IMS in food safety and quality analysis have not been adequately explored. This review presents the IMS-related analysis and focuses on the application of IMS in food safety and quality. This review presents the important topics including detection of traces of chemicals, rate of food spoilage and freshness, food adulteration and authenticity as well as natural toxins, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, veterinary, and growth promoter drug residues. Further, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), biogenic amines, nitrosamine, furfural, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, food packaging materials, melamine, and food additives were also examined for the first time. Therefore, it is logical to predict that the application of the IMS technique in food safety, food quality, and contaminant analysis will be impressively increased in the future. HighlightsCurrent status of IMS for residues and contaminant detection in food safety.To assess all the detected contaminants in food safety, for the first time.Identified IMS-related parameters and chemical compounds in food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alikord
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) can contain chemicals that could migrate from the material itself to the foodstuff posing health concerns if ingested in non-safe quantities by the consumer. FCM include containers, packaging, machinery or kitchenware and can be made from different materials like plastics, paper and board, metal or glass. Printing inks are also an important part of FCM. FCM have an important role in preventing damage or spoilage of the foodstuff and are essential along the food chain. Therefore, their safety needs to be carefully assessed in order to reduce the exposure to potentially hazardous substances and protect the health of the consumer. At the EU level, the legislation on FCM establishes general safety requirements for FCM. In addition, for certain materials, specific measures concerning usage and release of substances have been set. For materials or articles not specifically regulated in this harmonised framework, safety must be proven on a case-by-case basis. National legislations and lists of substances evaluated by competent authorities are important data sources in this context. One of the most important databases are the 'BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials' and the soon to come German national regulation on printing inks. BfR Unit 74, besides dealing with chemical risk assessment of FCM, is responsible for the evaluation of application dossiers for including substances into the BfR recommendations on FCM or the substance list of the printing inks regulation. Through the proposed work programme the fellow has been involved in risk assessment of substances that migrate from FCM into foodstuff gaining experience in the methodologies used to perform the scientific data evaluation as well as to support the BfR Unit 74s work.
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Polymerizable Oxime Esters: An Efficient Photoinitiator with Low Migration Ability for 3D Printing to Fabricate Luminescent Devices. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Free Radical Photopolymerization and 3D Printing Using Newly Developed Dyes: Indane-1,3-Dione and 1H-Cyclopentanaphthalene-1,3-Dione Derivatives as Photoinitiators in Three-Component Systems. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of photoinitiating systems with excellent photochemical reactivities at 405nm LED is one of the obstacles to efficiently promote free radical polymerization in mild conditions (e.g., low light intensity, under air). Here, our actual search for new multicomponent photoinitiating systems at 405nm LED prompts us to develop new dyes based on push–pull structures. In the present paper, we chose two series of new dyes which possess indane-1,3-dione and 1H-cyclopenta naphthalene-1,3-dione groups as the electron-withdrawing groups, since they have the great potential to behave as sensitive and remarkable photoinitiators in vat photopolymerization/3D printing. When incorporated with a tertiary amine (ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate EDB, used as electron/hydrogen donor) and an iodonium salt (used as electron acceptor) as the three-component photoinitiating systems (PISs), and among a series of 21 dyes, 10 of them could efficiently promote the free radical photopolymerization of acrylates. Interestingly, steady state photolysis experiments revealed different behaviors of the dyes. Fluorescence experiments and free energy change calculations for redox processes were also carried out to investigate the relevant chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the formation of radicals from the investigated PISs was clearly observed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping experiments. Finally, stereoscopic 3D patterns were successfully fabricated by the laser writing technique. In this work, the use of push–pull dyes based on the naphthalene scaffold as photoinitiators of polymerization is reported for the first time in a systematic study aiming at investigating the structure–performance relationship for irradiation carried out at 405 nm. By carefully selecting the electron donors used in the two series of push–pull dyes, novel and high-performance photoinitiating systems operating at 405 nm are thus proposed.
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Serien D, Sugioka K. Three-Dimensional Printing of Pure Proteinaceous Microstructures by Femtosecond Laser Multiphoton Cross-Linking. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1279-1287. [PMID: 33464859 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laser direct write (LDW) is a promising three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for creating proteinaceous microstructures in which the proteins retain their original function, enabling the manufacture of complex biomimetic 3D microenvironments and versatile enhancement of medical microdevices. A photoactivator has commonly been used to date in the laser direct write of proteins to enhance the cross-linking process. However, incomplete conversion results in photoactivator molecules remaining trapped inside the protein microstructure, causing their gradual leaching and subsequent undesirable effect on biological applications. Here, we demonstrate the 3D fabrication of microstructures made of pure serum albumin protein using photoactivator-free fabrication, confirmed by Raman data. For the first time, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the created structures provides evidence that chemical cross-links are induced by exposure to femtosecond laser irradiation. The diversity of the biomaterial protein available for the precursors for LDW offers capability of the fabrication of complex biomimetic 3D microenvironments and biochip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Serien
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Topa M, Hola E, Galek M, Petko F, Pilch M, Popielarz R, Morlet-Savary F, Graff B, Lalevée J, Ortyl J. One-component cationic photoinitiators based on coumarin scaffold iodonium salts as highly sensitive photoacid generators for 3D printing IPN photopolymers under visible LED sources. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00677g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of new coumarin chromophore-based iodonium salts as efficient one-component cationic photoinitiators upon LEDs irradiation with maximum emission under the UV-A region at 365 nm and under visible light at 405 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Emilia Hola
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | | | - Maciej Pilch
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Roman Popielarz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Cedex 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd
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17
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Lago MA, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A. Migration Studies of Two Common Components of UV-curing Inks into Food Simulants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193607. [PMID: 31591310 PMCID: PMC6804053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported many cases of different UV curing inks components in foodstuffs during the last few years. These contaminants reach foodstuffs mainly by set-off, their principal migration mechanism from the package. Under this premise, this work has tried to characterize the process of migration of two common UV ink components: a photoinitiator (4-Methylbenzophenone) and a coinitiator (Ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate), from the most common plastic material used in food packaging low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into six different food simulants. The migration kinetics tests were performed at four different common storage temperatures, obtaining the key migration parameters for both molecules: the coefficients of diffusion and partition. The migration process was highly dependent on the storage conditions, the photoinitiator properties and the pH of the foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lago
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - María T Nieto
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, E-28220 Majadahonda, Spain.
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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18
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Identification and Migration Studies of Photolytic Decomposition Products of UV-Photoinitiators in Food Packaging. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193592. [PMID: 31590450 PMCID: PMC6804238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-curable inks, coatings, and adhesives are being increasingly used in food packaging systems. When exposed to UV energy, UV-photoinitiators (PI's) present in the formulations produce free radicals which catalyze polymerization of monomers and pre-polymers into resins. In addition to photopolymerization, other free radical reactions occur in these systems resulting in the formation of chemically varied photolytic decomposition products, many of which are low molecular weight chemical species with high migration potential. This research conducted model experiments in which 24 commonly used PI's were exposed to UV-energy at the typical upper limit of commercial UV-printing press conditions. UV-irradiated PI's were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in order to identify photolytic decomposition products. Subsequently, migration studies of 258 UV-cure food packaging samples were conducted using GC-MS; PI's and photolytic decomposition products were found in nearly all samples analyzed. One hundred-thirteen photolytic decomposition products were identified. Eighteen intact PI's and 21 photolytic decomposition products were observed as migrants from the 258 samples analyzed, and these were evaluated for frequency of occurrence and migratory concentration range. The most commonly observed PI's were 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and benzophenone. The most commonly observed photolytic decomposition products were 2,4,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde and 1-phenyl-2-butanone. This compilation of PI photolytic decomposition data and associated migration data will aid industry in identifying and tracing non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food packaging materials.
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19
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Nguyen PM, Dorey S, Vitrac O. The Ubiquitous Issue of Cross-Mass Transfer: Applications to Single-Use Systems. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193467. [PMID: 31554295 PMCID: PMC6803905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaching of chemicals by materials has been integrated into risk management procedures of many sectors where hygiene and safety are important, including food, medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The approaches focus on direct contact and do not usually address the risk of cross-mass transfer of chemicals from one item or object to another and finally to the contacting phase (e.g., culture medium, biological fluids). Overpackaging systems, as well as secondary or ternary containers, are potentially large reservoirs of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which can affect the final risk of contamination. This study provides a comprehensive description of the cross-mass transfer phenomena for single-use bags along the chain of value and the methodology to evaluate them numerically on laminated and assembled systems. The methodology is validated on the risk of migration i) of ϵ-caprolactam originating from the polyamide 6 internal layer of the overpackaging and ii) of nine surrogate migrants with various volatilities and polarities. The effects of imperfect contacts between items and of an air gap between them are particularly discussed and interpreted as a cutoff distance depending on the considered substance. A probabilistic description is suggested to define conservative safety-margins required to manage cross-contamination and NIAS in routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Dorey
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S., avenue de Jouques, CS91051, ZI des Paluds, 13781 Aubagne CEDEX, France.
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France.
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20
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, DeJager L, Begley TH. Assessment of the Impact of Accelerated Migration Testing for Coated Food Cans Using Food Simulants. Molecules 2019; 24:E3123. [PMID: 31466267 PMCID: PMC6749474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an accelerated migration test on food can coatings into food simulants was investigated. Food simulants covering a wide range of polarity were used to conduct migration tests at 60 °C with storage times ranging from 4 h to 30 days. Epoxy-resins, acrylic-phenolic, polyester, and vinyl coatings were exposed to water, 3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and Miglyol 812®. Using liquid chromatography coupled to a variety of detectors (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, UFLC-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD), migration of several monomers and previously identified oligomers, as well as some unidentified migrants, were determined during the experiment. The data from this study was compared to our findings from previous long-term migration studies with storage times ranging from 24 h to 540 days at 40 °C using the same can coating applications. The results illustrate that performing migration experiments for short time periods at 60 °C may mimic migration results that would be obtained at 40 °C after long-term migration tests (up to 1.5 years) from food can coatings into food simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Lowri DeJager
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- US FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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21
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Determination the set-off migration of ink in cardboard-cups used in coffee vending machines. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:61-67. [PMID: 31102676 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The set-off migration from printing inks can cause alterations in the safety and acceptability of food. Therefore, its control in the food industry is of special importance. The aim of this study was the determination of the migration of compounds coming from different types of cardboard-cups used in coffee vending machines. The volatile compounds present in cardboard-cups were studied and specific migration studies were carried out by solid phase microextraction with headspace coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The migration of compounds from the cardboard-cups manufacturing material, plastic coating (LDPE) and printing inks were identified and quantified. Those migrants listed in the Regulation No. 10/2011 presented values lower than the specific migration limit (SML), although a series of non-listed and non-authorized compounds were identified. From the results obtained the risk assessment of the vending cups from two different companies has been done.
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22
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Baralle A, Garra P, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Dietlin C, Fouassier JP, Lakhdar S, Lalevée J. Iodinated Polystyrene for Polymeric Charge Transfer Complexes: Toward High-Performance Near-UV and Visible Light Macrophotoinitiators. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Baralle
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patxi Garra
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Dietlin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Sami Lakhdar
- Normandy University, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS-UMR 6507, ENSICAEN, 6, Boulevard Maréchal juin, Caen 14000, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Gauss P, Griesser M, Markovic M, Ovsianikov A, Gescheidt G, Knaack P, Liska R. α-Ketoesters as Nonaromatic Photoinitiators for Radical Polymerization of (Meth)acrylates. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Griesser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Carve M, Wlodkowic D. 3D-Printed Chips: Compatibility of Additive Manufacturing Photopolymeric Substrata with Biological Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E91. [PMID: 30393367 PMCID: PMC6187525 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is ideal for building adaptable, structurally complex, three-dimensional, monolithic lab-on-chip (LOC) devices from only a computer design file. Consequently, it has potential to advance micro- to milllifluidic LOC design, prototyping, and production and further its application in areas of biomedical and biological research. However, its application in these areas has been hampered due to material biocompatibility concerns. In this review, we summarise commonly used AM techniques: vat polymerisation and material jetting. We discuss factors influencing material biocompatibility as well as methods to mitigate material toxicity and thus promote its application in these research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
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25
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Han Y, Wang F, Lim CY, Chi H, Chen D, Wang F, Jiao X. High-Performance Nano-Photoinitiators with Improved Safety for 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32418-32423. [PMID: 28876044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the first hybrid nanosized photoinitiators with low cytotoxicity and migration by coupling of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) to benzophenone derivatives. This new series of photoinitiators were fully characterized and showed many favorable properties such as uniform sizes, extremely low tendency to migrate, less effect on resin viscosity, enhanced thermal stability and mechanical strength, increased photoactivity, and significantly lower cell toxicity compared to their corresponding benzophenone molecules. The utility of these hybrid nanosized photoinitiators in 3D printing was demonstrated in printing of various 3D structures with high resolution and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Polymeric Materials Department, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 8a Biomedical Grove, #06-06, 138648, Singapore
| | - Hong Chi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dairong Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - FuKe Wang
- Polymeric Materials Department, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Xiuling Jiao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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